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anatoxin-a.) A 2008 report by the WA Department of Health on recreational microcystin and anatoxin-a exposure lists the genera producing anatoxin-A as
Anabaena, Planktothrix (Oscillatoria), and Aphanizomenon. The WA Department of of Health's reference is WHO 1999, and there have since been other algae identified which produce anatoxin-a. A 2013 paper in Harmful Algae lists eight anatoxin-a producing cyanobacteria genera with citations: Anabaena (Dolichospermum), Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermum, Cuspidothrix, Oscillatoria, Phormidium, Planktothrix, and Raphidiopsis .
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I don't think
Microcystis should be listed as producer of anatoxin-a. The Washington Department of Ecology lists Microcystis as a producer of microcystin, but makes no mention of anatoxin-a. (It's a little confusing since Anabaena can produce microcystin, but Microcystis can't produce
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What's a chimeric analogue? Sounds like some molecule from hell combined with another molecule from hell. Do they start with a non-chiral (racemic) compound, or an achiral compound here? I am not sure if this is a typo or if it is right, I have not been able to read the reference.
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J Rapala, K Sivonen, R Luukkainen, SI Niemela. 1993. Anatoxin-a concentration in
Anabaena and Aphanizomenon under different environmental conditions and comparison of growth by toxic and nontoxic Anabaena strains – a laboratory study. Journal of Applied Phycology, 5 (1993), pp.
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I think the sentence "being converted to the less toxic products dihydroanatoxin-a and epoxyanatoxin-a" is outdated. At least dihydroanatoxin-a seems to be an entity on its own with a higher toxicity. I cant access the articles but maybe someone of you can:
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M Gugger, S Lenoir, C Berger, A Ledreux, JC Druart, JF Humbert, C Guette, C Bernard. 2005. First report in a river in France of the benthic cyanobacterium
Phormidium favosum producing anatoxin-a associated with dog neurotoxicosis. Toxicon, 45 (2005), pp
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SA Wood, MWJ Heath, J Kuhajek, KG Ryan. 2010. Fine-scale spatial variability in anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a concentrations in benthic cyanobacterial mats: implication for monitoring and management. Journal of
Applied Microbiology, 109 (2010), pp
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S Cadel-Six, I Iteman, C Peyraud-Thomas, S Mann, O Ploux, A Mejean. 2009. Identification of a polyketide synthase coding sequence specific for anatoxin-a-producing
Oscillatoria cyanobacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75 (2009), pp
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MF Watanabe, S Tsujimura, S Oishi, T Niki, M Namikoshi. 2003. Isolation and identification of homoanatoxin-a from a toxic strain of the cyanobacterium
Raphidiopsis mediterranea Skuja isolated from Lake Biwa, Japan. Phycologia, 42 (2003), pp
500:-I also agree that microcystis should not be on this list. I have never heard of any evidence showing microcystis produces anatoxin in any of the uni-algal cultures around the planet. It would be big news in the community if that happened.
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E Viaggiu, S Melchiorre, F Volpi, A Di Corcia, R Mancini, L Garibaldi, G Crichigno, M Bruno. 2004. Anatoxin-a toxin in the cyanobacterium
Planktothrix rubescens from a fishing pond in northern Italy. Environmental Toxicology, 19 (2004), pp
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K Sivonen, K Himberg, R Luukkainen, SI Niemela, GK Poon, GA Codd. 1989. Preliminary characterization of neurotoxic cyanobacteria blooms and strains from
Finland. Toxicity Assessment, 4 (1989), pp. 339–352
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M Bruno, DA Barbini, E Pierdominici, AP Serse, A Ioppolo. 1994. Anatoxin-a and a previously unknown toxin in
Anabaena planctonica from blooms found in Lake Mulargia (Italy). Toxicon, 32 (1994), pp 369–373
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SA Wood, JP Rasmussen, PT Holland, R Campbell, ALM Crowe. 2007. First report of the cyanotoxin anatoxin-a from Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi (cyanobacteria). Journal of Phycology, 43 (2007), pp 356–365
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WHO. 1999. Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management. Edited by Ingrid Chorus and Jamie Bartram. E & FN Spon. London and New York.
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Explaining why this chemical is called Very Fast Death Factor would be great. I'm sure that 99% of the non-chemist public comes here for just that, but it's nowhere to be found.
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This method for anatoxin-a production was one of the first used that does not utilize a chimerically analogous starting substance for anatoxin formation
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We should be able to remove Microcystis from the list and add Cuspidothrix and Phormidium. Jeff Mintz 21:12, 20 August 2015 (UTC)
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That LD50 claim seems wrong. The NIH lists the LD50 in mice as 250-375 μg/kg, 100 times less than the 25 mg/kg in the article. ~~
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Y Hodoki, K Ohbayashi, Y Kobayashi, H Takasu, N Okuda, S Nakano. 2013. Anatoxin-a-producing
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being converted to the less toxic products dihydroanatoxin-a and epoxyanatoxin-a
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