770:
978:) on the 8th and transferred to Tangier on the 10th. Balafrej insisted that, while the abolition of the international status was a matter of negotiation with the foreign powers represented in the Committee of Control (namely Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, the UK, and the United States), the future arrangements were not and would be decided solely by the Moroccan authorities. The resulting protocol signed on 29 October 1956 returned Tangier to full Moroccan sovereignty with immediate effect, while the operation of its international institutions was extended for practical purposes only until the end of 1956.
758:
420:
739:
727:
800:
99:
85:
301:
785:
833:
1257:
812:
1013:
1021:
2933:
1001:
435:
1032:
330:
1229:
some cases, the senior management of a
Tangier bank would not even know who the bank's owners were. One author wrote that "the authorities of Tangier had pushed to an unequaled degree of perfection the art of non-governing by reciprocal annulment of rival sovereignties. They took care, better than elsewhere, of the rigorous application of an almost total non-taxation".
923:
on 3 November 1940, triggering a diplomatic dispute between
Britain and Spain that led to a further guarantee of British rights and a Spanish promise not to fortify the area. Tangier was effectively annexed to the Spanish Protectorate of Morocco on 23 November 1940. In May 1944, Franco expelled all German diplomats from the Zone.
876:, then estranged from the international system. It was ratified by Belgium (on 6 December 1924), Sweden, the Netherlands (on 5 October 1925), and eventually by Portugal (on 28 January 1926), putting an end to an awkward early period during which the Committee of Control practically could not reach a quorum.
1228:
took off in the postwar period. In 1950, there were 85 banks in
Tangier, up from 4 in 1900 and 15 in 1939. Its practice of banking secrecy was extreme, with effectively no bank licensing, no prudential supervision, no accounting obligations, and no transparency whatsoever about a bank's ownership. In
1122:
that previously exercised jurisdiction there. From the start, the Mixed Courts were considered a unique experiment given their international setup. The applicable law was a blend of French and
Spanish codes, depending on the specific matter, and the Courts' official languages were French and Spanish.
944:
A new status was eventually negotiated from August 1952 and finalized on 10 November 1952, with two documents: a protocol amending the Anglo-French
Agreement of 31 August 1945 on various aspects of the Zone's administration, signed and subsequently ratified by Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands,
940:
From then on, the U.S. participated in the
Committee of Control and appointed a judge to the Mixed Courts. The Soviet Union soon relinquished interest in Tangier, however, which allowed Spain to participate again in the international framework albeit without positions in the administration, and Italy
884:
Italy's demand to join the international framework on a par with the signatories of the Paris
Convention was supported by Spain from 1926, then by the UK, and a new conference eventually started in Paris in March 1928. The new protocol, amending the previous Paris Convention of 1923, was signed there
880:
had declined to ratify the Paris
Convention as it insisted on equal status as a "great Mediterranean power" and was offended about not having been invited to the negotiation in Paris; the United States, meanwhile, preferred to keep their freedom of action. Both consequently kept their nationals under
627:
municipal council, with members appointed by the foreign diplomats but also the Sultan and prominent local residents. The
Hygiene Commission was chaired by the foreign envoys, on three-months turns with succession based on alphabetical order of nationality. Its leading executive was the vice chair, a
1097:
The zone's legislature was the
International Legislative Assembly, which retained some features of the prior Hygiene Commission. It was chaired by the Mendoub and supervised by the Committee of Control. The assembly's membership was set as follows: 4 French, 4 Spanish, 3 British, 2 Italians (3 after
1205:
The initial economic effect of the creation of the International Zone was sharply negative, because the Spanish protectorate authorities discouraged commerce with it and thus Tangier lost most of its traditional hinterland. Tangier had handled nineteen percent of Morocco's imports in 1906, but only
1117:
Judicial power over the Zone's residents from the participating powers resided in the Mixed Courts. Under the initial Paris Convention of 1923, these had four judges (two British, one French and one Spanish), expanded in 1928 to five, respectively appointed by the Belgian, British, Spanish, French,
922:
publicly considered the occupation a temporary protection measure, occasionally presented as a way to shield Tangier against the risk of German or Italian invasion and thus safeguard Tangier's neutrality. The Zone's key institutions, the Committee of Control and Legislative Assembly, were abolished
847:
in 1922, followed by a preparatory conference in London in June 1923, and a follow-up conference in Paris that started in October and concluded with a convention signed by France, Spain and the UK on 18 December 1923, ignoring Italy's stated wish to participate as well. Under that Paris Convention,
1130:
The Mixed Courts were only one component of Tangier's complex system of jurisdictions. Cases pertaining exclusively to the Muslim and Jewish communities were handled by the Court of the Mendoub and the respective Islamic and Rabbinical jurisdictions under the Mendoub's authority. American citizens
931:
A quadripartite conference (France, Soviet Union, UK and United States) met in Paris in August 1945, with Francoist Spain excluded at Soviet insistence. It concluded with a temporary Anglo-French Agreement of 31 August 1945, in which the two powers made arrangements for the re-establishment of the
856:
prior institutions including the Sanitary Council and Hygiene Commission were taken over by the new International Administration, even though the bodies themselves continued to exist for a few more years. The Paris Convention was proposed for ratification to the other powers that were party to the
457:
designated it in 1777 as the main point of contact between the Moroccan monarchy and European commercial interests, leading to the gradual relocation of a number of consulates to the city by the main European nations. Great Britain, an ally of the Sultanate since 1713 as it needed Moroccan help to
1126:
Following the convention of November 1952, the renamed International Jurisdiction included 2 judges from France, 2 from Spain, and 1 from each of Belgium, Italy, Morocco, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, the UK, and the U.S., as well as Spanish and French prosecutors. Even after that reform, it
1039:
The Zone's governance framework was in many ways unique, and ridden with ambiguities.. It was frequently renegotiated and perceived as temporary, with different participating countries constantly jockeying for influence, resulting in administrative overlap and inefficiency. It rested on five main
945:
Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States; and a separate convention signed by France, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom, by which the Mixed Courts were reformed into an International Jurisdiction with more judges. This entered into force by Dahir of the Sultan on 10 June 1953.
