1243:) who had enough legal education to decide some legal questions and queried a mufti if faced with a difficult legal issue. The judges were active members of the local community and were also involved in informal arbitration, which was the preferred method of resolving disputes. In court proceedings, they mediated between the letter of the law and exigences of the local social and moral concerns, with the overarching aim of ensuring social harmony. Actual legal practice sometimes deviated from the precepts of the legal school that was dominant in the area, at times to women's benefit and at times to their disadvantage. Members of all social classes and their witnesses argued their cases in court without professional legal representation, though members of the upper class generally did so through a representative. Women were commonly involved in litigation, usually as plaintiffs, were assertive in arguing their cases, and they were often treated sympathetically by the judge. According to legal doctrine, a woman's testimony in some areas of law carried half the weight of that of a man, though available evidence suggests that practical effects of this rule were limited and the legal standing of women in pre-modern Islam was comparable to or higher than that of their European contemporaries.
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according to region and tribe, and its observance depended on the authority of the individuals and groups involved. In this system, women were particularly vulnerable. The
Quranic rules of marriage and divorce provided a fixed set of norms for all Muslims, backed by divine authority and enforced by the community. The early Islamic reforms included giving the wife a possibility to initiate divorce, abrogation of the husband's claim to his wife's property, condemnation of divorce without compelling reason, criminalizing unfounded claims of infidelity made by the husband, and institution of financial responsibilities of the husband toward his divorced wife. In pre-Islamic times, men kept their wives in a state of "limbo" by continually repudiating them and taking them back at will. The Quran limited the number of repudiations to three, after which the man cannot take his wife back unless she first marries another man. Additionally, the pre-Islamic
1556:; infidelity; desertion; moral or social incompatibility; certain ailments; and imprisonment harmful to the marriage. Judicial divorce can also be sought over violations of terms stipulated in the marriage contract. Different legal schools recognized different subsets of these grounds for divorce. The Maliki school, which recognized the widest range of grounds for divorce, also recognises wife's hatred for husband as a valid ground for divorce and stipulates a category of "harm" (ḍarar), which gave the judge significant discretion of interpretation.
1565:
divorce. To address this, in some cases a man setting out for travel would leave his wife a letter authorizing talaq if he did not return within a specified period of time. In other cases, Hanafi judges invited a Maliki or
Hanbali colleague to pronounce divorce, or the woman herself took the initiative to seek out a judge from one of these schools. The same approach was used to effect a divorce in cases of failure to provide maintenance. In the Ottoman Balkans a woman could file for divorce on the grounds that her husband was "not a good Muslim".
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divorce to recognise women's non-financial contributions to the marriage where as in
Singapore wife's contribution to family is taken into account, and even in absence of financial contribution 35% assets have to be shared with wife as contributing in caring for home and children, where as in Malaysia depending on length of marriage and each spouse's contribution a divorcing spouse can get up to one third share in assets.
1147:) and important decisions concerning both spouses should be made by mutual consent. When marital harmony cannot be attained, the Quran allows spouses to bring the marriage to an end, although this decision is not to be taken lightly, and the families of the spouses are called upon to intervene by appointing arbiters to attempt a reconciliation. The Quran also sets waiting periods to discourage hasty divorces. For a
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compensations. Some Muslim nations such as Jordan, Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, Syria, Libya and
Tunisia, are effecting rules legislationes to pay additional compensation called 'mata'a' as part of Islamic kindness to departing spouses in addition to dower and maintenance. Many Muslim countries are adding conditions called 'haq meher' (right of financial maintenance and capital awards) in marriage contracts called
1297:) which lasts three full menstrual cycles. The waiting period is intended to give the couple an opportunity for reconciliation, and also a means to ensure that the wife is not pregnant. Resumption of sexual relations automatically retracts the repudiation. The wife retains all her rights during the waiting period. The divorce becomes final when the waiting period expires. This is called a "minor" divorce (
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custody. This led to repudiation without good reason being considered socially improper. Studies of the
Ottoman Levant showed that women could invalidate a declaration of talaq by stating that the husband had shown signs of "diminished rationality" when he made it, while others used a husband's unrevoked declaration of talaq to obtain divorce at a later date if they could prove that he made it.
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63:
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from the classical interpretative tradition and from the institutional foundations of the pre-modern legal system into which they were embedded. In particular, control over the norms of divorce shifted from traditional jurists to the state, though they generally remained "within the orbit of
Islamic law".
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was passed in July, 2019 which made instant triple talaq (talaq-e-biddah) in any form — spoken, written, or by electronic means illegal, void, and punishable by up to three years imprisonment. Under the new law, an aggrieved woman is entitled to demand maintenance for her dependent children. India is
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Important changes in family laws took place in the modern era. The laws underwent codification by legislative bodies and were also displaced from their original context into modern legal systems, which generally followed
Western practices in court procedure and legal education. This severed them both
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sees it as a legacy of colonialism: changing family laws would have provided no benefit in colonial administration, and colonial powers promoted the theory that these laws were sacred to the population, advertising their preservation as a mark of respect, which in turn led to them being taken up as a
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court to obtain judicial divorce, but they must have compelling grounds for dissolving the marriage. The court starts the process by appointing an arbitrator from each of their families in order to seek a mediated reconciliation. If this effort fails, the court adjudicates the dispute by apportioning
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Giving the husband a prerogative of repudiation was based on the assumption that men would have no interest in initiating a divorce without good cause, given the financial obligations it would incur. Additionally, classical jurists were of the opinion that "the female nature is wanting in rationality
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if it had not already been paid. The husband is obligated to financially support her until the end of the waiting period or the delivery of her child, if she is pregnant. In addition, she has a right to child support and any past due maintenance, which
Islamic law requires to be paid regularly in the
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According to Sulema
Jahangir in Turkey, the revised Civil Code expects equal division of property and assets acquired during the marriage as the default property regime. In Indonesia and Singapore, the courts have the discretionary powers; in Indonesia courts can split the matrimonial property upon
1482:, remarriage is possible until a khul' is concluded for a third time. If the husband pressures his wife to agree to khul' instead of pronouncing talaq, which would let him avoid attendant financial responsibilities, the divorce is considered to be invalid. Like talaq, khulʿ takes place out of court.
