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wounded in a double suicide bombing. After a police officer guarding a mosque prevented a bomber from entering the building, the attacker tried to throw a hand grenade and then detonated the explosive vest he was wearing. A few minutes later, another bomber ran towards a group of worshipers and blew himself up as police opened fire. On
February 20, 2008, a suicide car bomber killed a woman and a six-year-old girl, and wounded eight, in an attack on an identity cards office. On March 2, 2008, clashes between gunmen and police killed 13 gunmen and two policemen in a village near the town. On April 14, 2008, an attacker wearing a suicide vest blew himself up at a Shi'ite funeral, killing four civilians and wounding 22. On May 27, 2008, four people were killed and 46 wounded, including two children, when a parked car bomb blew up in a market, the town's mayor, Najim Abdullah, said. On July 8, 2008, gunmen killed a member of the Sunni Arab Iraqi Islamic party, police said. On July 12, 2008, police found the bodies of seven people, including a woman and a child, the town's mayor said. They had been kidnapped two days earlier. On July 17, 2008, a car bomb exploded in a street market killing 20 people, including nine children, and wounding 90. On July 31, 2008, a roadside bomb killed a policeman, police said. On August 8, 2008, a lone Sunni Turkman suicide bomber (initial reports said a parked car) exploded in a vegetable market killing 25 people and injuring about 70. On August 29, 2008, policemen killed a would-be suicide bomber who tried to enter a mosque. On September 6, 2008, a car bomb exploded near shops and cafes killing at least six people and wounding at least 50. On September 17, 2008, a roadside bomb wounded four civilians. On September 18, 2008, two roadside bombs wounded nine civilians. On September 20, 2008, a suicide car bomb attack near a football playground killed two people and left 18 wounded. On November 15, 2008, a car bomb exploded and killed 10 people and injured 31 more. On December 2, 2008, a suicide car bomb exploded at a police checkpoint killing five people and wounding 30.
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exploded near a police patrol, wounding three policemen on the main road between the town of Sinjar and Tal Afar. On May 31, 2007, a roadside bomb targeting a police patrol wounded four policemen on the road between Sinjar and Tal Afar. In a separate incident a roadside bomb targeting an Iraqi army patrol killed an officer and wounded another soldier in Tal Afar. In another separate incident a man was killed in a rocket attack. On June 11, 2007, two people were killed and five wounded by a
Katyusha rocket attack. On June 19, 2007, a woman and a child were killed by a mortar attack in the town. On July 12, 2007, seven guests celebrating the wedding of an Iraqi policeman were killed by a suicide bomber. On July 15, 2007, two civilians were killed and three wounded by a roadside bomb. On August 6, 2007, a car bomb killed 27 and wounded 28 people in the nearby village of al-Guba. On August 22, 2007, a roadside bomb exploded near workers laying water pipes, killing two and wounding five. On September 16, 2007, at least two policemen were wounded by a roadside bomb in the centre of the town. On September 22, 2007, one insurgent was killed and another wounded when a bomb they were making exploded. On September 24, 2007, a suicide truck bomb killed at least six people, including two policemen and a soldier, and wounded 17 in an attack on a checkpoint near a village between Tal Afar and Mosul. On October 4, 2007, a suicide car bomber killed three people and wounded 57 in a market. On October 10, 2007, a Katyusha rocket landed on a house, killing five members of the same family and wounding five others. On December 29, 2007, police killed five insurgents and detained five others.
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360:. On each occasion the inhabitants offered a vigorous resistance. Mohammed Pasha took the place by assault. More than two-thirds of the inhabitants were put to the sword, and the property of the remainder was confiscated. Great wealth is said to have been discovered in the place, on its pillage by Mohammed Pasha, who took all the gold and silver, and distributed the remainder of the spoil amongst his soldiers.
602:. Police reported that more than 70 were injured. On September 17, 2009, a suicide bomber drove a truck into a police checkpoint, killing three civilians and wounding three policeman. On September 28, 2009, two suspected insurgents were killed and a third was wounded in an explosives accident. On October 16, 2009, a gunman opened fire and then detonated a suicide belt, killing 15 and injuring 100 during
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two booby-trapped houses detonated while police were searching homes. During the search, a policeman shot and killed a suspect and wounded two others. Police had already reported the death of one policeman. On March 24, 2007, a suicide bomber in a market in the town killed eight people and wounded ten. On March 27, 2007, a
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layout of the town consists of densely packed buildings, often constructed so closely to each other that they share common load-bearing walls and supports. The city's streets further physically define each neighborhood by separating it from other groups of buildings, since they cut through the town in irregular patterns.
