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in a few highly topical (in 2023) and cutting-edge respects (that are progressively being agreed with in the field concerned), making it somewhat pedestrian in relation to these paradigm-shifting aspects. Technical errors have been introduced via one or two of the deletions, which seem to have been aimed at removing particular references (it is nobody's fault that the author happens to be the only person so far to have come up with certain things; he has been described as "pioneering", although also as a "heretic"!), without consideration of the consequences. E.g. one can't simplistically say, in 2023, that inoculated sporozoites go from the bloodstream to the liver. Anyway, I can't fix things without also reverting some wording changes here and there that I agree with. Would then have to find those places again to put back that agreed-with wording. Will think about what to do now (if anything) to salvage the article in the important respects concerned. Perhaps I'll undo the changes and then, when time permits, go and look for the particular latest edits concerned and re-insert them.
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Hydroxychloroquine should be included in both articles, undoubtedly for different reasons. Here it should be mentioned for its international use to treat
Malaria, and in the Covid-19-related articles, it should be mentioned for the controversies surrounding its use, emanating from Donald Trump and other medical practitioners' adoption, as long as its appropriately referenced and mentioned for its controversial Covid-19 use. Controversies associated with particular topics, are a standard inclusion in Knowledge articles. No mention or information at all on this topic, as an absence, invites comments from anonymous contributors originating from outside of Knowledge, to supplement this void in a likely irresponsible manner. If the topic of Hydroxychloroquine is introduced in its appropriate contexts for each topic of interest, then it will be much easier to maintain a neutral position on any editorial additions of Hydroxychloroquine to affiliated articles...
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Markus 2023 one is unique. Nobody else has suggested what it is suggesting. The last sentence in the conclusion states: "Evidence one way or the other should soon be forthcoming ...". Let's wait and see. As for Kho et al., there is a much more detailed Kho et al. paper in PLoS Medicine (ref. 36 in the abovementioned Markus paper). And as regards
Obaldia et al., who started the ball rolling for bone marrow, there is a human version, so to speak, in the Journal of Infectious Diseases (ref. 37 in the Markus paper). But the Kho/Obaldia/Etc. matters aren't relevant to the Wiki Malaria story anymore because Bennychloroplast deleted the context. Bennychloroplast had a couple of valid points, so I haven't put the context back. That could perhaps happen later, after the science has become clearer (after more research has been carried out). At present, things might not be readily comprehensible to the uninitiated.
2125:: It says, 'The first effective treatment for malaria came from the bark of cinchona tree, which contains quinine. This tree grows on the slopes of the Andes, mainly in Peru. The indigenous peoples of Peru made a tincture of cinchona to control fever. Its effectiveness against malaria was found and the Jesuits introduced the treatment to Europe around 1640 ... . The medicinal value of Artemisia annua has been used by Chinese herbalists in traditional Chinese medicines for 2,000 years. In 1596, Li Shizhen recommended tea made from qinghao specifically to treat malaria symptoms in his "Compendium of Materia Medica".'
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Med. Infect. Dis. I do not have experience editing
Knowledge in micro/molecular biology fields. For medical claims we follow MEDRS so most of these sources could not back a medical claim, for example, efficacy of treatment approach. For sharing background on microbiology/genetics of the organism, I am not sure what to recommend. I would tend to create a new section in the Research subheading if uncertain and go from there. Sorry that I can not be more helpful!!! I think it also depends on what evidence is being added from these types of references and if other stronger sources exist.
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2340:"redundant at best" and "unreliable sourcing", etc., impressions. At the same time, I'll modify some of the language. Wait for it. Thank you. P.S.: A hot topic in malariology today is the habitual poor citing since 1980 (because of what some authors did then) of e.g. the fact that Markus is the person who coined the standard malaria-related term "hypnozoite". And so on. Long story. This largely explains the editor's accurate observation: "Objectively, ... are not cited by other authors ...".
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1483:- against parasite invasion that mitigate damage to both host and parasite alike. Since the blood stage is the only stage in the parasite life cycle that causes disease, an evolutionary symbiotic drug design strategy has been proposed that prevents or decreases the asexual reproductive cycle in the red blood cells without exerting significant selective pressure on either the
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2295:"However, most of the P. vivax replicating merozoite biomass is now (since 2021) known to be hidden in the spleen and bone marrow (perhaps elsewhere too), thereby supporting the astute, long-standing (since 2011) but previously ignored theory that non-circulating merozoites are the source many P. vivax malarial recurrences (see “Recurrent malaria” section below)."