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unless it was motivated by a compelling cause such as impossibility of cohabitation due to irreconcilable conflict, though they did not require the husband to obtain court approval or provide a justification. The jurists imposed certain restrictions on valid repudiation. For example, the declaration
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and other international standards expect that non-financial contributions of women to a marriage ought to be recognized to enable an equal standing between spouses. Many Muslim countries are finding ways and means to account for non-financial contributions of women to a marriage and improve divorce
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In some areas under
Ottoman rule it was hardly possible for women to obtain divorce except through khul' due to the restriction imposed by the prevailing Hanafi school, though some exceptions have been found. The most serious problem was abandonment, which was not recognized as grounds for judicial
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reflects pre-Islamic divorce customs rather than Quranic principles, and it is considered to be a particularly disapproved, though legally valid form of divorce in traditional Sunni jurisprudence. According to Islamic tradition, Muhammad denounced the practice of triple talaq, and the second caliph
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Since marriages between non-Muslim men and Muslim women are forbidden under Islamic law, when a married woman converted to Islam but her husband did not, the marriage would be considered void by Muslim authorities and the woman obtained custody of the children. Seventeenth-century sources indicate
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is a nuptial gift made by groom to the bride at the time of marriage. Upon receipt, it becomes her sole property with complete freedom of use and disposal. The marriage contract is not valid without the mahr. The amount of the mahr generally depended on the socio-economic status of the bride. The
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girls, the waiting period is three months. This is to ensure the woman is not pregnant and thus guarantee the paternity of future children she may have with her next husband, and to give the husband time to reconsider his decision. Moreover, a man who vows not to have sexual intercourse with his
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Changing social conditions have led to increasing dissatisfaction with traditional Islamic law of divorce since the early 20th century. Various reforms have been undertaken in an attempt to restrict the husband's right of unilateral repudiation and give women greater ability to initiate divorce.
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Child custody practices under Ottoman rule appear to have followed the rules of Hanafi jurisprudence, although in Ottoman Egypt children generally stayed with their divorced mother beyond the prescribed age. A divorced woman could keep custody of the children unless she remarried and her husband
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and the trousseau provided by their family, which they were not obliged to spend on family expenses, and they frequently loaned money to their husbands. Because of this, and the financial obligations incurred, talaq could be a very costly and in many cases financially ruinous enterprise for the
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Studies of practices under Mamluk and Ottoman rule found no instances of the oaths of li'an or abstinence being used, while conditional talaq seems to have played a prominent role. It was used to issue various threats to the wife as well as to make promises. In Ottoman Egypt marriage contracts
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In some cases the khul' contract involved no compensation from the wife, while in other cases women would waive all of their husband's financial obligations. According to studies of the Ottoman Levant, various court procedures were put in place to ensure that a khul' was not actually a talaq.
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In studies of Mamluk Egypt and the Balkans under Ottoman rule, khul' was shown to have been the principal means of divorce. Women employed a number of strategies to force a settlement from their husbands. Some neglected their marital and household duties, making family life impossible for the
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Available evidence from Mamluk Egypt indicates that talaq was not the principal means of divorce. Talaq was considered to be disastrous for the woman because it deprived her of long-term protection and financial support, preventing her from remarrying, since this would cause her to lose child
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The Quran substantially reformed the gender inequity of divorce practices that existed in pre-Islamic Arabia, although some patriarchical elements survived and others flourished during later centuries. Before Islam, divorce among the Arabs was governed by unwritten customary law, which varied
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do not require a compensation paid by the wife. The divorce is final and irrevocable, effective when the contract is concluded. The couple cannot reconcile during the waiting period, defined as in the case of talaq, but the husband is required to pay maintenance during its term, unless the
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Islamic law does not recognize the concept of communal property, and division of property is based on its attribution to either spouse. The wife obtains custody of the children until their majority (whose definition varies according to legal school), while the father retains guardianship.
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It is not licit for you to take back anything you have given them unless the two of them fear that they cannot conform to the bounds of God, no blame attaches to them both. If the woman gives back that with which she sets herself free. These are the bounds set by God; do not transgress
1706:(family) laws. Different explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon. Several scholars have argued that because these laws are more extensively specified in the Quran and hadith than others, it has been difficult for believers to accept deviating from these rules. In contrast,
1315:. Making the third pronouncement irrevocable prevents the husband from using repeated declarations and revocations of divorce as a means of pressuring his wife into making financial concessions in order to "purchase her freedom". It also acts as a deterrent to rash repudiations.