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in a Shiite area. It was first reported to have killed 83 people and wounded 183, but the Iraqi
Interior Ministry later raised the death toll to 152 and said that 347 were wounded, which would make it the deadliest single strike since the war started. The explosion, for which a terrorist group linked
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Each neighborhood maintains its identity due to the tribal nature of the city. Several dozen extended families living in close proximity will typically identify with one local sheikh who takes it upon himself to serve as steward of the neighborhood's citizens and liaison to the local government. The
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to retake Tal Afar from the
Jihadist forces. On the same day, it recaptured four neighborhoods in Tal Afar (Abra al-Najjar, Abra Hansh, al-Abra al-Kabira, and Abra al-Saghir) The city itself was recaptured by Iraqi forces on August 27, 2017. The remaining ISIS-held areas in Tal Afar district were
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On
February 10, 2007, a suicide car bomber killed one Iraqi soldier and wounded five people, including three civilians, as it targeted an army checkpoint. On February 22, 2007, four people were killed, including a policeman and a 12-year-old boy, and five were wounded, including two policemen, when
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sectarian violence between
Turkmens had not been a problem. Their shared cultural background had united Sunni and Shia Turkmens. Political mobilisation in Tal Afar had until then been dominated by the Baath party. With no readily available movement to replace Saddam's Baathists, the collapse of the
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founded the city as a sole military outpost constructed on top of a hill. Remains of the fortress can still be seen today. Also garrisoned at the fortress were
Turkmen members of the Daloodi tribe who following the withdrawal of the Ottoman Army became the first civilian occupants of the town built
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On
January 3, 2008, two civilians, including a child, died when U.S. forces returned fire after a roadside bomb struck a convoy that included the police chief. On January 19, 2008, a rocket attack killed seven people and wounded 20., On February 15, 2008, at least three people were killed and 16
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claimed responsibility, led to reprisal shootings by Shiite policemen and others against Sunnis, in which between 47 and 70 men were killed. Several Shiite policemen were arrested for taking part in the shootings. On April 14, 2007, a sniper shot dead a woman. On May 21, 2007, a roadside bomb
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accused the
American military of using "poisonous gases" on Tal Afar in an audiotape received and posted on an Islamic website. The United States denied using chemical weapons in Tal Afar saying such reports were propaganda created by al-Zarqawi, and were false and without merit.
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In May 2005, clashes broke out between the two groups. In
October 2006, a bombing in Tal Afar killed 14 people, of whom ten were civilians and four Iraqi soldiers. An additional bombing, outside a car dealership, on November 24, 2006, killed at least 22 and wounded at least 26.
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and a mayor. The mayor is appointed by the council of sheikhs and confirmed by the provincial regional administrator. The mayor need not be originally from the city nor Iraqi Turkmen. The mayor from 2005 to 2008 was Najim Abdullah Abed al-Jabouri, a Sunni Arab originally from
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entered the city. The operation resulted in 157 insurgents being killed and 683 captured. Iraqi Security Forces suffered 12 killed and 27 wounded. The operation lasted until October and resulted in 10,000 pounds of explosives being uncovered and destroyed.
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On February 6, 2009, gunmen in a moving car opened fire and killed two civilians, police said. On March 23, 2009, a suicide bomber killed an off-duty police officer and wounded five civilians, according to police. On July 9, 2009, 33 people were killed by
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General Officer Commanding Mesopotamia, described Tel Afar as "That town of ten thousand inhabitants is picturesquely situated on four knolls, which stand two on each side of a deep gully, whence rises a stream which supplies the inhabitants with water."
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On September 9, 2004, a major military operation was launched against Tal Afar by the 3rd Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division (Stryker Brigade Combat Team) and Iraqi Security forces. Fighting continued until September 12, 2004, when the government of
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The city of Tal Afar is organized into eighteen neighborhoods or districts: Sa'ad, Qadisiyah, Todd A-O, Sara, Mohalemeen, Madlomin, Uruba, Wahada, Nida, A'a lot, Hassan Qoi, Mothana, Khadra, Jazeera, Taliha, Kifah, Malain and Qalah
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state disrupting everything from food to security and increasing distrust towards the Shia dominated Iraqi government, tensions started to arise. Grievances were stoked further when Sunni Islamists began to move into the town and
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The operation tested a new strategy of "clear, hold, build", in which areas would be purged of insurgents and then occupied and then rebuilt to win support from local people before being handed over to the Iraqi security forces.
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claimed that the fighting had taken the lives of approximately 58 ethnic Turkmen civilians and demanded an end to military operations at which time the civilians camped outside Tal Afar were allowed to return to their homes.
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pointed to Tal Afar as a success story, where one could "see the outlines of the Iraq we've been fighting for". The operation was considered one of the first successful counterinsurgency operations in Iraq. Colonel
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While no official census data exists, the city, which had previously been estimated to have a population of approximately 200,000, had dropped to 80,000 as of 2007. Tal Afar's population is about 55 percent
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Tel Afer was once a town of some importance; it is mentioned by the early Arab geographers, and may perhaps be identified with the Telassar of Isaiah, referred to, as it is, in connection with
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Nelida Fuccaro wrote "After Hafiz Pasha's expedition in 1837 Tall 'Afar was occupied permanently by Ottoman troops and started to be used as a base to control the movements of a number of the
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government were moved into areas around Tal Afar. Geographically, the region the city is located in is a border area separating Kurdish lands to the north and Arab lands to the south in the
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Many of the Turkmen of Tal Afar have been displaced and moved to areas further south in Iraq ever since ISIL captured the area. Many have also joined Iraqi forces fighting ISIL.
773:, the fortress was further augmented and made to house the city's mayoral, municipal and police headquarters. The neighborhood including and surrounding the fortress is known as
769:, a ruined Ottoman fortress, is located in the center of the city. Local history states that British administrators augmented the structure of the original fortress. During the
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On 14 May 2010, an attacker detonated explosives hidden inside a vehicle at the entrance to the football stadium, killing ten people and injuring 120 others. Earlier, the
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The Iraqi Turkmen demographic of Tal Afar and its geographic location have made it an important city in the argument for Iraqi federalism. Following a program of "
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plain at the southern base of the Aedea Mountains. Much of the terrain surrounding the city is flat desert. A major east–west highway, which spans
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and 60 km east of the Iraqi–Syrian border, at coordinate 36°23′N 42°27′E. According to map data, it has a total area of 15 km.