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complex topics regarding malaria less vague, but were redundant at best and damaging to clarity at worst. That being said, certain edits included especially self-congratulatory language or passive aggressive comments directed to the malaria research community at large for failure to recognize the (supposed) significance of Miles B. Markus's research.
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2381:"Nature Reviews Microbiology" paper; 76 since 2011 for the "Journal of the History of Biology" paper; and 37 since 2018 for a paper in "Parasitology". These figures will include any self-citations, which malariologists characteristically often like doing (in this instance an author with inter alia a PhD from Imperial College London).
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years. " is supported by the citations in its following sentences. Thus the claim that "...dormant for periods ranging from several months (7-10 months) to several years." seems to require a citation, and ideally more specificity around "several years" (how many? what study has found an upper range?).
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P.S.: Authors of ref. 37 in the current version of the Wiki
Malaria article (not Markus's ref. 37 mentioned above) are the researchers who actually made the malaria parasites-in-skin discoveries (plural). I.e. that ref. 37 is not a review by "secondary" people. This is why it is highly authoritative.
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SECOND COMMENT FROM IDLEMAN: I see that edits have already been made and described as "Unsupported claims and unclear wording removed". However, almost all the claims were accompanied by citations (I was planning to add at least two more). The upshot is that the article is now technically out of date
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being the most common, may also be transmitted across the placenta. Furthermore, transmissions by organ transplantation have also been reported. Very few things have been told about these transmissions. A detailed discussion about these transmissions may be added together with the vector transmission
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We previously had references to
Hydroxychloroquine in this article, but in case you aren't aware, Donald Trump suggested that the anti-viral properties of HCQ might be useful against COVID-19. Due to this substantially problematic suggestion, we're working diligently to remove all references of this
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Here are the promised references. The significance of the first and second references is reflected in the 3rd reference (an “Editor’s Choice” paper in a
Special Issue of the journal). But these references are no longer relevant to the Wiki “Malaria” article because of editor Bennychloroplast’s text
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THIRD COMMENT: @ bennychloroplast wrote above that "... journal articles are not cited by other authors ...". To put this in perspective, I have checked Google
Scholar. The number of citations for three of the references that @ bennychloroplast has deleted are currently: 238 since late 2013 for the
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Thanks. I have confused the issue. Apologies. I wasn't referring in my post above to the 3 references I gave above. I was referring to the 3 references I have added to the main
Malaria article (ref. nos 37, 43 & 130 in the current version). But on the subject of the refs you discuss above, the
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perspective, Kho et al 2021 is a 'Letter to the editor', Obaldia et al 2018 is a primary research study both in vivo in a monkey model and using P. vivax isolates from their previous work to perform microarray analysis and ortholog mapping, and Markus 2023 is a literature review published in Trop.
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1. The "Child with malaria in
Ethiopia" image a little over half way through the article is the same as the still displayed with the "Video summary (script)" at the end of the lede. Maybe the later image should be deleted and the "Video summary (script)" should be modified to be more specific?
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COMMENT FROM IDLEMAN: I understand what the editor means and he/she has a good point(s). One will not at this stage necessarily find corroborating publications, because some cutting-edge stuff is involved. But I am going to add a couple of such citations, nevertheless, to ameliorate the incorrect
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The section about climate change impacts is important but I am not sure if it should be under "Cause". It's not that climate change is the root cause, it's just that it means the mosquitos responsible for malaria are becoming more common in areas where they weren't before. So I am wondering if it
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I count 69 screens of text in the "Malaria" article. Organizing the whole of it would be beyond my capabilities but gathering genomic research information mostly under one heading seems possible if that is desired. Until this is either supported or not, I will add another heading under malaria
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It's unclear whether the sentence under
Pathophysiology section that reads "Some P. vivax sporozoites do not immediately develop into exoerythrocytic-phase merozoites, but instead, produce hypnozoites that remain dormant for periods ranging from several months (7–10 months is typical) to several
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In the history section, immediately before the list of names of malaria, is this sentence: "In total, malaria may have killed 50-60 billion people throughout history, or about half of all humans that have ever lived." Its only cited source is an article (not a paper) on nature.com, which itself
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parasite has a long human co-evolutionary history. It may hence be reasonably expected to be more genetically diverse and thus have a greater propensity to create resistant variants in response to vaccine deployment. Conversely, its human hosts would be expected to generate Darwinian balanced
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Subjectively, cursory reads of Markus's articles and the edits made by Idleman have the same "voice," as well as what I would call a "compulsion to correct and prevent incorrect terminology usage." A good portion of IdleMan's edit seem to have been in good faith with the intent to make certain
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Hydroxychloroquine should not be deprecated or removed from this article, or even the associated Covid-19 articles. It is a viable medication for Malaria that is used in much of the world. While I am anti-Trump and have been since he first got famous for his bigotry back in the 1970s,
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Objectively, Markus's journal articles are not cited by other authors discussing relevant topics, and a good portion of Markus's references are to his own earlier publications. Additionally, I could not find other sources that corroborated most claims that were inserted by IdleMan.
