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similar groove upon the upper surface of the calcaneus, and forms, with it, a canal (sinus tarsi) filled up in the fresh state by the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament. The posterior calcaneal articular surface is large and of an oval or oblong form. It articulates with the corresponding facet on the upper surface of the calcaneus, and is deeply concave in the direction of its long axis which runs forward and lateralward at an angle of about 45° with the median plane of the body. The middle calcaneal articular surface is small, oval in form and slightly convex; it articulates with the upper surface of the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus.
386:
which guarantees the stability of the ankle joint. However, because the trochlea is wider in front than at the back (approximately 5–6 mm) the stability in the joint vary with the position of the foot: with the foot dorsiflexed (toes pulled upward) the ligaments of the joint are kept stretched, which guarantees the stability of the joint; but with the foot plantarflexed (as when standing on the toes) the narrower width of the trochlea causes the stability to decrease. Behind the trochlea is a posterior process with a medial and a lateral tubercle separated by a groove for the tendon of the
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posterior half of the lateral border of the trochlea and the posterior part of the base of the fibular articular surface is a triangular facet which comes into contact with the transverse inferior tibiofibular ligament during flexion of the ankle-joint; below the base of this facet is a groove which affords attachment to the posterior talofibular ligament.
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The posterior surface is narrow, and traversed by a groove running obliquely downward and medialward, and transmitting the tendon of the Flexor hallucis longus. Lateral to the groove is a prominent tubercle, the posterior process, to which the posterior talofibular ligament is attached; this process
385:
features several prominent articulate surfaces: On its superior side is the trochlea tali, which is semi-cylindrical, and it is flanked by the articulate facets for the two malleoli. The ankle mortise, the fork-like structure of the malleoli, holds these three articulate surfaces in a steady grip,
645:
In the theropod dinosaur lineage leading to birds, the astragalus gradually increases in size until it forms the entire proximal facet of the ankle articulation; additionally the anterior ascending process gradually extends increasingly proximally. In modern birds, the astragalus is fused with the
545:
Talus injuries may be difficult to recognize, and lateral process fractures in particular may be radiographically occult. If not recognized and managed appropriately, a talus fracture may result in complications and long-term morbidity. A 2015 review came to the conclusion that isolated talar body
495:
the inferior surface presents two articular areas, the posterior and middle calcaneal surfaces, separated from one another by a deep groove, the sulcus tali. The groove runs obliquely forward and lateralward, becoming gradually broader and deeper in front: in the articulated foot it lies above a
503:
The lateral surface carries a large triangular facet, concave from above downward, for articulation with the lateral malleolus; its anterior half is continuous above with the trochlea; and in front of it is a rough depression for the attachment of the anterior talofibular ligament. Between the
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541:
The talus bone lacks a good blood supply. Because of this, healing a broken talus can take longer than most other bones. One with a broken talus may not be able to walk for many months without crutches and will further wear a walking cast or boot of some kind after that.
499:
The medial surface presents at its upper part a pear-shaped articular facet for the medial malleolus, continuous above with the trochlea; below the articular surface is a rough depression for the attachment of the deep portion of the deltoid ligament of the
1065:
Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Butler, Richard J.; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Barrett, Paul M.; Stocker, Michelle R.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Sidor, Christian A.; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Sennikov, Andrey G.; Charig, Alan J. (April 2017).
1000:: "Accurately detecting, classifying, and managing talar injuries can be a challenging endeavor due to the unique anatomic characteristics of the talus and subtle radiographic findings of the injuries.", page 778.
553:
that is best visualised using CT imaging. In case a talus fracture is accompanied by a dislocation, restoration of articular and axial alignment is necessary to optimize ankle and hindfoot function.
400:. On the bone's inferior side, three articular surfaces serve for the articulation with the calcaneus, and several variously developed articular surfaces exist for the articulation with ligaments.
642:, the hinge of the ankle instead is distal to the two tarsals. Far rarer are archosaurs with a "croc-reversed" ankle joint, in which the calcaneus bears a peg whilst the astragalus bears a socket.
747:
492:. The trochlea is broader in front than behind, convex from before backward, slightly concave from side to side: in front it is continuous with the upper surface of the neck of the bone.
