1015:
are several fallacies in this entry, the one that especially stands out is cited by a supposedly legitimate source; the statement that smoking narcotics became popular in the States due to avoiding the risks of intravenous use. This is a patently false statement, as is the claim that smoking heroin became popular at any time. Heroin users damn near exclusively inject it, if smoking the drug ever had become popular then we would have opium epidemics. The opiate that is a problem for many
Americans is Heroin used intravenously. The opposite is true for cocaine, the epidemic is the less purified powder form and the purified for smoking form called crack. Smoking it did not become popular due to Hep C and AIDs, but rather it is an all too common progression of users addicted to cocaine. They start snorting it, and if they continue in their disease they begin smoking it. The false statement made about freebase is a good example of how seemingly authoritatve sources are in reality bunk (a street term for substance passed off as a drug, but it is not the drug, like buying plain paper when you thought you were purchasing acid, seaweed instead of pot, sugar instead of cocaine, or seasalt instead of crack). -
741:
freebase form. There might be differences between heroin distributed for slamming and that distributed for smoking/snorting, but, in the US atleast, the vast majority of heroin out there is distributed for one purpose only: to be intravenously injected. Even though tar is sometimes smoked, and is easier to smoke than powder heroin, you still don't need to add citric acid to it in order to shoot it, so I don't believe it qualifies as freebase either. Generally speaking, if you are looking for heroin to inject, you'll be able to find it in its salt form, so the whole converting freebase to salt form for injection is only true with crack cocaine. --
938:"Freebasing" needs to be separated into another article to focus exclusively on context within American drug culture, while the "Free Base" article continues to focus on chemistry and the pharmaceutical use. I came to this article trying to understand how the term freebasing was being used in context of a discussion on illicit drugs, and I left frustrated. I ended up going to this article instead, which was able to answer my question clearly and without unnecessary jargon:
695:
base/non-free base form is explained poorly. There is math involved using the
Henderson–Hasselbalch equation. Plus the pH of the blood is stated without any range or correct citation. This makes no sense, and is completely useless to the article. It is as if this article was written by someone with only high school level chemistry knowledge. The article needs to be rewritten in many parts and more citations are needed. SneaselxLv94 17:52, 6 August 2019 (UTC)
272:
251:
361:
340:
450:
429:
644:
619:
220:
555:
534:
460:
871:
there was plenty of useful information that was taken out in that one large swipe. I propose someone revert to a previous version and edit out all the unnecessary illicit drug manufacturing information and the like, and also include some of the improvements that are in the current stub. Opinions before this task is attempted?
1014:
And it's not a term used on the street, it's a term that gives creedence to the conspiracies that purifying cocaine into a smokeable form known as crack, was intentionally introduced in the United States because bigots believed it would eliminate whom they saw as a problem, African
Americans. There
964:
If I understand what this article is saying, an AMINE salt breaks down into an acid and a FREE base, whereas per my (amateur) understanding salts in general break down into just a plain old acid and a base. What makes an amine base special? Why FREE? What makes a FREE base so much freer than
870:
This article got edited down to nothing. I agree that there was getting to be too much "clandestine lab-ish" information in the recreational usage part, but that doesn't mean it should be done away with completely. It's now a chemistry stub that "needs to be expanded"... Well it was much larger, and
842:
Crack is the free-base form of cocaine. Many drugs are salts of an acid and a base: cocaine, methamphetamine, morphine, and ephedrine are all salts. Each can be made into a neutral base by removing the acid. The salts are easier to digest or inject because they dissolve in water. The neutral bases
990:
It's not chemistry terminology -- it's pharmaceutical terminology. Amines usually aren't very soluble in water so they are hard to digest or inject. Amine salts are vey soluble. So the standard form of many drugs is a salt. The term "free" base simply refers to the fact that the chemical is not in
886:
I propose a short section detailing, in brief, the different forms of illicit drugs in freebase form and the effects on users versus salt form. There is plenty to pick and sort through from the many versions from the past year or two. The freebase cocaine section is mainly what had gotten out of
1150:
This seems entirely irrelevant and should honestly be removed. Freebase is a chemistry term and I can't imagine why a "History" section that only pertains to crack is relevant, let alone an "Other" section which also only talks about crack/cocaine. There's already a
Cocaine page, that information
740:
I have to contest the claim that most street heroin is distributed in freebase form. I've been an IV opiate user for a while, and I've had plenty of
Chicago and California heroin in addition to having also tried dope from New Jersey and Texas. Never have I encountered skag that was distributed in
694:
This article is poorly written in terms of its chemistry content. Free base is a slang term used by drug dealers and addicts, not by professional chemists. The depiction of what free base is in slang terms and chemistry need to be better explained. Also the pharmacology of a street drug in free
825:
From reading the article, I would say the difference is that crack will contain the impurities that were in the aqueous solution during the chemical reaction (because almost all of the water will have been evaporated off... the remaining water boiling off rapidly during smoking... making the
1304:
The fact that the subject-matter of a
Knowledge article is illegal activity does not render it inappropriate for inclusion. Information is included on Knowledge if it is notable and accurate. A lot of information that may be misused or otherwise objectionable is still included on Knowledge
1288:
I came here along the link from "hydrochloride" looking for a way to turn urea hydrochloride into free urea. It's a chemistry topic. The answers here imply that this is a drug producing lab topic. Maybe it should be re-written to eliminate all illegal drug-related content.
1229:
Further note that what i actually wanted was to know if i was using the slang term correctly or even spelling it right, and despite this being the wikipedia page answering that question, it is not begun in a way that really identifies that fact.
1213:
If you search for "freebase" you end up at a disambiguate page which uses the very beginning of this page to describe one of those. It makes this entire page sound like its going to be a chemistry article and its not.
153:
1043:
in PubChem records. In the first record in the
Identification section under Depositor-Supplied Synonyms is the term "Imatinib free base" and this links to a PubChem substance entry under that title:
843:
have lower boiling points so they are easier to vaporize and inhale. Free-basing is the process of taking a drug like cocaine or methamphetamine and removing the acid so that the drug can be smoked.
1121:
Dammit, a year later and I notice I said 'lots of OTC pharmaceuticals are hydroxides'. Obviously I mean hydrochlorides. I am a divvy. And still ignorant as to why this is a stabilising mechanism.
601:
778:
That addiction is a choice made by the user rather than a dependency caused by alterations in the brain's chemistry is clearly an unorthodox view to say the least, so I propose removing it ASAP.
1388:
1050:
Long story short, the term "free base" is in normal use and it should be possible to find a text book in chemistry or pharmacology that could be used to support the definitions given here.
650:
624:
566:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Crime and Criminal Biography articles on Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
567:
562:
539:
1071:
Disregarding the issue of drugs altogether, what does 'more stable' mean in this context? Less prone to oxidation or heat, greater stability over time? Something else?
707:
article; however, that should change -- freebase vs. salts is a more general subject, extending across the alkaloids. I've made a start here by mentioning its role in
147:
1383:
591:
1353:
411:
401:
887:
hand; maybe a paragraph will do for each drug, and complete synthesis instructions are not really required to give an understanding of the chemistry behind it.
1177:
is not sufficient, and we really need to revert to the pre-2010 status quo of having a separate article for
Freebasing that discusses the drug culture usage.
1378:
1368:
516:
506:
826:"crack"ing sound), while freebase will be only the cocaine base (with the impurities still left in the aqueous solution that the reaction took place in).
1358:
1348:
1338:
322:
312:
79:
1035:"Free-base" is used in the pharmaceutical industry and most likely originated there. I came across the term today in reference to the anti-cancer drug
774:
This can make freebase drugs even more powerfully "addictive" than their salt equivalents, bearing in mind that addiction is a choice made by the user.