1517:
Nikah halala (also known as tahleel marriage) is a practice in which a woman, after being divorced by triple talaq, marries another man, consummates the marriage, and gets divorced again in order to be able to remarry her former husband. However such marriages are forbidden in
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Islamic jurisprudence has clear guidance on handling of mahr in the case of divorce, depending on who asks for the divorce and whether or not the intercourse occurred. If the husband asks for a divorce and intercourse has occurred or he had been alone with her, he pays full
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oath, the husband denies paternity of his wife's child. The wife is given an opportunity to take an oath denying infidelity, and if she does so and the husband persists in his accusation, the marriage is dissolved by a judge and the couple can never remarry.
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is commonly translated as "repudiation" or simply "divorce". In classical Islamic law it refers to the husband's right to dissolve the marriage by simply announcing to his wife that he repudiates her. Classical jurists variously classified pronouncement of
1673:
payment of a portion of the mahr was commonly deferred and served as a deterrent to the exercise of the right of unilateral divorce by the husband, although classical jurists disagreed about the permissibility and manner of deferring payment of the mahr.
1425:) or during the marriage, with or without conditions. Many women included such terms in their marriage contracts. Commonly, the contract gave the wife the right to "repudiate herself" if the husband married a second wife. Delegated repudiation is called
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In the oath of conditional ṭalāq, the husband declares that he will divorce his wife if he or she performs a certain act. This oath can serve as a protection for the wife or as a threat by the husband, depending on the specified act.
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1621:) oath a man declares that his wife is as sexually prohibited to him as his mother. The husband is able to break the oath and resume the marriage. Breaking either oath requires expiation by means of feeding the poor or fasting.
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In modern times, as personal status (family) laws have been codified, they generally have remained "within the orbit of Islamic law", but control over the norms of divorce shifted from traditional jurists to the state.
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commonly included stipulations of conditional talaq which were not otherwise recognized by the prevailing Hanafi school as grounds for judicial divorce, such as non-payment of maintenance or marrying a second wife.
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means of divorce. The initial declaration of talaq is a revocable repudiation (ṭalāq rajʿah) which does not terminate the marriage. The husband can revoke the repudiation at any time during the waiting period
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is an oath whereby the husband vows to refrain from sexual relations with his wife for at least four months. If he fulfils his oath, the marriage is dissolved; if he breaks it, the marriage continues. In the
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If you divorce women, and they reach their appointed term, hold them back in amity or let them go in amity. Do not hold them back out of malice, to be vindictive. Whoever does this does himself injustice.
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does not observe the waiting period and irrevocably terminates the marriage. It may involve a "triple talaq", i.e., the declaration of talaq repeated three times, or a different formula such as "you are
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1915:
1804:
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1681:; if the husband asks for a divorce and the intercourse has not occurred, the husband pays half the dower; if the wife asks for a divorce and intercourse has occurred, the husband pays half the
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fault for the breakdown of the marriage with the associated financial consequences. Examples of fault are cruelty; husband's failure to provide maintenance or pay the immediate installment of
1375:
divorce involves three pronouncements made during the wife's state of ritual purity with menstrual periods intervening between them, and no intercourse having taken place during that time.
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is intended to be permanent, as indicated by its characterization as a "firm bond" and by the rules governing divorce. The relationship between the spouses should ideally be based on love (
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husband. Many repudiated women used the divorce payment to buy their ex-husband's share in the family house. In the historical record talaq appears to have been less common than khul'.
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claimed custody, in which case it generally passed to one of her female relatives. Under the Mamluks, women could waive the right to child support in order to obtain extended custody.
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and self-control". Requiring a justification was seen as being potentially detrimental to the reputation of both spouses, since it may expose family secrets to public scrutiny.
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1800:. It also warned that those who resort to triple talaq, or divorce recklessly, without justification or for reasons not prescribed under Shariat will be socially boycotted.
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It is further based on a hadith in which Muhammad instructs a man to agree to his wife's wish of divorce if she gives back a garden received from him as part of her
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for me". Some legal schools held that a triple talaq performed in a single meeting constituted a "major" divorce, while others classified it as a "minor" divorce.
993:
2316:
O. Spies. "Mahr." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Vol. 6, pp. 78–79.
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1911:
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husband. Others demanded immediate payment of the deferred mahr, knowing that the husband had no means to comply and would be jailed if he failed to do so.
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1465:. A khul' is concluded when the couple agrees to a divorce in exchange for a monetary compensation paid by the wife, which cannot exceed the value of the
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In the modern era, sharia-based laws were widely replaced by statutes based on European models, and its classical rules were largely retained only in
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2680:"Sunan Abi Dawud 2076 – Marriage (Kitab Al-Nikah) – كتاب النكاح – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"
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married more than once, with many marrying three or more times. According to Al-Sakhawi, as many as three out of ten marriages in 15th century
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The husband can delegate the right of repudiation to his wife. This delegation can be made at the time of drawing up the marriage contract (
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must be made in clear terms; the husband must be of sound mind and not coerced. Upon talaq, the wife is entitled to the full payment of
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can occur in a variety of forms, some initiated by a husband and some by a wife. The main categories of Islamic customary law are
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The subject of divorce is addressed in four different surahs of the Quran, including the general principle articulated in 2:231:
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Schacht, J.; Layish, A. (2000). "Ṭalāḳ". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
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Relative frequency of khul' has been noted in studies of Istanbul, Anatolia, Syria, Muslim Cyprus, Egypt and Palestine.