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630:, and the hinge of the ankle joint runs between the two tarsals; this condition is referred to as "croc-normal"; this "croc-normal" condition was likely ancestral for
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Its upper and medial surfaces are rough, for the attachment of ligaments; its lateral surface is concave and is continuous below with the deep groove for the
125:
1920:
970:
Melenevsky Y, Mackey RA, Abrahams RB, Thomson NB (2015). "Talar
Fractures and Dislocations: A Radiologist's Guide to Timely Diagnosis and Classification".
817:
Melenevsky Y, Mackey RA, Abrahams RB, Thomson NB (2015). "Talar
Fractures and Dislocations: A Radiologist's Guide to Timely Diagnosis and Classification".
441:, named the anterior calcaneal articular surface, is somewhat flattened, and articulates with the facet on the upper surface of the anterior part of the
1360:
484:
comprises most of the volume of the talus bone (ankle bone). It presents with five surfaces; a superior, inferior, medial, lateral and a posterior:
605:, lying in the mid-part of the tarsus. These bones are still partially separate in modern amphibians, which therefore do not have a true talus.
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612:, where the distal surface of the bone has a smooth keel to allow greater freedom of movement of the foot, and thus increase running speed.
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articular or navicular surface is large, oval, and convex. Its inferior surface has two facets, which are best seen in the fresh condition.
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In humans, no muscles attach to the talus, unlike most bones, and its position therefore depends on the position of the neighbouring bones.
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Dice were originally made from the talus of hoofed animals, leading to the nickname "bones" for dice. Colloquially known as "
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The talus forms a considerably more flexible joint in mammals than it does in reptiles. This reaches its greatest extent in
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The superior surface of the body presents, behind, a smooth trochlear surface, the trochlea, for articulation with the
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308:; it is also one of the bones in the human body with the highest percentage of its surface area covered by articular
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is directed anteromedially, and comprises the constricted portion of the bone between the body and the oval head.
433:, situated in front of the middle calcaneal facet, is convex, triangular, or semi-oval in shape, and rests on the
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The talus apparently derives from the fusion of three separate bones in the feet of primitive amphibians; the
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Anatomy of the talus by
Maurice Laude, Laboratory of Anatomy and Organogenesis, Amiens Medical School
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For descriptive purposes the talus bone is divided into three sections, neck, body, and head.
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Avian evolution : the fossil record of birds and its paleobiological significance
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Knowledge articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
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with the talus. At the foot end, within the tarsus, the talus articulates with the
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From left to right: Fracture of the neck, body and posterior process of the talus
390:. Exceptionally, the lateral of these tubercles forms an independent bone called
378:, the roughened area between the body and the head, has small vascular channels.
89:
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Left talus, from above and below, with anterior side of the bone at top of image
255:
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2017:
1970:
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1068:"The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan"
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1013:
Mongolian music, dance and oral narrative : performing diverse identities
626:, the astragalus bears a peg which inserts into a corresponding socket on the
533:
258:. It transmits the entire weight of the body from the lower legs to the foot.
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is sometimes separated from the rest of the talus, and is then known as the
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Parentheses denote bones that receive a different name in particular clades
1180:"Ornithosuchidae: a group of Triassic archosaurs with a unique ankle joint"
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991:
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356:
17:
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1936:
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Vallier HA (September 2015). "Fractures of the Talus: State of the Art".
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570:
367:
Though irregular in shape, the talus can be subdivided into three parts.
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2012:
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Bojsen-Møller, Finn; Simonsen, Erik B.; Tranum-Jensen, Jørgen (2001).
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860:] (in Danish) (12th ed.). Munksgaard Danmark. p. 301.
138:
1322:
Thieme Atlas of
Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System
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332:
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1997:
1949:
1617:
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355:
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Italics denote neomorphic bones present only in particular clades
56:
Subtalar Joint, viewed from an angle between lateral and frontal.
2636:
2529:
1929:
1763:
1417:
1372:
at The
Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (
411:
The talus bone of the ankle joint connects the leg to the foot.
247:
2442:
1947:
1902:
1390:
1044:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 207.
374:
carries the articulate surface of the navicular bone, and the
293:
bone in front; together, these foot articulations form the
231:
225:
204:
171:
165:
525:
month an ossification center is formed in the anklebone.
222:
219:
619:, the talus is generally referred to as the astragalus.
748:
Mosby's
Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary
1300:
Color Atlas of Human
Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System
546:
fractures may be more common than previously thought.
