36:
485:, it is claimed that Tancharison uttered the French words, "Tu n'es pas encore mort, mon père!" (Thou art not yet dead, my father), then sank his tomahawk in Jumonville's skull, washed his hands with the brains, "and scalped him," but not before eating a portion of Jumonville's brain. Only one of the wounded French soldiers was not killed and scalped among a total of ten dead, 21 captured, and one missing, a man named Monceau who had wandered off to relieve himself that morning.
458:. There he tried to return the wampum to Saint-Pierre, "who evaded taking it, & made many fair Promises of Love & Friendship; said he wanted to live in Peace & trade amicably with them; as a Proof of which, he wou’d send some Goods immediately down to the Logstown for them." The French refused to vacate, however, and to Washington's great consternation, they tried to court Tanacharison as an ally. Although fond of their brandy, he remained a strong
443:. Joncaire's first reaction, on learning of this double cross, was to mutter of Tanacharison, "He is more English than the English." But Joncaire masked his anger and insisted that Tanacharison join him in a series of toasts. By the time the keg was empty, Tanacharison was too drunk to hand back the wampum.
545:
Brethren, it is a great while since our brother, the Buck (meaning Mr. George
Croghan) has been doing business between us, & our brother of Pennsylvania, but we understand he does not intend to do any more, so I now inform you that he is approv'd of by our Council at Onondago, for we sent to them
465:
Tanacharison had requested that the
British construct a "strong house" at the Forks of the Ohio and early in 1754 he placed the first log of an Ohio Company stockade there, railing against the French when they captured it. He was camped at Half King's Rock on May 27, 1754 when he learned of a nearby
488:
Monceau witnessed the French surrender before walking barefoot to the
Monongahela River and paddling down it to report to Contrecoeur, commanding at Fort Duquesne. Tanacharison sent a messenger to Contrecoeur the following day with news that the British had shot Jumonville and, but for the Indians,
540:
permission to build the fort. Tanacharison's introduction of
Croghan to the Virginia commissioners suggests that Croghan organized and led the 1748 Ohio Indian Confederation, which appointed Croghan as the colony's representative in negotiations, and that Pennsylvania recognized as independent of
409:
with other tribes, and to act as spokesman to the
British on their behalf. However, some modern historians have doubted this interpretation, asserting that Tanacharison was merely a village leader, whose actual authority extended no further than his own village. In this view, the title "half king"
532:
and
Pennsylvania planned to build a stone fort, but Croghan realized that his deeds would be invalid if in Pennsylvania, and had Andrew Montour testify before the Assembly in 1751 that the Indians did not want the fort and that it had all been Croghan's idea, scuttling the project.
434:
to travel to the French outposts and demand that the French vacate the Ohio
Country. On his journey, Washington's party stopped at Logstown to ask Tanacharison to accompany them as a guide and as a "spokesman" for the Ohio Indians. Tanacharison agreed to return the symbolic
500:, his hastily erected stockade at the Great Meadows. Tanacharison scornfully called the fort "that little thing upon the meadow" and complained that Washington would not listen to advice, and that Washington treated the Indians like slaves. He and another Seneca leader,
470:(near Uniontown). Washington immediately ordered 40 men to join Tanacharison and at sunset followed with a second group, seven of whom got lost in heavy rain that night. It was dawn on May 28 before Washington reached the Half King's Rock.
394:, where he was referred to as "Thonariss, called by the English the half King". At this treaty, he spoke on behalf of the Six Nations' Grand Council, but also made clear that the council's ratification was required, in accordance with the
546:
to let them know how he has helped us in our councils here and to let you & him know that he is one of our people and shall help us still & be one of our council, I deliver him this string of wampum.
528:. Tanacharison had been "one of the sachems who had confirmed Croghan in his land grant of 1749," 200,000 acres minus about two square miles at the Forks of the Ohio for a British fort.
410:
was probably a
British invention, and his "subsequent lofty historical role as a Six Nations 'regent' or 'viceroy' in the Ohio Country was the product of later generations of scholars."