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Khulʿ is a contractual type of divorce that is initiated by the wife. It is justified on the authority of verse 2:229:
1237:) free of charge in response to any query. Family disputes are handled in a religious courts presided over by a judge (
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4254:
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1305:), after which the couple cannot remarry without an intervening consummated marriage to another man. This is known as
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1180:, which became property of the wife, though some scholars believe that the practice of giving at least a part of the
1301:) and the couple can remarry. If the husband repudiates his wife for the third time, it triggers a "major" divorce (
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According to Yossef Rapoport, in the 15th century, the rate of divorce was higher than it is today in the modern
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talaq involves a single revocable pronouncement of divorce and sexual abstinence during the waiting period. The
1155:) period before the divorce is finalized, as three monthly periods. For non-menstruating women, including post-
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2104:"Triple talaq: Muslim law board should take cues from divorce rules in 22 'Islamic nations', not delay reforms"
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1594:), and conditional ṭalāq. The first two types were pre-Islamic practices confirmed by the Quran (2:226–227 for
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723:
2725:"Un traité de droit mālikite égyptien redécouvert: Aṣbaġ b. al-Faraǧ (m. 225/ 840) et le serment d'abstinence"
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issued a code of conduct in April 2017 regarding talaq in response to the controversy over the practice of
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1115:(dissolution of marriage before the Religious Court). Historically, the rules of divorce were governed by
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she had received, and is generally a smaller sum or involves forfeiting the still unpaid portion.
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2973:"Triple Talaq: All India Muslim Personal Law Board issues code of conduct; here's what it says"
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wife, which would lead to automatic divorce, is allowed a four-month period to break his oath.
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A marriage can also be dissolved by means of judicial divorce. Either spouse can petition a
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that non-Muslim women throughout the Ottoman Empire used this method to obtain a divorce.
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1912:"Talaq, Khula, Faskh and Tafweedh: The different methods of Islamic separation - Part 1"
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2031:"Talak Menurut Hukum Islam atau Hukum Negara, Mana yang Berlaku? - Klinik Hukumonline"
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Mohammed Hashim Kamali (2005). "Islamic Law: Personal Law". In Lindsay Jones (ed.).
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The husband can end marriage through three types of oaths: the oath of continence (
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These reforms have utilized a number of methods, of which the most important are:
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Tijana Krstić (2009). "Conversion". In Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (eds.).
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3003:"All India Muslim Personal Law Board announces code of conduct for triple talaq"
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163:
1685:; and if the wife asks for a divorce and intercourse has not occurred, then no
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Harald Motzki (2006). "Marriage and divorce". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.).
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Harald Motzki (2006). "Marriage and divorce". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.).
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Administrative measures justified with reference to the classical doctrine of
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1176:), which was paid by the groom to the bride's family, was transformed into a
17:
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3437:
3084:"India's Muslim neighbours among 23 countries that have banned triple talaq"
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2418:. Vol. Adjudicating Family Law in Muslim Courts. Routledge. p. 4.
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Selection among classical juristic opinions without restriction to a single
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Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women
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In her article 'An unequal partnership', Sulema Jahangir insists that,
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2511:. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). p. Loc. 7921–7950.
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Women often entered marriage with substantial capital in the form of
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2592:. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference USA. p. 4708.
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Modernistic interpretation of Quranic scriptures (sometimes called
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3199:
3195:
2650:"What Does Quran Say About Nikah Halala? Will Banning it Help?"
1820:, which has generally lower rates of divorce. In 15th century
3055:"President Ram Nath Kovind gives assent to triple talaq Bill"
2825:
Sayyid Moustafa, al-Qazwini; Saleh, Fatma (4 February 2013).
1805:
The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019
2537:(2nd ed.). Syracuse University Press. pp. 30–31.
1478:
requirement is waived by the contract. As in the case of
3119:
Marriage, Money and Divorce in Medieval Islamic Society
2415:
to Judicial Neo-Ijtihad: Some introductory observations
1711:
point of reference in modern Muslim identity politics.
1184:
to the bride began shortly before the advent of Islam.
1840:, and found that at least a third of all women in the
3034:
India criminalises Muslim practice of instant divorce
2556:
2554:
2481:
Between God and the Sultan: A History of Islamic Law
1855:
In the early 20th century, some villages in western
1363:, which is the least disapproved form of talaq, and
4495:
4462:
4412:
4321:
4288:
4235:
4182:
3988:
3910:
3857:
3806:
3648:
3530:
3490:
3373:
3325:
3249:
2930:
2918:. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Brill. p. 155.
2784:
2723:Tillier, Mathieu; Vanthieghem, Naïm (2019-09-13).
2607:
2478:
2256:
2061:
1996:
1808:among 23 countries that have banned triple talaq.
3167:. Islamic Research Foundation International, Inc.
1209:is derived from the scriptural sources of Islam (
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
3188:Kakakhel, Mian Muhibullah (23 September 2008).
2531:John L. Esposito; Natana J. DeLong-Bas (2001).
2361:
2359:
1454:
1189:
2577:(2nd ed.). Ta-Ha Publishers. p. 280.
2526:
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2518:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
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2240:
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1606:is reprehensible despite being legally valid.
1225:. It was historically interpreted by jurists (
3211:
2937:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics
2909:
2907:
2339:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics
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1231:) who were expected to give a legal opinion (
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29:"Talaq" redirects here. For other uses, see
3110:
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2408:Elisa Giunchi (2013). Elisa Giunchi (ed.).