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634:, the group's "minister of war". On March 7, 2012, at least 12 people were killed in a coordinated car- and suicide bombing attack.
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After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, Tal Afar was included in Iraq. In 1920, Tal Afar was used as a base of operations for a
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and local government implemented a home address system to better identify specific locations and define jurisdiction for the
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Dinç Ahmet,“Türkiye’nin Irak Başarısı Telafer’den Geçer”, Global Strateji, Sonbahar 2005, Yıl 1 Sayı 2, s. 105-106
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3rd Brigade was stationed at Tal Afar Airbase in 2003–04 and its 1st Battalion was stationed in the town proper.
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warned Shiites of "dark days soaked with blood". "What is happening to you nowadays is just a drizzle," said
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2158:"Exclusive: Federal Police recapture 4 neighborhoods in Tal Afar - Iraq News - Local News - Baghdadpost"
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tribes of eastern Sinjar. In the 1880s Tall 'Afar became an administrative unit depending on the
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From perhaps the 25th century BC through to the 7th century AD it was an integral part of
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Sitzungsberichte. Abt. 1, Biologie, Mineralogie, Erdkunde und verwandte Wissenschaften
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observers speak with local officials assessing the damages to local infrastructure.
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sites the number 5,300 troops in his book "The War Within") from the U.S. Army's
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was conducted in which approximately 5,000 soldiers from the 3rd Division of the
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10 kilometres (6.2 mi) southwest of the town of Tal Afar are the mounds of
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2271:"Extremist IS militants damage ancient citadel, two shrines in Iraq's Nineveh"
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GOVERNANCE, IDENTITY, AND COUNTERINSURGENCY: EVIDENCE FROM RAMADI AND TAL AFAR
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1453:"Iraq Car Bombing Kills 27 Near Northwestern City of Tal Afar - Bloomberg"
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753:. The second-largest employer was the United States government. The
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On 20 August 2017, the Iraqi Army announced it had launched a new
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In January 2007, the largest single employer in the city was the
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1186:. STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE and U.S. ARMY WAR COLLEGE PRESS.
1111:"Iraqis in former rebel stronghold now cheer American soldiers"
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974:, by Piotr Bienkowski, A. R. Millard, Yarim Tepe, 2000, Pg 326
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Tal Afar's local government consists of a city council, local
1775:"Blast Kills 20 in Shiite Neighborhood of Northern Iraq City"
812:
in the 1970s, large numbers of Sunni Arabs supportive of the
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security forces began purging Sunni's from the police force.
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and intersects Iraq's main central north–south highway near
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captured Tal Afar on June 16, 2014, after a two-day battle.
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348:. It has been three times besieged, within a few years, by
1137:"President Discusses Democracy in Iraq with Freedom House"
522:, commander of the operation became an advisor to General
320:
The English traveller, archaeologist, and future diplomat
1158:"Police and Militants Gun Down Sunnis in Revenge Attacks"
1091:
U.S. Forces Not Using Chemical Weapons in Tall Afar, Iraq
690:
Tal Afar is located in the gap between the anticlines of
1925:
Suicide bombing kills 2, wounds 18 in N Iraq (Xinhuanet)
606:
inside the Taqua Mosque, which is attended primarily by
1139:. White House Office of the Press Secretary. 2006-03-29
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U.S. Forces Accused of Killing Relatives of Iraqi Ally
683:
Tal Afar is located approximately 50 km west of
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battle tanks patrolling Tal Afar on February 3, 2006
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2408:magazine Photo Essay of Operation Restoring Rights
1966:"AFP: Bombings in northern Iraq kill nine: Police"
1944:"Seven Pakistanis killed as bus overturns in Iraq"
1813:"Death toll rises to 25 from Iraqi market bombing"
2176:"Iraqi forces recapture Isis stronghold Tal Afar"
2059:"FACTBOX: Security developments in Iraq, Sept 28"
2009:"FACTBOX-Security developments in Iraq, March 23"
1795:"FACTBOX: Security developments in Iraq, July 31"
1538:"FACTBOX: Security developments in Iraq, Sept 24"
1502:"FACTBOX: Security developments in Iraq, Sept 16"
1435:"FACTBOX: Security developments in Iraq, July 15"
1417:"Seven killed by suicide bomber at Iraqi wedding"
1399:"FACTBOX: Security developments in Iraq, June 19"
1327:"FACTBOX-Security developments in Iraq, April 14"
1251:"FACTBOX-Security developments in Iraq, March 24"
698:to the northwest. The city is located in an open
2195:Turkey Pulse article on situation of the Turkmen
2041:"FACTBOX-Security developments in Iraq, Sept 17"
1948:Media Office of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
1908:"FACTBOX-Security developments in Iraq, Sept 18"
1890:"FACTBOX-Security developments in Iraq, Sept 17"
1756:"FACTBOX-Security developments in Iraq, July 12"
1680:"FACTBOX-Security developments in Iraq, March 2"
1651:"Humanitarian - Thomson Reuters Foundation News"
1520:"FACTBOX-Security developments in Iraq, Sept 22"
1381:"FACTBOX-Security developments in Iraq, June 11"
1345:"FACTBOX: Security developments in Iraq, May 21"
1233:"FACTBOX: Security developments in Iraq, Feb 22"
780:Large parts of the citadel were blown up by the
423:Soldiers from 416th Civil Affairs Battalion and
2123:Iraqi city of Tal Afar falls to Isis insurgents
1851:"FACTBOX-Security developments in Iraq, Aug 29"
1738:"FACTBOX-Security developments in Iraq, July 8"
1592:"FACTBOX-Security developments in Iraq, Dec 29"
1574:"FACTBOX-Security developments in Iraq, Oct 10"
1484:"FACTBOX-Security developments in Iraq, Aug 22"
1363:"FACTBOX-Security developments in Iraq, May 31"
1215:"FACTBOX-Security developments in Iraq, Feb 10"
338:
1991:"FACTBOX-Security developments in Iraq, Feb 7"
1610:"FACTBOX-Security developments in Iraq, Jan 3"
1556:"FACTBOX-Security developments in Iraq, Oct 4"
1014:. Edinburgh and London: W. Blackwood and Sons.
