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other nonofficial special-service vehicles, while volunteer firefighters use red, blue, or green, depending on jurisdiction. In the US it is a violation of the DOT (Department of
Transportation) Uniform Vehicle Code for any non-emergency vehicle (Police/Fire/Ambulance) to operate forward-facing red lights of any kind. Cars in the US only have red tail lights, and no blue lights; a vehicle displaying a red (forward-facing) light (flashing or not) coming towards a driver, or from behind the driver (in rearview mirror) indicates that an official emergency vehicle is coming, requiring the driver to yield, pull off to the side of the road, or otherwise get out of its way. Some US states allow emergency vehicles to have blue lights that can be turned on to warn drivers of an emergency vehicle in action; blue and red lights can be combined, forward- and/or rear-facing. In the UK, doctors may use green warning lights; although these do not allow the user to claim any exemption from road traffic regulations (compared to the blue lights used by statutory emergency services when responding to calls). Special warning lights, usually amber, are also sometimes mounted on slow or wide vehicles such as
1723:" (also called "reflex reflectors") produce no light of their own, but rather reflect incident light towards its source, such as another driver's headlights. They are regulated as automotive lighting devices, and specified to account for the separation between a vehicle's headlights and its driver's eyes. Thus, vehicles can remain conspicuous even with their lights off. Regulations worldwide require all vehicles and trailers to be equipped with rear-facing red retroreflectors; in countries where UN Regulation No. 48 is applied, these must be triangular on trailers and non-triangular on vehicles other than trailers. Since 1968, US regulations also require side-facing retroreflectors, amber in front and red in the rear. Sweden, South Africa, and other countries have at various times required white front-facing retroreflectors.
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opened. Many vehicles have expanded this feature, causing the overhead interior light to remain on after all doors are closed, allowing passengers to fasten seat belts with added illumination. The extended lighting cycle usually ends when the vehicle's ignition has begun, or a gradual reduction in light emitted after a couple of minutes if the car is not started, called "theater" lighting. Interior lighting has been added on some vehicles at the bottom edge of the dashboard, illuminating the floor for front passengers, or underneath the front seats at the rear, illuminating the floor for rear passengers. This type of convenience lighting approach is also sometimes used to illuminate interior or exterior door handles, exterior step running boards, or electric window switches.
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the headlights are being used. Front amber side markers in the United States may be wired to flash in synchronous phase or opposite-phase with the turn signals; nevertheless, they are not required to flash at all. Side markers are permitted but not required on cars and light passenger vehicles outside the United States and Canada. If installed, they are required to be brighter and visible through a larger horizontal angle than US side markers, may flash only in synchronous phase with the turn signals (but are not required to flash), and they must be amber at the front and rear, except rear side markers may be red if they are grouped, combined, or reciprocally incorporated with another rear lighting function that is required to be red.
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they must be symmetrical with respect to the vehicle's centreline. Proponents of twin rear fog lights say two lights provide vehicle distance information not available from a single light. Proponents of the single rear fog light say dual rear fog lights closely mimic the appearance of illuminated stop lights (which are mandatorily installed in pairs), reducing the conspicuity of the stop lights' message when the rear fogs are activated. To provide some safeguard against rear fog lights being confused with stop lights, UN Regulation 48 requires a separation of at least 10 cm between the closest illuminated edges of any stop light and any rear fog light.
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equipped with combination red brake/turn signal lights and white reversing lights. Those countries' regulations permitted the amber rear turn signals to light up steadily as reversing lights, so automakers and importers were able to combine the (mandatorily amber) rear turn signal and (optionally amber) reversing light function, and so comply with the regulations without the need for additional lighting devices. Both countries now require white reversing lights, and the combination amber turn/reverse light is no longer permitted on new vehicles. The US state of
Washington currently permits reversing lights to emit white or amber light.
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287:"Driving light" is a term hailing from the early days of night time driving, when it was relatively rare to encounter an opposing vehicle. Only on occasions when opposing drivers passed each other would the low (dipped or "passing") beam be used. The high beam was therefore known as the "driving beam", and this terminology is still found in international UN Regulations, which do not distinguish between a vehicle's primary (mandatory) and auxiliary (optional) upper/driving beam lights. The "driving light" term has been supplanted in US regulations by the functionally descriptive term "auxiliary high-beam light".
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improvement. The systems used by BMW, Volvo, and
Mercedes differ not only in operational mode (growing vs. intensifying vs. flashing, respectively), but also in such parameters as the deceleration threshold of activation. Data is being collected and analyzed in an effort to determine how such a system might be implemented to maximize a safety benefit, if such a benefit can be realized with visual emergency braking displays. An experimental study at the University of Toronto has tested stop lights which gradually and continuously grow in illuminated area with increasing braking.
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688:, the signal lights and heating element turned on. The heat caused the bimetallic strip to bend such that it threw the leaf spring over centre, opening the circuit and breaking power to the heating element and the signal lights. When the bimetallic strip cooled down, it would pull the leaf spring back over centre in the other direction, closing the contacts and again sending power to the lights and heating element. The cycle would repeat until the power to the thermal flasher was switched off by the stalk switch.
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increased dramatically. For this reason, LED signal lights must remain compliant with the intensity requirements for the functions they produce after one minute and after thirty minutes of continuous operation. In addition, UN Regulation 112 contains a set of tests for LED modules, including colour rendering, UV radiation, and temperature stability tests. According to UN Regulations 112 and 123, mechanical, electromechanical or other devices for
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1295:(from 1974 to 1976) had similar dual high-mounted supplemental stop/turn lights as standard equipment; these were located on the outside of the vehicle below the bottom of the rear glass. This type of configuration was not widely adopted at the time. Car and lighting manufacturers in Germany experimented with dual high-mount supplemental stop lights in the early 1980s, but this effort, too, failed to gain wide popular or regulatory support.
1046:, and New Zealand. Proponents of red rear turn signals have claimed that they are less costly to manufacture, and automakers use the turn signal colour as a styling element to differentiate vehicles of different model years. Proponents of amber rear turn signals say they are more easily discernible as turn signals. It has been recognised since the 1960s that amber turn signals are more quickly spotted than red ones. A 2008 US study by the
590:, arguing that the UK requirement for dim-dip was illegal under EC directives prohibiting member states from enacting vehicle lighting requirements not contained in pan-European EC directives. As a result, the UK requirement for dim-dip was quashed. Nevertheless, dim-dip systems remain permitted, and while such systems are not presently as common as they once were, dim-dip functionality was fitted on many new cars well into the 1990s.
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1177:, though they are often informally called brake lights. They are required to be fitted in multiples of two, symmetrically at the left and right edges of the rear of every vehicle. International UN regulations No. 7 specify a range of acceptable intensity for a stop light of 60 to 185 candela. In North America, where the UN regulations are not recognised, the acceptable range for a single-compartment stop light is 80 to 300 candela.
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combined with the vehicle's stop lights or be separate from them. In combined-function installations, the lights produce brighter red light as stop lights and dimmer red light as rear position lights. Regulations worldwide stipulate minimum intensity ratios between the bright (stop) and dim (position) modes, so that a vehicle displaying rear position lights will not be mistakenly interpreted as showing stop lights and vice versa.
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and the emergency braking logic defined by regulation No. 13 (heavy vehicles), 13H (light vehicles), or 78 (motorcycles) is activated; the ESS may be displayed when a light vehicle's deceleration is greater than 6 m/s (20 ft/s) or a heavy vehicle's deceleration is greater than 4 m/s (13 ft/s), and the ESS must be discontinued once the vehicle's deceleration drops below 2.5 m/s (8.2 ft/s).
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300:
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723:(as well as the 75 and 95), which used them at the front as well as at the rear from 1932 until 1935. The modern flashing turn signal was patented in 1938, and shortly after, most major automobile manufacturers offered this optional feature before it became mandatory in 1967. As of 2013, most countries require turn signals on all new vehicles that are driven on public roadways. Alternative systems of
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836:. The signal operates for however long the driver holds the lever partway towards the left or right turn signal detent. Some vehicles have an automatic lane-change indication feature; tapping the lever partway towards the left or right signal position and immediately releasing it causes the applicable turn indicators to flash three to five times.
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1953:
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They may have an illuminated "Taxi" sign, a light to signal that they are ready to take passengers, or off duty, or an emergency panic light the driver can activate in the event of a robbery to alert passersby to call the police. Depending on local regulations, the "Taxi" sign may also be required to
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Most cars have at least one "dome light" (or "courtesy light") located in or near the ceiling of the passenger compartment, to provide illumination by which to fasten seatbelts and enter or exit the car. These often have an option to automatically switch on when the front (or any) passenger doors are
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is illuminated either by a single or a pair of yellow or white light(s), affixed within the indentation of the trunk or bumper. It is designed to light the surface of the plate without creating light directly visible to the rear of the vehicle, and must be illuminated whenever the position lights are
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Reversing lights are required to produce white light by US and international UN regulations. However, some countries have at various times permitted amber reversing lights. In
Australia and New Zealand, for example, vehicle manufacturers were faced with the task of localizing American cars originally
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Other methods of severe braking indication have also been implemented; some Volvo models make the stop lights brighter, and some BMWs have "Adaptive Brake Lights" that effectively increase the size of the stop lights under severe braking by illuminating them at brighter-than-normal intensity. As long
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Emergency stop signalling is a lighting function wherein the vehicle's stop (brake) lights and/or hazard/turn indicators flash in phase at 3 to 5 Hz under heavy or urgent braking. The emergency stop signal is automatically activated if the vehicle speed is greater than 50 km/h (31 mph)
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The CHMSL is intended to provide a warning to drivers whose view of the vehicle's left and right stop lights is blocked by interceding vehicles. It also provides a redundant stop light signal in the event of a stop light malfunction. In North
America, where rear turn signals are permitted to emit red
891:
turn signals are a feature on some cars, wherein the turn signal function is provided by multiple lit elements that illuminate sequentially rather than simultaneously. The visual effect is one of outward motion in the direction of the intended turn or lane change. Sequential turn signals were factory
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vehicles, the turn indicator stalk is usually located to the left of the steering wheel. In right-hand-drive vehicles, there is less consistency; it may be located to the left or to the right of the steering wheel. Regulations do not specify a mandatory location for the turn signal control, only that
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Side marker lights can be seen as the successor to "cowl lights" used on vehicles during the 1920s to 1930s, which were a pair of small lights installed at the top edges of the cowl between the hood and the windshield, and would serve as a reference point for oncoming traffic where the widest part of
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the driver switched on the position lights (called sidelights in the UK). Dim-dip was intended to provide a nighttime "town beam" with intensity between that of contemporary parking lights commonly used in city traffic after dark, and dipped beams; the former were considered insufficiently intense to
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Front, side, and rear position lights are permitted, required, or forbidden to illuminate in combination with daytime running lights, depending on the jurisdiction and the DRL implementation. Likewise, according to jurisdictional regulations, DRLs mounted within a certain distance of turn signals are
457:
In
Germany, the StVZO (Road Traffic Licensing Regulations) calls for a different function provided by these lights: with the vehicle's ignition switched off, the operator may activate a low-intensity white light at the front and red light at the rear on either the left or right side. This function is
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On some models, cornering lights provide steady-intensity white light for lateral illumination in the direction of an intended turn or lane change. They are generally actuated in conjunction with the turn signals, and they may be wired to also illuminate when the vehicle is shifted into reverse gear.