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I find that I have not followed the organization of the article well. I added points about genomic research under a (Genomic research) heading without noticing that there were already points about genomic research under an (Other) heading. Should I try to fix this somehow?
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Thanks. I've given that sentence the same citation link - the source does support that statement. Re duration: "Sometimes the latency could be as long as one year, and there were well documented, but apparently unusual, cases reported of latencies greater than two years."
2132:(which does NOT contain quinine) may have been used to control malaria in China before a tincture of cinchona was used by the indigenous peoples of Peru. I don't know enough to fix this problem, but this analysis suggests an opportunity to improve this article. Thanks,
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doesn't cite a source for this claim. Also, the source only says "Malaria may have killed half of all the people that ever lived." without giving an estimate for the number of deaths. Is there a better source for this claim? If there isn't, does it make sense to add ?
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Am I understanding correctly that a group of volunteer Knowledge editors have decided that because Donald Trump promoted Hydroxychloroquine when it was contraindicated, you are now out trumping Trump by removing all references to Hydroxychloroquine, even when it's
2324:. I am going to remove edits made by IdleMan that cite journal articles by Markus, and fix certain other grammatical changes. I will be doing this both on this article and other articles edited by IdleMan, but I won't blindly revert all edits they have made.
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This source "Non lethal pathogenic diseases: changing the paradigm from a zero sum game to a symbiotic relationship, the case of malaria." does not appear to be pubmed indexed. Also person who added it appears to have a COI. And were does it say it is CC BY?
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Malaria is a disease caused by unicellular eukaryotes of the plasmodium genus and, for the human variety, transmitted principally by Anopheles mosquitos. Changing the short description to "mosquito virus disease" is an unhelpful edit which I will
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Can someone who knows this topic better than I do please add (or restore) appropriate references to Hydroxychloroquine? This article should contain such. If others want to remove such references, they need to explain why.
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should be moved to "Epidemiology" rather, and become a sub-section there. Thoughts? - Also, could anyone interested in the topic please check if we have the right level of detail here versus the details available in
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Does anyone object if I remove the "further reading" list? I think it's an arbitrary listing of publications, including a very old one. Surely if they are important they should rather be used as in-line citations.
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The article reasonably lacks information regarding transmission of the disease. Though malaria is a mosquito-borne disease, it can obviously be transmitted via blood transfusion. The parasites responsible, albeit
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ensure is good and then transcribe it back to here with the excerpt tool. This way, when there is new info about the vaccine, we only have to update this info in one article, not two. Thoughts? Pinging
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As regards the 1 + 2 = 3 citations that were added to the "Malaria" story less than 24 hours ago, note that references which are more authoritative than those in the 3 contexts concerned do not exist.
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Thanks for link. From the first few pages, it seems that this commission came up with a plan to eradicate malaria by 2050, but they don't yet know if anyone is actually going to carry out the plan.
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Each year, approximately 210 million people are infected with malaria, and about 440,000 people die from the disease. Most of the people who die from the disease are young children in Africa.
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with molecules CQ, 3j, and 4m. The LLE and LE values are shown as thumbs indicating medium efficiency, medium high , medium low, and very low efficiency <ref name="pmid31903852"/: -->
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Grillet ME, Hernández-Villena JV, Llewellyn MS, et al. (May 2019). "Venezuela's humanitarian crisis, resurgence of vector-borne diseases, and implications for spillover in the region".