1950:
1948:
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2509:Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations
2403:
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2263:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women
2068:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women
2003:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women
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2341:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
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1403:Shiite jurisprudence does not recognize
1123:, though they differed depending on the
2306:. Vol. 3. Brill. pp. 280–281.
2102:Dehlvi, Ghulam Rasool (13 April 2017).
1903:
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1400:punished husbands who made use of it.
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2827:"A New Perspective on Women in Islam"
1534:cursed those who did such marriages.
1286:Talaq is considered in Islam to be a
7:
2485:. Oxford University Press. pp.
1828:recorded the marital history of 500
2793:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2616:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2265:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2070:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2005:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1794:All India Muslim Personal Law Board
1343:Talaq types can be classified into
3044:. Al Jazeera English, 30 July 2019
2971:Shaurya, Surabhi (17 April 2017).
2710:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
2147:. Vol. 3. Brill. p. 279.
1863:had divorce rates as high as 70%.
25:
3170:Ul Akhir, Jamadi (October 1997).
2660:from the original on 7 April 2019
1355:(innovation) deviations from it.
1335:
1121:traditional Islamic jurisprudence
4627:
4626:
4615:
4146:Schools of islamic jurisprudence
3394:Timeline of the history of Islam
3190:"The Law of Divorce in Pakistan"
3001:Bajpai, Namita (16 April 2017).
2019:from the original on 2017-02-04.
61:
4487:List of ex-Muslim organisations
3094:from the original on 2019-08-11
3065:from the original on 2019-12-11
3015:from the original on 2017-04-18
2983:from the original on 2017-04-21
2953:from the original on 2017-02-12
2935:. In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.).
2893:from the original on 2020-07-07
2837:from the original on 2017-02-11
2807:from the original on 2017-02-12
2765:from the original on 2020-06-14
2690:from the original on 2021-09-09
2648:Singh, Vatsala (24 July 2018).
2630:from the original on 2016-08-17
2432:from the original on 2017-02-17
2337:. In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.).
2279:from the original on 2017-02-04
2114:from the original on 2017-04-15
2084:from the original on 2017-02-04
2037:from the original on 2023-06-29
1918:from the original on 2023-01-13
1748:) during state law codification
1602:), which also makes clear that
590:(unlawful warfare and banditry)
2614:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
2606:John L. Esposito, ed. (2014).
2373:An Introduction to Islamic Law
2255:Abed Awad; Hany Mawla (2013).
1998:"Divorce. Historical Practice"
1:
2573:Abd ar-Rahman I. Doi (2008).
2458:Hallaq (2009), pp. 11, 64–65.
2395:Hallaq (2009), pp. 11, 60–62.
1761:Imposition of penal sanctions
1646:Other consequences of divorce
4472:Apostasy in Islam by country
4349:Liberalism and progressivism
2258:"Divorce. Legal Foundations"
1590:), the denial of paternity (
2939:. Oxford University Press.
2304:Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān
2145:Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān
1878:Annulment (Catholic Church)
1359:is further subdivided into
4669:
3125:Cambridge University Press
2534:Women in Muslim Family Law
2449:Hallaq (2009), pp. 11, 61.
2063:"Divorce. Modern Practice"
1505:
1440:
1414:
28:
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4408:
4394:
4260:Geography and cartography
4178:
4162:
3802:
3778:
3245:
3234:
3163:Syed, Ibrahim B. (1988).
3115:Rapoport, Yossef (2005).
2742:10.1163/15685195-00264P01
2560:Hallaq (2009), pp. 66–67.
2467:Hallaq (2009), pp. 65–66.
2060:Maaike Voorhoeve (2013).
1995:Maaike Voorhoeve (2013).
4569:Islamic view of miracles
3151:Rapoport (2005) pp. 5–6.
2929:Felicitas Opwis (2014).
2883:"An unequal partnership"
2590:Encyclopedia of Religion
1411:Tafwid (delegated talaq)
1351:, which are viewed as a
1139:According to the Quran,
611:("spreading corruption")
4334:Creationism (evolution)
2863:Hallaq (2009), pp. 116.
2854:Hallaq (2009), pp. 115.
2729:Islamic Law and Society
2507:Wael B. Hallaq (2009).
2477:Vikør, Knut S. (2005).
1221:developed by different
4584:Persecution of Muslims
4482:List of former Muslims
3399:Succession to Muhammad
3008:The New Indian Express
2916:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2783:Ghazala Anwar (2013).
2712:. InfoBase Publishing.
2333:Knut S. Vikør (2014).
1888:Get (divorce document)
1459:
1437:Khulʿ (mutual divorce)
1193:
1105:repudiation (marriage)
31:Talaq (disambiguation)
4378:Conversion to mosques
4245:Alchemy and chemistry
2575:Shari'ah: Islamic Law
1798:triple talaq in India
1151:woman, the waiting (
1111:(mutual divorce) and
1094:Divorce according to
49:Islamic jurisprudence
4104:Ma malakat aymanukum
3679:Association football
2379:Cambridge University
1698:Legal transformation
1299:al-baynuna al-sughra
1279:course of marriage.
1119:, as interpreted by
3185:. Vol 11-10 No: 129
2932:"Siyāsah Sharʿīyah"
1883:Divorce in Pakistan
1836:on marriage in the
1303:al-baynuna al-kubra
1247:Talaq (repudiation)
4589:Quran and miracles
4503:Criticism of Islam
4217:Geometric patterns
4069:Gender segregation
3640:Non-denominational
3177:2015-12-10 at the
3040:2019-08-01 at the
1852:ended in divorce.