1288:. The nearby International Jurisdiction's building became the seat of Tangier's Court of First Instance, which in turn moved in 2021 to a new building in the outskirts of Tangier; the former building of the Mixed Courts was subsequently renovated. The house of the Legislative Assembly became the
855:
Ratifications of the signatories were exchanged in Paris on 14 May 1924. The entry into force of the Paris Convention was further delayed by translation challenges, so that the Tangier International Zone eventually started in 1 June 1925 under a Dahir of 15 May 1925. Simultaneously, the tasks of
1073:
In the interwar period all Administrators were French, until the Spanish takeover of June 1940. They had two deputies, one French and one British. After the re-establishment of the international regime in 1945, the new arrangements were more favorable to smaller nations, resulting in successive
678:
in Tangier, and also created new bodies for the city's management such as an Office of Public Works that in 1909 took over part of the services that had been managed by the Hygiene Commission. The Act of Algeciras also resulted in the creation of a dual police force under foreign control, the
1088:
The Administrator nominated the (generally Spanish) head of the urban police, for ratification by the Legislative Assembly; the police was complemented by a gendarmerie, headed by a Belgian captain. These replaced the prior French and Spanish Tabors that had been established under the Act of
711:
governance regime with a Sultan-appointed governor, the Naib reduced to a largely ceremonial role since Morocco under the protectorates no longer had an autonomous foreign policy, the extraterritorial courts under the respective foreign delegations (downgraded back to
1192:
in other parts of Morocco under the Protectorates. He also chaired the Legislative Assembly, albeit without a vote of his own, and enacted its laws and regulations, but only after prior countersignature by the Chair of the Committee of Control. His office was in the
932:
Zone's international institutional framework, invited the United States and the Soviet Union to join it, and reversed the advantages that Italy had secured under the 1928 Protocol. The intent at the time was to establish a new permanent statute following an
953:
Following the end of the French protectorate on 2 March 1956 and of the Spanish one on 7 April 1956, the Committee of Control of the Tangier Zone met in June 1956 and proposed a protocol for a temporary regime, which was signed by Moroccan Foreign Minister
1799:"Convention regarding the Organisation of the Tangier Zone, with Protocol relating to Two Dahirs concerning the Administration of the Tangier Zone and the Organisation of International Jurisdiction at Tangier, signed at Paris, December 18, 1923"
981:
On 24 August 1957, Mohammed V granted a charter to smooth the transition and extend the Zone's tax and other privileges for some more time. The Moroccan monarchy's attitudes towards the country's northern region turned sharply negative with the
565:. Under the capitulations' legal protection the United Kingdom established a postal service in Tangier in 1857, followed by France in 1860, Spain in 1861, and Germany in 1899; the Moroccan Sultanate followed suit with its own service in 1902.
654:
In 1892, the Hygiene Commission took over some of the tasks of the Sanitary Council (which nevertheless continued to exist in parallel), and was given legal form on 23 December 1893, with its role broadened and its name extended to road works
1098:
1928, 1 after 1945), 1 American (seat unoccupied until 1940, 3 after 1945), 1 Belgian, 1 Dutch, 1 Portuguese, 6 Muslims, and 3 Jews. The latter 9 were designated by the Mendoub, which in practice made the Assembly a French-dominated body.
1069:
Executive power was vested in an Administrator, except for the (majority) Muslim and Jewish communities under the authority of the Mendoub. The Administrator was formally appointed by the Sultan, on a proposal by the Committee of Control.
1929:"Agreement revising the Convention of December 18, 1923, relating to the Organisation of the Statute of the Tangier Zone and Agreement, Special Provisions, Notes and Final Protocol relating thereto. Signed at Paris, July 25, 1928"
411:. Due to its status as an international zone, Tangier played a crucial role for Moroccan Nationalists, who wanted independence, to establish international contacts and recruit allies as well as organising gatherings and events.
702:
stipulated that Tangier would be granted a special status and defined its geographical boundaries. A technical committee of France, Spain and the UK met in Madrid in 1913, but only reached agreement in November 1914, after
885:
on 25 July 1928. It was then ratified by Belgium (25 July 1928), Sweden (19 October 1928), Portugal (15 January 1929), and the Netherlands (12 June 1929). That revision also allowed the final abolition of Tangier's former
936:
conference. The Anglo-French Agreement entered into force on 11 October 1945, when the Spanish government withdrew its military force and handed over the territory's government to the revived international institutions.
1052:
The Committee of Control was formed by the Consuls of the participating powers. Its chair rotated on a yearly basis. It held a veto right over the Legislative Assembly's bills, without right of appeal except before the
1773:
986:, however. By Dahir of 17 October 1959, Mohammed V abrogated the charter with only a six-months notice period. The expiration of that transition in April 1960 marked the final end of Tangier's special status.
970:, which was immediately assumed by the Mendoub Ahmad at-Tazi. Simultaneously, the Tangier police force was transferred under Moroccan authority. A conference was subsequently held in October 1956, opening in
1671:
Aproximación a los edificios históricos y patrimoniales de Málaga, Tetuán, Nador, Tánger y Alhucemas / Un Rapprochement entre les édifices historiques et patrimoniaux de Malaga, Tétouan, Nador, Tanger et Al
769:
757:
3375:
667:. That same year, a secret treaty between France and Spain acknowledged Tangier's special status and thus marked the first official prefiguration of later formal international arrangements.