3109:
750:, Fourth Edition, Mosby-Year Book Inc., 1994, p. 1526
234:
210:
174:
1133:"Does Archosaur Phylogeny Hinge on the Ankle Joint?"
675:
Lateral view of the human ankle, including the talus
512:. Medial to the groove is a second smaller tubercle.
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1040:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
207:
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95:
83:
71:
66:
61:
32:
581:, with each piece relating to a symbolic meaning.
1178:Baczko, M. Belén von; Ezcurra, Martín D. (2013).
1184:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
781:from the original on 2021-11-20 – via the
261:The talus has joints with the two bones of the
922:
920:
1914:
1402:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
8:
1016:. : Univ. of Washington Press. p. 233.
812:
810:
273:. These leg bones have two prominences (the
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908:
906:
904:
902:
725:, sheep or goat talus bones used for gaming
27:One of the foot bones that forms the tarsus
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2861:
2716:
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2642:
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2439:
2185:(Supraoccipital+Exoccipital+Basioccipital)
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1966:
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394:or accessory talus; it may represent the
254:. The tarsus forms the lower part of the
713:, a form of divination using talus bones
3116:
882:Radiology of skeletal trauma - Volume 2
740:
653:
476:Talus in red, showing surrounding bones
304:The talus is the second largest of the
289:(heel bone) below, and with the curved
1278:This article incorporates text in the
136:
29:
1358:Fractures of the Talus at mdmercy.com
1035:
1033:
597:, between the bases of the tibia and
7:
2988:) (Tibiale+Intermedium+Centrale 3+4)
858:Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus
549:A fractured talar body often has a
462:interosseous talocalcaneal ligament
183:
1382:Illustration at orthoinfo.aaos.org
1137:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
435:plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
25:
2209:(Squamosal+Petrosal+Ectotympanic)
182:; Latin for ankle or ankle bone;
3119:
1272:
1235:Mayr, Gerald (31 October 2016).
692:
680:
668:
656:
340:
331:
200:
155:
646:tibia to form the tibiotarsus.
593:, articulating with tibia, the
1149:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011083
1:
929:Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma
719:, a dice game using astragali
638:(including modern birds) and
397:tarsale proximale intermedium
941:10.1097/BOT.0000000000000378
2197:(Parasphenoid+Basisphenoid)
1286:of the 20th edition of
699:Left talus, lateral surface
565:", these are approximately
299:talocalcaneonavicular joint
3178:
687:Left talus, medial surface
3093:
3011:
2765:
2449:
2438:
2278:
1956:
1943:
1241:. John Wiley & Sons.
763:; Short, Charles (1879).
131:
49:
44:Anatomy of the right foot
37:
2191:(Exoccipital+Opisthotic)
1298:Platzer, Werner (2004).
1131:Dyke, Gareth J. (1998).
854:Bevægeapparatets anatomi
573:still use such bones as
133:Anatomical terms of bone
3152:Bones of the lower limb
1486:intertrochanteric crest
894:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy
370:Facing anteriorly, the
246:is one of the group of
2952:Intermediate cuneiform
2098:(Postparietal+Tabular)
1518:intertrochanteric line
1481:intertrochanteric line
538:
521:During the 7th to 8th
477:
388:flexor hallucis longus
364:
1010:Pegg, Carole (2001).
984:10.1148/rg.2015140156
914:Gray's Anatomy (1918)
880:Lee F. Rogers (1992)
831:10.1148/rg.2015140156
804:Platzer (2004), p 216
663:Talus - inferior view
536:
475:
359:
2444:Postcranial skeleton
2203:(Prootic+Opisthotic)
1702:Posterior colliculus
78:os talus, astragalus
3000:(Distal tarsal 4+5)
1697:Anterior colliculus
1604:intercondylar fossa
1375:posterioranklejoint
1084:10.1038/nature22037
1042:The Vertebrate Body
2482:Cervical vertebrae
1791:calcaneal tubercle
1786:sustentaculum tali
1655:intercondylar area
1536:gluteal tuberosity
1523:upper intermediate
1464:greater trochanter
1363:2011-07-14 at the
1351:2012-10-28 at the
770:A Latin Dictionary
761:Lewis, Charlton T.