2437:
899:"The Ba'ath Party and Insurgency in Tal Afar"
881:
879:
8:
1628:"Breaking News, World News & Multimedia"
1314:Police accused in sectarian revenge killings
1056:"Northern Exposure - FDD's Long War Journal"
986:, by Austen Henry Layard, 1867, pgs 217–218.
927:"Irak'ta Direnen Bir Türkmen Kenti: Telafer"
2350:Iraq Image - Tal Afar Satellite Observation
2296:"For every Iraqi party, an army of its own"
962:, Inc., Human Relations Area Files, Pg 149.
247:and 200 km (120 mi) northwest of
2444:
2430:
2422:
239:, located 63 km (39 mi) west of
29:
2294:Najim Abed al-Jabouri (28 October 2009).
1716:"FACTBOX - Security developments in Iraq"
996:The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq
1698:"Attacks kill up to 18 in northern Iraq"
1296:Iraq Says Truck Bomb in North Killed 152
1008:Haldane, James Aylmer Lowthorpe (1922).
674:
659:then fully captured on August 31, 2017.
617:
548:Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL
380:Sometime during the Ottoman Empire, the
251:. Its local inhabitants are exclusively
3901:Populated places in Nineveh Governorate
2355:"Troops blitz Iraq's 'funnel of death'"
1870:"Car Bomb Kills 6 in Northwestern Iraq"
1645:
1643:
1268:Iraq Raises Death Toll in Tal Afar Bomb
862:
622:Popular Mobilization Forces in Tal Afar
176:
168:
124:
89:
55:
41:
2247:Schlosser, Nicholas J. (August 2015).
2140:"Iraq launches push to seize Tal Afar"
915:The Real Surge Story (Washington Post)
852:, ISIL leader (1976 – 3 February 2022)
2076:Williams, Timothy (16 October 2009).
1011:The Insurrection in Mesopotamia, 1920
526:in the planning and execution of the
219:
181:
156:
144:
7:
2253:U.S. Army Center of Military History
1773:Robertson, Campbell (17 July 2008).
1284:Deadliest bomb in Iraq war kills 152
782:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
552:Tal Afar has also been the scene of
432:US Invasion and Occupation (2003-11)
2377:Hondros, Chris (January 19, 2005).
2367:"Bomber attacks 'model Iraqi city'"
2323:"بالصور...من سيقود عمليات الموصل ؟"
2098:"Deadly bombing hits Iraqi stadium"
2078:"Attacker Kills 15 in Iraqi Mosque"
1177:Fitzsimmons, Michael (March 2013).
972:Dictionary of the Ancient Near East
544:2007 Tal Afar bombings and massacre
300:periods, between 7000 and 4500 BC.
200:
2279:. 31 December 2014. Archived from
1833:"Car bomb kills 21 in Iraq market"
600:two suspected suicide bomb attacks
481:in conjunction with 3,500 troops (
243:, 52 km (32 mi) east of
27:Place in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq
25:
2392:Packer, George (April 10, 2006).
2027:"Scores killed in Iraqi bombings"
1868:Goode, Erica (6 September 2008).
998:, by Nelida Fuccaro, 1999, p. 33.
850:Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
737:in the second half of the 2000s.
749:, which had hired roughly 2,250
491:325th Airborne Infantry Regiment
263:Turkmen, while a 45 percent are
132:
82:Location of Tel Afar within Iraq
69:
68:
61:
43:
582:truck bomb exploded in a market
540:January 2005 Tal Afar shootings
284:which yielded remains from the
2249:"The Pacification of Tal Afar"
747:Iraqi Ministry of the Interior
358:Injeh Bairakdar Mohammed Pasha
1:
2417:Tall 'Afar at Global Security
1722:. 27 May 2008. Archived from
933:(in Turkish). January 8, 2008
843:
833:
332:—wrote in his book 1867 book
2379:"A shooting after nightfall"
1968:. 2008-12-02. Archived from
1950:. 2011-04-28. Archived from
1461:. 2012-10-22. Archived from
1109:Poole, Oliver (2005-12-19).
1074:"Operation Restoring Rights"
487:3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment
3906:Turkmen communities in Iraq
211:
3922:
2555:
2029:. Al Jazeera. 9 July 2009.