848:
Tangier was made a neutral zone under joint administration by the participating countries. In line with UK wishes, it was entirely free from any military presence. It was also made into a
1209:
With time, however, the service activities favoured by the zone's special status enabled a gradual recovery. The Zone had a reputation for tolerance, diversity of culture, religion, and
1139:, whose head office was in Tangier, remained under the jurisdiction of a special tribunal created by Article 45 of the Act of Algeciras of 7 April 1906, from which appeals went to the
1118:
and Italian governments, They worked with two prosecutors, one French and one Spanish. As a result of the creation of the Mixed Courts, the participating European powers withdrew the
3370:
1646:
738:
903:
694:
and raised again the status of Tangier. Both France and Spain wanted to control the city, while the United Kingdom wanted to neutralise it to maintain its dominance of the
1272:, the buildings that had hosted the international zone's institutions were repurposed for new uses. The Administration building became the seat of the local Prefecture (
699:
1040:
institutions: the Committee of Control, an oversight body; the Administrator (executive); the Legislative Assembly (legislature); the Mixed Courts (judiciary); and the
726:
3395:
2915:
995:
98:
799:
707:
had started, which allowed Spain, which was unsatisfied with the outcome, to suspend its implementation for several years. Meanwhile, Tangier still operated under an
784:
3390:
898:
396:
228:
3055:
2499:
2462:
1450:
2932:
3400:
3365:
1150:
The Mixed Courts were initially located together with the International Administration on Boulevard Pasteur. In 1937, they moved to a purpose-built
1054:
852:, with no tariffs on imported or exported goods or gold, no exchange controls, no income or revenue taxes, and unlimited freedom of establishment.
3385:
2880:
2542:
1044:, or representative of the Sultan, with executive and judiciary authority over matters exclusively related to the Muslim and Jewish communities.
2601:
865:
2794:
2658:
1404:
966:
on 5 July 1956. As a consequence, the position of Administrator was abolished and replaced on 10 July 1956 by that of a Moroccan governor or
2316:
1123:
Unlike other institutions of the zone, the Mixed Courts continued to function under the Spanish occupation of Tangier during World War II.
3116:
2681:
1140:
403:, it was governed under a unique and complex system that involved various European nations, the United States (mainly after 1945), and the
2564:
2283:
3316:
3070:
2010:
1281:
811:
1895:
1946:
1213:. It became a tourist hotspot for literary giants and gay men from Western countries. Many of the latter were able to live an openly
3266:
3168:
2825:
1127:
remained affected by shortcomings that included inadequate representation of Muslim Moroccans and an insufficient number of judges.
1082:
745:
467:
84:
1669:
3360:
2775:
2634:
3060:
2478:
837:
400:
510:
all had consulates in Tangier. In 1851, the sultan appointed a permanent representative to the foreign powers in Tangier, the
3158:
691:
408:
877:
683:
divided between French and Spanish components, respectively in charge of public order outside and inside the city limits.
3199:
2952:
2922:
2176:"Final Declaration of the International Conference in Tangier and annexed Protocol. Signed at Tangier, on 29 October 1956"
1081:, on Boulevard Pasteur. From 1937 to the Spanish takeover, they appear to have been at least partly located at the nearby
550:
3225:
2860:
2706:
1078:
664:
537:, foreign representatives were kept under a derogatory legal status defined by successive bilateral agreements with the
419:
1105:, a new home was built for the Legislative Assembly in the Marshan neighborhood of Tangier, across the street from the
3355:
3163:
2261:
1729:
2692:
3204:
3111:
3045:
2673:
2524:
2509:
1432:
La transformación de la ciudad de Tánger durante el Periodo Diplomático (1777–1912) : Arquitectura y Urbanismo
776:
449:
in 1684, Tangier was primarily a military town, the main fortified outpost on the Moroccan Sultanate's side of the
3013:
1074:
Portuguese (1945–1948 and 1951–1954), Dutch (1948–1951), and Belgian (1954–1956) nationals holding the position.
3126:
2998:
2735:
2482:
2242:
1334:
1285:
1221:
395:, which existed from 1925 until its reintegration into independent Morocco in 1956, with interruption during the
3380:
3220:
3065:
2865:
579:
598:
3101:
3035:
3030:
1289:
1241:
1025:
911:
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institutions, the Sanitary Council and Hygiene Commission, which Italy had previously insisted to maintain.
562:
423:
3142:
3096:
3086:
3008:
2890:
2503:
2072:
1106:
1085:. A new building constructed to house the International Administration was completed in the early 1950s.