539:
478:
418:looks forward and
365:
3157:Bones of the foot
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2975:Composite tarsals
2959:Lateral cuneiform
2957:Distal tarsal 3 (
2950:Distal tarsal 2 (
2943:Distal tarsal 1 (
2792:
2791:
2788:
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2761:
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2747:Distal carpal 4 (
2740:Distal carpal 3 (
2733:Distal carpal 2 (
2726:Distal carpal 1 (
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1731:lateral malleolus
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1560:adductor tubercle
1491:quadrate tubercle
1476:lesser trochanter
1248:978-1-119-02076-9
1078:(7651): 484–487.
867:978-87-628-0307-7
650:Additional images
482:body of the talus
147:
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142:
16:(Redirected from
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2945:Medial cuneiform
2883:Proximal tarsals
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2689:Lateral centrale
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2497:Caudal vertebrae
2487:Dorsal vertebrae
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2195:Parabasisphenoid
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1967:
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1692:medial malleolus
1633:Gerdy's tubercle
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1565:patellar surface
1540:third trochanter
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1324:. Thieme. 2006.
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1302:(5th ed.).
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815:
808:
803:
790:
783:Perseus Project
775:Clarendon Press
759:
758:
754:
746:
742:
737:
707:
700:
697:
688:
685:
676:
673:
664:
661:
652:
603:fourth centrale
587:
579:fortune-telling
559:
531:
519:
470:
451:
409:
354:
353:
352:
351:
347:
346:
345:
337:
336:
325:
295:ball-and-socket
279:medial malleoli
203:
199:
158:
154:
143:
57:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3175:
3173:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2994:(Centrale 1+2)
2989:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2940:
2938:
2937:Distal tarsals
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2877:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2721:
2720:Distal carpals
2714:
2713:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2686:
2681:
2671:
2660:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2575:
2573:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2457:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2339:
2328:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2305:Sclerotic ring
2302:
2300:Extracolumella
2297:
2290:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2170:
2169:
2167:Supraoccipital
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2147:Orbitosphenoid
2144:
2139:
2137:Laterosphenoid
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2090:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1940:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1777:
1775:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1529:
1527:pectineal line
1520:
1516:: merges with
1505:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1443:
1441:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1341:
1340:External links
1338:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1318:
1312:
1289:Gray's Anatomy
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1247:
1227:
1190:(1): 187–202.
1170:
1143:(3): 558–562.
1123:
1057:
1050:
1029:
1022:
1002:
962:
916:
898:
886:
873:
866:
844:
806:
788:
752:
739:
738:
736:
733:
732:
731:
726:
720:
714:
711:Astragalomancy
706:
703:
702:
701:
698:
691:
689:
686:
679:
677:
674:
667:
665:
662:
655:
651:
648:
615:In non-mammal
586:
583:
577:for games and
558:
555:
530:
527:
518:
515:
514:
513:
505:
501:
497:
493:
469:
466:
450:
447:
408:
405:
349:
348:
339:
338:
330:
329:
328:
327:
326:
324:
321:
145:
144:
135:
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3174:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:Miscellaneous
3045:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3010:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2821:Epipubic bone
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2798:Pelvic girdle
2795:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:Radius (bone)
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:Interclavicle
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2520:Haemal arches
2518:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2437:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2310:Wormian bones
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:Ectopterygoid
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:Basioccipital
2115:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2097:
2096:Interparietal
2094:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2075:Supratemporal
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2053:Quadratojugal
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1992:Intertemporal
1989:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1709:fibular notch
1707:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:upper lateral
1530:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1331:1-58890-419-9
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1313:3-13-533305-1
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1280:public domain
1267:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1051:0-03-910284-X
1047:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:9780295981123
1019:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1003:
999:
993:
989:
985:
981:
978:(3): 765–79.
977:
973:
972:Radiographics
966:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
935:(9): 385–92.
934:
930:
923:
921:
917:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
899:
896:(2006), p 406
895:
890:
887:
883:
877:
874:
869:
863:
859:
855:
848:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
825:(3): 765–79.
