1192:
in plants, animals and fungi, developed for defense, characterized by high physiological activity". This narrows the definition sufficiently from "natural products". In this sense the common amino acids would not be alkaloids, but "domoic acid" would be. Colchicine, piperine and capsaicin would be. The concept is a practical one, I want readers to find things where they expect them, and where they find them in scientific literature. The concept is not only a practical one but also a historical one. The line I follow here is historically founded, I don't want a new but incompatible definition, but we will do what the majority of literature does, even if it appears sloppy. After all the concept of alkaloids was introduced historically, to cover the active nitrogen containing plant substances after they were investigated, it is an ad hoc approach to nomenclature of already existing discoveries, and of a developing topic. If the books count piperine and colchicine as alkaloids, then we do too.
2106:
that the opium alkaloids are grouped in the benzylisoquinolines because of their biogenic origin, but this is unclear (they say "opium alkaloids are included in this group", and from the preceding sentence it appears that by "group" they mean the benzylisoquinolines). So this is not very useful, as it does not establish a clear hierarchy in nomenclature. Again, phenanthrene alkaloids strikes me as an outdated classification, based on structure and biological activity only, but having said that, I am well aware that this would also need a proper ref. Hence my earlier suggestion to scan the literature for the most common classification of the opium-type and other benzylisoquinoline alkaloids.
2074:
pathway AND pharmacological action. The isoflavones, in contrast, have no such close structural relation to the estrogens and no common biosynthetic pathway with the estrogens. There are also synthetic opioids, which have no close relation to the phenanthrene alkaloids, sometimes also called morphinans, and there are many synthetic opioids built around the morphinan skeleton. The structure-activity relationships of morphine like alkaloids and their synthetic derivatives are very well investigated for 100 years. Alone the importance of the morphinan backbone for semisynthetic and synthetic analgetic substances justifies grouping them from the other benzylisoquinoline alkaloids.See
313:
1048:
Reserpine and yohimbine have no more relation to beta-carbolines than to simple tryptamines. They'd better be listed as a separate subgroup amongst other indoles, possibly "Yohimbans". Mytraginine has also much similarity to that particular structure. Vinca alkaloids are too indolic, so why not place them as a sub to indoles? Same about
Strychnine and Ibogaine, they deserve a mention as structurally unrelated Indoles. And also, capsaicin is not an alkaloid at all, it's a vanilloid, not an amine (it's rather an amide) and thus not basic. Correct me if I'm wrong.
1765:, pages 1-5 (it's also readable on amazon.com, where I could read pages 5 and 6, which I couldn't read on Google books). The good thing about these pages is that they quote several definitions from the 19th and 20th centuries and compare them. Some focused on the plant origin, some on the basicity, some on the heterocyclic rings, but there were always exceptions. The vague definition that the author ends up proposing is "nitrogen-containing organic substances of natural origin with a greater or lesser degree of basic character". --
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2122:
it states the morphine and alike alkaloids as phenanthrene alkaloids and as derived from benzylisoquinoline by biosynthetic pathway. They are actually benzylisoquinoline alkaloids by biosynthesis, phenanthrene and morphinan alkaloids as a subgroup. The situation may be similar to the carboline alkaloids, which are also indole alkaloids. If this recent ref treats them as phenanthrene alkaloids, then I don't care if this is maybe a bit outdated. We don't need to know this better than they do.
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913:
and not by someone's conservative interpretation of what should "strictly" be called an alkaloid. If "alkaloid" is widely used in scientific literature to describe nitrogen-containing bases that have been found in animals or fungi but not (or not yet) in plants, then I think those chemicals are alkaloids. This usage might be considered mildly controversial by some, which is worth noting, but I don't think we're justified in implying it's not "strictly" correct.
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activity, but it is non-basic, structurally unsophisticated, and not directly derived from an amino acidic precursor. On the other hand, the lack of attributes such as basicity, complexity, and an āamino acidic pedigreeā can also be found in compounds commonly perceived as alkaloids. Thus, colchicine is neutral, ephedrine is structurally unsophisticated, and the nitrogen atom of the potato alkaloid solanine is not derived from an amino acid .
1344:). And there's the kiss of death to any serious definition in the ominous phrase "...are not normally regarded as alkaloids..." How do we define normal...? So if even IUPHAR chokes on that it goes to show defining alkaloids in way that makes pharmacologists and everybody else happy is a big toad indeed. Thus, I agree with you that the issue of definition is contentious and that this should probably have a place in this entry. Thanks!
1327:
field of natural products, so I'm quite cognizant of different opinions on the matter of how to define or categorize such compounds. For example, you're referring to a definition given by IUPHAR, thus one that comes from a pharmacology point of view. That's all very well but also a bit of a tweak. For example, IUPHAR's definition (nearly) excludes peptides; yet as biochemists familiar with secondary metabolism will tell you,
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2035:
quinolines is outdated, since the common biosynthetic origin of all of the benzylisoquinolines is now well established. It is also seems slightly inaccurate in that phenanthrene is a tricyclic aromatic compound, whereas morphine is a tetracyclic one with only one aromatic ring. It would be advantageous to find a recent reference that discusses this, but it'll probably take some digging.