1530:which states that
1135:Quranic principles
702:Gender segregation
265:Islamic leadership
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4574:Domestic violence
4564:Islamic terrorism
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3944:Marriage contract
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3734:Political aspects
3521:Story of Prophets
3290:Prophets of Islam
3061:. 1 August 2019.
2946:978-0-19-973935-6
2800:978-0-19-976446-4
2623:978-0-19-512558-0
2544:978-0-8156-2908-5
2425:978-1-317-96488-9
2272:978-0-19-976446-4
2077:978-0-19-976446-4
2012:978-0-19-976446-4
1731:Methods of reform
1598:, and 58:2–4 for
1522:, according to a
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1756:siyasa shar'iyya
1538:Judicial divorce
1427:ṭalāq al-tafawud
1339:and triple talaq
1217:) using various
1196:Classical sharia
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1378:In contrast to
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3457:
3452:
3447:
3435:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3414:Historiography
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3331:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3275:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3255:
3253:
3243:
3242:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3186:
3172:"Our Dialogue"
3168:
3165:"Triple Talaq"
3159:
3158:External links
3156:
3154:
3153:
3144:
3137:
3104:
3090:. 2018-09-19.
3075:
3046:
3025:
2993:
2963:
2945:
2921:
2903:
2889:. 2020-03-02.
2865:
2856:
2847:
2817:
2799:
2775:
2735:(4): 329–373.
2715:
2700:
2671:
2640:
2622:
2595:
2580:
2562:
2550:
2543:
2514:
2492:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2442:
2424:
2411:From Jurists'
2397:
2388:
2367:Wael B. Hallaq
2355:
2318:
2309:
2289:
2271:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2124:
2094:
2076:
2047:
2022:
2011:
1928:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1832:, the largest
1813:
1810:
1786:
1785:
1776:
1762:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1732:
1729:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1664:
1657:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1561:
1558:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1514:
1511:
1506:Main article:
1503:
1500:
1487:
1484:
1449:
1446:
1441:Main article:
1438:
1435:
1415:Main article:
1412:
1409:
1365:talaq al-hasan
1361:talaq al-ahsan
1340:
1334:
1320:
1317:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1159:women and pre-
1136:
1133:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
1001:
1000:
988:
987:
982:
977:
969:
966:
965:
959:
958:
956:
955:
948:
941:
934:
927:
920:
913:
906:
899:
892:
887:
881:
876:
871:
870:
867:
866:
861:
860:
854:
853:
851:
850:
843:
836:
829:
821:
818:
817:
811:
810:
809:
808:
799:
798:
784:
777:
770:
762:
759:
758:
750:
749:
741:
736:
735:
732:
731:
727:
726:
721:
716:
709:
699:
691:
690:
685:
684:
681:
680:
675:
674:
673:
672:
669:(compensation)
661:
650:
636:
635:
634:
633:
622:
613:
604:
593:
582:
571:
560:
555:
543:
538:
537:
534:
533:
528:
527:
525:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
475:
467:
464:
463:
453:
452:
451:
450:
445:
438:
437:
430:
423:
422:
421:
414:
402:
396:
393:
392:
390:
389:
382:
375:
368:
360:
358:
357:
350:
344:
341:
340:
332:
327:
326:
323:
322:
318:
317:
310:
303:
296:
289:
282:
275:
269:
268:
267:
261:
256:
255:
252:
251:
246:
245:
243:
242:
227:
220:
212:
200:
197:
196:
188:
187:
179:
178:
170:
169:
168:
167:
160:
153:
150:
149:
141:
132:
126:
122:
121:
114:
107:
99:
96:
95:
87:
86:
76:
71:
70:
67:
66:
58:
57:
45:
44:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4665:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4633:
4625:
4623:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4535:Post-Islamism
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4432:Protestantism
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4397:
4393:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:Ophthalmology
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4165:
4161:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4023:Death penalty
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:Other aspects
3987:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3793:Jurisprudence
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3532:Denominations
3529:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3317:Holiest sites
3315:
3313:
3312:Judgement Day
3310:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3233:
3228:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3183:Islamic Voice
3180:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3138:0-521-84715-X
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2994:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2964:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2818:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2779:
2776:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2701:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2641:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2584:
2581:
2576:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2473:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2345:on 2017-02-02
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1844:of Egypt and
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:Jurisprudence
1577:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1543:Jurisprudence
1542:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1513:Jurisprudence
1512:
1509:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1448:Jurisprudence
1447:
1444:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1288:reprehensible
1284:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1271:reprehensible
1268:
1264:
1259:
1252:Jurisprudence
1251:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1223:legal schools