648:
640:
499:
2988:
3153:
2900:
2818:
1309:
1269:
1136:
1077:
In the zone's early years and until 1937, the Administrator and his staff worked in the building of the
959:
832:
675:
546:
454:
2550:
1469:
1256:
1184:
The Mendoub had direct authority over the (majority) Muslim and Jewish communities, similar to that of
441:
barracks in the Kasbah of Tangier, former seat of the Spanish Tabor (city police) between 1906 and 1925
3287:
3040:
2885:
1647:
Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell'Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente
1620:
Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell'Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente
1314:
861:
857:
671:
558:
3003:
629:
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2224:
1324:
1319:
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612:
487:
450:
152:
3148:
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1012:
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status for the same reason), the Sanitary Council, the Hygiene Commission, the French and Spanish
2947:
2895:
2848:
2718:
2370:
2343:
2206:
2158:
2128:
2120:
1854:
1846:
1651:
1623:
1562:
1237:
644:
603:
112:
1020:
2670:
The Law and Practice of International Territorial Administration: Versailles to Iraq and Beyond
1878:"Il "tribunale misto" di Tangeri (1925–1952) – Balance of power, diritto e mentalità coloniale"
1749:
1711:
1377:
568:
The foreign powers in Tangier soon started developing joint projects, starting with matters of
3106:
3050:
2790:
2771:
2677:
2654:
2630:
2437:
1954:
1903:
1877:
1400:
1329:
869:
554:
404:
2003:
3292:
3256:
2905:
2875:
2811:
2710:
2644:
2338:
2112:
1838:
1000:
907:
663:) with authority to raise levies. In 1904, Tangier was chosen as location of the French-led
542:
526:
399:, and special economic status extended until early 1960. Surrounded on the land side by the
380:
174:
148:
136:
64:
860:, except Germany, Austria and Hungary, disempowered by the peace treaties (respectively of
590:), chaired by the envoys of the represented nations on a rotating basis in the name of the
3251:
3241:
3121:
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2870:
2697:
1233:
919:
656:
616:
583:
446:
434:
372:
361:
170:
132:
50:
36:
2602:"Tanger : La Mandoubia : Prestigieux symbole historique de la ville du détroit"
1798:
1024:
Former seat of the International Legislative Assembly, later remodeled and repurposed as
557:. In 1863, France and Morocco signed the so-called Béclard Convention which expanded the
1928:
623:), which coexisted with the Sanitary Council and gradually took shape in the 1880s as a
3282:
2759:
2456:
2262:"La fin du statut international de Tanger : Article et photographies publiés dans
1297:
1132:
1119:
983:
955:
574:
503:
427:
272:
156:
2101:"American Consular Jurisdiction in Morocco and the Tangier International Jurisdiction"
1031:
3349:
3302:
2622:
2132:
1858:
687:
634:
534:
507:
387:) was a 382 km (147 sq mi) international zone centered on the city of
2195:"Tanger en toutes franchises: Mondialisation, industrialisation et question sociale"
1616:"L'amministrazione della giustizia nella zone internazionale di Tangeri (1923-1957)"
3297:
1344:
1102:
873:
595:
192:
3173:
2051:
1430:
1008:), first office of the International Zone's Administration in the Interwar period
2983:
2978:
1210:
1135:
of the United States, except for matters of property title and Islamic law. The
1016:
Former building of the International Zone's Administration, inaugurated ca. 1952
704:
522:
2957:
1245:
1214:
975:
569:
530:
463:
3331:
3318:
2441:
2403:
1958:
1907:
3246:
3178:
3091:
2764:
1339:
1293:
1261:
1225:
1194:
1058:
849:
791:
749:
713:
628:
position held for most of the decade from 1888 to 1898 by Spanish physician
511:
459:
2565:"Inauguration du nouveau siège du tribunal de première instance de Tanger"
2648:
1236:, Tangier had a population of about 40,000, about half Muslim, a quarter
1166:), which after Moroccan independence became the city courthouse (French:
1151:
1144:
515:
483:
2722:
2210:
2194:
2162:
2146:
1655:
1641:
1627:
1615:
1566:
1550:
561:
to France's benefit, which in 1880 was extended to other nations by the
2834:
2124:
2100:
1850:
1826:
1650:, 61:3/4, Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO): 396–434,
1397:
Globalizing Morocco: transnational activism and the post-colonial state
1179:
1041:
591:
538:
475:
392:
388:
348:
321:
306:
196:
160:
122:
2374:
2362:
2714:
1244:. By 1956, Tangier had a population of around 40,000 Muslims, 31,000
971:
844:
495:
479:
178:
144:
140:
2116:
1842:
1493:
2157:(2), Institut de Sociologie de l'Université de Bruxelles: 213–217,
763:
Former Spanish legation, erected in 1786; later Spanish post office
1296:
became a commercial court and eventually a memorial museum of the
1255:
1185:
1030:
1019:
1011:
999:
963:
594:. In the early 1860s, the foreign nations for the creation of the
491:
471:
433:
418:
188:
1451:"The English Consulate: A Forgotten Building in Tangier's Medina"
1131:
remained under the pre-1923 extraterritorial jurisdiction of the
2284:"CPA AK Tanger, L'Administration Internationale, Maroc (720044)"
1189:
2807:
2455:
1470:"Les relations franco-marocaines sous le Consulat et l'Empire"
1035:
Former seat of the Mixed Courts, under renovation in late 2022
541:, the oldest of which appears to have been concluded with the
2229:
El Protectorado español en Marruecos: la historia trascendida
2803:
2073:"Reestablishment of the International Regime in Tangiers"
1292:
used as a ceremonial venue by the Moroccan Monarchy. The
514:, and in 1856, all remaining consulates were elevated to
2466:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 397–398.
1498:
Caminos del Sur. Marruecos y el Orientalismo Peninsular
2745:
Tangier/Gibraltar. A Tale of one City – An Ethnography
1694:
Tangier/Gibraltar – A Tale of One City: An Ethnography
941:
to recover its former position in the Mixed Courts..
790:
Former German legation just outside the Medina, later
2627:
The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939
2299:
2297:
2083:(330). Department of State: 613–618. 21 October 1945.
415:
Background: early international governance in Tangier
3376:
Port cities and towns on the Moroccan Atlantic Coast
2147:"La disparition de la Zone internationale de Tanger"
1561:(3), Brussels: Egmont Institute: 359–384, May 1957,
1492:
Bernabé López García (2015), Jordi Carbonell (ed.),
843:
Negotiations restarted after the end of the war, in
643:
advocated a special status for Tangier as a neutral
103:
Map of the Tangier International Zone, with boundary
3275:
3234:
3213:
3192:
3135:
3079:
3023:
2966:
2940:
2841:
1731:
Itinéraires touristiques : La médina de Tanger
1399:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
344:
268:
258:
253:
239:
224:
214:
202:
184:
166:
128:
118:
108:
23:
2763:
2428:Bond, Gwenda (2007). "Seriously Gay and Lesbian".