1373:
1363:
1343:
1333:
377:
944:
By separating the two articles again, we can sift out all the jargon on the "Freebasing" page in order to better describe the pop culture usage.
482:
85:
1290:
1270:
1251:
1158:
288:
1094:
Could someone give me a pointer, or at least a name for this (I'd guess amine salting but that's very unlikely to be even close to right)?
1128:
1104:
1080:
1173:"Freebasing" is not specific to cocaine, and I believe it applies to any drug that can be modified to provide a stronger high. Info on
975:
368:
345:
998:
850:
44:
725:
and refer people to the cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine articles for specific discussions of freebasing with those drugs. --
473:
434:
279:
256:
99:
30:
1077:
I'm curious because I've had pointed out to me that lots of OTC pharmaceuticals are hydroxides which I'd not noticed before.
104:
20:
909:
The term "freebasing" is really just a derivative of "free base" or "freebase". It is best if the two articles were merged.
788:
I vote it be removed under NPOV. Oh, wait. This whole point and counter point are totally off-topic- they belongs in e.g.
74:
929:
914:
231:
168:
135:
65:
807:
The link to
Freebasing refers back to the page, but I dont know how to fix that, so I ask someone who know to do so.
185:
1191:
Agreed. Freebasing means "taking by injection" AFAIK. Which should either be this page, or at least its own page.
199:
1294:
190:
1274:
1255:
1162:
219:
1132:
1108:
1084:
1047:. In this example it is clear that Imatinib is without (free of) mesylate and hence is "free base" Imatinib.
979:
925:
910:
109:
1002:
854:
129:
1057:
892:
876:
808:
1306:
1235:
1219:
1196:
1020:
779:
742:
237:
125:
1182:
1154:
1124:
994:
971:
949:
846:
722:
655:
629:
1044:
161:
55:
1310:
481:
on
Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
376:
on Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
287:
on Knowledge. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
1040:
831:
204:
175:
70:
1036:
1314:
1053:
888:
872:
465:
51:
1151:
should go there and this page should pertain solely to the term as it applies to chemistry.
1231:
1215:
1192:
1016:
201:
939:
821:
So what is the difference between crack and free base? Can some one say it very concisely.
1178:
1067:
A chemistry question re. "Some alkaloids are more stable as ionic salts than as free base"
945:
271:
250:
712:
141:
1031:
Reference to authoritative source in chemistry or pharmacology would help this article
1327:
827:
793:
756:
726:
360:
339:
373:
1146:
Why is the History and Other section talking solely about cocaine freebase/crack?
449:
428:
643:
618:
903:
478:
455:
789:
721:
OK, so I changed this article into a redirect and put the chemical stuff at
284:
24:
1174:
704:
711:
addiction. We also need some good references here to back this up. --
752:
708:
203:
554:
533:
1318:
1298:
1278:
1259:
1239:
1223:
1200:
1186:
1166:
1136:
1112:
1088:
1061:
1024:
1006:
983:
953:
933:
918:
896:
880:
858:
835:
811:
796:
782:
759:
745:
729:
715:
213:
205:
15:
1074:
Also, *why* more stable? What is the chemical mechanism?
703:
At the moment, this is mostly a duplicate of parts of the
665:
Knowledge:WikiProject Psychoactive and Recreational Drugs
940:
https://www.addictiongroup.org/drugs/illegal/freebasing/
668:
Template:WikiProject Psychoactive and Recreational Drugs
160:
477:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of
372:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of
283:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of
924:Seeing no opposition, it's merged and redirected.
576:Knowledge:WikiProject Crime and Criminal Biography
1389:WikiProject Crime and Criminal Biography articles
579:Template:WikiProject Crime and Criminal Biography
653:, a project which is currently considered to be
33:for general discussion of the article's subject.
651:WikiProject Psychoactive and Recreational Drugs
770:The following is at the start of the article:
174:
8:
671:Psychoactive and Recreational Drugs articles
217:
1152:
1122:
613:
528:
423:
334:
245:
1209:This page is very confused and confusing
866:Expanding this back to a full article...