1027:, by Charles Tripp, Pg. 40
952:Encyclopedia of Prehistory
647:
537:
475:Operation Restoring Rights
454:
451:Operation Restoring Rights
401:
173:1,350 ft (410 m)
3896:District capitals of Iraq
3508:al-Qādisiyyah Governorate
3284:al-Mejar Al-Kabi District
1038:"Operation Black Typhoon"
710:, runs through the city.
650:Battle of Tal Afar (2017)
644:Battle of Tal Afar (2017)
457:Battle of Tal Afar (2005)
90:
56:
42:
3654:Sulaymaniyah Governorate
2394:"The Lesson of Tal Afar"
1286:, Reuters, April 1, 2007
2853:Suq al-Shuyukh District
2730:Abu Al-Khaseeb District
984:Nineveh and Its Remains
888:. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
873:as Tel Afar or Tal'Afar
788:Politics and government
437:Operation Black Typhoon
334:Nineveh and Its Remains
324:—one day to become the
3244:Ali Al-Gharbi District
2780:Shatt Al-Arab District
2563:
2162:www.thebaghdadpost.com
1060:www.longwarjournal.org
842:, ISIL official (born
836:1959 – 18 August 2015)
832:, ISIL deputy leader (
830:Abu Muslim al-Turkmani
719:
680:
623:
534:Post-invasion violence
495:82nd Airborne Division
470:
428:
362:
228:
3855:al-Nu'maniya District
3792:Sulaymaniyah District
3672:Darbandikhan District
3433:al-Hamdaniya District
3380:al-Manathera District
3294:Qal'at Saleh District
3168:Ain Al-Tamur District
2926:al-Miqdadiya District
2813:al-Chibayish District
2561:
1316:, CNN, March 29, 2007
886:google maps, Tel Afar
771:2003 invasion of Iraq
694:to the southeast and
678:
632:Abu Suleiman al-Naser
628:Islamic State of Iraq
621:
464:
422:
385:around the fortress.
328:'s Ambassador to the
110:36.37417°N 42.44333°E
3815:Al-Aziziyah District
3390:al-Meshkhab District
3327:al-Rumaitha District
3309:Muthanna Governorate
3274:al-Maimouna District
2637:al-Istiqlal District
2259:on 5 September 2015.
2230:"Tall ?Afar Airbase"
2218:. 1953. p. 392.
2065:. 28 September 2009.
2047:. 17 September 2009.
1914:. 18 September 2008.
1896:. 17 September 2008.
1726:on January 12, 2016.
1544:. 24 September 2007.
1526:. 22 September 2007.
1508:. 16 September 2007.
1062:. 23 September 2005.
840:Abdul Nasser Qardash
824:People from Tal Afar
679:Districts of Nineveh
500:Abu Musab al-Zarqawi
479:Iraqi Security Force
404:Iraqi revolt of 1920
350:Ali Pasha of Baghdad
3865:al-Suwaira District
3782:Sharbazher District
3662:Chamchamal District
3619:al-Shirqat District
3561:Saladin Governorate
3546:al-Shamiya District
3415:Nineveh Governorate
3317:al-Khidhir District
3148:al-Hindiya District
3140:Karbala Governorate
3087:Halabja Governorate
3032:Koy Sinjaq District
2843:al-Shatrah District
2805:Dhi Qar Governorate
2760:al-Midaina District
2642:al-Mada'in District
2632:Abu Ghraib District
2624:Baghdad Governorate
2609:al-Musayab District
2599:al-Mahawil District
2360:The Daily Telegraph
2283:on 13 January 2015.
1598:. 29 December 2007.
1239:. 22 February 2007.
1221:. 10 February 2007.
1116:The Daily Telegraph
704:Nineveh Governorate
556:between Shiite and
473:In September 2005,
414:then ruling British
322:Austen Henry Layard
233:Nineveh Governorate
231:) is a city in the
221:[talˈʕafar]
152:Nineveh Governorate
106: /
3772:Sharazoor District
3762:Saidsadiq District
3347:al-Samawa District
3337:al-Salman District
3236:Maysan Governorate
3183:Kirkuk Governorate
2896:al Khalis District
2876:Balad Ruz District
2868:Diyala Governorate
2833:al-Rifa'i District
2823:Nasiriyah District
2790:al-Zubair District
2662:al-Tarmia District
2647:Mahmudiya District
2579:Hashimiya District
2564:
2459:and their capitals
2301:The New York Times
2276:Xinhua News Agency
2234:GlobalSecurity.org
2200:2016-03-27 at the
2083:The New York Times
1997:. 7 February 2009.
1930:2008-09-22 at the
1875:The New York Times
1818:The Jerusalem Post
1780:The New York Times
1633:The New York Times
1580:. 10 October 2007.
1301:The New York Times
1096:2010-04-26 at the
1078:GlobalSecurity.org
1042:GlobalSecurity.org
956:Peter N. Peregrine
784:in December 2014.
731:United States Army
681:
624:
554:sectarian violence
471:
429:
183: • Total
115:36.37417; 42.44333
3878:
3877:
3807:Wasit Governorate
3742:Qaradagh District
3526:Diwaniya District
3493:Tel Kaif District
3483:Tel Afar District
3423:al-Ba'aj District
3362:Najaf Governorate
3264:al-Kahla District
3062:Shaqlawa District
3052:Mergasor District
3004:Erbil Governorate
2941:Duhok Governorate
2906:Khanaqin District
2770:al-Qurna District
2722:Basra Governorate
2589:Al-Hilla District
2571:Babil Governorate
2544:ar-Rutba District
2514:al-Qa'im District
2484:Fallujah District
2466:Anbar Governorate
2363:, Sept. 11, 2005)
2184:. 27 August 2017.