740:
alkaloid suffix might not be the best practice though, as many synthetic amines end in "ine" (e.g. drugs with names ending in "amine" or "-caine"). The use of "-in" would be good to document also. Names with "-in", when they occur, seem to be applied to alkaloids discovered in animals (bufotenin aka bufotenine) or fungi (psilocybin), but I think "-ine" may even be more common.--
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nitrogen atom. Compounds that fall into this category and are well characterized and widely known, such as amino acids or nucleotides, could rightly also be called alkaloids, but to do so would goes against common usage, as laymen and experts alike usually call them by their rightful names. Natural products encompass a myriad of other non-alklaloid compounds, such as
2054:
1264:"Basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom (but not excluding those of animal origin). Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are included."
2055:
http://books.google.com/books?id=C3la6a_gnKUC&pg=PA252&lpg=PA252&dq=phenanthrene+alkaloid+opium&source=bl&ots=uVYFLNPqZo&sig=6XbRzwWvQEhrzVBXCVU7Z1Hm-L8&hl=en&ei=dT25Sqj0GZKOswPYpuwU&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7#v=onepage&q=phenanthrene%20alkaloid%20opium&f=false
2121:
To find the prevailing classification is probably beyond the scope of WP editing, as it would require a review of contemporary literature. Using an existing review would include the task, to find if this existing review came to the prevailing conclusion etc. At least the given reference is recent and
2034:
that interact with the estrogen receptor, but they are not steroidal compounds like estrogen, so no one with a biochemical/chemical background would lump the estrogenic isoflavones together with steroidal estrogens. So my feeling is that the phenanthrene grouping for morphine and structurally similar
2013:
You will find that in pharmacological literature this distinction generally has been made, based on the high structural similarity and receptor action of morphine, codeine,thebaine, oripavine. They really make up a distinct group of substances. Your recent addition of classification and the reference
1818:
Returning to the question in the title of this section, capsaicin does not fall into any of the three classic types of nitrogen-bearing plant natural products, being neither a true alkaloid, a protoalkaloid, or a pseudoalkaloid. Capsaicin is of limited distribution in Nature and shows pharmacological
1780:
I would have to agree with sentiments expressed by Itub. It will just be wasted effort trying to agree on what exactly is an alkaloid and what isn't because there isn't any one concrete definition of alkaloid. The article can give examples that are always considered alkaloids and separately specify
1611:
says piperine is an alkaloid, weakly basic, does not form salts with weak acids, but does form salts with concentrated mineral acids. These salts are dissociated by water. The book gives in its introduction also a history of alkaloid research and the development of the definition, from initially only
1437:
I think a historical perspective is also welcome in this century old topic; insofar a text book from the 40's would be fine. 90% of the materials is quite a bit dated, as the research of plant alkaloids has been a focus of pharmacology already 100 years ago. Think of the malaria research etc. and the
2232:
There were general discussions elsewhere on how to hide potentially shocking images - I don't know the outcome. In general, wikipedia is not censored, meaning images that are needed to illustrate the concept should be included even if they might disturb someone. In this particular case, I think just
1882:
That quote is very useful because the author is explicit about his rationale for including capsaicin, rather than just being an example of casual usage. The link you posted takes me to the cover page, but I see that the good stuff is on pages 73-77. This links takes me directly to page 73, I hope it
1757:
One comment about the IUPAC Gold Book reference. I love the Gold Book and cite it a lot, but we should remember what it is: basically a collation of glossaries. IMHO, glossaries are meant to be useful for reference by providing a quick definition that is good enough, but should not be interpreted as
1191:
I would not call the loosening of the definition arbitrary. First we would have to verify the correctness of the current definition in the alkaloid entry. I have given two book references you call sloppy. There are many more. IMO alkaloids are "nitrogen containing small molecules, naturally occuring
845:
I am a novice on this area but would like someone to direct me what to analyse for (not myself but competent biochemists) if I would like to look at the metabolites of an alkaloid, mesembrine. If I want to see if it was taken up in animal metabolic pathways when consumed, what would I look for. or
546:
There's no reason to include a picture of a decapitated and deformed animal in this article. The image serves no educational or informative value for the subject at hand. The article already clearly explains that the substance in question is known to cause deformities. A reader does not gain any
1952:
just raised the importance rating from mid to top.personally I don't know how anybody see this topic as mid importance!!! alkaloids are a major class in both pharmaceutical and phytochemistry that include very important drugs like morphine,quinidine and many others in a very long and ever expanding
1395:
Please take also a look at the other ref I have given above, which is a modern teaching book, and what definition it uses. I am also not sure if the IUPHAR definition is strict and trustworthy, indeed what does "normally" mean. And are the pharmacologists competent for providing a definition, or is