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was deleted? Probably: It looks a little too cartoonish and illustrates things not mentioned in the text. However, I felt need to ask to make sure it wasn't deleted by accident.
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malaria has been in existence for 50,000–100,000 years, the population size of the parasite did not increase until about 10,000 years ago, concurrently with advances in agriculture.
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Markus, M.B. 2023. Putative contribution of 8-aminoquinolines to preventing recrudescence of malaria. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 8: 278. PMID: 37235326.
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I request someone confirm the existing citations work for that claim and give it the same citation link, or that a "citation needed" flag get added to that sentence.
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Great to see this article being worked on! Would it be possible to share the proposed citations here on the talk page? I may have time to look at them this week.
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Where is there a consensus that all references to hydroxychloroquine should be removed from this article? HCQ is still a viable treatment for this indication. —
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2211:, I agree with #1. The second photo was not only cartoonish, but a copyright violation improperly uploaded to Commons. It should be deleted from there soon.--
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Would be happy to do so; I will try and find time this weekend (currently cramming for an exam on Friday). If anybody else has time before then, be my guest
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My suggestion is to move some of the content that is currently under the malaria vaccine section (which I have just bundled together in this section:
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Kho, S. et al. 2021. Hidden biomass of intact malaria parasites in the human spleen. New England Journal of Medicine 384: 2067–2069. PMID: 34042394.
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found in apes) species present in gorilla in Western Africa. Genetic diversity indicates that the human protozoan emerged around 10,000 years ago.
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Apte S, (2013) Non lethal pathogenic diseases: changing the paradigm from a zero sum game to a symbiotic relationship, the case of malaria.
1911:: If the CDC is still recommending Hydroxychloroquine as a prophylactic or treatment for malaria, it should be mentioned in this article.
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In total, malaria may have killed 50-60 billion people throughout history, or about half of all humans that have ever lived.
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has made available a simulator program for studying malaria epidemiology and the impacts of interventions against malaria.
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or the transmission rates of the parasite. Malaria may be best treated as a manageable disease associated with
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The cited ref here is a GitHub repository, and thus a primary source and not suitable for use a reference in
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Where is it documented that a CDC publication is deprecated? How can learn more about this? Thanks,
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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between
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I noticed a few sentences with phrasing that struck me as odd for Knowledge standards; notably,
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had said malaria could be eliminated in a generation. Could this be mentioned in the article?
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on the parasite to evolve resistance to such drugs that work with - rather then against -
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Yes, certainly. I'll add two or three of them here, for interest. Watch this space!
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The article was published in a very good journal (2023 Impact Factor = 78.297).
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This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under the
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1870:, thankfully, I can't see any evidence of your involvement in such stupidity.
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Kindly add to the Research chapter, probably best under the Other sub heading:
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Upon further investigation similar edits have been made on related pages like
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by making a seperate section named as 'Disease transmission' or whatsoever.--
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It was mentioned on the news this morning (September 9 2019) that a study in
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After a little bit of digging it seems like the author of these sentences,
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Obaldia, N. 3rd et al. 2018. Bone marrow is a major parasite reservoir in
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I agree with your concern and have removed this sentence and ref now:
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Shouldn't there be some mention in this article about the use of
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and the likelihood of diseases crossing borders via emigration.
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Thanks for all you do to help educate the entirety of humanity,
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Knowledge level-3 vital articles in Biology and health sciences
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I have moved the climate change section to "epidemiology" now.
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as a treatment for malaria, since that is its primary use?
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medication from all wikipedia articles, regardless of
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First effective treatment for malaria came from ...?
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It's more of a campaign than a scientific consensus
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clinical publications about evidence-based medicine
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2439:infection. mBio 9: e00625-18. PMID: 29739900.