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of many cars. Since as early as the 2020s, several car manufacturers have noticeably omitted the front fog lights from many of their latest models, as more recent high-tech lighting technologies such as DRLs and LEDs connected to automatic high-beam systems negate the use of fog lights. However, some
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standards instead of UN ECE regulations. These standards contain regulations for dipped beam headlights that also specify a beam with a sharp, asymmetric cut-off; the half of the beam closest to oncoming drivers is also flat and low, but not as low as prescribed in UN ECE regulations. The half of the
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for dipped beam headlights specify a beam with a sharp, asymmetric cut-off; the half of the beam closest to oncoming drivers is flat and low, while the half of the beam closest to the outside of the road slopes up and towards the near side of the roadway. This permits a functional compromise where it
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is credited with introducing an innovative version of the signalling arm in 1914, a predecessor to the modern turn signal, and a mechanical brake signal. She did not patent these inventions, however, and received no credit or profit from them. Tail lights and brake lights were introduced around 1915,
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Map lights are aimed at specific passenger positions and allow for reading without glare distraction to the driver. Some vehicles have "approach lighting" or "puddle lights" (lights that illuminate the ground outside the doors) in the exterior mirrors or lower edges of the doors, as well as interior
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The hazard warning signal (sometimes called "hazard warning flashers", "hazard warning lights", "emergency lights", "4-way flashers", "hazards", or "flashers") is provided by flashing all of a vehicle's left and right turn signals simultaneously and in phase. Hazard warning signals first appeared as
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UN Regulation 48 requires vehicles exceeding 2.10 metres (83 in) in width to be equipped with white front and red rear end-outline marker lights on both the left and right, which, like North
American identification lights, are intended to indicate a vehicle's overall width and height. The front
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Until the early 1960s, most front turn signals worldwide emitted white light and most rear turn signals emitted red light. The
American auto industry voluntarily adopted amber front turn signals for most vehicles beginning in the 1963 model year, though the advent of amber signals was accompanied by
827:
Virtually all vehicles (except many motorcycles and commercial semi-tractors) have a turn indicator self-cancelling feature that returns the lever to the neutral (no signal) position as the steering wheel approaches the straight-ahead position after a turn has been made. Beginning in the late 1960s,
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Turn signals are required to blink on and off, or "flash", at a steady rate of between 60 and 120 pulses per minute (1–2 Hz). International UN Regulations require that all turn signals flash in simultaneous phase; US regulations permit side marker lights wired for side turn signal functionality
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After turn signals were introduced regulations were brought in requiring them and laying out specifications that had to be met. Ultimately standards governed minimum and maximum permissible intensity levels, minimum horizontal and vertical angles of visibility, and minimum illuminated surface area,
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regarding the installation of lighting equipment. A dim-dip device operates the dipped beam headlights at between 10% and 20% of normal low-beam intensity. Running lights permitted as an alternative to dim-dip were required to emit at least 200 candela straight ahead, and no more than 800 candela in
444:
Front position lights (known as parking lights in North
America and front sidelights in the UK) provide nighttime standing-vehicle conspicuity. They are designed to use little electricity so they can be left on when parked for prolonged periods of time. Despite the UK term, these are not the same as
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devices are lights and reflectors that make a vehicle conspicuous and visible with respect to its presence, position, direction of travel, change in direction, or deceleration. Such lights may light steadily, blink, or flash, depending on their intended and regulated function. Most must be fitted in
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LED lighting systems are sensitive to heat. Due to the negative influences of heat on the stability of photometric performance and the light transmitting components, the importance of thermal design, stability tests, usage of low-UV-type LED modules and UV-resistance tests of internal materials has
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International UN Regulations explicitly permit vehicle signal lights with intensity automatically increased during bright daylight hours when sunlight reduces the effectiveness of the stop lights, and automatically decreased during hours of darkness when glare could be a concern. Regulations in the
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In the US and Canada, vehicles over 80 inches (2.032 m) wide must be equipped with three amber front and three red rear identification lights spaced 6–12 inches (15–30 cm) apart at the centre of the front and rear of the vehicle, as high as practicable. The front identification lights are
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provide functional rear fog lights on their North
American models. Some vehicles from non-European brands which are adaptions of European-market offerings, such as the first-generation Ford Transit Connect, have come standard with rear fog lights, or vehicles with European-market counterparts, such
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indicator is required, to advise the driver when the turn signals are activated and operating. This usually takes the form of one green light on the dashboard on cars from the 1950s or older, or two green indicator lights on cars from the 1960s to the present, and a rhythmic ticking sound generated
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retroreflectors on vehicles manufactured after 1 January 1970. These side-facing devices make the vehicle's presence, position and direction of travel clearly visible from oblique angles. The lights are wired to illuminate whenever the vehicles' parking lights and tail lights are on, including when
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The prescribed colours differ by jurisdiction; in most countries, blue and red special warning lights are used on police, fire, and medical-emergency vehicles. In the United States and some other jurisdictions, amber lights are for tow trucks, private security personnel, construction vehicles, and
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Apart from its use as emergency lighting, a single flash of the hazard lights is used to show gratitude to yielding drivers in several countries. However, in the United Kingdom, they must not be used except to warn others of either a temporary obstruction when the vehicle is stationary or a hazard
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In vehicles with separate left and right green turn signal tell-tale on the dashboard, both left and right indicators may flash to provide a visual indication of the hazard flashers' operation. In vehicles with a single green turn signal tell-tale on the dashboard, a separate red tell-tale must be
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In Europe and other countries adhering to UN Regulation 48, vehicles must be equipped with one or two bright red "rear fog lamps", which serve as high-intensity rear position lights to be activated in poor visibility conditions to make the vehicle more visible from the rear. The allowable range of
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wore off as most vehicles on the road came to be equipped with a CHMSL, the crash-avoidance benefit declined. However, said benefit has not declined to zero, and a CHMSL has become so inexpensive to incorporate into a vehicle that it remains a cost-effective collision avoidance feature even at the
859:
bus drivers, among others, are trained to step continuously on the right directional switch while servicing a bus stop, to signal other road users they are intentionally dwelling at the stop, allowing following buses to skip that stop. This method of signalling requires no special arrangements for
668:
Direction indicator lights or turn signals, informally known as directional signals, directionals, blinkers, or indicators, are blinking lights mounted near the left and right front and rear corners of a vehicle, and sometimes on the sides or on the side mirrors of a vehicle (where they are called
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beam closest to the outside of the road is also flat, but higher than the half closest to oncoming vehicles. This results in substantially increased glare for oncoming drivers and also poorer illumination of the near side of the roadway in comparison to headlights conforming to UN ECE regulations.
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Some jurisdictions, such as the US states of Washington, Oregon and Idaho, permit vehicles to be equipped with auxiliary rear signal systems displaying green light when the accelerator is depressed, yellow light when the vehicle is coasting, and red light when the brake is depressed. Such systems
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This function is meant to indicate a hazard such as a vehicle stopped in or near moving traffic, a disabled vehicle, a vehicle moving substantially slower than the flow of traffic such as a truck climbing a steep grade, the presence of stopped or slow traffic ahead on a high-speed road and/or the
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in the country in which the vehicle is registered. This is to maximise the sight line of following drivers to the rear fog light. In many cases, a single reversing light is mounted on the passenger side of the vehicle, positionally symmetrical with the rear fog. If two rear fog lights are fitted,
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suggests vehicles with amber rear signals rather than red ones are up to 28% less likely to be involved in certain kinds of collisions, a followup 2009 NHTSA study determined there to be a significant overall safety benefit to amber rather than red rear turn signals, US studies in the early 1990s
515:
Prior to the DRL mandate, countries requiring daytime lights permitted low beam headlights to provide that function. National regulations in Canada, Sweden, Norway, Slovenia, Finland, Iceland, and Denmark require hardwired automatic DRL systems of varying specification. DRLs are permitted in many
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the agency believes improved safety (measured as the reduction in the number of rear-end crashes that resulted in property damage or injury) can be achieved with amber rear turn signal lamps at a cost comparable to red rear turn signal lamp configurations. This is supported by the observation of
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vans. The height of the CHMSL is also regulated, both in absolute terms and with respect to the mounting height of the vehicle's conventional left and right stop lights. Depending on the left and right lights' height, the lower edge of the CHMSL may be just above the left and right lights' upper
872:
290:
Many countries regulate the installation and use of driving lights. For example, in Russia, each vehicle may have no more than three pairs of driving lights (including the original lights), and in Paraguay, auxiliary driving lights must be off and covered with opaque material when the vehicle is
2143:
LED lights are used for flashing beacon lights on vehicles such as maintenance trucks. Previously, traditional light sources required the engine to continue running to ensure that the battery would not become depleted if the lights were to be used for more than a few hours. The energy-efficient
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Turn signals are, in almost every case, activated by a horizontal stalk protruding from the side of the steering column, though on some vehicles it protrudes from the dashboard. The driver raises or lowers the outboard end of the stalk in accord with the clockwise or anticlockwise direction the
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to flash the lights, and use speakers to produce the distinctive clicking sound associated with turn signals, which was previously made by a relay or the leaf spring in a thermal flasher. If the stalk switch is not moved beyond the fixed left/right position and allowed to flip back, the control
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American technical standards contain provisions for front cornering lights as well as rear cornering lights. Cornering lights have traditionally been prohibited under international UN Regulations, though provisions have recently been made to allow them as long as they are only operable when the
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light. No other colours are permitted except on emergency vehicles. Vehicle lighting colour specifications can differ somewhat in countries that have not signed the 1949 and/or 1968 Conventions; examples include turn signals and side marker lights in North America, as described in those lights'
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Conspicuity for the rear of a vehicle is provided by rear position lights (also called tail lights). These are required to produce only red light and to be wired such that they are lit whenever the front position lights are lit, including when the headlights are on. Rear position lights may be
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rather than flashing lights. They were commonly mounted high up behind the front doors and swung out to a horizontal position. They were fragile and could be easily broken off, and also had a tendency to stick in the closed or open position. They could be fitted with a fixed or flashing light.
2001:
have been used. Standardized type numbers are used by manufacturers to identify bulbs with the same specifications. Bases may be bayonet-type with one or two contacts, plastic or glass wedges, or dual wire loops or ferrules used on tubular "festoon" lights. Screw-base lights are never used in
1371:
The idea behind such emergency braking indicator systems is to catch following drivers' attention with increased urgency. However, there remains considerable debate over whether the system offers a measurable increase in safety. To date, studies of vehicles with ESS have not shown significant
876:
770:
In most countries, cars must be equipped with side-mounted turn signal repeaters to make the turn indication visible laterally (i.e. to the sides of the vehicle) rather than just to the front and rear of the vehicle. These are permitted, but not required in the United States and Canada. As an
353:
An SAE study has shown that in the United States, more people inappropriately use their fog lights in dry weather than use them properly in poor weather. Because of this, use of the fog lights when visibility is not seriously reduced is often prohibited in most jurisdictions; for example, in
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the side marker lights described below. The front position lights on any vehicle must emit white light, with the exception of motorcycles, which may have amber front position lights. In the US, Canada, Mexico, Iceland, Japan, New Zealand, and Australia (only if combined with a side marker),
629:
45/01 provides for two different kinds of side marker light: a type for trucks and other large vehicles producing amber light to the front and red to the rear with no requirement to emit light to the side (intended for showing the overall length of long vehicles from in front and behind a
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to UN Regulation 48 on or after 7 February 2011, and large vehicles (trucks and buses) type approved since August 2012, must be equipped with DRLs. Functional piggybacking, such as using the headlights, front turn signals, or fog lights as DRLs, is not permitted; the EU Directive requires
5436:"Green Front Brake Light for Vehicles Currently Tested in Slovakia. An experiment in testing a fourth brake light in the front of the car, in between lights, is currently underway. The aim is to increase traffic and pedestrian safety to decrease casualties of pedestrians and drivers"
2002:
automobile applications due to their loosening under vibration. Signal lights with internal or external coloured lenses use colourless bulbs; conversely, lights with colourless lenses may use red or amber bulbs to provide light of the required colours for the various functions.
874:
1368:
as the brighter-than-normal stop lights are within the regulated maximum intensity for stop lights in general, this kind of implementation does not require specific regulatory approval, since the stop lights continue to operate in accord with general stop light regulations.
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have the CHMSL on a stalk fixed to the spare wheel carrier. Trucks, vans, and commercial vehicles sometimes have the CHMSL mounted to the trailing edge of the vehicle's roof. The CHMSL is required by regulations worldwide to be centred laterally on the vehicle, though
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demonstrated improvements in the speed and accuracy of drivers' reactions to the stop lights of vehicles ahead when the turn signals were amber rather than red, and NHTSA determined in 2015 that amber rear turn signals can be provided at comparable cost to red ones.
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Since the late 1960s, there have been proposals to introduce a front-mounted brake light, where green or blue lights would indicate to pedestrians at crossings that an approaching vehicle is slowing down. A small subjective survey was undertaken in the US in 1971.
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repeaters). They are activated by the driver on one side of the vehicle at a time to advertise intent to turn or change lanes towards that side, or used simultaneously as a hazard warning signal to warn other drivers of a vehicle parked on the road (see below).
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High beam (also called main beam, driving beam, or full beam) headlights provide an intense, centre-weighted distribution of light with no particular glare control. Therefore, they are only suitable for use when alone on the road, as the glare they produce will
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aftermarket accessories in the early 1950s; by the late 1960s, regulations around the world came to require all new vehicles to be so equipped. Operation of the hazard flashers must be from a control independent of the turn signal control, and an audiovisual
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Low beam (also called dipped beam, passing beam, or meeting beam) headlights provide adequate forward and lateral illumination without dazzling other road users with excessive glare. This beam is specified for use whenever other vehicles are present ahead.
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intensity for a rear fog light is 150 to 300 candela, within the range of a US stop light. Rear fog lights are not required equipment in the US, but they are permitted, and they are found almost exclusively on European-brand vehicles in North America.
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Large vehicles such as trucks and buses are in many cases required to carry additional lighting devices beyond those required on passenger vehicles. The specific requirements vary according to the regulations in force where the vehicle is registered.
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it be visible and operable by the driver, and—at least in North America—that it be labelled with a specific symbol if it is not located on the left side of the steering column. The international UN Regulations do not include analogous specifications.
504:(DRLs). Depending on the regulations of the country for which the vehicle is built, these may be functionally dedicated lights, or the function may be provided by the low beam or high beam headlights, the front turn signals, or the front fog lights.
2088:. Adoption of LEDs for other signal functions on passenger cars is gradually increasing with demand for the technology and related styling updates. The first car registered to drive on the road with full LED rear lights was Land Rover's LCV 2/3
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The respective purposes of front fog lights and driving lights are often confused, due in part to the misconception that fog lights are always selective yellow, while any auxiliary light that makes white light is a driving light. Automakers and
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vehicles, for turquoise lights in accordance with SAE standard J3134, to indicate to outside observers that the car's self-driving system is engaged. Mercedes is the first car manufacturer to equip their self-driving vehicles with such lights.