1003:
524:
Tanacharison had a long relationship with George
Croghan, a fur trader, interpreter, and diplomat among the Native Americans who had been appointed a member of the Iroquois'
505:
1013:
998:
854:
466:
French encampment and sent word urging an attack to
Washington at the Great Meadows, about five miles (8 km) east of Chestnut Ridge in what is now
489:
would have killed all the French. A third (and more accurate) account of the Jumonville Glen encounter was told to Jumonville's half-brother, Captain
570:
Shortly after the battle of Jumonville Glen, Tanacharison moved his people and the old queen Aliquippa east to Croghan's Aughwick plantation in the
427:
330:, a title also used to describe several other historically important Native American leaders. His name has been spelled in a variety of ways.
894:
315:
440:
928:
873:
832:
809:
785:
473:
After a hurried war council, the English and Tanacharison's eight or nine warriors set off to surround and attack the French in the
447:
79:
57:
550:
The Ohio Company fort was surrendered to the French by Croghan's half-brother, Edward Ward, and commanded by his business partner,
1008:
952:
554:. The role of Croghan (who was Pittsburgh's president judge for Virginia and chairman of Pittsburgh's Committee of Safety after
418:
In 1753, the French began the military occupation of the Ohio Country, driving out British traders and constructing a series of
695:
vol. 1, 11 March 1748 – 13 November 1765, ed. Donald Jackson. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976, pp. 130–161.
610:
Including Tenachrisan, Deanaghrison, Tanahisson, Thanayieson, Tannghrishon, Tanareeço, Thonariso, Thonariss, and Johonerissa.
401:
According to the traditional interpretation, the Grand Council had named Tanacharison as leader or "half-king" (a sort of
354:. He would later claim that the French boiled and ate his father. His early years were spent on the southeastern shore of
467:
691:
George Washington, "Journey to the French Commandant: Narrative," Founders Online, National Archives. Original source:
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George Washington and the Half-King Chief Tanacharison: An Alliance That Began the French and Indian War
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583:
319:
160:
141:
390:,' and Tanacharison emerged as a Mingo leader at this time. He also represented the Six Nations at the
993:
842:
508:. Outnumbered and with supplies running low, Washington surrendered the fort, later blaming Captains
493:, by a deserter at the mouth of Redstone Creek during his expedition to avenge his brother's murder.
351:
395:
777:
Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766
912:. Vol. 13. Richmond, Virginia: House of the Virginia Historical Society. pp. 143–174.
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378:), a multi-ethnic village about 20 miles (30 kilometers) downstream from the forks of the
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The middle ground: Indians, empires, and republics in the Great Lakes region, 1650-1815
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Little is known of Tanacharison's early life. He may have been born into the
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406:
355:
346:. As a child, he was taken captive by the French and later adopted into the
17:
558:) remains uncertain, since Croghan was later declared a traitor by General
590:). He would take no active part in the remainder of the war and died of
391:
371:
578:. There Tanacharison became seriously ill and was taken to the farm of
402:
436:
370:
Tanacharison first appears in historical records in 1747, living in
865:
A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples, 1724-1774
536:
In 1752, Croghan was on the Indian council that granted Virginia's
387:
419:
306:
270:
222:
29:
823:
Great North American Indians: Profiles in Life and Leadership
496:
Washington was without Indian allies on July 3, 1754 at the
422:. British colonies, however, also claimed the Ohio Country.
889:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc.
801:
The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin
291:
288:
252:
207:
204:
201:
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on October 4, 1754. Aliquippa died on December 23, 1754.
477:, who quickly surrendered. The French commander, Ensign
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leader who played a pivotal role in the beginning of the
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923:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
868:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
446:Tanacharison traveled with Washington to meet with
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135:
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117:
105:
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820:
956:. Vol. III (1741–1770) (online ed.).
516:for "involving the country in great calamity".
230:; c. 1700 – 4 October 1754), also called
1004:Indigenous people of the French and Indian War
8:
851:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico
483:several disputed and contradictory accounts
910:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
753:
741:
729:
717:
642:
91:
666:
382:. Those Iroquois who had migrated to the
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1014:Native American people from Pennsylvania
705:
630:
43:This article includes a list of general
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638:
623:
603:
678:
999:Deaths from pneumonia in Pennsylvania
634:
7:
439:he had received from French captain
920:George Croghan: Wilderness Diplomat
481:, was among the wounded. In one of
441:Philippe-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire
342:tribe about 1700 near what is now
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
950:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
906:"The Treaty of Logg's Town, 1752"
819:Dockstader, Frederick J. (1977).
