526:, again involving the Tanimbar corellas of the Vienna Goffin Lab, were announced. It was discovered that the birds possessed the ability to solve complex mechanical problems, in one case spontaneously working out how to open a five-part locking mechanism in sequence to retrieve a food item. The corellas were able to very quickly adapt their behaviour and again open the lock when the mechanism sections were modified or re-ordered, demonstrating an apparent concept of working towards a particular goal and knowledge of the way in which physical objects act upon each other – rather than merely an ability to repeat a learned sequence of actions. A 2022 study involving a golf-like task further demonstrated the Tanimbar corella's problem-solving skills, with the cockatoos spontaneously figuring out how to use a stick to hit a marble into a designated hole in order to release a cashew nut reward. One bird (Figaro – also featured in the 2012 experiment) also devised a method of cheating the test, using his stick as a lever to lift and drop the test apparatus and trigger the cashew release mechanism.
444:
365:
314:
31:
92:
545:), if they were only able to hold the first nut for a period of time and then return it to the human researcher's hand uneaten – at which point the nuts would be exchanged. Although pecan nuts are normally consumed instantly, it was discovered that the corellas could resist the temptation to eat the nut for periods of time for up to 80 seconds once aware that a cashew was also on offer. This behaviour (having also previously been demonstrated in
50:
553:
different tasks (e.g. pressing a button, turning a wheel, pulling out a drawer, removing a twig, overturning a cup, opening a clip, etc.) which they could choose to partake in, in order to obtain a food reward. It was found that while the wild
Goffins were less inclined to interact with the test apparatus, those that did solved the presented tasks at a similar rate to the captive-bred birds.
388:. In the 1970s, Japanese loggers ravaged the islands. Many of the dazed, disoriented birds were captured for the pet trade. Although many died from stress during shipment, there may be a small silver lining behind this ecological disaster, because many Tanimbar corellas have reproduced in captive breeding programs. As such, there are now more Tanimbar corellas in captivity than in the wild.
549:) further disproves the previous belief that birds are incapable of self-control. Further work by Auersperg's team, published in November 2018, showed that the corellas would cut cardboard to length with their beak, to obtain a reward, but seemed unable to change the width of the tools, perhaps due to the physical limitations of their beaks.
340:
between the beak and eyes. The deeper (proximal) parts of the crest feathers and neck feathers are also a salmon color, but the coloration here is hidden by the white color of the more superficial (distal) areas of these feathers. The underside of its wing and tail feathers exhibit a yellowish tinge.
467:
if they do not have an interesting and enriching environment. Caged
Tanimbar corellas require a frequent change of toys to play with so they do not become bored. They need time out of their cage for one-on-one social contact of at least four hours daily and also to exercise their wings and fly. Even
552:
Further research in 2020 by
Auersperg's team compared the problem-solving ability of the captive-bred corellas at the Goffin Lab with wild birds caught in Tanimbar and exposed to the same experimental conditions – in which the birds were placed in an "innovation arena" and presented a series of 20
355:
Virtually all knowledge of this species' breeding habits comes from captive-bred populations. Aviculturists in the United
Kingdom have reported that the Tanimbar corella breeds from late spring – with the eggs hatching before July after an incubation period of approximately 28 days, the nest being
455:
Tanimbar corellas learn by watching and copying. Just by opening the cage door, a
Tanimbar corella's attention can be drawn to the latch on its cage and it can learn by trial and error how to open the latch with its beak and escape the cage in seconds. Tanimbar corellas can destroy furniture with
451:
In aviculture the parrot is widely known as the Goffin's cockatoo. Pet birds handreared from hatching can imitate human speech, but generally they are not good talkers. They are generally quieter than the "large cockatoos" but can still be quite loud, and they have a sharp screech that some find
563:
A 2020 study concluded that the
Tanimbar corella may be capable of developing reading comprehension skills. In experimental conditions, a hen bird named Ellie demonstrated the ability to associate written words with images and spoken words with an accuracy of 94%, thus displaying
472:
recommends that the
Tanimbar Corella be kept in an enclosure with a minimum length of 3 metres. Many new bird owners are not aware of the time and money a cockatoo demands and pet birds are often passed from one owner to the next or relinquished to
682:"Systematic notes on Asian birds. 48. Nomenclatural chaos untangled, resulting in the naming of the formally undescribed Cacatua species from the Tanimbar Islands, Indonesia (Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae)"
789:
Roselaar, C.S.; T.G. Prins (2000). "List of type specimens of birds in the
Zoological Museum of the University of Amsterdam (ZMA), including taxa described by ZMA staff but without types in ZMA".