1823:, among other bodies, has commissioned studies of vehicle signal systems and configurations to determine the most promising avenues and best practices for enhanced crash avoidance via optimized vehicle conspicuity and signal lighting systems.
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to wherever it is needed in the automobile. Light guides are commonly used to distributivity light dashboard displays, and premium vehicles are beginning to use distributive systems for lighting such items as door locks, window controls, and
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took effect for the 1968 model year, whereupon amber became the only permissible front turn-signal colour. Currently, most countries outside the United States and Canada require that all front, side and rear turn signals produce amber light.
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provide improved conspicuity in conditions requiring it, while the latter were considered too glaring for safe use in built-up areas. The UK was the only country to require such dim-dip systems, though vehicles so equipped were sold in other
2073:) and can benefit from considerably more compact packaging compared to most bulb-type assemblies. LEDs also offer a potential safety benefit when employed in stop lights; when power is applied, they rise to full intensity approximately 250
344:
In most countries, weather conditions rarely necessitate the use of front fog lights and there is no legal requirement for them, so their primary purpose is frequently cosmetic. They are often available as optional extras or only on higher
1454:
Most jurisdictions permit rear fog lights to be installed either singly or in pairs. If a single rear fog is fitted, most jurisdictions require it to be located at or to the driver's side of the vehicle's centreline—whichever side is the
350:
manufacturers who still offer fog lights as standard equipment in certain model trims have diversified its use to function also as an automatic lighting delay for vehicles, to light up surroundings and roadside curbs after being parked.
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used when parking in narrow unlit streets to provide parked-vehicle conspicuity to approaching drivers. This function, which is optional under UN and US regulations, is served passively in the United States by mandatory side marker
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they may emit amber light on any vehicle. The "city light" terminology for front position lights derives from the practice, formerly adhered to in cities like Moscow, London and Paris, of driving at night in urban areas using these
119:
headlights were introduced in 1936 and standardized as the only acceptable type in the US in 1940. Self-cancelling turn signals were developed in 1940. By 1945, headlights and signal lights were integrated into the body styling.
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provided for hazard flasher indication. Because the hazard flasher function operates the vehicle's left and right turn signals, a left or a right turn signal function may not be provided while the hazard flashers are operating.
4019:
To avoid imposing an unreasonable cost to society, NHTSA's lighting regulation continues to allow for the lower cost rear signal (…) Such a configuration can be achieved using just two bulbs and a two color (red and white)
1218:), is sometimes informally called the "centre brake light", the "third brake light", the "eye-level brake light", the "safety brake light", or the "high-level brake light". The CHMSL may use one or more filament bulbs or
2177:
fill gas. Traditional HID lights, such as those used for general lighting, have a long warm-up time. Headlights must provide light very shortly after they are turned on, and the xenon gas serves to reduce warm-up time.
1977:
411:
pairs—one left and one right—though some vehicles have multiple pairs (such as two left and two right stop lights) and/or redundant light sources (such as one left and one right stop light, each containing two bulbs).
1085:
The international regulation on motor vehicle bulbs requires manufacturers to test bulbs for colour endurance. However, no test protocol or colour durability requirement is specified. Discussion is ongoing within the
1042:, Israel, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the US, the rear signals may be amber or red. Additionally, red turn signals can also be found in countries with trade agreements with the US such as Mexico and
1378:
One potential problem with flashing stop lights in the United States and Canada is regulations that permit flashing stop lights to be used as rear turn signal and hazard lights, in lieu of separate dedicated lights.
394:
Police cars, emergency vehicles, and vehicles competing in road rallies are sometimes equipped with an auxiliary spotlight, sometimes called an "alley light", in a swivel-mounted housing attached to one or both
4393:
Sivak, Michael; Schoettle, B.; Flannagan, Michael J.; Minoda, T. (July 2005). Effectiveness of clear-lens turn signals in direct sunlight (Report). The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
382:
Some modern vehicles activate the cornering light on one or the other side when the steering wheel input reaches a predetermined angle in that direction, regardless of whether a turn signal has been activated.
1769:. Field tests were done in Germany in 2017, as well as in Slovakia in 2022 and 2023. More tests are planned in Italy. Expert analysts have found severe flaws in these tests and the accompanying safety claims.
1266:
permits lateral offset of up to 15 cm if the vehicle's lateral centre is not coincident with a fixed body panel, but instead separates movable components such as doors. Such an offset can be seen on the
1082:. With accumulated heat-cool cycles, though, some of these coatings may flake off the bulb glass, or the colour may fade. This causes the turn signal to emit white light rather than the required amber light.
2092:
in the 1990s. At the time, the only light function that was difficult to reproduce was the reverse light, as white LEDs did not yet exist. The reverse function was only achievable with the introduction of
2027:
and other forward illumination functions. Some recent vehicles use small halogen bulbs for exterior signalling and marking functions, as well. The first halogen light approved for automotive use was the
1851:, and other storage compartments. Modern pickup trucks usually have one or more white cargo lights that illuminate the bed of the truck, often controlled in conjunction with the interior dome lighting.
1237:
a temporary 24-month exemption in January 2006 to the steady-light requirement to evaluate whether a flashing CHMSL provides an emergency stop signal that effectively reduces the likelihood of a crash.
330:
They are sometimes used in place of dipped-beam headlights, reducing glare from fog or falling snow, although the legality of using front fog lights without low-beam headlights varies by jurisdiction.
554:
regulations briefly required vehicles first used on or after 1 April 1987 to be equipped with a "dim-dip" device or special low-intensity running lights, except such vehicles as complying fully with
812:
electromechanically or electronically by the flasher. It is also required that the vehicle operator be alerted by much faster- or slower-than-normal flashing in the event a turn signal light fails.
272:
Auxiliary high beam lights may be fitted to provide high-intensity light to enable the driver to see at longer range than the vehicle's high beam headlights. Such lights are most notably fitted on
5407:
3661:
5518:
212:
is possible to substantially prevent glare for oncoming drivers, while still allowing adequate illumination for drivers to see pedestrians, road signs, hazards, etc. on their side of the road.
354:
Australia, "The driver of a vehicle must not use any fog light fitted to the vehicle unless the driver is driving in fog, mist or under other atmospheric conditions that restrict visibility."
873:
5371:"Mehr Sicherheit durch eine vordere Bremsleuchte? Eine alte Idee, neu entdeckt / Wissenschaftliche Studie belegt Nutzen speziell für die Sicherheit von Fußgängern / Noch viele offene Fragen"
4641:
751:
to ensure that they are visible at all relevant angles, do not dazzle those who view them, and are suitably conspicuous in all conditions ranging from full darkness to full direct sunlight.
69:
ahead for the driver, and making the vehicle visible to others, with indications to them of turning, slowing or stopping, etc., with lights also indicating the size of some large vehicles.
5348:
1997:
was for a long time the only light source used in automotive lighting. Incandescent bulbs are still commonly used in turn signals to stop hyper-flashing of the turn signal flashers. Many
1835:
LED light sources appear increasingly as interior convenience lights in various locations, especially with finely focused lighting on console control surfaces and in cabin storage areas.
5600:
1189:
since 1998, a central stop (brake) light mounted higher than the vehicle's left and right stop lights is also required. The so-called "centre high mount stop lamp", or CHMSL (pronounced
4414:"Ditective 2011/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment"
5313:
3583:
995:
are designed such that the first lit segment of the multi-unit light is considered as the official turn signal, with the segments illuminated afterward considered as auxiliary lights.
2081:
theoretically provides following drivers more time to react to the stop light signal, but has not been shown to make cars with LED stop lights less likely to be struck from behind.
1054:
There is some evidence that turn signals with colourless clear lenses and amber bulbs may be less conspicuous in bright sunlight than those with amber lenses and colourless bulbs.
1249:
On passenger cars, the CHMSL may be placed above the back glass, affixed to the vehicle's interior just inside the back glass, or integrated into the vehicle's deck lid or into a
727:
were used earlier and remain common for bicycles. Hand signals are also sometimes used when regular vehicle lights are malfunctioning or for older vehicles without turn signals.
2124:
used two strips of optically focused high-intensity LEDs for its daytime running lights. Optional on the R8 outside North America were the world's first LED headlights, made by
2360:
555:
244:
208:
3756:
1550:
45/01 provides for side marker lights on trucks and other large vehicles producing amber light to the front and red to the rear with no requirement to emit light to the side.
855:
buses). The foot-activated signals allow bus drivers to keep both hands on the steering wheel while watching the road and scanning for passengers as they approach a bus stop.
4837:
3900:
1310:
mandated that all new passenger cars come equipped with a CHMSL. The requirement was extended to light trucks and vans for the 1994 model year. Early studies involving
634:
the body was. These were sometimes used in tandem with fender lights during the same time period, when fenders were separate from the body and only covered the wheels.
1546:
US and Canadian regulations require large vehicles to be equipped with amber side marker lights and reflectors mounted midway between the front and rear side markers.
4297:
Luoma, Juha; Flannagan, Michael J.; Sivak, Michael; Aoki, Masami; Traube, Eric C. (January 1997). "Effects of Turn-Signal Colour on Reaction Times to Brake Signals".
3945:
1287:
could be ordered with optional supplemental high-mounted stop and turn signal lights integrated into the left and right interior trim surrounding the rear glass. The
4213:
5378:
3364:
1283:
was equipped with only one stop light, mounted centrally and higher than the left and right rear lights, which did not produce a stop light function. The 1968–1971
3339:
2339:
1820:
1303:
1047:
539:
In the US, daytime running lights may emit either amber or white light, and may produce up to 7,000 candela. This has provoked a large number of complaints about
132:
tail lights were installed on mass-production automobiles, with LED headlights subsequently being introduced in the 2000s as more powerful LEDs became available.
4921:
4620:
1075:
989:
has been officially interpreted as requiring all light sources in an active turn signal to illuminate simultaneously. Some vehicles, such as the 2010 and later
315:
light, and were designed for use at low speed to increase the illumination directed towards the road surface and verges in conditions of poor visibility due to
65:
and signaling devices mounted to or integrated into its front, rear, sides, and, in some cases, top. Various devices have the dual function of illuminating the
2562:
1043:
771:
alternative in both the United States and Canada, the front amber side marker lights may be wired to flash with the turn signals, but this is not mandatory.
3782:
997:
Other US vehicles with sequential turn signals comply by illuminating all elements of the turn signal simultaneously, before sequentially turning them off.
1521:
typically mounted atop the cab of the vehicle. The purpose of these lights is to alert other drivers to the presence of a wide (and usually tall) vehicle.
1732:
US and by the UN contain provisions for determining the minimum and maximum acceptable intensity for lights that contain more than a single light source.
5280:
5443:
2409:
5400:
3669:
3290:
5514:
1095:
Rather than using an amber bulb, some signal lights contain an inner amber plastic enclosure between a colourless bulb and the colourless outer lens.
1019:
986:
248:
216:
100:
for headlights and oil lamps for tail lights. It did not have all-electric lighting as a standard feature until several years after its introduction.
3987:
5057:
419:
307:
Front fog lights provide a wide, bar-shaped beam of light with a sharp cutoff at the top, and are generally aimed and mounted low. They may produce
783:. Since then, many automakers have been incorporating side turn signal devices into the mirror housings rather than mounting them on the vehicle's
6044:
3472:
5344:
4762:"NHTSA Technical Report Number DOT HS 808 696: The Long-Term Effectiveness of Center High Mounted Stop Lamps in Passenger Cars and Light Trucks"
5593:
2580:"UN Regulation 112, "Motor vehicle headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam or a driving beam or both and equipped with filament lamps""
4801:
4668:
3122:"Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 13/00 - Installation of Lighting and Light Signalling Devices on other than L-Group Vehicles) 2005"
2737:"UN Regulation 113, "Motor vehicle headlamps emitting a symmetrical passing beam or a driving beam or both and equipped with filament lamps""
1628:
5306:
1858:
in modern vehicles are illuminated when the headlights are turned on, and the intensity of light can be adjusted by the driver for comfort.
4642:"Mercedes-Benz, U.S.A. LLC; Grant of Application for a Temporary Exemption From Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108 (71 FR 4961)"
2483:
2109:
LEDs in a defined distributed pattern behind a lens, white light was produced that conformed to the legal requirements of a reverse light.
1585:
5547:
4890:
3206:
512:
functionally specific daytime running lights compliant with UN Regulation 87 and mounted to the vehicle in accord with UN Regulation 48.
6516:
1998:
1762:
In 2014, the idea was suggested by Slovakian Lubomir Marjak (of manufacturing company Lumaco, which makes front brake lights) to German
5679:
5247:
4532:
719:
Electric turn signal lights date from as early as 1907. Possibly the first factory installation of illuminated turn signals was on the
4941:
1173:
and warn vehicles behind to prepare to stop. These are formally called "stop lamps" in technical standards and regulations and in the
1031:
614:
In the United States, amber front and red rear side marker lights and retroreflectors are required. The law initially required lights
5839:
5493:
2837:
1611:
1174:
520:
permitted or required to extinguish or dim down to parking light intensity individually when the adjacent turn signal is operating.