2164:. 20 August 2017.
2146:. 20 August 2017.
2129:, June 16, 2014.
1857:. 29 August 2008.
1616:. 3 January 2008.
1562:. 4 October 2007.
1490:. 22 August 2007.
1193:978-1-58487-567-3
1025:A History of Iraq
398:1920 Iraqi Revolt
209:
190:
189:
164:Tel Afar District
16:(Redirected from
3913:
3722:Penjwen District
3609:Samarra District
3589:al-Daur District
3463:Shekhan District
3288:Al-Mejar Al-Kabi
3158:Kerbala District
3115:Khurmal District
3105:Halabja District
3042:Makhmur District
2959:Amadiya District
2886:Ba'quba District
2494:Haditha District
2446:
2439:
2432:
2423:
2401:
2388:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2255:. Archived from
2244:
2238:
2237:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2210:
2204:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2154:
2148:
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2136:
2130:
2120:
2114:
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2111:
2109:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2015:. 23 March 2009.
2005:
1999:
1998:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1940:
1934:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1839:. 8 August 2008.
1829:
1823:
1822:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1704:. 14 April 2008.
1694:
1688:
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1395:
1389:
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1377:
1371:
1370:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1333:. 14 April 2007.
1323:
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1287:
1281:
1275:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1257:. 24 March 2007.
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889:
883:
874:
867:
845:
835:
767:Tal Afar Citadel
565:invasion of Iraq
528:2007 troop surge
425:Turkish military
286:Halafian culture
235:of northwestern
223:
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50:Tal Afar Citadel
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3912:
3911:
3910:
3881:
3880:
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3874:
3835:al-Hai District
3801:
3732:Pshdar District
3648:
3629:Tikrit District
3599:Dujail District
3555:
3502:
3473:Sinjar District
3409:
3356:
3303:
3230:
3221:Kirkuk District
3211:Hawija District
3177:
3134:
3125:Sirwan District
3081:
3012:Choman District
2998:
2979:Simele District
2935:
2862:
2799:
2750:al-Faw District
2740:Basrah District
2716:
2666:
2618:
2565:
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2524:Ramadi District
2460:
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2376:
2373:, Oct. 7, 2006)
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2202:Wayback Machine
2193:
2189:
2181:Financial Times
2174:
2173:
2169:
2156:
2155:
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2138:
2137:
2133:
2125:Martin Chulov,
2121:
2117:
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2057:
2056:
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2007:
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1989:
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1932:Wayback Machine
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1806:
1801:. 31 July 2008.
1793:
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1767:
1762:. 12 July 2008.
1754:
1753:
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1731:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1686:. 2 March 2008.
1678:
1677:
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1477:
1468:
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1446:
1441:. 15 July 2007.
1433:
1432:
1428:
1423:. 12 July 2007.
1415:
1414:
1410:
1405:. 19 June 2007.
1397:
1396:
1392:
1387:. 11 June 2007.
1379:
1378:
1374:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1304:, April 1, 2007
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808:" initiated by
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763:
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550:
536:
510:In March 2006,
459:
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3891:Cities in Iraq
3883:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3862:
3852:
3842:
3832:
3825:Badra District
3822:
3811:
3809:
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3800:
3799:
3789:
3779:
3769:
3759:
3752:Ranya District
3749:
3739:
3729:
3719:
3712:Mawat District
3709:
3702:Kifri District
3699:
3692:Kalar District
3689:
3682:Dokan District
3679:
3669:
3658:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3636:
3626:
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3606:
3596:
3586:
3579:Balad District
3576:
3569:Baiji District
3565:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3543:
3536:Hamza District
3533:
3523:
3512:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3490:
3480:
3470:
3460:
3453:Mosul District
3450:
3443:Hatra District
3440:
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3408:
3407:
3400:Najaf District
3397:
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3254:Amara District
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3208:
3201:Dibis District
3198:
3191:Daquq District
3187:
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3165:
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3091:
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3069:
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3022:Erbil District
3019:
3008:
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3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2989:Zakho District
2986:
2976:
2969:Duhok District
2966:
2956:
2945:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2916:Kifri District
2913:
2903:
2893:
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2872:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2857:Suq Al-Shoyokh
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2809:
2807:
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2800:
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2787:
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2734:Abu Al-Khaseeb
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2534:Rawah District
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2410:
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2398:The New Yorker
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2344:External links
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2104:. May 14, 2010
2089:
2068:
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2018:
2000:
1982:
1957:
1954:on 2011-10-03.
1935:
1917:
1899:
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1842:
1824:
1804:
1786:
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1747:
1744:. 8 July 2008.
1729:
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1655:news.trust.org
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1493:
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1458:Bloomberg News
1444:
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1408:
1390:
1372:
1369:. 31 May 2007.
1354:
1351:. 21 May 2007.