1678:, Servicio de Programas del Ayuntamiento de Málaga
1494:"Del Tánger diplomático a la ciudad internacional"
2404:"How Morocco was once a haven for gay Westerners"
2369:, 1:1/2 (1/2), Oxford University Press: 115–117,
700:Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco
1642:"Le Istituzioni Italiane di Tangeri (1926-1956)"
996:List of rulers of the Tangier International Zone
732:Former British legation in the Medina of Tangier
906:occupied Tangier on 14 June 1940, the same day
805:Former Danish legation in the Medina of Tangier
582:mandated them to establish a Sanitary Council (
572:and public health as early as 1792. In 1840, a
545:in 1358. Such bilateral arrangements, known as
1772:Asis Viladevall Marfá; Alfonso Sierra (1953),
1712:"Tanger avant le statut international de 1923"
881:their respective systems of consular courts.
3371:States and territories disestablished in 1956
2819:
2487:, vol. XIV, New York: Encyclopedia Press
2363:"Twenty-Five Years of Mixed Court of Tangier"
2334:Morocco (Tangier Zone) Order in Council, 1925
2094:
2092:
2090:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1767:
1765:
1763:
828:Paris Convention of 1923 and Protocol of 1928
430:and multiple foreign consulates and legations
56:
8:
2356:
2354:
1953:. No. 44833. 5 March 1928. p. 13.
1902:. No. 44831. 2 March 1928. p. 14.
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1435:(Ph.D. Thesis), Universitat Rovira i Virgili
1161:
1155:
42:
28:
1716:Horizons Maghrébins – le droit à la mémoire
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1382:Horizons Maghrébins – le droit à la mémoire
639:. In 1887, Greek-American community leader
426:map of Tangier in 1901, showing the walled
2826:
2812:
2804:
2653:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
2529:Collecciones Digitales Instituto Cervantes
1837:(2), Cambridge University Press: 231–237,
1827:"The International Mixed Court of Tangier"
1705:
1703:
20:
2105:The American Journal of International Law
2045:
2043:
1831:The American Journal of International Law
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1378:"Tanger, son statut, sa zone (1923–1956)"
1113:Mixed Courts / International Jurisdiction
914:and other Spanish nationalists to annex "
899:Spanish occupation of Tangier (1940–1945)
397:Spanish occupation of Tangier (1940–1945)
2361:Kurt H. Nadelmann (Winter–Spring 1952),
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1444:
1442:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1055:Permanent Court of International Justice
831:
521:Since the Moroccan legal regime applied
3396:Former countries of the interwar period
2367:The American Journal of Comparative Law
1355:
722:
720:, and assorted specialized committees.
553:, and Spain in 1861 in the wake of the
549:, were signed with France in 1767, the
257:
252:
2303:
2034:
615:created Tangier's Hygiene Commission (
445:For nearly a century after the end of
3391:Former territorial entities in Africa
2861:List of European governors of Tangier
2629:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
2402:Hamilton, Richard (12 October 2014).
2016:from the original on 29 December 2017
1990:
1978:
1687:
1685:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1004:Former Debt Administration building (
238:
223:
213:
209:
7:
2789:(in German). De Gruyter Oldenbourg.
2389:Morocco: From Empire to Independence
2004:"BOE núm. 336, pp. 8250–8251 (1940)"
1141:Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland
698:. Later that year, Article 7 of the
3056:Church of the Immaculate Conception
2317:"Le statut international de Tanger"
1476:, 2008/2, Fondation Napoléon: 28–63
365:
29:
16:1925–1956 international condominium
2582:Juan Ramón Roca (19 August 2018).
2347:. 26 May 1925. pp. 3547–3548.
2145:José Maria Cordero Torres (1957),
2099:Kurt H. Nadelmann (October 1955),
1668:Silvia Nélida Bossio, ed. (2011),
1449:Jordi Mas Garriga (30 July 2017).
817:Former legation of Austria-Hungary
14:
2732:The International City of Tangier
2543:"First Instance Court of Tangier"
2260:Pierre Ichac (7 September 1940).
2180:World Legal Information Institute
2059:The International City of Tangier
1933:World Legal Information Institute
1803:World Legal Information Institute
1748:Jordi Mas Garriga (1 June 2017).
1551:"L'évolution du statut de Tanger"
661:commission d'hygiène et de voirie
466:to Tangier in the 1770s, and the
453:. This role evolved after Sultan
264:382 km (147 sq mi)
3401:1956 disestablishments in Africa
2931:
1781:Revista Nacional de Arquitectura
1555:Chronique de politique étrangère
810:
798:
783:
768:
756:
737:
725:
328:
299:
97:
83:
3366:History of European colonialism
2787:Die internationale Stadt Tanger
2691:Stuart, Graham H. (July 1945).
2391:, Oxford: Oneworld, p. 154
1825:Manley O. Hudson (April 1927),
1264:repurposed as a memorial museum
1232:In the years leading up to the
838:Spanish protectorate in Morocco
401:Spanish protectorate in Morocco
3386:Condominia (international law)
2243:"Ruta por el Tánger histórico"
2225:"Tánger, ciudad internacional"
1710:Jean-François Clément (1996),
1220:The activity of Tangier as an
910:. Despite calls by the writer
692:French protectorate in Morocco
235:14 June 1940 – 11 October 1945
1:
3200:Tangier Anglo-Moroccan School
3061:Anglican Church of St. Andrew
2953:Tangier Exportation Free Zone
2923:Battle of Cape Spartel (1936)
2891:Battle of Cape Spartel (1782)
2569:MAP Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceima
2223:Juan Pando Despierto (2016).