912:
The wording of the first sentence seems to suggest that the "strict" definition (must be found in plants) is the most correct somehow, but the third sentence suggests that this interpretation was predated by a much broader one (any nitrogen-containing base). My feeling is that we should go by usage
2160:
It's found in the secretion of toads as well as a constituent in some plants, most likely as a defensive compound, ergo one that negatively affects those that try to eat its producer. It's LC50 is several 100 mg/kg in mice, which is relatively high, but it goes to show that it can kill mice with a
2105:
classification in the literature is stated with a proper reference (citation from a book or peer-reviewed publication). The reference you gave is a start, albeit the wording in it is rather woolly. The authors refer to the opium alkaloids as phenanthrene alkaloids. Though they also appear to state
1972:
Morphine etc. is sometimes grouped with the benzylisoquinoline alkaloids because of its natural synthesis pathway. Morphine, codeine, thebaine, oripavine are however so different in structure from the other opium alkaloids, that they are usually grouped together as phenanthrene alkaloids. They are
1803:
Itub provided a very useful reference, which could certainly be incorporated into the article, and I agree with him (and Ed). As for the specific cases of piperine and capsaicin, let me quote directly from a recent book I found, after 70.137 asked my opinion back in August and I told him I'd never
1278:
Also, all other definitions I found with a quick Google search stress the basic properties. The part "biogenetically related to basic alkaloids" means that they fall under this definition if the basic parent compound has been isolated from natural sources (preferably the same source). This is for
1173:
and would clearly not reflect the well-established past and current use. Citing books on alkaloids that also include a few non-alkaloids or a sloppy use by certain authors and even teachers does in no way warrant such a change. Therefore, capsaicin and piperine should not be in the list. It would
1047:
I think the classification in the article needs some revising. Namely, the quaternary ammonium salts are listed as if they were part of steroids... and they aren't:) In either way they're not terpenoids so they would better fit under separate entry somewhere below. And also the
Indolic alkaloids.
1326:
Hi
Cacycle, no need to jump ahead hereāas I've clearly stated, I'm offering an opinion, and I am not hiding the fact that it's by the seat of the pants at this point. So no need to go for allegations of OR, because I'm guilty as charged, and this is merely the Discussion page. I'm working in the
2073:
The isoflavones with estrogenic action are a false analogy. In the phenanthrene alkaloids we have a group of opium alkaloids, which are extremely closely related in structure, synthesis pathway AND pharmacological action, but quite distinct from the other opium alkaloids in structure, synthesis
1997:
entry. I think one way to address this could be to tally up usage of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids vs phenanthrene alkaloids in the context of morphine and related compounds, and state the caveat that chemists, pharmacologists, and biochemists may use different nomenclatures. Otherwise I'd feel
2029:
There needs to be a good and current reference for this. I'm not a chemist or pharmacologist, so I'm not privy to their preferred grouping. Ergo I have to take your word for it at this point. However, the distinction based on biological activity, while convenient, is somewhat questionable. By
1207:
To give my two cents in this debate, I'd suggest to go with common usage, which is indeed rather loose and often in the eye of the beholder. The term "alkaloid" is one given to a compound to categorize it in the broadest sense, mainly by dint of its being an organic compound with at least one
739:
I think noting that many trivial names for alkaloids end in "-ine" is probably uncontroversial enough to be added without a source, although sourcing it would be preferable. We could say something like "many alkaloids have names ending in -amine or simply -ine" for example. Calling "-ine" the
2514:
is a disease marked by acute and chronic vasoconstriction leading to dry gangrene and vascular dementia after consumption of the alkaloids of the ergot fungus. Third, ergot alkaloids, causing vasoconstriction, are not antihypertensive. The vasoconstriction they cause increases blood pressure
1988:
I find this distinction somewhat problematic. Clearly, the naturally occurring opium alkaloids are closely related by biosynthetic origin being all derived from L-tyrosine via L-DOPA and tyramine. Since even very slight variation in structure, eg. between isomers, can have drastic effects on
1711:
Thats exactly what "Pictet, The vegetable alkaloids, 1906, 1896" says. Formation of salts with strong mineral acids. Also formation of salts ("double salts") with
Platinum chloride and others like that. Same for "Henry, The plant alkaloids, 1947". So we may conclude piperine is rightfully an
864:
The classification section could use a bit of cleanup. It is not clear that the examples given are not exhaustive. Also, what are the criteria for choosing specific compounds to list as examples? If it is by their importance, I would suggest adding
Synephrine. With the FDA's restrictions on
1695:
I think that numeric data may shed some light on this question. The pKa of piperine is reported to be 1.98 (see the ref. I added to the article). With that pKa, it should be possible to protonate it with a strong acid and form a salt. Piperine turned out to be more basic than caffeine!