1336:
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869:Also commonly
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855:
854:
853:
847:
837:
825:
822:
810:Saddam Hussein
789:
786:
762:
759:
755:101st Airborne
742:
739:
672:
669:
664:
663:ISIS aftermath
661:
648:Main article:
645:
642:
615:
614:Coming of ISIL
612:
535:
532:
524:David Petraeus
515:George W. Bush
512:U.S. President
455:Main article:
452:
449:
438:
435:
433:
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410:planned revolt
402:Main article:
399:
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387:Aylmer Haldane
330:Ottoman Empire
326:United Kingdom
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316:Ottoman Empire
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188:
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155:
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143:
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129:
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88:
87:
81:
75:
74:
67:
66:
60:
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58:
57:
54:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3918:
3907:
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3808:
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3673:
3670:
3667:
3663:
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3659:
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3655:
3651:
3644:
3640:
3639:Tooz District
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3610:
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3604:
3600:
3597:
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3547:
3544:
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3534:
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3521:
3517:
3516:Afak District
3514:
3513:
3511:
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3505:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3474:
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3412:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3370:Kufa District
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
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3306:
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3279:
3275:
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3269:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3248:Ali Al-Gharbi
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3092:
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3077:
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3070:
3067:
3063:
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3027:
3023:
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3017:
3013:
3010:
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3007:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2949:Akre District
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2907:
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2808:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2784:Shatt al-Arab
2781:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
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2723:
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2705:
2703:
2700:
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2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2657:Taji District
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2610:
2607:
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2600:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2583:Al Hashimiyah
2580:
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2574:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2535:
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2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2474:Anah District
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2447:
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2435:
2433:
2428:
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2183:
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2177:
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2168:
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2159:
2153:
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2141:
2135:
2132:
2128:
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2085:
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2079:
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2064:
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2051:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1972:on 2012-09-22
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1953:
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1945:
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1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1913:
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1900:
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1856:
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1846:
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1821:. 2008-08-09.
1820:
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1476:
1465:on 2012-10-22
1464:
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948:
945:
932:
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831:
828:
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823:
821:
820:governorate.
819:
815:
811:
807:
802:
800:
795:
787:
785:
783:
778:
777:or "Castle".
776:
772:
768:
760:
758:
756:
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748:
740:
738:
736:
732:
727:
723:
721:
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697:
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662:
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657:
651:
643:
641:
639:
635:
633:
629:
620:
613:
611:
609:
608:Sunni Muslims
605:
604:Friday Prayer
601:
595:
591:
588:
583:
577:
573:
571:
566:
561:
559:
558:Sunni Muslims
555:
549:
545:
541:
533:
531:
529:
525:
521:
520:H.R. McMaster
516:
513:
508:
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484:
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476:
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463:
458:
450:
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426:
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415:
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405:
397:
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388:
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371:
367:
361:
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351:
347:
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337:
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315:
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303:
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283:
275:
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213:
207:
198:
194:
185:
172:
165:
162:
160:
153:
150:
148:
141:
130:
128:
119:
91:Coordinates:
64:
51:
46:
31:
19:
3859:Al-Nu'maniya
3845:Kut District
3796:Sulaymaniyah
3676:Darbandikhan
3643:Tuz Khurmatu
3530:Al Diwaniyah
3486:
3384:Al-Manathera
3298:Qal'at Saleh
2930:Al-Miqdadiya
2817:Al-Chibayish
2562:Flag of Iraq
2504:Hit District
2405:
2397:
2382:
2358:
2330:. Retrieved
2326:
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2299:
2289:
2281:the original
2274:
2265:
2257:the original
2252:
2242:
2224:
2214:
2208:
2190:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2127:The Guardian
2126:
2118:
2106:. Retrieved
2101:
2092:
2081:
2071:
2053:
2035:
2021:
2003:
1985:
1974:. Retrieved
1970:the original
1960:
1952:the original
1947:
1938:
1920:
1902:
1884:
1873:
1863:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1816:
1807:
1789:
1778:
1768:
1750:
1732:
1724:the original
1710:
1692:
1674:
1663:
1654:
1631:
1622:
1604:
1586:
1568:
1550:
1532:
1514:
1496:
1478:
1467:. Retrieved
1463:the original
1456:
1447:
1429:
1411:
1393:
1375:
1357:
1339:
1321:
1309:
1299:
1291:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1245:
1227:
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1179:
1172:
1161:
1152:
1141:. Retrieved
1131:
1120:. Retrieved
1114:
1104:
1086:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1003:
995:
991:
983:
979:
971:
967:
960:Melvin Ember
951:
947:
935:. Retrieved
930:
921:
910:
893:
865:
803:
791:
779:
774:
764:
744:
735:Iraqi Police
728:
724:
712:
692:Jabal Zambar
689:
682:
666:
653:
636:
625:
596:
592:
578:
574:
562:
551:
509:
505:
483:Bob Woodward
472:
440:
412:against the
407:
382:Ottoman Army
379:
372:
363:
339:
333:
319:
307:
279:
257:
192:
191:
3819:Al-Aziziyah
3550:Al-Shamiya
3394:Al-Meshkhab
3331:Al-Rumaitha
3278:Al-Maimouna
3172:Ayn al-Tamr
2672:New Baghdad
806:Arabization
696:Jebel Sasan
563:Before the
354:Hafiz Pasha
147:Governorate
113: /
3885:Categories
3869:Al-Suwaira
3786:Sharbazher
3766:Said Sadiq
3666:Chamchamal
3623:Al-Shirqat
3321:Al-Khidhir
3152:Al-Hindiya
3036:Koy Sanjaq
2847:Al-Shatrah
2764:Al-Midaina
2603:Al-Mahawil
2332:2017-08-12
1976:2016-11-12
1469:2023-05-25
1143:2007-04-10
1122:2012-05-09
857:References
570:Shia Iraqi
538:See also:
282:Yarim Tepe
276:Prehistory
178:Population
101:42°26′36″E
98:36°22′27″N
3497:Tel Keppe
3467:Ain Sifni
3341:Al-Salman
2900:Al Khalis
2880:Balad Ruz
2837:Al-Rifa'i
2827:Nasiriyah
2794:Al-Zubair
2774:Al-Qurnah
2712:Sadr City
2702:Al Rashid
2682:Kadhimiya
2677:Adhamiyah
2651:Mahmudiya
2548:Ar-Rutbah
2453:Districts
937:April 22,
871:romanized
761:Landmarks
751:policemen
671:Geography
656:offensive
467:M1 Abrams
267:Turkmen.