824:
820:
819:Radiographics
813:
811:
807:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
771:
766:
762:
756:
753:
749:
744:
741:
734:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
708:
704:
695:
690:
683:
678:
671:
666:
659:
654:
649:
647:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
613:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
584:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
556:
554:
552:
547:
543:
535:
528:
526:
524:
516:
511:
506:
502:
498:
494:
491:
487:
486:
485:
483:
474:
467:
465:
463:
458:
456:
455:neck of talus
448:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
416:head of talus
412:
406:
404:
401:
399:
398:
393:
389:
384:
379:
377:
373:
368:
362:
358:
343:
334:
322:
320:
317:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
250:known as the
249:
245:
239:
197:
193:
189:
179:
152:
140:
134:
130:
127:
124:
122:
118:
115:
112:
110:
106:
103:
100:
98:
94:
91:
88:
86:
82:
79:
76:
74:
70:
65:
60:
53:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3162:Tarsal bones
3059:
3053:
2985:
2853:
2708:
2562:Appendicular
2538:Cervical rib
2509:
2502:
2422:Tympanohyoid
2366:
2362:Prearticular
2336:Ectotympanic
2294:Entotympanic
2292:
2247:
2233:Epipterygoid
2162:Sphenethmoid
2152:Parasphenoid
2122:Basisphenoid
2065:Septomaxilla
2057:
2038:Postparietal
1990:
1983:
1823:intermediate
1797:
1637:
1586:
1569:
1531:
1522:
1514:upper medial
1513:
1509:linea aspera
1373:
1321:
1299:
1291:
1277:
1271:
1237:
1230:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1075:
1071:
1060:
1041:
1012:
1005:
997:
975:
971:
965:
932:
928:
893:
889:
876:
857:
853:
847:
822:
818:
768:
755:
743:
717:Knucklebones
644:
621:
614:
610:artiodactyls
607:
602:
594:
590:
588:
563:knucklebones
560:
551:displacement
548:
544:
540:
523:intrauterine
520:
500:ankle-joint.
481:
479:
459:
454:
452:
428:
415:
413:
410:
402:
396:
382:
380:
375:
371:
369:
366:
318:
306:tarsal bones
303:
269:and thinner
260:
243:
195:
191:
187:
150:
148:
102:A02.5.10.001
77:
2895:Intermedium
2684:Intermedium
2402:Ceratohyoid
2237:Alisphenoid
2189:Otoccipital
2132:Exoccipital
2033:Postorbital
2028:Postfrontal
1840:Metatarsals
1676:soleal line
1570:epicondyles
1205:11336/41617
1093:11336/49585
595:intermedium
567:tetrahedral
517:Development
510:os trigonum
392:os trigonum
361:Os trigonum
256:ankle joint
67:Identifiers
18:Talus bones
3136:Categories
3077:Osteoderms
3016:Metatarsal
2982:Astragalus
2929:Centrale 4
2926:Centrale 3
2923:Centrale 2
2920:Centrale 1
2770:Metacarpal
2678:Triquetral
2548:Caudal rib
2543:Dorsal rib
2417:Thyrohyoid
2412:Stylohyoid
2379:Surangular
2368:Predentary
2142:Opisthotic
2048:Premaxilla
2043:Prefrontal
1985:Internasal
1971:Skull roof
1671:tuberosity
1268:References
998:Conclusion
974:(Review).
931:(Review).
821:(Review).
640:pterosaurs
632:archosaurs
624:crocodiles
622:In modern
601:, and the
571:Mongolians
420:medialward
283:articulate
248:foot bones
244:ankle bone
196:astragalus
192:talus bone
33:Talus bone
3067:Gastralia
3061:Baubellum
3021:Phalanges
2992:Navicular
2914:Centralia
2904:Calcaneum
2775:Phalanges
2735:Trapezoid
2728:Trapezium
2589:Cleithrum
2511:Pygostyle
2464:Vertebrae
2397:Basihyoid
2342:Articular
2283:Columella
2255:Pterygoid
2183:Occipital
2110:Braincase
2070:Squamosal
2002:Zygomatic
1884:Phalanges
1813:cuneiform
1803:navicular
1781:calcaneus
1422:human leg
1257:950901952
1222:130687362
1214:0305-8719
1157:0272-4634
1102:1476-4687
636:dinosaurs
628:calcaneum
569:. Modern
443:calcaneus
323:In humans
310:cartilage
291:navicular
287:calcaneus