1629:
You (or that outdated source) might have confused hydrolysis with salt formation. Piperine does not form salts (at least under normal conditions). Also, randomly citing books on alkaloids that merely mention certain compounds is not convincing. Find current and explicit definitions.
1485:
also see the two recent articles I included as a reference. See below. I hate to bring two old book refs, (1906 and 1947), one recent book ref (brand new) and two recent peer reviewed articles, and they are all "arbitrary" and don't understand the issue, "confuse" things etc.
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1754:! (Something on which we have, sadly, spent too much time.) There is no unique definition and the distinction is blurry and arbitrary. You will always find some compounds that are called alkaloids by some authors and not by others. The article should reflect this reality.
1973:
also pharmacologically different from the others (narcotine, papaverine...) in that they are opioid agonists, while the others are not. Looking at the structure, they are more related to each other than to narcotine etc. See entry "phenanthrene alkaloids" in the list
907:
An alkaloid, strictly speaking, is a naturally-occurring amine produced by a plant, but amines produced by animals and fungi are also called alkaloids. (...) The name derives from the word alkaline; originally, the term was used to describe any nitrogen-containing
1216:, phenylpropanoids, and so on, so using a looser definition of alkaloid will do little to soften the concept of what an alkaloid is. I'm an ardent supporter of rigorous definitions, but to try this here will be met with as much success as casting a jellyfish IMO.
1845:
of alkaloid, noting the IUPAC definition, drawing from the reference Itub provided, giving historical context, and noting that many compounds that do not fit into a certain definition have been considered alkaloids in the literature? That would take care of any
1726:
Cacycle: look at wp amides for the weak basic character of amides. and: The chemists of the early 20th century KNEW the difference between hydrolysis and salt formation. We are not dealing with k12 students here, and we wikipedia readers usually have a GED.
2270:
Agree completely. And what concept about alkaloids is "illustrated" by such a picture? None, really, except that they can have profound biological effects. This article isn't a forum to raise consciousness about the plight of sheep eating corn lilies.
2014:
supports a view where biosynthetic pathway, structural similarity and pharmacological action may be criteria in this highly complex question. Separation into the phenanthrene group would be supported by structural and pharmacological relation.
2640:
says that "Theobromine has no significant stimulant effect on the human central nervous system" with a reference to it. I know little about the subject so i can't compare the references, but i think the incoherence needs to be fixed.
1612:
pyridine compounds to what we have as of 1906. It also lists, like above book references (Not: "How to grow your own" by M.R. Hippie, The
Hippiepress) Colchicine as an alkaloid. This overrides Wp:Synth from the IUPAC definition.
1119:
A more appropriate definition of alkaloids includes the amides. This seems to be in line with current nomenclature. Colchicine should be put back. The xanthines are also alkaloids after all. piperine and capsaicin belong in too.
803:
What about pyrrolizidine alkaloids? Does this category merit a mention in the list of alkaloid groups? They are of interest for their hepatotoxicity and have already been mentioned in a number of other articles- for example,
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I by no means suggest that you have invented the classification of morphine as phenanthrene alkaloids. You misunderstood meāI am aware of this classification in some parts of the literature. What I am advocating is that the
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Solubility is based on the highest-dose strength of an immediate release product. A drug is considered highly soluble when the highest dose strength is soluble in 250āmL or less of aqueous media over the pH range of 1 to
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Yes, please try to clarify. I read this article to try and understand what an alkaloid is, but the definition is WAY to loose to be useful. By the current definition, why wouldn't an amino acid be called an alkaloid?
2050:
Here a recent book source stating that e.g. morphine, codeine etc. contain a hydrophenanthrene nucleus, and that "these phenanthrene alkaloids" are derived from benzylisoquinoline intermediates in the biosynthesis.
2573:
says pretty much the same as the previous article, listing all the same alkaloids. Do either of these seem like plausible supporting evidence for the statement that alkaloids are effective against hyperglycemia or
1339:
and other cyclic peptides). And don't even get me started on antibiotics, which by definition are any small molecule that kills microbes, and there are certainly alkaloids out there that exactly do that (eg, see
1457:
of what appears (based on present-day references) to have evolved into a slightly different (or at least more nuanced) meaning. It's fine to talk about how something was, but more important to talk about how it
2565:, though that isn't mentioned among the many purported health effects that haven't been tested in humans for that chemical, and it's from J Diabetes Metab Disorder which is cited 4 times on Knowledge in total.
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I have added some
Literary references to alkaloids as seen in some famous novels. I thought this would broaden this interesting topic. I hope no one has a problem with it being included. Please add more to it.
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The
Actions of Ergot Alkaloids in the table under the Applications heading is completely false. Whether this is by accident or ignorance, it is very misleading and may undermine the credibility of Knowledge.