289:. This species was only formally described in 2004, after it was discovered that the previous formal descriptions pertained to individuals of a different cockatoo species, the Ducorps' or
352:
Not much is known about the breeding behaviour of this species in the wild. Their breeding season is unknown and little is known of their mating behaviors. 2-3 eggs are laid per clutch.
411:
In 2000, it became clear that Finsch's formal description of this species was based on two specimens that actually belonged to an entirely different cockatoo species, the
Ducorps' or
431:, maintaining the intent of Finsch to name a species of cockatoo after his friend. The new description is based on an individual collected from the Tanimbar Islands in 1923 by Dr.
356:
attended to by both parents. The hen feeds her offspring for approximately three weeks after fledging. No courtship behavior was observed between cock and hen prior to mating.
459:
Handreared
Tanimbar corellas tend to demand a lot of attention. Occasionally, captive birds of this species (like many cockatoos) develop self-destructive behaviours such as
1334:
o'Hara, Mark; Mioduszewska, Berenika; Mundry, Roger; Yohanna; Haryoko, Tri; Rachmatika, Rini; Prawiradilaga, Dewi M.; Huber, Ludwig; Auersperg, Alice M.I. (2021).
2204:
2111:
1167:
336:, meaning it has a collection of feathers on its head that it can raise or lower. Its body is mainly covered with white feathers, with salmon or pink colored
341:
The beak is pale grey and the eye colour is brown in females and black in males. The males are slightly larger, but otherwise look similar to the females.
2229:
2059:
2085:
580:
to express her wishes to researchers, touching symbols on the screen to request food items, drinks, activities, objects and social interaction.
2214:
899:
770:
468:
very tame birds can bite humans when irritated or even when being excessively playful. Their droppings are semi-solid and can be messy. The
1412:"Use of a Tablet-Based Communication Board and Subsequent Choice and Behavioral Correspondences in a Goffin's Cockatoo (Cacatua goffiana)"
511:
that were then utilized to extend his reach and retrieve otherwise unavailable food items located upon the other side of his aviary mesh.
2224:
1505:
556:
Wild corellas were also observed shaping sticks of different dimensions in order to create a series of tools which enabled them to eat
1471:
987:
1275:
Rössler, Theresa; Mioduszewska, Berenika; O’Hara, Mark; Huber, Ludwig; Prawiradilaga, Dewi M.; Auersperg, Alice M. I. (26 May 2020).
1431:
742:
711:
495:
Experimental evidence from multiple studies would appear to indicate that the Tanimbar corella possesses considerable intelligence.
2219:
1783:
530:
537:
and of anticipating a delayed gain. The corellas were given the opportunity to exchange a favoured food item (in this case a
2090:
967:
Finsch, Otto (1863). "Naamlijst der in de Diergaarde levende papegaaijen, ten dienste der bezoekers van den tuin ingerigt".
487:
Appendix I). The seller of each bird must have an official certificate to prove that it was captive-bred and not imported.
325:(9 oz) for females and 300 g (11 oz) for males. They are about 31 cm (12 in) from head to tail.