563:WikiProject Crime and Criminal Biography
615:
530:
425:
336:
247:
766:Addiction is a choice made by the user
1384:Low-importance Crime-related articles
7:
1354:Mid-importance pharmacology articles
649:This article is within the scope of
560:This article is within the scope of
471:This article is within the scope of
366:This article is within the scope of
277:This article is within the scope of
662:Psychoactive and Recreational Drugs
625:Psychoactive and Recreational Drugs
236:It is of interest to the following
23:for discussing improvements to the
1379:Start-Class Crime-related articles
1369:Low-importance psychology articles
386:Knowledge:WikiProject Pharmacology
14:
1359:WikiProject Pharmacology articles
1349:Start-Class pharmacology articles
1339:Mid-importance Chemistry articles
1284:This does not belong in Knowledge
389:Template:WikiProject Pharmacology
642:
617:
553:
532:
491:Knowledge:WikiProject Psychology
458:
448:
427:
359:
338:
270:
249:
218:
45:Click here to start a new topic.
1374:WikiProject Psychology articles
1364:Start-Class psychology articles
596:This article has been rated as
511:This article has been rated as
494:Template:WikiProject Psychology
406:This article has been rated as
317:This article has been rated as
297:Knowledge:WikiProject Chemistry
1344:WikiProject Chemistry articles
1334:Start-Class Chemistry articles
1187:12:56, 18 September 2022 (UTC)
954:12:42, 18 September 2022 (UTC)
751:Please take this point to the
300:Template:WikiProject Chemistry
1:
1299:20:34, 30 December 2023 (UTC)
1240:00:06, 28 November 2022 (UTC)
1224:00:03, 28 November 2022 (UTC)
1201:00:08, 28 November 2022 (UTC)
812:01:06, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
716:02:10, 17 December 2005 (UTC)
570:and see a list of open tasks.
485:and see a list of open tasks.
380:and see a list of open tasks.
291:and see a list of open tasks.
42:Put new text under old text.
1279:01:36, 31 October 2023 (UTC)
1260:01:35, 31 October 2023 (UTC)
1167:09:22, 1 December 2018 (UTC)
1113:19:56, 26 October 2017 (UTC)
1089:12:33, 23 October 2017 (UTC)
573:Crime and Criminal Biography
540:Crime and Criminal Biography
1319:06:16, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
1062:11:05, 10 August 2012 (UTC)
984:21:30, 10 August 2011 (UTC)
797:17:15, 11 August 2007 (UTC)
760:17:13, 11 August 2007 (UTC)
730:17:12, 11 August 2007 (UTC)
50:New to Knowledge? Welcome!
1405:
1137:20:39, 22 April 2018 (UTC)
1025:19:03, 7 August 2014 (UTC)
1007:15:58, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
859:15:52, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
736:"most" street heroin claim
602:project's importance scale
517:project's importance scale
412:project's importance scale
323:project's importance scale
934:22:00, 18 July 2010 (UTC)
897:23:20, 26 July 2009 (UTC)
881:23:10, 26 July 2009 (UTC)
783:19:37, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
637:
595:
548:
510:
443:
405:
354:
316:
265:
244:
80:Be welcoming to newcomers
919:18:51, 7 July 2010 (UTC)
746:19:06, 1 June 2006 (UTC)
369:WikiProject Pharmacology
836:03:24, 4 May 2008 (UTC)
582:Crime-related articles
474:WikiProject Psychology
226:This article is rated
75:avoid personal attacks
392:pharmacology articles
280:WikiProject Chemistry
100:Neutral point of view
991:its standard form.