206:romanized
201:تَلْعَفَر
170:Elevation
37:تَلْعَفَر
18:Tall Afar
3746:Qaradagh
3736:Qaladiza
3487:Tal Afar
3447:Al-Hadar
3437:Qaraqosh
3427:Al-Ba'aj
3268:Al-Kahla
3066:Shaqlawa
3056:Mergasor
2910:Khanaqin
2613:Musayyib
2518:Al-Qa'im
2488:Fallujah
2371:BBC News
2307:3 August
2198:Archived
2144:BBC News
2102:BBC News
1928:Archived
1837:BBC News
1272:Guardian
1094:Archived
818:Al Anbar
814:Baathist
799:Qayyarah
489:and the
212:Talʿafar
193:Tal Afar
159:District
76:Tal Afar
34:Tal Afar
3776:Zarayan
3726:Penjwen
3613:Samarra
3593:Ad-Dawr
3351:Samawah
3162:Karbala
3119:Khurmal
3109:Halabja
3046:Makhmur
2963:Amadiya
2890:Baqubah
2697:Mansour
2687:Karrada
2668:Baghdad
2498:Haditha
2384:Newsday
2108:May 24,
2063:Reuters
2045:Reuters
2013:Reuters
1995:Reuters
1912:Reuters
1894:Reuters
1855:Reuters
1799:Reuters
1760:Reuters
1742:Reuters
1720:Reuters
1702:Reuters
1684:Reuters
1614:Reuters
1596:Reuters
1578:Reuters
1560:Reuters
1542:Reuters
1524:Reuters
1506:Reuters
1488:Reuters
1439:Reuters
1421:Reuters
1403:Reuters
1385:Reuters
1367:Reuters
1349:Reuters
1331:Reuters
1255:Reuters
1237:Reuters
1219:Reuters
794:sheikhs
741:Economy
716:Turkish
391:British
310:Assyria
290:Hassuna
288:of the
271:History
253:Turkmen
229:Telafer
225:Turkish
208::
186:215,000
127:Country
3839:Al-Hay
3633:Tikrit
3603:Dujail
3477:Sinjar
3258:Amarah
3225:Kirkuk
3215:Hawija
3129:Sirwan
3016:Choman
2983:Simele
2754:al-Faw
2707:Rusafa
2593:Hillah
2528:Ramadi
1199:22 May
1190:
700:desert
546:, and
444:Turkey
389:, the
370:Sinjar
366:Yazidi
356:, and
249:Kirkuk
245:Sinjar
197:Arabic
137:
3829:Badra
3756:Ranya
3716:Mawat
3706:Kifri
3696:Kalar
3686:Dokan
3583:Balad
3573:Baiji
3540:Hamza
3457:Mosul
3404:Najaf
3205:Dibis
3195:Daquq
3099:Byara
3076:Soran
3026:Erbil
2993:Zakho
2973:Duhok
2920:Kifri
2744:Basra
2692:Karkh
2538:Rawah
2327:Rudaw
1184:(PDF)
954:, by
902:(PDF)
846:1967)
775:Qalah
708:Mosul
685:Mosul
465:U.S.
374:qadha
346:Haran
342:Gozan
298:Ubaid
294:Halaf
261:Sunni
241:Mosul
3520:Afak
3374:Kufa
2953:Akre
2478:Anah
2457:Iraq
2406:TIME
2309:2016
2110:2010
1201:2015
1188:ISBN
939:2011
765:The
729:The
720:Kale
638:ISIS
344:and
296:and
265:Shia
237:Iraq
217:IPA:
140:Iraq
3849:Kut
2508:Hit
2455:of
1163:PBS
722:).
587:ISI
585:to
377:."
3887::
2670::
2396:.
2381:.
2325:.
2298:.
2273:.
2251:.
2232:.
2178:.
2160:.
2142:.
2100:.
2080:.
2061:.
2043:.
2011:.
1993:.
1946:.
1910:.
1892:.
1872:.
1853:.
1835:.
1815:.
1797:.
1777:.
1758:.
1740:.
1718:.
1700:.
1682:.
1653:.
1642:^
1630:.
1612:.
1594:.
1576:.
1558:.
1540:.
1522:.
1504:.
1486:.
1455:.
1437:.
1419:.
1401:.
1383:.
1365:.
1347:.
1329:.
1298:,
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