145:
141:
3834:"Letter of interpretation to Charles I. Sassoon, Panor Corp, of FMVSS Number 108 re Maxxima Lamp M40130R (sequential turn signals)"
2775:"Reglamento General de Tránsito-Asunción, Artículo 186 (General Traffic Regulations-Asuncion, Article 186 — Spanish language)"
2774:
5714:
3077:"J2442: Harmonized Provisions for Installation of Exterior Lamps and Retro-Reflecting Devices on Road Vehicles Except Motorcycles"
6687:
2424:
362:
parts and accessories suppliers frequently refer interchangeably to "fog lights" and "driving lights" (or "fog/driving lights").
5941:
5818:
5776:"Vehicle Headlighting | The Long and Lighted Road: Lighting and Driving | Lighting Futures | Programs | LRC"
5145:
4830:
1479:
To warn adjacent vehicle operators and pedestrians of a vehicle's rearward motion, and to provide illumination to the rear when
1185:
In the United States and Canada since 1986, in Australia and New Zealand since 1990, and in Europe and other countries applying
3956:
3859:"Letter of interpretation to W. E. Baldwin, of K-R Industries re paragraph S4.5.11(e) of Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. l08"
3181:
5464:
5312:(Technical Memorandum). University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA: Highway Safety Research Institute (HSRI). HuF-TM-1.
3721:
3229:
1862:
automobiles, for example, have an aircraft-style "night panel" function that shuts off all interior illumination save for the
6541:
3416:
1589:
140:
The colour of light emitted by vehicle lights is largely standardized by established conventions, first codified in the 1949
4220:
3520:
Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 45/01 – Lighting and Light Signalling Devices not Covered by ECE Regulations) 2006
3498:
Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 45/01 – Lighting and Light Signalling Devices not Covered by ECE Regulations) 2006
1241:
6619:
6536:
6453:
2166:
1169:
Red steadily lit rear lights, brighter than the rear position lights, are activated when the driver applies the vehicle's
125:
5370:
4553:
3797:
3272:
4379:
4283:
2137:
1964:
for street hire are distinguished by special lights affixed to the vehicle's roof in accordance with local regulations.
1635:
1490:
Some car models have white reversing lights in the front turn indicators that switch on with the rear reversing lights.
1480:
1456:
820:
780:
576:
4413:
3622:
3308:
2895:
1322:
A NHTSA report suggests that a vehicle equipped with a CHMSL has 23.7% less risk to be involved as a lead vehicle in a
6400:
6037:
3149:
1005:
844:
559:
any direction. In practice, most vehicles were equipped with the dim-dip option rather than dedicated running lights.
1574:
1314:
and other fleet vehicles found that a third high-level stop light reduced rear-end collisions by about 50%. Once the
828:
using the direction-indicator lights to signal for a lane change was facilitated by the addition of a spring-loaded
280:
or imitating such cars. They are common in countries with large stretches of unlit roads, or in regions such as the
6602:
2896:"New South Wales Government – NSW legislation Road Rules 2008 Part 13 Lights and warning devices Clause 218–1"
1880:
1672:
presence of stopped or slow traffic ahead on unpredictable natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, landslides.
1499:
1323:
1092:, the UNECE working group on vehicular lighting regulation, to develop and implement a colour durability standard.
77:
3243:
2013:) are used for stop, turn, reversing and rear fog lights, while bulbs of 4 to 10 W, producing 40 to 130
1593:
1578:
6682:
5859:
Caleffi, Felipe; Rodrigues, Lauren da Silva; Stamboroski, Joice da Silva; Pereira, Brenda Medeiros (2024-04-01).
2979:
2084:
LEDs were first applied to automotive lighting in centre high-mount stop lamps (CHMSLs), beginning with the 1986
2062:
1624:
Until about the 1970s in France, Spain, Morocco, and possibly other countries, many commercial vehicles and some
1473:
587:
277:
173:
Forward illumination is provided by high- ("main", "full", "driving") and low- ("dip", "dipped", "passing") beam
3768:
1233:
The CHMSL is generally required to illuminate steadily and not permitted to flash, though US regulators granted
1135:
1026:
5401:"The Front Brake Light. Its conception and theoretical and experimental evidence for increasing traffic safety"
3879:
3104:
2382:
2113:
1804:
1747:
1039:
909:
643:
44:
5273:
1110:
5435:
4264:"Measurement of Effectiveness of Rear-Turn-Signal Systems Accidents from an Analysis of Actual Accident Data"
2736:
2579:
2401:
1078:
directive, banned cadmium because of its toxicity. Amber glass made without cadmium is relatively costly, so
6357:
4076:
vehicle manufacturers changing the rear turn signal lamp color for a vehicle model from one year to the next
2017:(3 to 10 mscp) are used for tail lights, parking lights, side marker lights and side turn signal repeaters.
1994:
1866:(unless attention is called to a critical situation on another gauge) to improve the driver's night vision.
1547:
1018:
legal stumbles in some states and front turn signals were still legally permitted to emit white light until
626:
572:
6651:
4743:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Associated Equipment (48 FR 48235)"
4476:
2128:. The low and high beams, along with the position (parking) light and front turn signal, all use LEDs. The
1230:
light, the CHMSL also helps to disambiguate brake lights from rear position lights and turn signal lights.
110:—signalling arms that flipped up, which later were lighted—were introduced in about 1900. Silent film star
6574:
6220:
6030:
5039:
4983:
4493:
4431:
3322:
3038:
2819:
2599:
2125:
1665:
1483:, each vehicle must be equipped with one or two rear-mounted, rear-facing reversing (or "backup") lights.
1156:
1127:
1010:
852:
808:
800:
787:. Some evidence suggests that mirror-mounted turn signals may be more effective than fender-mounted ones.
359:
31:
4784:"Report No DOT HS 807 076, The Effectiveness of Center High Mounted Stop Lamps, A Preliminary Evaluation"
6095:
4459:
3260:
3018:"SAE Standard J1373, "Rear Cornering Lamps for Use on Motor Vehicles Less than 9.1 m in Overall Length""
2308:
1916:
are usually equipped with intense warning lights of particular colours. These may be motorised rotating
1258:
976:
905:
856:
696:
4861:
3468:
2686:
Relative merits of the U.S. and ECE high-beam maximum intensities and of two- and four-headlamp systems
2136:
Platinum used LEDs for the low and high beams, as well as for the position and side marker lights. The
5901:
5860:
4333:
3807:. New York City, New York, USA: New York City Transit Authority Department of Buses: 7. Archived from
730:
6521:
4687:
2667:
2213:
2058:
1766:
1272:
1219:
563:
501:
471:
104:
for automobile headlights were first fitted around 1908 and became commonplace in 1920s automobiles.
5967:"The Long and Lighted Road: Lighting and Driving | Lighting Futures | Programs | LRC"
5775:
4878:
2268:. Distributive exterior lighting has also been explored, with high-intensity central light sources.
975:. These cams would actuate switches to turn on the lights in sequence. Later Ford cars and the 1969
759:
672:
For many years, turn signals' on-off operation was activated by a thermal flasher unit which used a
6614:
6483:
6463:
6415:
6183:
5170:
4512:"J586: Stop Lamps for Use on Motor Vehicles Less than 2032 mm in Overall Width - SAE International"
3901:"The 2020 Chevy C8 Corvette Found a Way Around the U.S. Ban on Sequential Turn Signals @ Top Speed"
1342:
approved rules making emergency stop signals mandatory on new vehicles sold in the European Union.
1339:
1288:
1104:
1088:
764:
707:
583:
424:
370:
6657:
4809:
4761:
4578:
100 Years of Hella: From a Lamp Workshop to Global Supplier to the Automobile Industry (1899–1999)
3445:
618:
retroreflectors on vehicles manufactured after 1 January 1968. This was amended to require lights
6420:
6294:
5539:
4783:
4705:
4314:
3244:"European Commission - Press release - New cars equipped with daytime running lights as of today"
2260:
2085:
2051:
1800:
1763:
1638:. This could be operated by the driver to indicate that it was safe for the following vehicle to
1140:
960:
451:
3769:"Canada Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 101: Location and Identification of Controls and Displays"
3554:
1245:
The rear end of a Renault Master. The offset third brake light above the door handle is visible.
447:
South Korea, North Korea, Vietnam, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and much of the Middle East,
4879:
NHTSA analysis of flashing central 3rd stop light ideas, U.S. Federal Register, pp. 65510-65511
699:
chip to generate square waves to the relay coil, causing the relay contacts to open and close.
6322:
6053:
5923:
5882:
5543:
5081:
4897:
4727:
4722:
4664:
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4275:
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4005:
3121:
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2355:
2198:
2133:
1893:
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1807:
in 2018. The only production car to feature a built-in front brake light (as of 2023) was the
1448:
1437:
1280:
1115:
968:
703:
528:
UN Regulation 87 stipulates that DRLs must emit white light with an intensity of at least 400
111:
73:
5718:
4195:
3972:
3931:
3914:
3584:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Associated Equipment"
2473:
1070:
The amber bulbs commonly used in turn signals with colourless lenses are no longer made with
516:
countries where they are not required, but prohibited in other countries not requiring them.
6586:
6569:
6362:
6327:
6137:
6127:
6090:
5996:
5913:
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2313:
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1941:
1468:
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893:
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776:
681:
607:
476:
337:
312:
281:
161:
51:
5819:"Two States OK Mercedes-Benz's Turquoise Lights Signaling Hands-Free Driving | Motor Trend"
5667:
Effectiveness of LED Stop Lamps for Reducing Rear-End Crashes: Analyses of State Crash Data
5019:"RCW 46.37.100: Color of clearance lamps, side marker lamps, back-up lamps, and reflectors"
4945:
3105:"UN Regulation 53, "Installation of lighting and light-signalling devices for L3 vehicles""
6531:
6458:
6274:
6203:
5489:
5347:. Panorama > Innovation (in German). Leipzig, Germany: Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR).
3662:"We've All Been Living A Lie About Which Car Was The First With Modern-Style Turn Signals"
2293:
1859:
1692:
1424:
1263:
1186:
972:
685:
673:
489:
5793:
5739:
5219:
5194:
5018:
4477:"UN Regulation 7: Front and rear position lamps, stop lamps and end-outline marker lamps"
2781:
2212:
Neon lights offer the same nearly instant rise time as LEDs, but require a high-voltage
1066:
The colour coating has started to flake off this PY27/7W bulb, a relatively new problem.
228:
6478:
6380:
6284:
6279:
4742:
3696:
2600:"UN Regulation 98, "Motor vehicle headlamps equipped with gas-discharge light sources""
2563:"ISO 2575:2010, "Road vehicles – Symbols for controls, indicators and tell-tales""
2319:
1785:
1720:
1701:
1315:
1268:
964:
901:
897:
551:
540:
459:
196:
177:, which may be augmented by auxiliary fog lights, driving lights, or cornering lights.
5124:
3150:"R-2003-28: State of the art with respect to implementation of daytime running lights"
3017:
2448:
2132:
features LED low beam, position and side marker lights in North America, and the 2009
6676:
6641:
6430:
6395:
6390:
6342:
6314:
6289:
6215:
6198:
6147:
6110:
6100:
6082:
5945:
5099:
4318:
4172:
3518:
3496:
3365:"NHTSA Docket 4124, Rulemaking to Reduce DRL Glare (aborted), with public complaints"
2996:
2798:
2753:
2256:
2231:
2194:
2129:
1808:
1710:
1412:
1408:
1349:
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1254:
1250:
1234:
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917:
913:
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375:
153:
58:
5966:
4048:, A Car Place, by Daniel Stern, dated 4 January 2018, last accessed 15 February 2020
1443:
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2522:
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2020:
2014:
2006:
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1921:
1625:
1433:
990:
953:
743:
735:
724:
662:
494:
396:
299:
264:
121:
97:
93:
5274:"Applications of Cars With Front Stop Lamp. Technological Novelty of Road Traffic"
3420:
3055:
2707:
2061:(LEDs) have increasingly been used in automotive lighting. They offer a very long
2032:, which used 55 Watts producing 1500 lumens and was introduced in Europe in 1962.
1655:
1440:
also had dual rear fog lights installed in the rear bumper as standard equipment.
1390:
1034:
was built with amber rear turn signals from 2006–2008 and red ones from 2009–2014.
1013:
has a US-spec red left rear turn signal and an international-spec amber right one.
959:
Two different systems were employed. The earlier, fitted to the 1965 through 1968
436:
407:
247:
permit higher-intensity high-beam headlights than allowed under U.S. and Canadian
3833:
3395:
1360:
were among the earlier automakers to begin equipping vehicles with ESS. In 2013,
6661:
6473:
6468:
6405:
6385:
6256:
4533:"New Zealand vehicle inspection requirements manual, sec. 4-14: Reversing Lamps"
3450:. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. DOT HS 806 430
2285:
2089:
2010:
1897:
1863:
1844:
1773:
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1404:
1062:
945:
840:
795:
677:
116:
107:
5877:
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4245:
2500:
1885:
649:
630:
combination) and the U.S. type amber front/red rear lights for passenger cars.
386:
vehicle is travelling at less than 40 kilometres per hour (about 25 mph).
6435:
6352:
6304:
6251:
6164:
6159:
5918:
5406:. Bonn, Germany: Bonner Institut für Rechts- und Verkehrspsychologie (BIRVp).