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340:If it no longer meets these criteria, you can
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2921:High-importance Effective Altruism articles
2901:GA-Class International development articles
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1536:Semi-protected edit request on 26 July 2019
1361:Changed reference to standard reference. –
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2916:GA-Class Effective Altruism articles
2630:Malaria#Research on malaria vaccines
2431:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2023884
2003:
1867:Having looked at your contributions
1249:Centre for Reviews and Dissemination
1098:This article is within the scope of
987:This article is within the scope of
886:This article is within the scope of
773:This article is within the scope of
661:This article is within the scope of
556:This article is within the scope of
487:
485:
2636:. We could also ensure the lead of
790:Knowledge talk:WikiProject Medicine
515:It is of interest to the following
23:for discussing improvements to the
2941:Unknown-importance PSP SA articles
2701:
2697:
2246:On the other hand, in the article
2167:Two questions regarding images:
1118:Knowledge:WikiProject South Africa
924:International development articles
843:Medicine Collaboration of the Week
576:Knowledge:WikiProject Microbiology
14:
2951:WikiProject South Africa articles
2946:Knowledge Primary School articles
2861:WikiProject Microbiology articles
2227:History related to the origin of
1246:Other potential sources include:
1121:Template:WikiProject South Africa
579:Template:WikiProject Microbiology
333:. If you can improve it further,
2886:Top-importance medicine articles
2826:Knowledge level-3 vital articles
2704:. Further details are available
2691:
2004:
1780:
1729:
1519:
1409:
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1276:
1183:
1163:Knowledge Primary School project
1085:
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785:use high-quality medical sources
760:
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252:
45:Click here to start a new topic.
2871:High-importance Africa articles
2836:GA-Class level-3 vital articles
1516:J Excipients and Food Chemicals
1138:This article has been rated as
1027:This article has been rated as
938:This article has been rated as
819:This article has been rated as
701:This article has been rated as
596:This article has been rated as
2926:GA-Class South Africa articles
2896:All WikiProject Medicine pages
2851:GA-Class Microbiology articles
2816:Natural sciences good articles
2562:18:31, 18 September 2023 (UTC)
2221:19:15, 21 September 2021 (UTC)
2203:16:45, 21 September 2021 (UTC)
2057:Remove "further reading" list?
1640:22:58, 11 September 2019 (UTC)
1622:02:16, 10 September 2019 (UTC)
1603:01:58, 10 September 2019 (UTC)
1325:09:31, 30 September 2018 (UTC)
990:WikiProject Effective Altruism
799:Knowledge:WikiProject Medicine
325:Natural sciences good articles
321:has been listed as one of the
1:
2724:— Assignment last updated by
2600:"Portrait of a serial killer"
2142:14:51, 3 September 2021 (UTC)
1946:23:47, 1 September 2022 (UTC)
1684:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30757-6
1593:and other relevant policies.
1584:06:38, 9 September 2019 (UTC)
1317:2001:14BA:80D2:6F00:0:0:0:1EC
1207:sources of information about
1160:This article is supported by
1112:and see a list of open tasks.
1001:and see a list of open tasks.
912:and see a list of open tasks.
802:Template:WikiProject Medicine
675:and see a list of open tasks.
570:and see a list of open tasks.
42:Put new text under old text.
2682:16:07, 12 October 2023 (UTC)
2659:07:44, 10 October 2023 (UTC)
2580:07:48, 10 October 2023 (UTC)
2284:01:04, 8 November 2022 (UTC)
681:Knowledge:WikiProject Africa
2876:WikiProject Africa articles
2271:Which of these is correct?
2052:00:16, 4 January 2021 (UTC)
2020:14:48, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
1998:14:22, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
1962:12:08, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
1880:14:41, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
1752:to reactivate your request.
1740:has been answered. Set the
1431:00:09, 3 October 2018 (UTC)
1395:00:07, 3 October 2018 (UTC)
1372:23:20, 2 October 2018 (UTC)
1299:to reactivate your request.
1287:has been answered. Set the
1013:Effective Altruism articles
684:Template:WikiProject Africa
50:New to Knowledge? Welcome!