474:in the early 1780s. By 1830,
377:Zone internationale de Tanger
44:Zone internationale de Tanger
3226:Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport
2707:Council on Foreign Relations
2650:The Franco Regime, 1936–1975
2249:(in Spanish). 10 March 2020.
2077:Department of State Bulletin
1876:Francesco Tamburini (2007).
1774:"Tanger, Zona Internacional"
1640:Francesco Tamburini (2006),
1614:Francesco Tamburini (2005),
1079:Moroccan Debt Administration
665:Moroccan Debt Administration
385:Zona Internacional de Tánger
58:Zona Internacional de Tánger
2916:Administrators and Mendoubs
2785:Hettstedt, Daniela (2022).
2584:"Tánger, regreso al futuro"
2477:Pétridés, Sophron (1913), "
2193:François Vatin (May 2016),
2061:, Stanford University Press
1376:Jean-Pierre Débats (1996),
1300:in the early 21st century.
836:Tangier (top left) and the
611:In 1879, a Dahir of Sultan
3419:
3205:American School of Tangier
3117:Museum of Contemporary Art
2929:
2911:Tangier International Zone
2766:Tangier: City of the Dream
2734:(2nd ed.). Stanford:
2730:Stuart, Graham H. (1955).
2674:Cambridge University Press
2323:(in French). 14 June 1945.
1429:Jordi Mas Garriga (2019),
1177:
1163:avenue Omar Ibn Al Khattab
993:
896:
893:Spanish wartime occupation
369:Minṭaqat Ṭanja ad-Dawliyya
358:Tangier International Zone
25:Tangier International Zone
2736:Stanford University Press
2050:Graham H. Stuart (1955),
1622:, 60:3/4 (3/4): 305–339,
1335:Offshore financial centre
1286:Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima
1222:offshore financial centre
908:Paris fell to the Germans
748:until the mid-19C, later
278:
249:
210:
96:
80:
73:
3267:National Cricket Stadium
3221:Rabat-Tangier expressway
3169:French Consulate General
3071:Roman Catholic Cathedral
2866:Battle of Tangier (1664)
2747:. Bielefeld: Transcript.
2387:Richard Pennell (2003),
927:Postwar re-establishment
674:of 1906 established the
608:, inaugurated in 1864.
470:similarly moved in from
462:, moved its consul from
3361:20th century in Morocco
3031:Grand Mosque of Tangier
2743:Haller, Dieter (2021).
2693:"The Future of Tangier"
2668:Stahn, Carsten (2008).
2463:Encyclopædia Britannica
1395:Stenner, David (2019).
1206:four percent in 1929.
3127:Musée de Carmen-Macein
2505:Jewish Virtual Library
1692:Dieter Haller (2021),
1468:Thierry Lentz (2008),
1265:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1036:
1028:
1017:
1009:
840:
660:
641:Ion Hanford Perdicaris
620:
587:
551:United Kingdom in 1856
442:
431:
384:
376:
241:• Disestablished
57:
43:
3154:Gran Teatro Cervantes
2967:Districts and streets
2901:First Moroccan Crisis
2484:Catholic Encyclopedia
1310:Mixed Courts of Egypt
1270:Moroccan independence
1260:Main hall inside the
1259:
1137:State Bank of Morocco
1034:
1023:
1015:
1003:
835:
676:State Bank of Morocco
455:Mohammed ben Abdallah
437:
422:
129:Common languages
3288:Parc de la Mendoubia
3193:Schools and colleges
3041:Sidi Bou Abib Mosque
2886:2nd Tangier Regiment
2881:1st Tangier Regiment
2606:Aujourd'hui Le Maroc
2266:du 7 septembre 1940"
2037:, pp. 152, 464.
1315:Concessions in China
1093:Legislative Assembly
1048:Committee of Control
958:on behalf of Sultan
912:Rafael Sánchez Mazas
858:Algeciras Conference
672:Algeciras Conference
621:commission d'hygiène
308:Sultanate of Morocco
3328: /
3262:Cap Radio (Morocco)
3097:Mendoub's Residence
3080:Palaces and museums
3024:Religious buildings
2989:Quartier du Marshan
2974:Tangier City Center
2205:(5), Paris: 87–96,
1947:"Council Of League"
1754:Discovering Tangier
1696:, Transcript Verlag
1455:Discovering Tangier
1325:Free City of Danzig
1320:Free City of Cracow
1248:, and 15,000 Jews.
1242:European Christians
1201:Economy and culture
1107:Mendoub's Residence
696:Strait of Gibraltar
686:In March 1912, the
578:(decree) of Sultan
451:Strait of Gibraltar
409:French protectorate
216:• Established
3356:History of Tangier
3014:Avenue Mohammed VI
2948:Economy of Tangier
2896:Treaty of Tangiers
2849:History of Tangier
2608:. 23 October 2007.
2512:on 18 January 2012
2344:The London Gazette
1993:, p. 274, note 28.
1896:"Tangier Question"
1737:, 2012, p. 18
1500:, Barcelona: IEMed
1266:
1217:life in the Zone.
1037:
1029:
1018:
1010:
841:
651:' joint control.
443:
432:
407:, himself under a
366:منطقة طنجة الدولية
323:Kingdom of Morocco
229:Spanish occupation
167:Official languages
113:International Zone
3311:
3310:
3235:Sport and culture
3164:Hotel Continental
3112:American Legation
3107:Abdelhafid Palace
3051:Lalla Abla Mosque
3046:Mohammed V Mosque
2999:Rue de la Liberté
2796:978-3-11-073021-0
2770:. HarperCollins.
2660:978-0-299-11070-3
2645:Payne, Stanley G.
2553:on 19 April 2023.