5040:"UN Regulation 4, "Illumination of rear registration plates of motor vehicles"
5000:
4788:
Office of Standards Evaluation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
4557:
4432:"UN Regulation 37, Filament lamps of power-driven vehicles and their trailers"
4121:
3808:
3683:
3276:
2855:
Sivak, M.; Flannagan, M. J.; Traube, E. C.; Hashimoto, H.; Kojima, S. (1997).
2508:
2275:
2265:
2235:
2117:
1905:
1639:
1631:
1428:
1416:
1375:
The ESS is not expensive because it reuses existing warning and stop signals.
1299:
980:
925:
921:
720:
6017:
5927:
5886:
4375:
4359:
4279:
4263:
4092:
3858:
3647:
2856:
2169:, or HID lights, sometimes referred to as "xenon lights", are modified metal
983:
control module with no moving parts to wear, break, or go out of adjustment.
742:
Some cars from about 1900 to through 1966 used retractable semaphores called
6581:
6235:
6208:
6178:
5569:"NHTSA studies vehicle safety and driver behavior to reduce vehicle crashes"
4599:
4310:
2186:
2078:
2046:
1933:
1913:
1901:
1855:
1793:
1789:
1326:
and 16.0% less risk to be involved as a middle vehicle in such a collision.
1223:
657:
603:
346:
4180:
4045:
3156:
2425:"Florence Lawrence: Automotive Inventor and the "World's First Movie Star""
1529:
39:
4032:
3155:. The Netherlands: SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research. Archived from
2255:
In distributive light systems, the light from a single source is sent via
6526:
6410:
6266:
6225:
5345:"Für mehr Verkehrssicherheit: Slowakei bringt vordere Bremsleuchte voran"
4399:
4251:(Report). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. DOT HS 811 115.
4159:
Allen, Merrill J. (December 1964). "Misuse of red light on automobiles".
3076:
2693:
2324:
2161:
2149:
2065:, extreme vibration resistance, high colour durability, high efficiency (
2041:
2024:
1981:
1909:
1080:
most amber bulbs are now made with clear glass dipped in an amber coating
888:
273:
186:
174:
129:
89:
62:
48:
17:
5608:
Research by Lighting Research Center of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
4962:
4360:"World Harmonization and Procedures for Lighting and Signaling Products"
4147:
An evaluation of rear-end signal system characteristics in night driving
610:
with headlights, amber front position lights, and side marker lights lit
238:
6347:
6230:
6122:
4585:
4511:
4362:. SAE Technical Paper Series (Report). Vol. 1. SAE International.
4266:. SAE Technical Paper Series (Report). Vol. 1. SAE International.
2202:
2121:
2029:
1937:
1840:
1420:
1071:
949:
941:
882:
533:
529:
5618:
4246:
The Effectiveness of Amber Rear Turn Signals for Reducing Rear Impacts
3597:
3417:"Memorandum submitted by the Institution of Public Lighting Engineers"
2997:"SAE Standard J852, "Front Cornering Lamps for Use on Motor Vehicles""
2316:(laws and recommendations can be similar to automotive specifications)
695:; one of many control strategies with relay-type flashers is to use a
333:
3757:
U.S. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 101: Controls and displays
3323:"UN Regulation 87, "Daytime running lamps for power-driven vehicles""
2239:
2206:
2170:
2144:
nature of LEDs allows them to continue flashing with the engine off.
1917:
1345:
833:
101:
6022:
2077:(¼ second) faster than incandescent bulbs. This effectively instant
1103:"Tail lamp" redirects here. For the tail lamp on rail vehicles, see
399:, aimed by a handle protruding through the pillar into the vehicle.
128:(HID) headlights were produced starting in 1991. In 1993, the first
6000:
5865:
Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition)
5653:
4367:
4271:
4107:
3726:, Ref 2005-01-0449, Society of Automotive Engineers, archived from
2875:
1680:
ahead on a dual carriageway with a speed limit of at least 50 mph.
1074:
glass, since various regulations worldwide, including the European
738:
deploys from a vehicle's side to indicate a turn in that direction.
4621:"NHTSA explication of requirement for stop lamps to burn steadily"
3186:
International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles
2190:
2174:
2102:
2045:
1975:
1951:
1884:
1654:
1528:
1467:
1442:
1389:
1364:
introduced the concept on some of their Australian-market models.
1353:
1240:
1170:
1134:
1109:
1025:
1004:
867:
729:
692:
656:
648:
602:
488:
475:
435:
418:
369:
332:
308:
298:
263:
227:
195:
157:
148:. With some regional exceptions, lights facing rearward must emit
38:
5568:
4214:"The Influence of Rear Turn Signal Characteristics on Crash Risk"
6425:
5988:
3039:"UN Regulation 119, "Cornering lamps for power-driven vehicles""
2106:
2094:
2070:
1976:
1961:
1400:
1311:
933:
929:
324:
320:
115:
and by 1919, low-beam or dipped beam headlights were available.
66:
6026:
5861:"Small-scale self-driving cars: A systematic literature review"
5794:"BMW Z8 (2000 - 2003) used car review | Car review | RAC Drive"
5637:
4497:
3783:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Controls and Displays"
1952:
423:
Front position light lit within front light assembly on a 2018
6064:
5989:"Low Beam Head Lamp Design Using Distributive Lighting System"
3732:
3447:
An Evaluation of Side Marker Lamps For Cars, Trucks, and Buses
3230:"European Commission Enterprise and Industry web page on DRLs"
2861:
2507:. United Nations Conference on Road Traffic. 1949 – via
2472:
Woerdenweber, Burkard; Wallaschek, Jörg; Boyce, Peter (2010).
2098:
1557:
1361:
1357:
1210:
1126:"Tail lights" redirects here. For the song by Macklemore, see
500:
Some countries permit or require vehicles to be equipped with
316:
149:
5343:
Allweiß, Marianne (2023-05-19). Written at Prague, Czechia.
2140:
used entirely LED lights, even in the most basic trim level.
2005:
Typically, bulbs of 21 to 27 watts producing 280 to 570
1198:
4066:, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2015-12-16
4010:, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2015-12-16
2870:. SAE 970657. Vol. 1. Society of Automotive Engineers.
1538:
clearance lights may be amber in Australia and New Zealand.
5307:"Subjective evaluation of the front-mounted braking signal"
3946:
Amber Waves of Pain: When Front Turn Signals Changed Colour
2499:
2152:
must withstand endurance tests and function failure tests.
1713:
trucks without (top) and with (bottom) direct illumination
2116:
was the first passenger car with LED taillights. The 2002
775:
introduced side turn signal repeaters integrated into the
5399:
Schubert, Wolfgang; Kirschbaum, Bernhard (October 2018).
3974:
CODE DE LA ROUTE – Arrêté grand-ducal du 23 novembre 1955
2120:
was an early adopter of LED front turn signals. The 2007
1201:
1155:"Brake lights" redirects here. For the Game mixtape, see
963:-built cars and the 1971–1972 Nissan Cedric, employed an
691:
Thermal flashers gradually gave way to electromechanical
562:
The dim-dip systems were not intended for daytime use as
276:
cars, and are occasionally fitted to production vehicles
152:
light, side-facing lights and all turn signals must emit
5900:
Hirte, Georg; Laes, Renée; Gerike, Regine (2023-10-01).
5594:
Evaluation of Light-Emitting Diode Beacon Light Fixtures
5088:. Vol. 158, no. 2. February 1951. p. 141.
4963:"J593: Backup Lamp (Reversing Lamp) - SAE International"
4682:
4680:
4122:"The Senseless Ambiguity of North American Turn Signals"
2857:"Fog Lamps: Frequency of Installation and Nature of Use"
92:
before the availability of electric lighting. The first
5599:(Report). New York State Department of Transportation.
4688:"High Level or Supplemental Brake Lamps - AUTO BREVITY"
3623:"Here's Why Your Turn Signals Make That Clicking Noise"
5592:
Bullough, John; Skinner, Nicholas P. (December 2009).
5546:. Mondial Paris Motor Show, Paris, France: GFG Style.
5369:
Glaser, Beate M. (2017-07-13). Galifi, Roberto (ed.).
4091:
Hitzemeyer, E. G.; Wilde, H.; Ellenburger, D. (1977).
3697:"Trafficators/flippers: how old cars used to indicate"
1659:
ISO symbol for hazard warning signal, UNECE 121 symbol
5840:"Mercedes to differentiate AVs with turquoise lights"
5146:"The truth behind the hazard light 'thank you' flash"
2242:, the only states where it is legal to operate their
2189:
tubes were introduced into series production for the
1253:. Other specialised fitments are sometimes seen; the
1207:
5942:"Designing Advanced Automotive Illumination Systems"
2361:
World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations
1319:
long-term enduring crash-reduction benefit of 4.3%.
6595:
6557:
6507:
6496:
6446:
6373:
6313:
6265:
6244:
6081:
6072:
5906:
Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice
5058:"Why Can't Those 3 Upper ID Lights Be Mounted Low?"
4527:
4525:
3957:"New Amber Turn Signals Causing Unexpected Turmoil"
3798:"Talking Technical: Bus Directional/Signals Lights"
3723:
Geometric Visibility of Mirror-Mounted Turn Signals
3523:, Government of Australia, 2006-04-26, para. 45.3.3
3501:, Government of Australia, 2006-04-26, para. 45.3.1
1750:accessories, but are today seldom seen in traffic.
1204:
1195:
807:to flash in opposite-phase. An audio and/or visual
5305:Post, David V.; Mortimer, Rudolf G. (1971-04-08).
4862:"Emergency Stop Signal explained | CarAdvice"
4749:, vol. 48, no. 202, pp. 48235–48244
3544:UNECE 1958 agreement, addendum 120, regulation 121
3439:
3437:
832:signal-on position just shy of the left and right
566:. Rather, they operated if the engine was running
192:Low beam (dipped beam, passing beam, meeting beam)
3988:"Direction indicator lamps - NZTA Vehicle Portal"
2754:"SAE Standard J581, "Auxiliary Upper Beam Lamps""
2383:"The Strange but True History of the Turn Signal"
2201:with a neon tube spanning the width of the trunk
1788:to showcase the potential applications for their
586:successfully prosecuted the UK government in the
284:that receive fewer daylight hours during winter.
5377:(in German). Berlin, Germany: Autoveritas GmbH.
5338:
5336:
5334:
4102:. Vol. 1. Society of Automotive Engineers.
4063:New Car Assessment Program, Request For Comments
4007:New Car Assessment Program, Request For Comments
3805:The Leader – Department of Buses Newsletter
1436:, have an option for them. The final generation
1394:ISO symbol for rear fog lights, UNECE 121 symbol
702:Modern cars now use a relaxation oscillator and
5762:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,
5750:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,
5738:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,
5429:
5427:
4760:Kahane, Charles J.; Hertz, Ellen (March 1998).
4648:, vol. 71, no. 19, pp. 4961–4963
4580:. Management Board of Hella KG Hueck & Co.
4262:Taylor, Gordon W.; Ng, Winson K. (1981-02-01).
3389:
3387:
3385:
3143:
3141:
847:, have turn signals activated by floor-mounted
711:module will only flash the lights three times.
144:and later specified in the 1968 United Nations
5001:"Preventing accidents with amber turn signals"
3396:"UK Dim-Dip Running Lights Regulatory History"
2340:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1821:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1542:Intermediate side marker lights and reflectors
1304:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1048:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
763:Mirror-mounted side turn signal repeater on a
642:"Blinker" redirects here. For other uses, see
224:High beam (main beam, driving beam, full beam)
30:For the company owned by Magneti Marelli, see
6038:
5171:"The Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989"
4942:"The Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989"
4600:"NHTSA denial of petition for flashing CHMSL"
4086:
4084:
4056:
4054:
3880:"Ford Unveils the New Pony: The 2010 Mustang"
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3555:"The Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989"
3371:. US Department of Transportation. 1998-08-07
3346:. US Department of Transportation. 1998-01-09
2668:"FMVSS No. 108: Lamps and Reflective Devices"
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
851:on the floor near the driver's left foot (on
661:Illuminated front and side turn signals on a
653:ISO symbol for turn signals, UNECE 121 symbol
507:Passenger cars and small delivery vans first
454:lights rather than the vehicle's headlights.
403:Conspicuity, signal and identification lights
215:The United States and Canada use proprietary
124:headlights were developed in Europe in 1960.
8:
5680:"The First Vehicle with All-LED Tail Lights"
5587:
5585:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4046:Turn signals — amber or red? Yes, it matters
3340:"NHTSA Docket 3319 for DRL Glare Complaints"
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2050:Light-emitting diode (LED) tail lights of a
684:. When activated by the stalk switch on the
5636:Flannagan, Michael; Sivak, Michael (1989).
3915:"Detroit Report: Safer directionals coming"
3752:
3750:
3182:"LILAC—Low Intensity Large Area City light"
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
1592:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
156:light, and lights facing forward must emit
6504:
6078:
6045:
6031:
6023:
5465:"Doing the Right New Lights the Right Way"
4706:"1968 Ford Thunderbird Optional Equipment"
4034:Turn Signals—Amber Or Red? Yes, It Matters
3207:"StVZO §51c Parkleuchten, Park-Warntafeln"
2449:"Florence Lawrence - Lemelson-MIT Program"
2023:lights are a very common light source for
1968:display a number identifying the vehicle.