2967:
2881:GA-Class medicine articles
2792:15:58, 6 August 2024 (UTC)
2777:Removing an unhelpful edit
1924:12:18, 29 April 2022 (UTC)
1850:05:49, 29 April 2022 (UTC)
1836:. e.g., CDC articles like
1802:07:16, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
1774:01:56, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
1717:23:16, 10 March 2020 (UTC)
1659:23:16, 10 March 2020 (UTC)
1144:project's importance scale
896:, including such areas as
825:project's importance scale
707:project's importance scale
602:project's importance scale
402:Featured article candidate
2771:05:59, 30 July 2024 (UTC)
2755:23:14, 29 July 2024 (UTC)
2537:01:49, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
2522:01:13, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
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2458:16:36, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
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2360:00:07, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
2334:21:10, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
1560:19:13, 26 July 2019 (UTC)
1466:04:12, 4 March 2019 (UTC)
1384:GitHub isn't reliable. –
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421:Good article reassessment
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2734:00:31, 10 May 2024 (UTC)
2111:01:42, 10 May 2021 (UTC)
1826:04:08, 17 May 2020 (UTC)
1101:WikiProject South Africa
841:This article was a past
559:WikiProject Microbiology
2891:Previous MCOTM articles
2821:GA-Class vital articles
2811:Knowledge good articles
2488:Looking at them from a
2096:11:29, 5 May 2021 (UTC)
2072:11:26, 5 May 2021 (UTC)
2032:Transmission of malaria
1421:. So I've undone this.
2598:Whitfield, J. (2002).
2186:2. Is there a reason
2183:
1156:
898:appropriate technology
837:
75:avoid personal attacks
2761:eradication efforts.
2708:. Student editor(s):
2248:Plasmodium falciparum
2229:Plasmodium falciparum
2177:
1497:Evolutionary pressure
1155:
1124:South Africa articles
836:
582:Microbiology articles
502:level-3 vital article
331:good article criteria
123:Find medical sources:
100:Neutral point of view
2612:10.1038/news021001-6
2178:3D binding poses of
1834:Knowledge:Notability
1227:free review articles
1203:. Here are links to
776:WikiProject Medicine
459:Good article nominee
440:Good article nominee
383:Good article nominee
296:relevant style guide
292:varieties of English
105:No original research
2289:Unreliable sourcing
1909:User:Stevenmitchell
1838:this CDC informatic
1700:Crisis in Venezuela
1093:South Africa portal
294:. According to the
2726:Jason.DeLaCruz1313
2706:on the course page
2643:User:Whywhenwhohow
2184:
1814:Hydroxychloroquine
1808:Hydroxychloroquine
1481:Sickle Cell Anemia
1199:and are typically
1157:
1004:Effective Altruism
995:effective altruism
967:Effective Altruism
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664:WikiProject Africa
511:content assessment
414:September 28, 2009
358:Article milestones
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2322:Tafenoquine
2195:DavidMCEddy
2134:DavidMCEddy
1990:DavidMCEddy
1916:DavidMCEddy
1485:Gametocytes
1359:Partly done
261:written in
31:not a forum
2800:Categories
2784:Fartherred
2763:Fartherred
2747:Fartherred
2586:References
2424:deletions.
2265:Plasmodium
2213:Quisqualis
2154:Quisqualis
2044:A doxadius
2013:Shibboleth
1955:Shibboleth
1766:Earthonaut
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1674:(Review).
1614:soupvector
1572:The Lancet
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1365:BrandonXLF
1330:References
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445:Not listed
329:under the
2554:Irgendwhy
2499:JenOttawa
2397:JenOttawa
2260:Laverania
2250:, we have
1528:license.
1448:Doc James
1237:provides
1218:provides
505:is rated
272:travelled
88:if needed
71:Be polite
21:talk page
2490:WP:MEDRS
2356:contribs
2344:unsigned
1691:30799251
1591:WP:UNDUE
1556:contribs
1544:unsigned
1458:contribs
1315:regards
796:Medicine
730:Medicine
507:GA-class
426:Delisted
343:reassess
284:artefact
209:Archives
178:Springer
143:Cochrane
56:get help
29:This is
27:article.
2710:PirkeyH
2674:EMsmile
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2147:images?
2123:History
2103:EMsmile
2088:EMsmile
2064:EMsmile
1981:, and
1708:Georgia
1650:Georgia
1493:in vivo
1209:Malaria
1142:on the
1031:on the
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600:on the
366:Process
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288:analyse
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25:Malaria
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2604:Nature
1979:Calebb
1931:Calebb
1895:Calebb
1863:Calebb
1842:Calebb
1797:toktok
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1382:Undone
1344:GitHub
1216:PubMed
1061:PSP SA
678:Africa
669:Africa
625:Africa
513:scale.
464:Listed
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2782:undo.
2494:WP:RS
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