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For the sake of clarity and consistency, it seems therefore convenient to adopt the modern definition of alkaloids, and consider capsaicin, as well as alkylamides such as piperine and pellitorine, as such.
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have only carbons in their rings, and I'd guess there are many other example non-heterocyclic alkaloids. Are there alkaloids with no rings at all? It seems like most have some type of ring structure. --
2183:- would you call it a poison, or rather a psychedelic drug? Though of course it can kill, if one takes enough. I'll change from 'poison' to 'alkaloid' - eventually this is what this article is on.Ā ;)
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biological activity, employing a distinguishing nomenclature based on receptor-binding activity is imprecise. There are several articles that group morphine with the benzylisoquinolines (see eg.
1758:"legislation". I've found some definitions in the Gold Book that I think are incomplete or deficient and, although I'm no alkaloid expert I suspect this definition may have its limitations too.
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The part "biogenetically related to basic alkaloids" means that they fall under this definition if the basic parent compound has been isolated from natural sources (preferably the same source).
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Furthermore: The xanthines are amides too, not very basic. The amides are basic too, only weakly. And: "mere teaching books" are good enough for inclusion as a ref. See reliable sources.
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http://books.google.com.br/books?id=guD67lsXymgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Modern+Alkaloids.+Structure,+Isolation,+Synthesis+and+Biology&sig=ACfU3U2ItEZqMh72a8Xc_AZGEijQ-i-A_Q
1138:
http://books.google.com.br/books?id=guD67lsXymgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Modern+Alkaloids.+Structure,+Isolation,+Synthesis+and+Biology&sig=ACfU3U2ItEZqMh72a8Xc_AZGEijQ-i-A_Q
1374:
alkaloid core structure. The non-basic cyclic amatoxin peptides are clearly not alkaloids. Also, please give page numbers, I am not going to read whole books just to argue with you.
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in academic articles! Obviously, the story about the lambs receiving birth defects as a result of their mother eating the alkaloid is important - but does the picture need to be on
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1067:
Fixed that, now saying it is a "steroid alkaloid", containing both a nitrogen, and a steroid skeleton as components of the structure. Linking them to "steroid" is misleading.
2381:
Caffeine, cocaine, codeine and nicotine are water-soluble (with a solubility of ā„1g/L), whereas others, including morphine and yohimbine are highly water-soluble (0.1ā1 g/L).
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The article on cocaine has "The name comes from the name of the coca plant plus the alkaloid suffix -ine". Can this suffix use be confirmed and documented here? TIA
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research into modified opium alkaloids. I think we have to look at common and historical use to be useful in general, and not to be more catholic than the pope.
1841:
Many more scholarly articles and books classify capsaicin as an alkaloid. Why not simply leave capsaicin and piperine in the article and actually expand on the
1086:
Regardless of the synthesis pathway, these three differ so much from the structure of the other isoquinoline alkaloids, that a separate category is justified.
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this a matter to be left to the researchers in the field? I will tag the current definition in the article with a fact tag. Colchicine should be in. You say:
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page? Is there some way in wiki markup to hide it, on the basis that it might be upsetting to some viewers, so you have to consciously click to see it?
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I'm certainly no authority, however, if LSD is removed on the grounds of it being synthetic, then others must also be removed, for instance MDMA. __
1530:
Vanillylamine is not a close analog of capsaicin, it is a precursor. An amine as a precursor does not make any biosynthetical product an alkaloid.
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70.137.143.2: The mere inclusion of a certain compound in a 1940 book on alkaloids is not a convincing argument. Also, your opinion that they are
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I have seen the discussion about amides, leading to removal of colchicine. I think that is overzealous, piperine is an amid too, capsaicin too.
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1335:, are cyclic peptides (products of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases) and are widely regarded as alkaloids (the same may be true for the
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I added an example and citation of an organism that uses alkaloids for protection: Utetheisa ornatrix to āThe
Biological Roleā section.
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http://books.google.com/books/pdf/The_Vegetable_Alkaloids.pdf?id=yCE_MoPOsHcC&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U0d5JV-UxJnYGAXDqsY8vu2m13Q9Q
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Cacycle: What you are doing here is WP:Synth from the IUPHARM/IUPAC definition, which is rather mushy. (*are NORMALLY not regarded..*)
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I'm looking around for sources that would support the statement with citation in the article that was marked as failed verification.
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Now don't tell me all these sources are wrong: 2 teaching books, one peer reviewed primary source, one peer reviewed review article.
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2483:"), but I doubt this definition is widely used (and is only useful for oral medication, you don't inject someone with 250 ml... ).
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better education on the topic by being subjected to the image. Its inclusion here serves NO purpose, other than to create shock.
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1238:, it is not our job here to make up or tweak definitions to our likening. We should instead refer to explicit definitions from
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Specifically, ergot alkaloids are seldom if ever "sympathomimetic". There are no ergot alkaloids listed within the article
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Sorry, the REF SAYS THAT IT IS AN ALKALOID (literally). Thats not my funny idea. So they don't know what they are talking?