1662:
427:, leaving this species without a proper scientific name and description. In 2004, the species was formally described as
263:
2023:
2168:
1667:
569:
507:, that a male named Figaro was observed spontaneously shaping splinters of wood and small sticks in order to create
1672:
2116:
1637:
1584:
91:
1773:
529:
A later experiment also conducted at the Vienna Goffin Lab by Prof. Auersperg and her team broadly adapted the
480:
Tanimbar corella chicks make a repetitive soft howling/screeching noise (producer calls) when they are hungry.
305:
due to deforestation and bird trade. It breeds well in captivity and there is a large avicultural population.
1989:
565:
1810:
1768:
1763:
1498:
405:
344:
In captivity, Tanimbar corellas live up to 30 years, making them one of the shorter-lived cockatoo species.
1975:
443:
2010:
1937:
1465:
464:
364:
2028:
1642:
576:, three skills which are required for reading. Ellie also learned how to use a communication board on a
198:
626:
215:
408:, a friend of Finsch and apparently a Dutch naval lieutenant who died the same year at the age of 26.
313:
2002:
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523:
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1915:
1869:
1847:
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573:
496:
39:
1072:
Auersperg, Alice M.I.; Szabo, Birgit; von Bayern, Auguste M.P.; Kacelnik, Alex (6 November 2012).
1800:
1752:
1701:
1491:
1437:
1192:
1145:"Cockatoos 'Pick' Puzzle Box Locks: Cockatoos Show Technical Intelligence on a Five-Lock Problem"
1144:
469:
86:
30:
2209:
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1842:
1778:
1427:
1365:
1316:
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1103:
895:
847:
766:
738:
499:
has been observed by this species in captivity. It was reported in November 2012 by Professor
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290:
247:
456:
their beaks and can chew through wires and cause potentially dangerous electrical incidents.
2142:
1920:
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267:
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2015:
995:
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577:
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302:
54:
1021:
603:
1351:
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1216:"Tool making cockatoos adjust the lengths but not the widths of their tools to function"
1089:
868:
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1854:
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1805:
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1311:
1276:
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175:
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1617:
1441:
833:
612:
381:
59:
2181:
1277:"Using an Innovation Arena to compare wild-caught and laboratory Goffin's cockatoos"
681:
1653:
534:
2038:
1416:
Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction
1483:
1411:
1242:
2155:
2072:
1969:
1168:"Cockatoos' Impressive Golfing Skills Prove They're Capable of Complex Tool Use"
915:
508:
401:
282:
278:
270:
1301:
2176:
1360:
1335:
1098:
1073:
329:
1960:
483:
In the UK their sale is controlled as they are classified as a rare species (
1579:
1423:
557:
286:
274:
103:
1369:
1320:
1261:
1107:
1074:"Spontaneous innovation in tool manufacture and use in a Goffin's cockatoo"
941:
851:
648:
533:
for the Tanimbar corella, to investigate whether the birds were capable of
1385:"Reading Comprehension Skills in a Goffin's Cockatoo (Cacatua goffiniana)"
376:, limited range and illegal hunting, the Tanimbar corella is evaluated as
2129:
1954:
1514:
1220:
373:
298:
244:
153:
123:
1214:
Auersperg, A. M. I.; Köck, C.; O'Hara, M.; Huber, L. (7 November 2018).
1122:
737:(corrected second ed.). David & Charles, Newton Abbot, London.
2064:
1997:
1741:
1548:
337:
251:
163:
2077:
1984:
808:
Young, A.M.; Hobson, E.A.; Bingaman Lackey, L.; Wright, T.F. (2012).
712:"BirdLife International (2008) Species factsheet: Cacatua goffiniana"
546:
542:
514:
In July 2013, the results of a joint study involving scientists from
259:
143:
113:
2051:
1931:
1384:
2150:
2046:
1719:
1538:
1193:"Doing Business With a Parrot: Self-Control Observed in Cockatoos"
947:
919:
538:
484:
442:
385:
363:
312:
76:
70:
1336:"Wild Goffin's cockatoos flexibly manufacture and use tool sets"
1047:
322:
133:
1935:
1487:
1383:
Cunha, Jennifer; Rhoads, Carlie; Clubb, Susan (January 2020).