5917:
5876:
5764:Regulations 121–140 (Accessed 12.04.2015)
5752:Regulations 101–120 (Accessed 12.04.2015)
5442:. Warsaw, Poland: Instytut Jagielloński.
4460:"GRE 52nd session, informal document #27"
4305:(1). UMTRI, Taylor & Francis: 62–68.
4093:"What Color Should Rear Turn Signals Be?"
2838:"Why Fog Lamps Are Starting to Disappear"
1612:Learn how and when to remove this message
4957:
4955:
4145:Rockwell, T. H., Safford, R. R. (1969):
3491:
3489:
2898:. NSW Government (Australia). 2012-12-14
2523:"U.N. Convention on Road Traffic (1968)"
1772:Front brake lights were demonstrated in
1709:Red rear side marker retroreflectors on
1061:
794:
758:
5100:"SAE J910:Hazard Warning Signal Switch"
4978:
4976:
4576:Burghoff, Wilhelm; et al. (1999).
3540:
3538:
3536:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2708:"ISO 7000:2012-0639, "Long-range lamp""
2373:
2197:. Notable later uses included the 1998
5740:Regulations 1–20 (Accessed 20.08.2012)
4418:Official Journal of the European Union
3720:Flannagan, M. J.; Reed, M. P. (2005),
3099:
3097:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2820:"UNECE Regulation 19, Front Fog Lamps"
2799:"SAE Standard J583, "Front Fog Lamps""
2594:
2592:
2574:
2572:
1634:had a green light mounted on the rear
816:steering wheel is about to be turned.
779:in 1998, starting with its facelifted
5229:. Oregon Department of Motor Vehicles
4332:Van Iderstine, Richard (2004-11-04).
3471:. Daniel Stern Lighting. 2002-12-12.
1273:first-generation Ford Transit Connect
480:ISO symbol for daytime running lights
7:
6647:
4659:Gaudean, George J. (December 1996).
2475:Automotive Lighting and Human Vision
2209:, which made extensive use of neon.
1984:reflector to achieve a directed beam
1590:adding citations to reliable sources
6620:Vehicle identification number (VIN)
4984:"UN Regulation 23: Reversing Lamps"
3832:Glassman, Jacqueline (2003-05-22).
3261:EU to make DRLs mandatory from 2011
1181:Center high mount stop lamp (CHMSL)
799:Two types of dashboard turn signal
791:Electrical connection and switching
80:to warn drivers of their presence.
5995:. Vol. 1. SAE International.
5082:"Car Lights Flash Warning Signals"
4922:"NHTSA response to MBUSA petition"
4802:"EU Legislation on Vehicle Safety"
3935:magazine, August 1962, pp. 70, 182
3882:. nationalspeedinc.com. 2008-11-18
1122:Rear position lights (tail lights)
1089:Groupe des Rapporteurs d'Éclairage
27:Lighting system of a motor vehicle
25:
5987:Jenkins, D.; et al. (1996).
5944:. Ptbmagazine.com. Archived from
5838:Thompson, Michelle (2023-12-28).
5571:. US Department of Transportation
4782:Kahane, Charles J. (March 1987),
3273:"AL-Automotive Lighting DRL info"
2502:Geneva Convention on Road Traffic
1889:Light bar on a British police car
1338:In February 2019, members of the
1175:Vienna Convention on Road Traffic
599:Side marker lights and reflectors
493:LED daytime running lights on an
146:Vienna Convention on Road Traffic
142:Geneva Convention on Road Traffic
6656:
6646:
6637:
6636:
6063:Part of a series of articles on
5902:"Working from self-driving cars"
5606:from the original on 2013-07-29.
5250:. State of Idaho. Archived from
4382:from the original on 2009-02-13.
4286:from the original on 2007-09-28.
4173:10.1097/00006324-196412000-00001
3660:Torchinsky, Jason (2023-08-23).
3444:Kahane, Charles J. (July 1983).
2412:from the original on 2023-04-03.
2292:
2278:
1727:Variable-intensity signal lights
1700:
1691:
1668:must be provided to the driver.
1562:
1191:
1038:In Belgium, Brazil, Canada, the
268:ISO symbol for long-range lights
165:sections later in this article.
6018:Turn signal patent, issued 1909
5638:"An Improved Braking Indicator"
5550:from the original on 2023-05-20
5521:from the original on 2023-05-20
5496:from the original on 2022-11-05
5446:from the original on 2023-05-20
5413:from the original on 2023-05-19
5381:from the original on 2023-05-20
5351:from the original on 2023-05-20
5319:from the original on 2023-05-20
5286:from the original on 2023-05-19
4843:from the original on 2007-03-18
3475:from the original on 2006-08-20
1843:. Many cars have lights in the
1827:Interior and convenience lights
1269:third-generation Renault Master
1114:Double taillights mounted on a
303:ISO symbol for front fog lights
5644:. SAE Technical Paper Series.
5279:. Split, Croatia: HRT Zagreb.
5201:. Washington State Legislature
4723:"'71 Cars: GM's Family Movers"
4554:"Motor Vehicle Rules in India"
3992:vehicleinspection.nzta.govt.nz
3857:Jones, Erika Z. (1988-11-03).
3419:. Daniel Stern. Archived from
2156:High intensity discharge (HID)
1854:Most gauges and controls on a
1847:, the engine compartment, the
1746:have in the past been sold as
971:, a set of three slow-turning
881:Sequential turn signals on an
860:self-cancellation or passing.
849:momentary-contact footswitches
532:on axis and no more than 1200
440:ISO symbol for position lights
78:distinctive lighting equipment
1:
6454:Approach and departure angles
5817:Banner, Justin (2023-12-19).
5434:Hochel, Martin (2023-02-23).
4161:American Journal of Optometry
2836:Cobb, James G. (2017-06-29).
2400:Gross, Jessica (2013-07-14).
2381:Motavalli, Jim (2019-10-03).
1741:Multicolour auxiliary signals
1494:Rear registration plate light
5678:Davis, Steven (2022-11-01).
5195:"Revised Code of Washington"
4808:. 2019-08-06. Archived from
4806:Vehicular Technology Society
4556:. 2011-08-21. Archived from
4496:. 2011-08-09. Archived from
4358:Dorleans, Guy (1997-02-24).
4194:Francis, Devon (June 1961).
3469:"Flashing Side marker Lamps"
3369:DOT Docket Management System
3344:DOT Docket Management System
3148:Commandeur, Jacques (2008).
2478:. Springer. pp. 95–96.
2429:Historic Vehicle Association
2402:"Who Made That Turn Signal?"
2191:centre high-mount stop light
2138:Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222)
1792:material, as well as in the
1291:(from 1971 to 1978) and the
904:between 1967 and 1970, 1969
374:A cornering light on a 1983
6517:Automotive light bulb types
5619:"Dome Light | dc taxi"
5220:"Oregon Vehicle Code, 2015"
4037:, acarplace.com, 2018-01-04
3796:Cuomo, Ronald (June 2003).
3309:"E.U. Directive 2008/89/EC"
2406:The New York Times Magazine
2112:In North America, the 2000
2036:Light-emitting diodes (LED)
1447:Single rear fog light on a
1330:Emergency stop signal (ESS)
6704:
5993:SAE Technical Paper Series
5878:10.1016/j.jtte.2023.09.005
5715:"Kia Opirus press release"
5696:. Ask.cars.com. 2008-09-16
5694:"What are LED taillights?"
4535:. Ltsa.govt.nz. 2012-07-24
4149:, pp. 12–13, 17, 33, 41–42
4100:SAE Technical Paper Series
2868:SAE Technical Paper Series
2223:
2159:
2039:
2011:mean spherical candlepower
1881:Emergency vehicle lighting
1878:
1472:Lit reversing lights on a
1161:
1154:
1151:Stop lights (brake lights)
1139:Full LED rear lights on a
1125:
1102:
892:fitted to 1965–1971-model
641:
469:
184:
29:
6632:
6060:
5919:10.1016/j.tra.2023.103785
5517:. Rohm & Haas. 1969.
5492:. Rohm & Haas. 1967.
4891:"Dynamic stop lamp study"
4836:. Volvo Cars of America.
3921:. April 1962. p. 70.
2423:Paul, John (2016-03-23).
1980:Light source placed in a
1646:Emergency warning devices
1525:End-outline marker lights
1474:Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren
1464:Reversing (backup) lights
1432:as the second generation
588:European Court of Justice
291:operated in urban areas.
88:Early road vehicles used
6537:high-intensity discharge
4602:. Regulations.justia.com
4494:"Mot Test Brakes lights"
4334:"Washington Post Online"
2167:High-intensity discharge
1956:An illuminated taxi sign
1875:Emergency vehicle lights
1815:Research and development
1805:Mondial Paris Motor Show
1533:End outline marker light
1457:prevailing driver's side
1298:Effective with the 1986
1162:Not to be confused with
644:Blinker (disambiguation)
232:ISO symbol for high beam
126:High-intensity discharge
6688:Automotive technologies
4831:"The All-New Volvo S80"
4710:automotivemileposts.com
4692:automotivemileposts.com
4311:10.1080/001401397188378
2721:General Motors (1965).
1995:incandescent light bulb
1944:in certain conditions.
1839:lighting activated via
864:Sequential turn signals
200:ISO symbol for low beam
136:Colour of light emitted
6221:Stressed member engine
5682:. Halo-Headlights.com.
4661:Motor Vehicle Lighting
3963:, 23 March 1963, p. 65
3056:"Sidelight definition"
2126:AL-Automotive Lighting
2054:
1985:
1957:
1890:
1660:
1548:Australian Design Rule
1534:
1476:
1451:
1395:
1246:
1157:Brake Lights (mixtape)
1143:
1118:
1067:
1035:
1014:
1011:Mercedes-Benz ML-Class
885:
803:
767:
739:
665:
654:
627:Australian Design Rule
611:
502:daytime running lights
497:
481:
466:Daytime running lights
441:
428:
378:
341:
304:
269:
233:
201:
54:
32:AL-Automotive Lighting
6353:Windshield/windscreen
5127:. Sae.org. 1996-08-01
4663:. SAE International.
4340:. The Washington Post
3684:U.S. patent 2,122,508
3295:drivingvisionnews.com
2801:. Sae.org. 2005-09-08
2309:Automotive lamp types
2251:Distributive lighting
2234:received approval in
2059:light-emitting diodes
2049:
1979:
1955:
1924:, or arrays of LEDs.
1910:snow-removal vehicles
1888:
1658:
1651:Hazard warning signal
1532:
1516:Identification lights
1471:
1449:Mercedes-Benz M-Class
1446:
1393:
1259:Land Rover Freelander
1244:
1226:as its light source.
1138:
1113:
1065:
1029:
1008:
880:
857:New York City Transit
798:
762:
733:
697:relaxation oscillator
660:
652:
608:1974 Plymouth Valiant
606:
492:
479:
439:
432:Front position lights
422:
373:
336:
302:
267:
231:
199:
42:
6522:Daytime running lamp
5272:Poljak, Ivo (2009).
5125:"SAE J1690:Flashers"
4741:NHTSA (1983-10-18),
4640:NHTSA (2006-01-30),
4244:Allen, Kirk (2009).
3977:, Artt. 41 and 41bis
3701:Join me in the 1900s
3180:Reid, J. A. (1978).
2684:Rumar, Kåre (2000).
1776:including the 1967
1767:Dieter-Lebrecht Koch
1736:Experimental systems
1586:improve this section
1554:Rear overtake lights
1302:, the United States
524:Intensity and colour
472:Daytime running lamp
169:Forward illumination
6484:Weight distribution
6416:Omniview technology
5642:SAE Technical Paper
5540:Giugiaro, Giorgetto
5469:Driving Vision News
3861:. Isearch.nhtsa.gov
3648:U.S. patent 912,831
3598:"SAE International"
3083:. SAE International
2162:Headlamp § HID
2042:Headlamp § LED
1989:Incandescent lights
1870:On service vehicles
1340:European Parliament
1289:Oldsmobile Toronado
1105:End-of-train device
765:Volkswagen Golf Mk5
708:body control module
584:European Commission
425:Dodge Grand Caravan
47:rear lighting on a
6603:Registration plate
5440:3Seas Europe (3SE)
5175:legislation.gov.uk
3559:legislation.gov.uk
3126:legislation.gov.au
3124:. Infrastructure.
2980:"UN Regulation 48"
2842:The New York Times
2230:In December 2023,
2086:Chevrolet Corvette
2055:
1986:
1958:
1894:Emergency vehicles
1891:
1801:Giorgetto Giugiaro
1780:and the and 1969
1764:EU parliamentarian
1754:Front brake lights
1661:
1535:
1500:registration plate
1477:
1452:
1396:
1247:
1144:
1141:BMW 7 Series (G11)
1119:
1068:
1036:
1015:
1001:Turn signal colour
886:
804:
768:
740:
666:
655:
612:
536:in any direction.