1220:
1219:methodologies
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:Legal context
1200:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1010:
998:
997:
991:
990:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
975:
971:
970:
968:
967:
964:
960:
954:
953:
949:
947:
946:
942:
940:
939:
935:
933:
932:
928:
926:
925:
921:
919:
918:
914:
912:
911:
907:
905:
904:
900:
898:
897:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
880:
879:
874:
869:
868:
859:
855:
849:
848:
844:
842:
841:
837:
835:
834:
830:
828:
827:
823:
822:
820:
819:
816:
812:
807:
806:
802:
801:
796:
795:
790:
789:
785:
783:
782:
778:
776:
775:
771:
769:
768:
764:
763:
761:
760:
757:
756:
751:
748:
745:
744:
739:
734:
733:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
714:
710:
707:
703:
700:
698:
697:
693:
692:
688:
683:
682:
671:
666:
662:
660:
658:(retaliation)
655:
651:
649:
644:
640:
639:
638:
637:
632:
627:
623:
617:
614:
608:
605:
603:
598:
594:
592:
587:
583:
581:
579:(illicit sex)
576:
572:
570:
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32:
27:
19:
18:Talaq (Nikah)
4547:Islamophobia
4422:Christianity
4370:
4303:Contemporary
4197:Architecture
4136:
4102:
4090:
4078:
4043:
4036:
4029:
3995:
3977:
3972:Nikah mut'ah
3970:
3963:
3956:
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3887:
3880:
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3425:
3418:
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3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:Five Pillars
3304:
3270:
3259:God in Islam
3236:
3182:
3147:
3118:
3096:. Retrieved
3087:
3078:
3067:. Retrieved
3058:
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3028:
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3006:
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2966:
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2936:
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2732:
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2613:
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2414:
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2343:the original
2338:
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2262:
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2116:. Retrieved
2097:
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2067:
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2025:
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1920:. Retrieved
1906:
1854:
1815:
1802:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1765:
1755:
1745:
1742:legal school
1734:
1724:
1717:
1713:
1701:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1663:) in divorce
1660:
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1603:
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1508:Nikah halala
1502:Nikah halala
1496:
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1312:nikah halala
1310:
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1302:
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1255:
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1173:
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1149:menstruating
1138:
1129:
1125:legal school
1112:
1108:
1100:
1093:
1092:
1036:
1028:
1021:
995:
972:
950:
943:
936:
929:
922:
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901:
894:
845:
838:
831:
824:
803:
792:
786:
779:
772:
765:
753:
711:
694:
664:
653:
642:
625:
620:("sedition")
601:("mischief")
596:
585:
574:
563:
550:
521:Masturbation
519:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
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432:
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384:
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127:
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90:
81:
52:
26:
4322:Other areas
4313:Theological
4308:Eschatology
4265:Mathematics
4202:Calligraphy
4132:Theological
4086:Inheritance
4003:Cleanliness
3433:Shi'a Imams
3427:Ahl al-Bayt
1893:Holy Rights
1838:Middle Ages
1818:Middle East
1708:Wael Hallaq
1207:Islamic law
1170:bridewealth
1096:Islamic law
858:Inheritance
805:Bayt al-mal
164:Nafl prayer
4477:Ex-Muslims
4372:Shu'ubiyya
4366:Psychology
4354:Literature
4344:Inventions
4290:Philosophy
4098:Leadership
4074:Honorifics
3729:Philosophy
3584:Isma'ilism
3549:Maturidism
3438:Caliphates
3409:Golden Age
3300:Revelation
3127:. p.
3098:2019-08-16
3069:2019-08-25
3019:2017-04-29
2987:2017-04-28
2957:2017-02-11
2897:2020-06-21
2841:2017-02-08
2811:2017-02-12
2769:2020-06-14
2694:2021-09-09
2684:sunnah.com
2634:2016-07-20
2436:2017-02-12
2349:2017-02-12
2335:"Sharīʿah"
2283:2017-02-03
2118:2017-04-14
2088:2017-02-03
2041:2023-06-29
1922:2023-01-13
1899:References
1826:Al-Sakhawi
1812:Prevalence
1803:In India,
1693:Modern era
1205:Classical
719:Honorifics
568:(gambling)
4594:Symbolism
4552:Incidents
4530:Criticism
4427:Mormonism
4329:Astrology
4255:Cosmology
4250:Astronomy
4192:Arabesque
4059:Etiquette
4018:Blasphemy
3808:Economics
3623:Ahmadiyya
3557:Mu'tazili
3545:Ash'arism
3059:The Hindu
2977:India.com
2759:204381746
2751:0928-9380
2654:The Quint
2108:Firstpost
1873:Annulment
1746:takhayyur
1725:nikahnama
1267:forbidden
1256:The term
1157:menopause
1037:Istijarah
687:Etiquette
630:(stoning)
558:Blasphemy
273:Caliphate
258:Political
4647:Category
4632:Category
4525:Islamism
4508:Muhammad
4464:Apostasy
4439:Hinduism
4339:Feminism
4270:Medicine
4110:Military
4064:Gambling
4013:Apostasy
4008:Criminal
3920:Marriage
3889:Tayammum
3841:Murabaha
3714:Madrasas
3704:Holidays
3694:Clothing
3689:Children
3684:Calendar
3635:Quranism
3589:Alawites
3553:Atharism
3444:Rashidun
3283:In Islam
3278:Muhammad
3175:Archived
3092:Archived
3063:Archived
3038:Archived
3013:Archived
2981:Archived
2951:Archived
2891:Archived
2835:Archived
2831:Al-Islam
2805:Archived
2763:Archived
2688:Archived
2658:Archived
2628:Archived
2609:"Tafwid"
2430:Archived
2369:(2009).