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make more sense to add a short line that these and a few other compounds are often mentioned in the context of alkaloids.
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Arbitrarily loosening the definition of alkaloids in the way you propose it would make the term mostly synonymous with
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there is a whole class of alkaloids called protoalkaloids that contains nitrogen atom but not in a heterocyclic ring--
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1 come from a plant 2 contain at least 1 nitrogen atom in its structure 3 have a physiological effect on animals
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1886:(I can't read page 77--the one containing the quote above--on Google, but again I can read it on amazon.com). --
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But see also the book sources above. (They are not hippie books, how to grow your own etc. or popular science)
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to discuss various aspects of alkaloids, including their natural occurrence and diverse biological effects.
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is a policy. It essentially forbids using "offensive" as the criterion for removal of encyclopediac images.
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Ephedrine, Synephrine is becoming a popular alternative despite the fact that it may be just as dangerous.
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capsaicin is an alkaloid, synthesized from vanillylamine by capsaicin synthase. There you are. No OR.
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implies that a typical alkaloid that inhibits hyperglycemia/diabetes through insulin stimulation is
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I'm not chemically conversant. I understand however that it's correct the way it currently reads. __
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on
Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
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on Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
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In a medical context these substances might be considered highly soluble by some ( for example:
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in a sheep in this article? I'm sure I'm not the only person who doesn't like to see unexpected
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2510:. Second, ergot alkaloids are predominantly vasoconstricting, not vasodialating. For example,
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greater potency than, say, sugar. So it stands to reason that it can be described as a poison.
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it does not appear naturally, so why is it included here? if noone objects, I'll remove it. --
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soluble in water (for the alkaloids, not the salts), corresponding to the Remington's table (
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up to 25% of lambs born by sheep that had grazed on corn lily had serious facial deformations
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Certainly Pictet has not confused salt formation with hydrolysis; neither would I. Read it.
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Heroin is not found in nature, but is a simple derivative of morphine, and is an alkaloid.
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It certainly does. As do the quinolizidines (e.g. the amphibian-derived homopumiliotoxins)
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784:. If you really want to put it in another category, why not something more specific, like
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The introduction of this article cites theobromine as a stimulant, but the page about it
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list. I am know jammed with exams so as soon as they are over I'll work on improving it--
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This is for including all family members of alkaloids, even if they are quaternized or
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might even be true in many cases but is clearly not a defining feature of alkaloids.
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saying "cyclopia" won't tell people how bad it is, and this is not sensationalism -
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inclined to place morphine back (supported by the above reference). Many thanks!
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Because it has both a pyridine and a pyrrolidene group. Look at the molecule. ā
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http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/united-kingdom/technical-services/solubility.html
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https://web.archive.org/20130130101146/http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01392
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including all family members of alkaloids, even if they are quaternized or
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it would improve this very important and, currently, very brief article.
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after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add
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For a recent teaching book see here, it still agrees with the old refs:
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I'll fix it myself in a few weeks if no-one can argue why I shouldn't.
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alkaloid, historically, from its basicity, its ability to form salts.
1302:"developed for defense, characterized by high physiological activity"
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An alkaloid always has some type of physiological effect on animals.
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I'm adding Category: Chemistry to this article, for obvious reasons.
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http://www.sciencemadness.org/library/books/the_plant_alkaloids.pdf
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to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
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Corrected content with information found on the topic's article
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if I need to analyse for residues. Could anyone give me clues?
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Historically to be considered an alkaloid a chemical had to:
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box looks awful at the top. Can we please not put it there? ā
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I have just added archive links to one external link on
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Knowledge vital articles in Biology and health sciences
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Volume (ml) of Solvent Needed to Dissolve 1g of Solute
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I changed the solubility description. was originally:
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I also think a historical perspective is welcome. But
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So amino acid's generally don't meet that definition.
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would really benefit from your expertise. Thanks!Ā :)
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Moved back to where it belongs - bottom of article. __
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B-Class vital articles in Biology and health sciences
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399483/
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Ergot alkaloids are alkaloids because they have the
377:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of
268:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of
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WikiProject Molecular and Cellular Biology articles
1900:Sorry about thatāI forgot to cite the page number!
1600:Pictet, "The vegetable alkaloids", 1906 (and 1896)
2396:http://pharmlabs.unc.edu/labs/solubility/intro.htm
302:This article has not yet received a rating on the
2553:Unverified statement on antihyperglycemic effects
1409:-acetylated. I am not sure if that would include
1283:-acetylated. I am not sure if that would include
33:for general discussion of the article's subject.
2059:page 252. Take a look. I am not making it up.
2700:Unknown-importance Molecular Biology articles
1666:http://www.pnas.org/content/103/36/13315.full
1509:http://www.pnas.org/content/103/36/13315.full
1150:Cacycle: your edit reverted for that reason.