263:lower leg
2900:Fibulare
2831:Hindlimb
2742:Capitate
2704:Pisiform
2668:Scaphoid
2619:Forelimb
2594:Coracoid
2579:Clavicle
2407:Epihyoid
2374:Splenial
2352:Coronoid
2324:Mandible
2260:Quadrate
2249:Prevomer
2243:Palatine
2207:Temporal
2201:Petrosal
2023:Parietal
2008:Lacrimal
1937:skeleton
1934:tetrapod
1638:condyles
1587:condyles
1538: /
1370:lljoints
1361:Archived
1349:Archived
1284:page 266
1110:28405026
996:Section
992:25969933
949:26299809
839:25969933
779:Archived
705:See also
617:amniotes
529:Fracture
424:anterior
363:on X-ray
297:-shaped
3126:Anatomy
3055:Baculum
2890:Tibiale
2855:Patella
2806:Ischium
2710:Pteroid
2664:Radiale
2627:Humerus
2609:Sternum
2604:Scapula
2583:Furcula
2357:Dentary
2346:Malleus
2332:Angular
2157:Prootic
2127:Ethmoid
2080:Tabular
2059:Rostral
2013:Maxilla
1979:Frontal
1962:Cranium
1932:in the
1828:lateral
1747:patella
1643:lateral
1592:lateral
1575:lateral
1420:of the
1165:4523927
1118:9095072
957:2532534
765:"tālus"
591:tibiale
557:As dice
439:lateral
281:) that
275:lateral
90:D013628
62:Details
3112:Portal
3026:Ungual
2998:Cuboid
2875:Tarsus
2849:Fibula
2780:Ungual
2749:Hamate
2693:Lunate
2674:Ulnare
2656:Carpus
2504:Coccyx
2492:Sacrum
2287:Stapes
2221:Palate
1818:medial
1808:cuboid
1773:Tarsus
1723:Fibula
1648:medial
1597:medial
1580:medial
1328:
1310:
1304:Thieme
1292:(1918)
1255:
1245:
1220:
1212:
1163:
1155:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1072:Nature
1048:
1020:
990:
955:
947:
884:p.1463
864:
837:
723:Shagai
599:fibula
575:shagai
437:; the
431:medial
422:; its
314:distal
271:fibula
265:, the
252:tarsus
242:), or
2986:Talus
2844:Tibia
2839:Femur
2816:Pubis
2811:Ilium
2647:Manus
2472:Atlas
2455:Axial
2389:Hyoid
2270:Vomer
2264:Incus
2018:Nasal
1998:Jugal
1950:Skull
1930:Bones
1877:Other
1798:talus
1740:Other
1664:shaft
1618:Tibia
1501:shaft
1469:fossa
1452:fovea
1430:Femur
1418:Bones
1282:from
1218:S2CID
1161:JSTOR
1114:S2CID
953:S2CID
856:[
735:Notes
634:. In
490:tibia
316:end.
267:tibia
151:talus
137:[
73:Latin
2637:Ulna
2530:Ribs
2477:Axis
1764:Foot
1752:apex
1459:neck
1447:head
1326:ISBN
1308:ISBN
1253:OCLC
1243:ISBN
1210:ISSN
1153:ISSN
1106:PMID
1098:ISSN
1046:ISBN
1018:ISBN
988:PMID
945:PMID
862:ISBN
835:PMID
480:The
468:Body
453:The
449:Neck
429:The
414:The
407:Head
383:body
381:The
376:neck
372:head
277:and
188:tali
149:The
126:9708
114:1448
97:TA98
85:MeSH
2866:Pes
1868:5th
1863:4th
1858:3rd
1853:2nd
1848:1st
1200:hdl
1192:doi
1188:379
1145:doi
1088:hdl
1080:doi
1076:544
980:doi
937:doi
827:doi
190:),
184:pl.
121:FMA
109:TA2
3138::
1534::
1525::
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1251:.
1216:.
1208:.
1198:.
1186:.
1182:.
1159:.
1151:.
1141:18
1139:.
1135:.
1112:.
1104:.
1096:.
1086:.
1074:.
1070:.
1032:^
986:.
976:35
951:.
943:.
933:29
919:^
901:^
833:.
823:35
809:^
791:^
777:.
773:.
767:.
464:.
445:.
301:.
194:,
186::
166:eɪ
3114::
3058:/
2984:(
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2954:)
2947:)
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2730:)
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2691:(
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2676:(
2670:)
2666:(
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1915:t
1908:v
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994:.
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959:.
939::
870:.
841:.
829::
785:.
238:/
235:s
232:ə
229:l
226:ə
223:ɡ
220:æ
217:r
214:t
211:s
208:ˈ
205:ə
202:/
198:(
178:/
175:s
172:ə
169:l
163:t
160:ˈ
157:/
153:(
141:]
20:)
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