498:
482:
442:
429:
379:
342:
305:
270:
245:UN ECE Regulations
234:
209:UN ECE regulations
202:
74:emergency vehicles
55:
6670:
6669:
6628:
6627:
6492:
6491:
6323:Glass run channel
6257:Trunk/boot/dickie
6054:Automotive design
5021:. Apps.leg.wa.gov
4967:standards.sae.org
4728:Popular Mechanics
4670:978-1-56091-753-3
4516:standards.sae.org
3961:The Reading Eagle
3933:Popular Mechanics
3838:Isearch.nhtsa.gov
3081:standards.sae.org
3058:. Ldoceonline.com
2723:Optics and Wheels
2356:Twilight Sentinel
2199:Lincoln Mark VIII
2173:lights employing
2134:Cadillac Escalade
1942:mobility scooters
1803:and shown at the
1717:
1716:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1507:On large vehicles
1438:Oldsmobile Aurora
1116:road-rail vehicle
1058:Colour durability
969:reduction gearing
967:driving, through
894:Ford Thunderbirds
878:
845:those in New York
777:side-view mirrors
755:Side turn signals
704:solid-state relay
577:left-hand traffic
112:Florence Lawrence
16:(Redirected from
6695:
6683:Automotive lamps
6660:
6650:
6649:
6640:
6639:
6587:Window deflector
6570:Side-view mirror
6505:
6128:Continental tire
6091:Backbone chassis
6079:
6047:
6040:
6033:
6024:
6005:
6004:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5921:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5880:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5772:
5766:
5760:
5754:
5748:
5742:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5717:. Archived from
5711:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5675:
5669:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5615:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5598:
5589:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5431:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5412:
5405:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5340:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5318:
5311:
5302:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5285:
5278:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5248:"Idaho Statutes"
5244:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5224:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5015:
5009:
5008:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4980:
4971:
4970:
4959:
4950:
4949:
4944:. Archived from
4938:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4902:
4896:. Archived from
4895:
4887:
4881:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4842:
4835:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4790:, Washington, DC
4779:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4747:Federal Register
4738:
4732:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4684:
4675:
4674:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4646:Federal Register
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4573:
4562:
4561:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4529:
4520:
4519:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4436:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4402:. UMTRI-2005-19.
4390:
4384:
4383:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4338:Vehicle Lighting
4329:
4323:
4322:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4225:
4219:. Archived from
4218:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4196:"Amber to turn?"
4191:
4185:
4184:
4156:
4150:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4097:
4088:
4079:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4058:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3994:. December 2019.
3984:
3978:
3970:
3964:
3954:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3813:
3802:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3765:
3759:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3736:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3668:. Archived from
3657:
3651:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3619:
3606:
3605:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3580:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3493:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3441:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3391:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3275:. Archived from
3269:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3161:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2976:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2865:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2780:. Archived from
2779:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2664:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2506:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2485:978-3-54036697-3
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2453:lemelson.mit.edu
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2378:
2346:Navigation light
2335:Lighting-up time
2330:Hidden headlamps
2314:Bicycle lighting
2302:
2300:Transport portal
2297:
2296:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2226:Self-driving car
2114:Cadillac Deville
2097:LEDs; by mixing
2021:Tungsten-halogen
1778:Explorer IV
1704:
1695:
1688:
1687:
1617:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1566:
1558:
1308:Transport Canada
1285:Ford Thunderbird
1264:UN Regulation 48
1222:, or a strip of
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1187:UN Regulation 48
1081:
996:
879:
682:bimetallic strip
556:UN Regulation 48
448:
366:Cornering lights
338:Selective yellow
313:selective yellow
295:Front fog lights
282:Nordic countries
255:Auxiliary lights
162:selective yellow
21:
6703:
6702:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6673:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6624:
6591:
6553:
6501:
6499:
6488:
6459:Breakover angle
6442:
6369:
6309:
6261:
6240:
6068:
6056:
6051:
6014:
6009:
6008:
5986:
5985:
5981:
5972:
5970:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5951:
5949:
5940:
5939:
5935:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5844:
5842:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5823:
5821:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5802:
5800:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5774:
5773:
5769:
5761:
5757:
5749:
5745:
5737:
5733:
5724:
5722:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5699:
5697:
5692:
5691:
5687:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5665:
5661:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5603:
5596:
5591:
5590:
5583:
5574:
5572:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5553:
5551:
5538:
5537:
5533:
5524:
5522:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5499:
5497:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5474:
5472:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5449:
5447:
5433:
5432:
5425:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5403:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5384:
5382:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5354:
5352:
5342:
5341:
5332:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5309:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5276:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5257:
5255:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5232:
5230:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5204:
5202:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5179:
5177:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5155:
5153:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5130:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5109:
5107:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5086:Popular Science
5080:
5079:
5075:
5066:
5064:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5024:
5022:
5017:
5016:
5012:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4974:
4961:
4960:
4953:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4877:
4873:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4815:
4813:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4767:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4721:
4717:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4686:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4605:
4603:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4575:
4574:
4565:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4538:
4536:
4531:
4530:
4523:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4444:
4442:
4434:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4343:
4341:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4200:Popular Science
4193:
4192:
4188:
4167:(12): 695–699.
4158:
4157:
4153:
4144:
4140:
4131:
4129:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4082:
4069:
4067:
4060:
4059:
4052:
4040:
4038:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4013:
4011:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3967:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3926:
3919:Popular Science
3913:
3912:
3908:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3885:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3864:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3842:
3840:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3740:
3738:
3730:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3705:
3703:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3632:
3630:
3621:
3620:
3609:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3572:
3563:
3561:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3534:
3526:
3524:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3504:
3502:
3495:
3494:
3487:
3478:
3476:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3453:
3451:
3443:
3442:
3435:
3426:
3424:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3401:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3383:
3374:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3349:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3255:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3191:
3189:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3139:
3130:
3128:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3086:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3061:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3023:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2910:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2880:
2878:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2539:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2457:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2433:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2253:
2228:
2222:
2184:
2164:
2158:
2044:
2038:
1991:
1974:
1950:
1883:
1877:
1872:
1829:
1817:
1786:Rohm & Haas
1782:Explorer V
1756:
1743:
1738:
1729:
1721:Retroreflectors
1686:
1684:Retroreflectors
1653:
1648:
1618:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1583:
1567:
1556:
1544:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1496:
1466:
1388:
1386:Rear fog lights
1382:
1332:
1324:chain collision
1194:
1190:
1183:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1133:
1124:
1108:
1101:
1079:
1060:
1032:Honda Ridgeline
1003:
994:
922:Nissan Bluebird
910:Japanese-market
902:Shelby Mustangs
898:Mercury Cougars
868:
866:
853:left-hand drive
821:left-hand drive
793:
757:
717:
706:built into the
686:steering column
674:heating element
647:
640:
601:
596:
575:countries with
549:
526:
487:
474:
468:
460:retroreflectors
446:
434:
417:
405:
392:
368:
297:
262:
257:
241:other drivers.
226:
194:
189:
183:
171:
138:
86:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6701:
6699:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6675:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6654:
6644:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6599:
6597:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6567:
6561:
6559:
6558:Other elements
6555:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6524:
6519:
6513:
6511:
6502:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6481:
6479:Turning radius
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6433:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6381:Bumper sticker
6377:
6375:
6374:Other elements
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6319:
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6311:
6310:
6308:
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6302:
6297:
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6282:
6277:
6271:
6269:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6254:
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6242:
6241:
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6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6212:
6211:
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6196:
6191:
6186:
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6176:
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6174:
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6172:
6157:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6087:
6085:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6042:
6035:
6027:
6021:
6020:
6013:
6012:External links
6010:
6007:
6006:
6001:10.4271/960489
5979:
5958:
5933:
5892:
5871:(2): 271–292.
5851:
5830:
5809:
5785:
5767:
5755:
5743:
5731:
5706:
5685:
5670:
5659:
5654:10.4271/890189
5628:
5610:
5581:
5560:
5544:"Sibylla GG80"
5542:, ed. (2018).
5531:
5506:
5481:
5456:
5423:
5391:
5361:
5330:
5297:
5264:
5239:
5211:
5186:
5162:
5137:
5116:
5091:
5073:
5048:
5031:
5010:
4992:
4972:
4951:
4948:on 2015-05-03.
4933:
4913:
4882:
4871:
4853:
4822:
4793:
4774:
4752:
4733:
4731:, October 1970
4715:
4697:
4676:
4669:
4651:
4632:
4612:
4591:
4563:
4560:on 2011-08-21.
4545:
4521:
4503:
4500:on 2011-08-09.
4485:
4468:
4451:
4423:
4405:
4385:
4368:10.4271/970913
4350:
4324:
4289:
4272:10.4271/810192
4254:
4236:
4205:
4186:
4151:
4138:
4113:
4108:10.4271/770812
4080:
4050:
4024:
3997:
3979:
3965:
3949:
3938:
3924:
3906:
3892:
3871:
3849:
3824:
3788:
3774:
3760:
3746:
3712:
3688:
3675:
3672:on 2023-08-23.
3652:
3639:
3607:
3589:
3570:
3546:
3532:
3510:
3485:
3460:
3433:
3408:
3394:Gaynor, Mark.
3381:
3356:
3331:
3314:
3300:
3282:
3279:on 2009-04-29.
3264:
3253:
3235:
3221:
3198:
3172:
3137:
3113:
3093:
3068:
3047:
3030:
3009:
2988:
2908:
2887:
2876:10.4271/970657
2847:
2828:
2811:
2790:
2787:on 2008-10-29.
2766:
2745:
2728:
2713:
2699:
2676:
2608:
2588:
2568:
2537:
2514:
2491:
2484:
2464:
2440:
2415:
2392:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2320:Blackout light
2317:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2289:
2273:
2270:
2257:optical fibres
2252:
2249:
2221:
2218:
2183:
2180:
2157:
2154:
2037:
2034:
1999:types of bulbs
1990:
1987:
1973:
1970:
1949:
1946:
1879:Main article:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1828:
1825:
1816:
1813:
1755:
1752:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1685:
1682:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1620:
1619:
1570:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1543:
1540:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1495:
1492:
1465:
1462:
1387:
1384:
1331:
1328:
1316:novelty effect
1281:Volkswagen Bus
1182:
1179:
1152:
1149:
1123:
1120:
1100:
1097:
1059:
1056:
1002:
999:
981:transistorised
965:electric motor
865:
862:
792:
789:
781:E-Class (W210)
756:
753:
716:
713:
639:
636:
600:
597:
595:
592:
548:
547:Dim-dip lights
545:
525:
522:
486:
483:
470:Main article:
467:
464:
433:
430:
416:
413:
404:
401:
391:
388:
367:
364:
296:
293:
261:
260:Driving lights
258:
256:
253:
225:
222:
193:
190:
185:Main article:
182:
179:
170:
167:
137:
134:
85:
82:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6700:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6653:
6645:
6643:
6635:
6634:
6631:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6594:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6556:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6495:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6396:Hood ornament
6394:
6392:
6391:Front-end bra
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6372:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6343:Quarter glass
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6312:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6268:
6264:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6199:Quarter panel
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6101:Body-on-frame
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6066:
6059:
6055:
6048:
6043:
6041:
6036:
6034:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5983:
5980:
5969:. Lrc.rpi.edu
5968:
5962:
5959:
5948:on 2011-10-04
5947:
5943:
5937:
5934:
5929:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5896:
5893:
5888:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5855:
5852:
5841:
5834:
5831:
5820:
5813:
5810:
5799:
5795:
5789:
5786:
5781:
5777:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5721:on 2014-07-25
5720:
5716:
5710:
5707:
5695:
5689:
5686:
5681:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5663:
5660:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5632:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5614:
5611:
5602:
5595:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5570:
5564:
5561:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5535:
5532:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5507:
5495:
5491:
5490:"Explorer IV"
5485:
5482:
5470:
5466:
5460:
5457:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5392:
5380:
5376:
5375:UnfallZeitung
5372:
5365:
5362:
5350:
5346:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5298:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5265:
5254:on 2009-02-07
5253:
5249:
5243:
5240:
5228:
5221:
5215:
5212:
5200:
5196:
5190:
5187:
5176:
5172:
5166:
5163:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5138:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5105:
5101:
5095:
5092:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5074:
5063:
5059:
5052:
5049:
5041:
5035:
5032:
5020:
5014:
5011:
5006:
5005:acarplace.com
5002:
4996:
4993:
4985:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4947:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4923:
4917:
4914:
4903:on 2008-10-29
4899:
4892:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4875:
4872:
4867:
4866:CarAdvice.com
4863:
4857:
4854:
4839:
4832:
4826:
4823:
4812:on 2019-11-01
4811:
4807:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4778:
4775:
4763:
4756:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4716:
4711:
4707:
4701:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4662:
4655:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4636:
4633:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4601:
4595:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4546:
4534:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4504:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4440:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4401:
4400:2027.42/57446
4397:
4389:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4351:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4258:
4255:
4247:
4240:
4237:
4226:on 2012-07-12
4222:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4202:. p. 40.
4201:
4197:
4190:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4065:
4064:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4036:
4035:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4009:
4008:
4001:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3903:. 2019-07-22.
3902:
3896:
3893:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3860:
3853:
3850:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3825:
3814:on 2008-10-29
3810:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3789:
3785:. 2003-09-23.
3784:
3778:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3737:on 2007-09-30
3734:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3713:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3586:. 2007-12-04.