693:The Diaries of George Washington,
448:Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
953:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
917:Wainwright, Nicholas B. (1959).
350:, one of the Six Nations of the
236:
185:
34:
428:lieutenant governor of Virginia
862:McConnell, Michael N. (1992).
562:and exiled from the frontier.
1:
396:Iroquois system of government
904:Stanard, William G. (1906).
855:Government Publishing Office
504:, had taken their people to
468:Fayette County, Pennsylvania
958:University of Toronto Press
946:Hunter, William A. (1974).
479:Joseph Coulon de Jumonville
1040:
883:Misencik, Paul R. (2014).
576:Shirleysburg, Pennsylvania
450:, the French commander of
966:General George Washington
827:. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
520:Relationship with Croghan
475:Battle of Jumonville Glen
386:were generally known as '
174:
113:
101:
588:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
498:battle of Fort Necessity
491:Louis Coulon de Villiers
148:Cause of death
27:Seneca chief (1700–1754)
1009:Native American leaders
456:Waterford, Pennsylvania
392:1752 Treaty of Logstown
358:in what is now western
64:more precise citations.
548:
376:Ambridge, Pennsylvania
843:Hodge, Frederick Webb
584:Paxtang, Pennsylvania
543:
414:French and Indian War
320:French and Indian War
161:French and Indian War
142:Paxtang, Pennsylvania
853:. Washington, D.C.:
352:Iroquois Confederacy
681:, pp. 230–231.
964:Lengel, Edward G.
586:(near present-day
324:European-Americans
322:. He was known to
896:978-0-7864-7950-4
780:. Vintage Books.
756:, pp. 49–50.
432:George Washington
366:Becoming a leader
344:Buffalo, New York
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130:Buffalo, New York
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16:(Redirected from
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971:White, Richard.
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643:Dockstader 1977
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572:Aughwick Valley
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502:Queen Aliquippa
454:in what is now
430:, sent a young
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316:Native American
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139:October 7, 1754
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667:McConnell 1992
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744:, p. 43.
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732:, p. 49.
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720:, p. 65.
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706:Anderson 2001
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631:Misencik 2014
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574:near present
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556:Pontiac's War
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552:William Trent
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70:December 2010
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1024:Mingo people
989:1700s births
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764:Bibliography
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713:
708:, p. 6.
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686:
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655:Stanard 1906
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639:Stanard 1906
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538:Ohio Company
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417:
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384:Ohio Country
369:
348:Seneca tribe
337:
327:
232:Tanaghrisson
231:
181:Tanacharison
180:
179:
107:Seneca tribe
96:Tanacharison
76:
67:
48:
18:Tanaghrisson
994:1754 deaths
847:"Half King"
679:Brands 2002
580:John Harris
560:Edward Hand
530:Thomas Penn
506:Wills Creek
460:francophobe
62:introducing
983:Categories
635:Hodge 1907
618:References
380:Ohio River
334:Early life
45:references
592:pneumonia
566:Last days
407:diplomacy
356:Lake Erie
328:Half-King
314:), was a
170:Half-King
156:Known for
151:pneumonia
845:(1907).
798:(2002).
774:(2001).
372:Logstown
360:New York
167:Nickname
403:viceroy
362:state.
340:Catawba
326:as the
126:c. 1700
58:improve
975:(1991)
968:(2005)
927:
893:
872:
831:
808:
784:
437:wampum
426:, the
388:Mingos
109:leader
47:, but
598:Notes
420:forts
128:Near
925:ISBN
891:ISBN
870:ISBN
829:ISBN
806:ISBN
782:ISBN
512:and
136:Died
123:Born
582:at
985::
908:.
849:.
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307:ən
271:ən
223:ən
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234:(
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211:ˈ
208:ə
205:x
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199:n
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187:/
183:(
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
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