723:freebase (chemistry)
105:No original research
497:psychology articles
1269:Creando mi granja
303:Chemistry articles
232:content assessment
86:dispute resolution
47:
1169:
1157:comment added by
1139:
1127:comment added by
1041:Imatinib mesylate
997:comment added by
974:comment added by
849:comment added by
687:
686:
683:
682:
679:
678:
612:
611:
608:
607:
527:
526:
523:
522:
466:Psychology portal
422:
421:
418:
417:
333:
332:
329:
328:
212:
211:
66:Assume good faith
43:
1396:
1250:Asiendo mi casa
1009:
986:
861:
803:Self-referencing
673:
672:
669:
666:
663:
646:
639:
638:
633:
621:
614:
584:
583:
580:
577:
574:
557:
550:
549:
544:
536:
529:
499:
498:
495:
492:
489:
468:
463:
462:
461:
452:
445:
444:
439:
431:
424:
394:
393:
390:
387:
384:
363:
356:
355:
350:
342:
335:
305:
304:
301:
298:
295:
274:
267:
266:
261:
253:
246:
229:
223:
222:
214:
206:
179:
178:
164:
95:Article policies
16:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1324:
1323:
1286:
1267:
1248:
1211:
1148:
1069:
1033:
992:
969:
965:other bases?
962:
907:
868:
844:
819:
805:
768:
738:
701:
692:
670:
667:
664:
661:
660:
627:
581:
578:
575:
572:
571:
542:
496:
493:
490:
487:
486:
464:
459:
457:
437:
391:
388:
385:
382:
381:
348:
302:
299:
296:
293:
292:
259:
230:on Knowledge's
227:
208:
207:
202:
121:
116:
115:
114:
91:
61:
12:
11:
5:
1402:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1307:WP:NOTCENSORED
1291:172.103.222.67
1285:
1282:
1271:177.249.60.250
1266:
1263:
1252:177.249.60.250
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1159:174.234.137.87
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1116:
1115:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1068:
1065:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1011:
1010:
961:
958:
957:
956:
942:
936:
906:
901:
900:
899:
867:
864:
863:
862:
839:
838:
818:
815:
809:200.196.123.49
804:
801:
800:
799:
767:
764:
763:
762:
737:
734:
733:
732:
700:
697:
691:
688:
685:
684:
681:
680:
677:
676:
674:
647:
635:
634:
622:
610:
609:
606:
605:
598:Low-importance
594:
588:
587:
585:
568:the discussion
558:
546:
545:
543:Low‑importance
537:
525:
524:
521:
520:
513:Low-importance
509:
503:
502:
500:
483:the discussion
470:
469:
453:
441:
440:
438:Low‑importance
432:
420:
419:
416:
415:
408:Mid-importance
404:
398:
397:
395:
378:the discussion
364:
352:
351:
349:Mid‑importance
343:
331:
330:
327:
326:
319:Mid-importance
315:
309:
308:
306:
289:the discussion
275:
263:
262:
260:Mid‑importance
254:
242:
241:
235:
224:
210:
209:
200:
198:
197:
194:
193:
181:
180:
118:
117:
113:
112:
107:
102:
93:
92:
90:
89:
82:
77:
68:
62:
60:
59:
48:
39:
38:
35:
34:
28:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1401:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1145:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:92.29.230.235
1126:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:88.108.221.72
1103:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:85.211.200.83
1078:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
988:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
941:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
922:
921:
920:
916:
912:
905:
902:
898:
894:
890:
885:
884:
883:
882:
878:
874:
865:
860:
856:
852:
848:
841:
840:
837:
833:
829:
824:
823:
822:
816:
814:
813:
810:
802:
798:
795:
791:
787:
786:
785:
784:
781:
780:81.109.148.20
776:
775:
771:
765:
761:
758:
754:
750:
749:
748:
747:
744:
743:71.108.173.45
735:
731:
728:
724:
720:
719:
718:
717:
714:
710:
706:
698:
696:
690:revamp needed
689:
675:
658:
657:
652:
648:
645:
641:
640:
636:
631:
626:
623:
620:
616:
603:
599:
593:
590:
589:
586:
569:
565:
564:
559:
556:
552:
551:
547:
541:
538:
535:
531:
518:
514:
508:
505:
504:
501:
484:
480:
476:
475:
467:
456:
454:
451:
447:
446:
442:
436:
433:
430:
426:
413:
409:
403:
400:
399:
396:
379:
375:
371:
370:
365:
362:
358:
357:
353:
347:
344:
341:
337:
324:
320:
314:
311:
310:
307:
290:
286:
282:
281:
276:
273:
269:
268:
264:
258:
255:
252:
248:
243:
239:
233:
225:
221:
216:
215:
196:
195:
192:
189:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
127:
124:
123:Find sources:
120:
119:
111:
110:Verifiability
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
96:
87:
83:
81:
78:
76:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
57:
53:
52:Learn to edit
49:
46:
41:
40:
37:
36:
32:
26:
22:
18:
17:
1287:
1268:
1265:Sin internet
1249:
1212:
1153:— Preceding
1149:
1123:— Preceding
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1054:Johnfravolda
1052:
1049:
1045:sid=99431951
1034:
993:— Preceding
976:74.36.61.222
970:— Preceding
967:
963:
908:
889:Debollweevil
873:Debollweevil
869:
845:— Preceding
820:
806:
777:
773:
772:
769:
739:
702:
693:
654:
597:
561:
512:
472:
407:
383:Pharmacology
374:Pharmacology
367:
346:Pharmacology
318:
278:
238:WikiProjects
184:
171:
165:
157:
150:
144:
138:
132:
122:
94:
19:This is the
1246:No anunsios
1017:Dirtclustit
999:70.77.56.86
960:Why "free"?
851:70.77.56.86
755:article. --
699:duplication
228:Start-class
148:free images
31:not a forum
1328:Categories
1179:Fhbarfield
968:Confused
946:Fhbarfield
904:Freebasing
488:Psychology
479:Psychology
435:Psychology
790:addiction
713:The Anome
294:Chemistry
285:chemistry
257:Chemistry
88:if needed
71:Be polite
25:Free base
21:talk page
1155:unsigned
1125:unsigned
1037:Imatinib
995:unsigned
972:unsigned
847:unsigned
828:Eyknough
794:Treekids
757:Treekids
727:Treekids
186:Archives
56:get help
29:This is
27:article.
1311:Asasa64
1175:cocaine
705:cocaine
656:defunct
630:defunct
600:on the
515:on the
410:on the
321:on the
154:WPÂ refs
142:scholar
1099:thanks
753:heroin
709:heroin
234:scale.
126:Google
1232:James
1216:James
1193:James
817:Crack
169:JSTOR
130:books
84:Seek
1315:talk
1295:talk
1275:talk
1256:talk
1236:talk
1220:talk
1197:talk
1183:talk
1163:talk
1133:talk
1109:talk
1085:talk
1058:talk
1021:talk
1003:talk
980:talk
950:talk
930:talk
926:WTF?
915:talk
911:WTF?
893:talk
877:talk
855:talk
832:talk
792:. --
162:FENS
136:news
73:and
1039:vs
592:Low
507:Low
402:Mid
313:Mid
176:TWL
1330::
1317:)
1309:.
1297:)
1277:)
1258:)
1238:)
1222:)
1199:)
1185:)
1165:)
1135:)
1111:)
1087:)
1060:)
1023:)
1005:)
982:)
952:)
932:)
917:)
895:)
879:)
857:)
834:)
156:)
54:;
1313:(
1293:(
1273:(
1254:(
1234:(
1218:(
1195:(
1181:(
1161:(
1131:(
1107:(
1083:(
1056:(
1019:(
1001:(
978:(
948:(
928:(
913:(
891:(
875:(
853:(
830:(
659:.
632:)
628:(
604:.
519:.
414:.
325:.
240::
191:1
188::
172:·
166:·
158:·
151:·
145:·
139:·
133:·
128:(
58:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