949:The "heterocyclic" qualifier is interesting.
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1021:Mesembrine is Alkaloid which can be added.
1746:I'm replying to a request for comments at
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693:A minor synthetic change doesn't matter,
499:). The text of the entry was as follows:
323:the Molecular and Cell Biology task force
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903:Currently the article opens as follows:
2750:Top-importance and B-Class MCB articles
2740:Pages translated from Russian Knowledge
2720:All WikiProject Molecular Biology pages
2205:Is it necessary to have the picture of
1808:capsaicin characterized as an alkaloid:
573:Why is this substance in two groups? __
341:
282:Knowledge:WikiProject Molecular Biology
229:
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1661:What makes you disagree with this ref
764:There's no reason to. It's already in
555:2600:4040:B078:6C00:7CC0:956C:48D:58E4
285:Template:WikiProject Molecular Biology
2606:The statement has been modified from
1968:Morphine etc., isoquinoline alkaloids
1763:Alkaloids:Nature's curse or blessing?
1748:Knowledge talk:WikiProject Chemistryā
521:A record of the entry may be seen at
7:
2348:http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01392
2201:Gross-out Pictures in Wiki Articles?
1603:download pdf as a google book here:
523:Knowledge:Recent additions/2010/June
371:This article is within the scope of
262:This article is within the scope of
218:It is of interest to the following
23:for discussing improvements to the
2695:B-Class Molecular Biology articles
2464:Practically insoluble or insoluble
1501:Capsaicin is an alkaloid: YES, Sir
860:Examples in classification section
542:Gruesome content provides no value
14:
2730:Top-importance Chemistry articles
2318:. Please take a moment to review
2085:) 21:40, 22 September 2009 (UTC)
1566:According to this review article
1562:Piperine is an alkaloid: Yes, Sir
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45:Click here to start a new topic.
2745:Knowledge Did you know articles
514:is named so because it induces
411:This article has been rated as
391:Knowledge:WikiProject Chemistry
2735:WikiProject Chemistry articles
2680:B-Class level-4 vital articles
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1236:Knowledge:No original research
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394:Template:WikiProject Chemistry
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2179:. What about closely related
1943:18:31, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
1785:be considered alkaloids. --
1162:05:25, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
1130:04:59, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
978:22:36, 21 February 2008 (UTC)
835:08:39, 20 December 2006 (UTC)
825:17:20, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
623:20:18, 14 November 2013 (UTC)
385:and see a list of open tasks.
320:This article is supported by
276:and see a list of open tasks.
265:WikiProject Molecular Biology
42:Put new text under old text.
2626:14:59, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
1597:Further historical context:
894:19:07, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
870:03:20, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
854:13:59, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
717:07:51, 4 December 2011 (UTC)
2710:Top-importance MCB articles
2498:Actions of Ergot Alkaloids?
1963:17:59, 5 January 2009 (UTC)
1761:This book could be useful:
1455:as a historical perspective
1413:and it definitely excludes
1287:and it definitely excludes
1011:17:59, 5 January 2009 (UTC)
841:Alkaloid metabolic pathways
793:04:42, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
759:18:42, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
735:03:35, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
50:New to Knowledge? Welcome!
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2725:B-Class Chemistry articles
2336:|deny=InternetArchiveBot}}
2311:Hello fellow Wikipedians,
2193:05:04, 18 April 2012 (UTC)
2171:20:57, 29 March 2012 (UTC)
2155:09:34, 29 March 2012 (UTC)
2030:analogy, there are, e.g.,
1115:12:38, 5 August 2008 (UTC)
1096:12:26, 5 August 2008 (UTC)
1077:11:13, 5 August 2008 (UTC)
778:Category:Organic chemistry
774:Category:Organic compounds
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682:23:08, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
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657:11:32, 4 August 2006 (UTC)
647:09:52, 4 August 2006 (UTC)
417:project's importance scale
288:Molecular Biology articles
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2177:sola dosis facit venenum
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879:If anyone has time, the
563:10:56, 5 July 2023 (UTC)
485:appeared on Knowledge's
443:This article contains a
2307:External links modified
495:column on 9 JuneĀ 2010 (
2665:B-Class vital articles
2632:Theobromine stimulant?
1827:
1742:Comments on definition
1505:Acoording to this ref
1082:Phenanthrene alkaloids
709:)jimmy2000 Dec 2011
534:
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75:avoid personal attacks
2456:Very slightly soluble
1813:
994:)jimmy2000 dec 2011
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374:WikiProject Chemistry
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205:level-4 vital article
100:Neutral point of view
2705:B-Class MCB articles
2322:. If necessary, add
1883:works for everyone:
105:No original research
2571:Molecules (journal)
1928:Cultural references
1043:Classificating list
918:Wiktionary:alkaloid
899:alkaloid definition
782:Category:Chemistry
770:Category:Alkaloids
766:Category:Chemistry
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397:Chemistry articles
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214:content assessment
86:dispute resolution
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2576:diabetes mellitus
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2440:Sparingly soluble
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2448:Slightly soluble
2408:Descriptive term
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2360:Talk to my owner
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1835:Modern Alkaloids
1752:organic compound
1420:This is OR too.