2430:Publishers Weekly
2247:Guía de Marruecos
1406:978-1-5036-0900-6
1330:Panama Canal Zone
1168:palais de justice
588:conseil sanitaire
555:Treaty of Wad Ras
405:Sultan of Morocco
354:
353:
340:
339:
336:
335:
314:
313:
3408:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3332:35.767°N 5.800°W
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3293:Colline du Charf
3257:Stade de Marchan
3009:Avenue d'Espagne
2935:
2906:Tangier Protocol
2876:Tangier Garrison
2828:
2821:
2814:
2805:
2800:
2781:
2769:
2748:
2739:
2726:
2715:10.2307/20029932
2687:
2683:978-0-52187800-5
2664:
2640:
2610:
2609:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2571:. 12 March 2021.
2561:
2555:
2554:
2549:. Archived from
2539:
2533:
2532:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2508:, archived from
2496:
2490:
2488:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2096:
2085:
2084:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1873:
1862:
1861:
1822:
1807:
1806:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1769:
1758:
1757:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1611:
1570:
1569:
1547:
1502:
1501:
1489:
1478:
1477:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1411:
1410:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1373:
1240:, and a quarter
1165:
1159:
1083:French Consulate
814:
802:
787:
772:
760:
741:
729:
690:established the
638:
607:
563:Treaty of Madrid
543:Republic of Pisa
468:consul of France
367:
332:
331:
324:
318:
317:
309:
303:
302:
296:
295:
280:
279:
231:
101:
87:
68:
60:
54:
46:
40:
32:
31:
21:
3418:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3381:Francoist Spain
3346:
3345:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3271:
3252:Stade de Tanger
3242:Atletico Tanger
3230:
3209:
3188:
3136:Other buildings
3131:
3122:Fondation Lorin
3075:
3019:
2994:Rue Es-Siaghine
2962:
2936:
2927:
2871:English Tangier
2837:
2832:
2797:
2784:
2778:
2760:Finlayson, Iain
2758:
2755:
2753:Further reading
2742:
2729:
2698:Foreign Affairs
2690:
2684:
2667:
2661:
2643:
2637:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2457:"Tangier"
2454:
2453:
2449:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2295:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2117:10.2307/2194418
2098:
2097:
2088:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1875:
1874:
1865:
1843:10.2307/2189123
1824:
1823:
1810:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1761:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1613:
1612:
1573:
1549:
1548:
1505:
1491:
1490:
1481:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1428:
1427:
1414:
1407:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1375:
1374:
1357:
1353:
1306:
1254:
1234:First World War
1203:
1182:
1176:
1120:consular courts
1115:
1095:
1067:
1050:
998:
992:
951:
929:
920:Francoist State
901:
895:
830:
825:
818:
815:
806:
803:
794:
788:
779:
773:
764:
761:
752:
746:French legation
742:
733:
730:
632:
601:
417:
329:
322:
307:
300:
261:
245:29 October 1956
242:
232:
227:
217:
104:
92:
89:
88:
75:
69:
62:
55:
48:
41:
34:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3348:
3347:
3337:35.767; -5.800
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3283:Bay of Tangier
3279:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3143:Plaza de Toros
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3102:Marshan Palace
3099:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3011:
3006:
3004:Avenue Pasteur
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2782:
2776:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2740:
2727:
2688:
2682:
2665:
2659:
2641:
2635:
2623:Beevor, Antony
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2593:
2574:
2556:
2534:
2516:
2491:
2469:
2447:
2420:
2394:
2379:
2350:
2326:
2308:
2293:
2275:
2264:L'Illustration
2252:
2234:
2215:
2185:
2167:
2137:
2111:(4): 506–517,
2086:
2064:
2039:
2027:
1995:
1983:
1981:, p. 268.
1971:
1938:
1920:
1887:
1863:
1808:
1790:
1759:
1740:
1721:
1699:
1681:
1660:
1632:
1571:
1503:
1479:
1460:
1438:
1412:
1405:
1387:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1298:Tangier Speech
1290:Marshan Palace
1280:), now of the
1253:
1250:
1202:
1199:
1178:Main article:
1175:
1172:
1157:rue Washington
1154:courthouse on
1133:consular court
1114:
1111:
1094:
1091:
1066:
1063:
1049:
1046:
1026:Marshan Palace
991:
988:
984:1958 Rif riots
956:Ahmed Balafrej
950:
947:
928:
925:
916:Tánger español
904:Spanish troops
897:Main article:
894:
891:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
819:
816:
809:
807:
804:
797:
795:
789:
782:
780:
774:
767:
765:
762:
755:
753:
743:
736:
734:
731:
724:
630:Severo Cenarro
559:protégé system
504:United Kingdom
416:
413:
352:
351:
346:
342:
341:
338:
337:
334:
333:
326:
315:
312:
311:
304:
292:
291:
286:
276:
275:
273:Moroccan franc
270:
266:
265:
262:
259:
256:
255:
251:
250:
247:
246:
243:
240:
237:
236:
233:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
186:
182:
181:
168:
164:
163:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
102:
94:
93:
90:
82:
81:
78:
77:
71:
70:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3414:
3413:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3344:
3341:
3304:
3303:Cape Malabata
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
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3087:Kasbah Palace
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3066:French Church
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3036:Kasbah Mosque
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777:U.S. legation
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728:
723:
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688:Treaty of Fes
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580:Abd al-Rahman
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547:capitulations
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508:United States
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345:Today part of
343:
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52:
45:
38:
30:طنجة المغربية
22:
19:
3313:
3298:Cape Spartel
3149:Borj en Naam
2910:
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2777:0-00217857-5
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2731:
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2696:
2669:
2649:
2636:0-29784832-1
2626:
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2577:
2568:
2559:
2551:the original
2546:
2537:
2528:
2519:
2510:the original
2504:
2500:"Tangier(s)"
2494:
2483:
2472:
2461:
2450:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2411:. Retrieved
2407:
2397:
2388:
2382:
2366:
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2329:
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2179:
2170:
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2140:
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2104:
2080:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2052:"Appendixes"
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
1998:
1986:
1974:
1962:. Retrieved
1950:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1899:
1890:
1882:Jura Gentium
1881:
1834:
1830:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1780:
1753:
1743:
1730:
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1619:
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1554:
1497:
1473:
1463:
1454:
1431:
1396:
1390:
1381:
1345:Bank secrecy
1277:
1273:
1267:
1231:
1219:
1208:
1204:
1183:
1149:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1103:World War II
1100:
1096:
1087:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1051:
1038:
1006:Dar Al-Salaf
1005:
990:Institutions
980:
967:
952:
943:
939:
933:
930:
915:
902:
886:
883:
874:Soviet Union
854:
842:
717:
708:
685:
680:
669:
653:
649:great powers
624:
610:
596:Cape Spartel
573:
567:
520:
447:English rule
444:
439:Borj en-Nâam
438:
368:
357:
355:
289:Succeeded by
288:
283:
260:• Total
193:Christianity
18:
3335: /
3159:Hotel Cecil
2984:Petit Socco
2979:Grand Socco
2709:: 675–679.