3585:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3511:
3500:
3499:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3449:
3448:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3423:on 2016-03-22
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3397:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3173:
3162:on 2012-02-18
3158:
3151:
3144:
3142:
3138:
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2250:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2232:Mercedes-Benz
2227:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:Ford Explorer
2192:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2130:Lexus LS 600h
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:Light sources
1971:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1954:
1948:Taxi displays
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:mobile cranes
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1882:
1874:
1869:
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1809:Bricklin SV-1
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1712:
1711:Ford F-series
1708:
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1703:
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1595:
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1580:
1576:
1571:This section
1569:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1541:
1539:
1531:
1524:
1522:
1515:
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1501:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1484:
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1475:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:Mercedes-Benz
1406:
1402:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:Mercedes-Benz
1347:
1343:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1293:Buick Riviera
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1255:Jeep Wrangler
1252:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1235:Mercedes-Benz
1231:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1188:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1164:Traffic light
1158:
1150:
1148:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:GCC countries
1033:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1012:
1007:
1000:
998:
992:
988:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
955:
954:Ford Mustangs
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
918:Nissan Laurel
915:
914:Nissan Cedric
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
884:
863:
861:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:transit buses
837:
835:
831:
825:
822:
817:
813:
810:
802:
797:
790:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
773:Mercedes-Benz
766:
761:
754:
752:
748:
745:
737:
732:
728:
726:
722:
714:
712:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
664:
659:
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645:
637:
635:
631:
628:
624:
621:
617:
609:
605:
598:
593:
591:
589:
585:
582:In 1988, the
580:
578:
574:
569:
565:
560:
557:
553:
546:
544:
542:
537:
535:
531:
523:
521:
517:
513:
510:
509:type approved
505:
503:
496:
491:
484:
478:
473:
465:
463:
461:
455:
453:
438:
431:
426:
421:
414:
412:
409:
402:
400:
398:
389:
387:
383:
377:
376:Oldsmobile 98
372:
365:
363:
361:
355:
351:
348:
339:
335:
331:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
301:
294:
292:
288:
285:
283:
279:
275:
266:
259:
254:
252:
250:
249:FMVSS / CMVSS
246:
242:
240:
230:
223:
221:
218:
217:FMVSS / CMVSS
213:
210:
206:
198:
191:
188:
180:
178:
176:
168:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
135:
133:
131:
127:
123:
118:
113:
109:
105:
103:
99:
98:carbide lamps
95:
91:
90:fuelled lamps
83:
81:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
59:motor vehicle
53:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6608:vanity plate
6547:trafficators
6508:
6358:washer fluid
6338:Power window
6333:Opera window
6245:Compartments
6133:Crumple zone
6118:Cabrio coach
6062:
5992:
5982:
5971:. Retrieved
5961:
5950:. Retrieved
5946:the original
5936:
5909:
5905:
5895:
5868:
5864:
5854:
5843:. Retrieved
5833:
5822:. Retrieved
5812:
5801:. Retrieved
5797:
5788:
5779:
5770:
5758:
5746:
5734:
5723:. Retrieved
5719:the original
5709:
5698:. Retrieved
5688:
5673:
5662:
5645:
5641:
5631:
5622:
5613:
5573:. Retrieved
5563:
5552:. Retrieved
5534:
5523:. Retrieved
5515:"Explorer V"
5509:
5498:. Retrieved
5484:
5473:. Retrieved
5471:. 2020-07-07
5468:
5459:
5448:. Retrieved
5439:
5415:. Retrieved
5394:
5383:. Retrieved
5374:
5364:
5353:. Retrieved
5328:(1+16 pages)
5321:. Retrieved
5300:
5288:. Retrieved
5267:
5256:. Retrieved
5252:the original
5242:
5231:. Retrieved
5226:
5214:
5203:. Retrieved
5198:
5189:
5178:. Retrieved
5174:
5165:
5154:. Retrieved
5152:. 2022-02-22
5149:
5140:
5129:. Retrieved
5119:
5108:. Retrieved
5106:. 1988-10-01
5103:
5094:
5085:
5076:
5065:. Retrieved
5062:Truckinginfo
5061:
5051:
5034:
5023:. Retrieved
5013:
5004:
4995:
4966:
4946:the original
4936:
4925:. Retrieved
4916:
4905:. Retrieved
4898:the original
4885:
4874:
4865:
4856:
4845:. Retrieved
4825:
4814:. Retrieved
4810:the original
4805:
4796:
4787:
4777:
4766:. Retrieved
4755:
4746:
4736:
4726:
4718:
4709:
4700:
4691:
4660:
4654:
4645:
4635:
4624:. Retrieved
4615:
4604:. Retrieved
4594:
4577:
4558:the original
4548:
4537:. Retrieved
4515:
4506:
4498:the original
4488:
4471:
4454:
4443:. Retrieved
4441:. 2012-07-03
4438:
4426:
4420:, 2011-07-01
4417:
4408:
4388:
4353:
4342:. Retrieved
4337:
4327:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4257:
4239:
4228:. Retrieved
4221:the original
4208:
4199:
4189:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4146:
4141:
4130:. Retrieved
4128:. 2018-07-14
4125:
4116:
4099:
4074:
4068:, retrieved
4062:
4039:, retrieved
4033:
4027:
4018:
4012:, retrieved
4006:
4000:
3991:
3982:
3973:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3941:
3932:
3927:
3918:
3909:
3895:
3884:. Retrieved
3874:
3863:. Retrieved
3852:
3841:. Retrieved
3837:
3827:
3816:. Retrieved
3809:the original
3804:
3791:
3777:
3763:
3739:, retrieved
3728:the original
3722:
3715:
3704:. Retrieved
3700:
3691:
3678:
3670:the original
3666:The Autopian
3665:
3655:
3642:
3631:. Retrieved
3629:. 2017-03-17
3626:
3601:
3592:
3562:. Retrieved
3558:
3549:
3525:, retrieved
3519:
3513:
3503:, retrieved
3497:
3477:. Retrieved
3463:
3452:. Retrieved
3446:
3425:. Retrieved
3421:the original
3411:
3400:. Retrieved
3373:. Retrieved
3368:
3359:
3348:. Retrieved
3343:
3334:
3317:
3303:
3294:
3285:
3277:the original
3267:
3256:
3247:
3238:
3224:
3213:. Retrieved
3201:
3190:. Retrieved
3185:
3175:
3164:. Retrieved
3157:the original
3129:. Retrieved
3125:
3116:
3085:. Retrieved
3080:
3071:
3060:. Retrieved
3050:
3033:
3022:. Retrieved
3012:
3001:. Retrieved
2991:
2900:. Retrieved
2890:
2879:. Retrieved
2867:
2850:
2841:
2831:
2814:
2803:. Retrieved
2793:
2782:the original
2769:
2758:. Retrieved
2748:
2731:
2722:
2716:
2702:
2685:
2679:
2529:. Retrieved
2517:
2501:
2494:
2474:
2467:
2456:. Retrieved
2452:
2443:
2432:. Retrieved
2428:
2418:
2405:
2395:
2386:
2376:
2351:Train lights
2261:light guides
2254:
2244:self-driving
2229:
2220:Self Driving
2211:
2193:on the 1995
2185:
2165:
2146:
2142:
2111:
2083:
2075:milliseconds
2063:service life
2057:Since 1993,
2056:
2019:
2004:
1992:
1966:
1959:
1926:
1898:fire engines
1892:
1853:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1818:
1799:designed by
1797:Sibylla GG80
1796:
1784:designed by
1781:
1777:
1774:concept cars
1771:
1761:
1757:
1744:
1730:
1718:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1629:Sovtransavto
1623:
1608:
1599:
1584:Please help
1572:
1545:
1536:
1519:
1510:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1453:
1434:Chrysler 300
1397:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1344:
1337:
1333:
1321:
1297:
1278:
1248:
1232:
1228:
1184:
1168:
1145:
1128:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1069:
1053:
1037:
1016:
991:Ford Mustang
985:
958:
956:since 2010.
896:, 1967–1973
887:
838:
826:
818:
814:
805:
769:
749:
744:trafficators
741:
725:hand signals
718:
701:
690:
671:
667:
663:Toyota Vista
638:Turn signals
632:
625:
619:
615:
613:
581:
573:Commonwealth
567:
561:
550:
538:
527:
518:
514:
506:
499:
495:Audi A4 (B8)
485:Installation
456:
443:
406:
393:
384:
380:
356:
352:
343:
329:
306:
289:
286:
278:derived from
271:
243:
235:
214:
207:
203:
172:
139:
108:Trafficators
106:
94:Ford Model T
87:
71:
56:
43:Extensively
36:
6542:sealed beam
6474:Roll center
6469:Ride height
6406:Japan black
6401:Instruments
6386:Curb feeler
6252:Hood/bonnet
5780:lrc.rpi.edu
5623:dfhv.dc.gov
5150:The Spinoff
5056:Berg, Tom.
4126:youtube.com
2387:cartalk.com
2286:Cars portal
2266:cup holders
2090:concept car
1940:, and even
1906:police cars
1864:speedometer
1748:aftermarket
1632:road trains
1224:neon tubing
1044:South Korea
946:Toyota C-HR
736:trafficator
678:leaf spring
408:Conspicuity
360:aftermarket
347:trim levels
251:standards.
117:Sealed beam
6677:Categories
6328:Greenhouse
5973:2010-11-24
5952:2010-11-24
5912:: 103785.
5845:2024-05-17
5824:2024-05-17
5803:2017-11-12
5725:2014-07-19
5700:2009-05-01
5575:2022-04-15
5554:2023-05-20
5525:2023-05-20
5500:2023-05-20
5475:2023-12-09
5450:2023-05-20
5417:2023-05-19
5385:2023-05-20
5355:2023-05-20
5323:2023-05-20
5290:2023-05-19
5258:2008-11-09
5233:2018-07-19
5205:2011-12-24
5180:2024-05-30
5156:2022-02-23
5131:2010-11-24
5110:2010-11-24
5067:2016-09-29
5025:2010-11-24
4927:2010-11-24
4907:2008-04-17
4847:2007-03-25
4816:2019-11-01
4768:2006-04-26
4626:2010-11-24
4606:2010-11-24
4586:B000JP6DB6
4539:2018-10-22
4445:2024-05-03
4378:. 970913.
4344:2006-08-14
4299:Ergonomics
4282:. 810192.
4230:2012-06-07
4132:2022-09-23
4070:2020-02-15
4041:2020-02-15
4014:2020-02-15
3886:2014-12-10
3865:2010-11-24
3843:2010-11-24
3818:2008-07-12
3741:2006-08-14
3706:2023-11-16
3633:2022-11-03
3564:2022-09-20
3527:2020-02-15
3505:2020-02-15
3479:2006-08-14
3454:2009-07-18
3427:2021-07-28
3402:2006-08-14
3398:. D. Stern
3375:2014-12-10
3350:2014-12-10
3215:2010-11-24
3192:2009-07-18
3166:2010-11-24
3131:2020-02-14
3087:2017-10-25
3062:2010-11-24
3024:2010-11-24
3003:2010-11-24
2902:2012-12-31
2881:2006-08-14
2805:2010-11-24
2760:2010-11-24
2710:. ISO.org.
2565:. ISO.org.
2531:2015-09-06
2509:Wikisource
2458:2017-10-25
2434:2017-10-25
2368:References
2236:California
2224:See also:
2205:, and the
2187:Neon light
2182:Neon tubes
2160:See also:
2150:headlights
2118:Kia Opirus
2040:See also:
2025:headlights
2009:(22 to 45
1934:excavators
1914:tow trucks
1902:ambulances
1602:March 2015
1417:Land Rover
1300:model year
926:Volkswagen
912:1971–1972
889:Sequential
843:, such as
801:tell-tales
721:Talbot 105
390:Spotlights
340:fog lights
181:Headlights
175:headlights
6582:Tow hitch
6500:equipment
6426:Tire/tyre
6285:Gull-wing
6275:Butterfly
6236:Trunk lid
6179:Monocoque
6083:Framework
5928:0965-8564
5887:2095-7564
5798:rac.co.uk
5295:(8 pages)
4439:unece.org
4376:0148-7191
4319:109337803
4280:0148-7191
4110:. 770812.
3248:europa.eu
3188:: 675–680
3020:. Sae.org
2999:. Sae.org
2756:. Sae.org
2688:. UMTRI.
2079:rise time
2052:BMW 330Ci
1982:parabolic
1960:Standard
1856:dashboard
1849:glove box
1811:of 1974.
1794:GFG Style
1790:plexiglas
1666:tell-tale
1573:does not
1498:The rear
1481:reversing
1279:The 1952
1020:FMVSS 108
987:FMVSS 108
906:Imperials
830:momentary
809:tell-tale
452:intensity
397:A-pillars
45:redundant
18:Taillight
6642:Category
6527:Headlamp
6509:Lighting
6498:Exterior
6464:Overhang
6447:Geometry
6431:run-flat
6411:Nerf bar
6226:Subframe
6194:Platform
6184:Overhang
6096:Beltline
5601:Archived
5548:Archived
5519:Archived
5494:Archived
5444:Archived
5408:Archived
5379:Archived
5349:Archived
5314:Archived
5281:Archived
4838:Archived
4380:Archived
4284:Archived
4181:14233725
3731:(paper,
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