1240:reliable sources
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799:Pyrrolizidine
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2567:This article
2559:This article
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2459:1000-10,000
2416:Very soluble
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1402:This is OR.
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1234:Please read
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924:Any of many
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549:āĀ Preceding
545:
506:
503:Did you know
502:
492:Did you know
490:
482:
481:A fact from
461:
453:ru.wikipedia
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220:WikiProjects
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19:This is the
2638:Theobromine
2211:body horror
2185:Tryptamines
2147:Tryptamines
2141:Since when
2032:isoflavones
1023:āPreceding
867:70.100.3.62
818:Roger Adams
711:āPreceding
699:So is LSD.
512:cyclopamine
497:check views
445:translation
148:free images
31:not a forum
2659:Categories
2515:directly.
2485:Prevalence
2372:Solubility
2143:bufotenine
2137:Bufotenine
2103:prevailing
1948:Importance
1843:definition
1411:colchicine
1333:ergotamine
1331:, such as
1285:colchicine
1214:flavonoids
1017:Mesembrine
943:properties
832:Pikiwedian
750:Categories
2612:berberine
2563:berberine
2451:100-1000
2076:Morphinan
1935:Proquence
1415:capsaicin
1337:amatoxins
1289:capsaicin
1142:and here
1134:See here
955:mescaline
940:medicinal
884:Alkaloids
856:pstrydom
533:Knowledge
518:in sheep?
505:... that
487:Main Page
459:366360255
449:ŠŠ»ŠŗŠ°Š»Š¾ŠøŠ“Ń
388:Chemistry
379:chemistry
351:Chemistry
208:is rated
88:if needed
71:Be polite
21:talk page
2608:piperine
2512:Ergotism
2388:slightly
2353:Cheers.ā
2326:cbignore
2316:Alkaloid
2219:Baratron
2207:cyclopia
2181:psilocin
2163:Malljaja
2108:Malljaja
2037:Malljaja
2000:Malljaja
1995:Morphine
1856:WP:SYNTH
1806:piperine
1791:Edgar181
1677:17987447
1573:17987447
1346:Malljaja
1218:Malljaja
1210:terpenes
1063:Solanine
1025:unsigned
851:Pstrydom
848:Pstrydom
569:Nicotine
551:unsigned
516:cyclopia
508:alkaloid
483:Alkaloid
56:get help
29:This is
27:article.
25:Alkaloid
2468:10,000
2443:30-100
2432:Soluble
2419:< 1
2363::Online
2320:my edit
2287:exactly
1858:issues
1632:Cacycle
1532:Cacycle
1376:Cacycle
1306:Cacycle
1176:Cacycle
1050:Angsaar
970:ike9898
926:organic
810:comfrey
756:Mihovil
713:undated
637:Commons
615:Kzyoung
489:in the
415:on the
210:B-class
154:WPĀ refs
142:scholar
2622:rabbit
2584:rabbit
2435:10-30
2334:nobots
2291:DMacks
2256:DMacks
2175:Well,
1852:WP:NOR
1464:DMacks
1460:is now
1260:says:
1254:IUPHAR
1101:Amides
936:nature
891:Willow
822:Krnntp
806:borage
628:Layout
462:et seq
216:scale.
126:Google
2617:Recon
2596:edits
2581:Recon
2569:from
2467:: -->
2427:1-10
2398:, or
1804:seen
1258:IUPAC
959:Eloil
932:bases
916:from
908:base.
742:Eloil
609:edits
451:from
197:This
169:JSTOR
130:books
84:Seek
2647:talk
2590:talk
2544:talk
2526:talk
2489:talk
2481:7.5.
2390:and
2295:talk
2277:talk
2260:talk
2243:talk
2223:talk
2215:this
2189:talk
2167:talk
2151:talk
2128:talk
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2004:talk
1991:here
1979:talk
1959:talk
1939:talk
1892:talk
1888:Itub
1848:WP:V
1771:talk
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1733:talk
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1686:talk
1674:PMID
1653:talk
1636:talk
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1570:PMID
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1492:talk
1468:talk
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1380:talk
1350:talk
1342:here
1310:talk
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1198:talk
1180:talk
1158:talk
1126:talk
1111:talk
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1033:talk
1007:talk
992:talk
974:talk
814:fuki
768:via
707:talk
679:meco
669:Rwst
654:meco
632:The
619:talk
598:meco
575:meco
559:talk
162:FENS
136:news
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1860:and
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298:???
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