2616:Works cited
2413:2 September
2339:"No. 33050"
2304:Stuart 1945
2288:HipPostcard
2035:Beevor 2006
1474:Napoleonica
1211:bohemianism
1089:Algeciras.
949:Termination
872:), and the
705:World War I
633: [
602: [
523:Islamic law
284:Preceded by
220:1 June 1925
3350:Categories
2958:Tanger-med
2547:MapsUs.net
2270:Tangerinos
1991:Payne 1987
1979:Payne 1987
1351:References
1268:Following
1246:Christians
994:See also:
976:Mohammedia
960:Mohammed V
862:Versailles
647:under the
599:lighthouse
570:quarantine
531:Judaic law
506:, and the
458:provision
153:Portuguese
3276:Geography
3247:IR Tanger
3214:Transport
3179:Tangerinn
3174:Café Hafa
3092:Mendoubia
2525:"Amalato"
2442:0000-0019
2133:147620592
1959:0140-0460
1951:The Times
1908:0140-0460
1900:The Times
1859:146925969
1750:"Hasnona"
1340:Tax haven
1294:Mendoubia
1262:Mendoubia
1252:Aftermath
1226:tax haven
1195:Mendoubia
1059:the Hague
850:tax haven
792:Mendoubia
750:Dar Niaba
714:consulate
645:free port
516:legations
460:Gibraltar
185:Religion
76:1945–1956
74:1925–1940
3145:bullring
2854:Timeline
2762:(1992).
2723:20029932
2647:(1987).
2625:(2006).
2408:BBC News
2321:Le Monde
2211:44136561
2163:41231301
2011:Archived
1787:, Madrid
1656:40761867
1628:40761805
1567:44827959
1304:See also
1152:art deco
1145:Lausanne
625:de facto
613:Hassan I
533:only to
525:only to
488:Sardinia
484:Portugal
424:Baedeker
269:Currency
3320:35°46′N
2941:Economy
2842:History
2835:Tangier
2588:El País
2125:2194418
2020:11 July
1851:2189123
1718:, 31–32
1672:Hoceima
1384:, 31–32
1276:, then
1180:Mendoub
1174:Mendoub
1042:Mendoub
974:(later
918:", the
870:Trianon
823:History
775:Former
744:Former
592:Makhzen
539:Makhzen
527:Muslims
500:Tuscany
476:Denmark
464:Tétouan
393:Morocco
389:Tangier
381:Spanish
349:Morocco
226:•
203:History
197:Judaism
175:Spanish
161:Haketia
149:English
137:Spanish
123:Tangier
119:Capital
65:Spanish
3323:5°48′W
2793:
2774:
2721:
2680:
2657:
2633:
2479:Tingis
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2375:837927
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2199:Esprit
2161:
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2123:
1957:
1906:
1857:
1849:
1654:
1626:
1565:
1403:
1282:region
1278:Wilaya
1274:Amalat
1238:Jewish
1186:Pashas
1101:After
972:Fedala
934:ad hoc
887:ad hoc
845:Cannes
718:Tabors
709:ad hoc
657:French
617:French
584:French
502:, the
496:Sweden
480:France
428:Medina
373:French
362:Arabic
206:
179:Arabic
171:French
145:Darija
141:Arabic
133:French
109:Status
61:
51:French
47:
37:Arabic
33:
3016:beach
2719:JSTOR
2705:(4).
2371:JSTOR
2207:JSTOR
2159:JSTOR
2129:S2CID
2121:JSTOR
2055:(PDF)
2014:(PDF)
2007:(PDF)
1964:9 May
1913:9 May
1855:S2CID
1847:JSTOR
1777:(PDF)
1735:(PDF)
1676:(PDF)
1652:JSTOR
1624:JSTOR
1563:JSTOR
1215:"out"
1190:Qadis
1160:(now
964:Rabat
681:Tabor
637:]
606:]
575:Dahir
492:Spain
472:Rabat
189:Islam
157:Dutch
2791:ISBN
2772:ISBN
2678:ISBN
2655:ISBN
2631:ISBN
2438:ISSN
2415:2018
2081:XIII
2022:2017
1966:2023
1955:ISSN
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1904:ISSN
1401:ISBN
1224:and
968:Amel
868:and
670:The
535:Jews
529:and
512:Naib
356:The
254:Area
91:Flag
2711:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