2277:Archived
2112:Archived
2082:Archived
2035:Archived
2017:Archived
1916:Archived
1867:See also
1859:and the
1637:Practice
1560:Practice
1532:Muhammed
1486:Practice
1319:Practice
1161:menarche
1141:marriage
1040:(asylum)
1015:Military
974:Dhabihah
931:Tayammum
833:Murabaha
738:Economic
540:Criminal
479:Abortion
443:Adoption
400:Polygyny
348:Contract
338:Marriage
210:clothing
145:Tahajjud
41:a series
39:Part of
4579:Nursing
4540:Qutbism
4454:Sikhism
4449:Judaism
4444:Jainism
4280:Physics
4227:Pottery
4212:Gardens
4207:Carpets
4122:Slavery
4044:Divorce
4031:Dhabiĥa
3859:Hygiene
3834:Takaful
3816:Banking
3746:Science
3740:Qurbani
3709:Mosques
3669:Animals
3658:Culture
3606:Zaydism
3594:Alevism
3480:Ottoman
3470:Almohad
3465:Fatimid
3460:Córdoba
3455:Abbasid
3450:Umayyad
3383:Leaders
3378:History
3336:Shahada
3251:Beliefs
2413:Ijtihad
1781:maslaha
1768:ijtihad
1659:Dower (
1624:In the
1526:graded
1475:Malikis
1471:Hanafis
996:kashrut
980:Alcohol
963:Dietary
952:Istinja
896:Taharah
873:Hygiene
840:Takaful
815:Banking
791: (
788:Sadaqah
747:History
586:Hirabah
500:Hygiene
434:Kafa'ah
405:Divorce
286:Imamate
234: (
208: (
138:Tarawih
104:Raka'ah
83:Shahada
4401:
4359:poetry
4169:
4054:Ethics
4038:Dhimmi
3997:Baligh
3958:Mahram
3915:Family
3895:Toilet
3875:Miswak
3628:Lahori
3569:Salafi
3515:Seerah
3510:Tafsir
3505:Hadith
3475:Sokoto
3420:Sahaba
3295:Angels
3272:Tawhid
3229:topics
3135:
2943:
2797:
2786:"Mahr"
2757:
2749:
2664:20 May
2620:
2541:
2422:
2269:
2205:Quran
2193:Quran
2181:Quran
2169:Quran
2157:Quran
2074:
2009:
1834:sample
1528:Hadith
1431:tafwid
1417:Tafwid
1367:. The
1353:bid'ah
1307:tahlil
1228:muftis
1215:hadith
1117:sharia
938:Miswak
890:Toilet
885:Sexual
724:Toilet
713:Mahram
706:Purdah
667:
656:
645:
628:
618:
609:
599:
588:
577:
566:
564:Maisir
486:Baligh
461:Sexual
386:Mut‘ah
372:Halala
365:Misyar
329:Family
307:Dhimmi
300:Bay'ah
216:Mut'ah
118:Turbah
73:Ritual
4513:Quran
4403:Other
4298:Early
4222:Music
4138:Kalam
4092:Jizya
4080:Hudud
3965:Nikah
3882:Najis
3868:Ghusl
3827:Sukuk
3756:Women
3724:Music
3699:Flags
3613:Ibadi
3540:Sunni
3500:Quran
3357:Zakat
3343:Salah
3306:Qadar
3264:Allah
3227:Islam
2755:S2CID
2489:–300.
2207:2:226
2183:2:228
2159:2:231
1850:Cairo
1846:Syria
1830:women
1822:Egypt
1626:li'an
1619:ẓihār
1615:izhar
1604:izhar
1600:izhar
1592:liʿan
1588:iẓhar
1573:Oaths
1524:Sahih
1520:Islam
1480:talaq
1457:them.
1443:Khul'
1423:nikah
1389:haram
1373:hasan
1369:ahsan
1294:iddah
1263:talaq
1258:talaq
1234:fatwa
1211:Quran
1178:dower
1153:Iddah
1145:30:21
1113:faskh
1109:khulʿ
1101:talaq
1030:Hudna
1023:Jihad
945:Najis
924:Ghusl
917:Masah
903:Ihram
847:Sukuk
781:Khums
774:Nisab
767:Jizya
755:Zakat
654:Qisas
643:Tazir
616:Fitna
597:Fasad
552:Hudud
472:Awrah
427:Iddah
418:Zihar
411:Khula
231:Umrah
224:Tawaf
205:Ihram
184:Zakat
111:Qibla
92:Salah
4184:Arts
4115:POWs
4049:Diet
3979:Zina
3951:Mahr
3937:Haya
3901:Wudu
3848:Riba
3761:LGBT
3653:Life
3574:Shia
3564:Sufi
3555:and
3364:Hajj
3350:Sawm
3133:ISBN
2941:ISBN
2887:Dawn
2795:ISBN
2747:ISSN
2666:2019
2618:ISBN
2539:ISBN
2420:ISBN
2267:ISBN
2195:65:4
2171:4:35
2072:ISBN
2007:ISBN
1857:Java
1792:The
1771:and
1766:neo-
1687:mahr
1683:mahr
1679:mahr
1669:Mahr
1661:mahr
1617:(or
1586:and
1584:īlāʿ
1554:mahr
1549:qadi
1473:and
1467:mahr
1463:mahr
1398:Umar
1325:mahr
1276:mahr
1240:qadi
1213:and
1182:mahr
1174:mahr
985:Pork
910:Wudu
826:Riba
794:Waqf
696:Adab
665:Diya
626:Rajm
575:Zina
514:Zina
507:Rape
493:Haya
379:Urfi
354:Mahr
314:Aman
238:Hajj
236:and
193:Hajj
175:Sawm
157:Witr
53:fiqh
3925:Sex
3788:Law
3674:Art
2737:doi
2487:299
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