597:
595:
593:
810:"Survival on the ark: life-history trends in captive parrots"
1764:
Yellow-crested cockatoo (or lesser sulphur-crested cockatoo)
1890:
Pink cockatoo (or Major Mitchell's/Leadbeater's cockatoo)
384:
of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix I of
321:
Tanimbar corellas weigh, on average, about 250
1944:
1878:
1819:
1750:
1739:
1732:
1710:
1692:
1685:
1651:
1626:
1608:
1599:
1570:
1563:
1537:
1530:
297:). Tanimbar corellas are the smallest of the white
863:
861:
627:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22684800A131915554.en
1410:Cunha, Jennifer; Roads, Carlie (November 2020).
733:Forshaw, Joseph M.; Cooper, William T. (1981) .
1811:Salmon-crested cockatoo (or Moluccan cockatoo)
784:
782:
396:Historically, the discovery of the species as
1499:
8:
1015:
1013:
1932:
1747:
1736:
1689:
1605:
1567:
1543:
1534:
1506:
1492:
1484:
988:"Chronology of the History of Ornithology"
675:
673:
671:
669:
48:
29:
20:
1359:
1310:
1300:
1251:
1241:
1097:
1022:"Goffin's Cockatoo: Bird Species Profile"
841:
756:
754:
625:
869:"GOFFIN'S COCKATOO (Cacatua goffiniana)"
763:Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World
1860:Tanimbar corella (or Goffin's cockatoo)
1048:"BIRDS AND THE LAW – Cites information"
589:
541:nut) for an even more desirable nut (a
1468:Parrot Encyclopedia – Species Profiles
2205:IUCN Red List near threatened species
1806:White cockatoo (or umbrella cockatoo)
680:Roselaar, C.S.; J.P. Michels (2004).
7:
1474:, Belfast Telegraph, 6 November 2012
1166:Funnell, Rachael (27 January 2022).
1123:"Cockatoo shows tool-making skills"
613:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1480:at the Messerli Research Institute
1046:Longworth, Claire (January 2021).
890:Mulawka, Edward John (2014). "9".
14:
1720:Galah (or rose-breasted cockatoo)
1472:"Cockatoo 'makes and uses tools'"
761:Juniper, Tony; Mike Parr (1998).
1784:Greater sulphur-crested cockatoo
1478:Dr. Alice Auersperg's Goffin Lab
894:. McFarland & Company, Inc.
834:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2011.00477.x
277:. It has been introduced to the
90:
2230:Taxa named by J. Pieter Michels
602:BirdLife International (2018).
570:grapheme-phoneme correspondence
531:Stanford marshmallow experiment
372:Due to ongoing habitat loss on
328:Like all members of the family
1:
2215:Birds of the Tanimbar Islands
1391:. ExoticsCon 2020 Proceedings
1663:Yellow-tailed black cockatoo
1243:10.1371/journal.pone.0205429
994:. Scricciolo. Archived from
2248:
2225:Endemic birds of Indonesia
1302:10.1038/s41598-020-65223-6
916:"Appendices I, II and III"
686:Zoologische Verhandelingen
423:thus became a synonym for
404:in 1863. It was named for
332:, the Tanimbar corella is
1906:
1638:Red-tailed black cockatoo
1585:Cockatiel colour genetics
1546:
1361:10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.009
1099:10.1016/j.cub.2012.09.002
765:. Yale University Press.
620:: e.T22684800A131915554.
204:
197:
87:Scientific classification
85:
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1774:Sulphur-crested cockatoo
1668:Carnaby's black cockatoo
714:. Birdlife International
2220:Birds described in 2004
1769:Citron-crested cockatoo
1673:Baudin's black cockatoo
1424:10.1145/3446002.3446063
969:Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk
566:orthographic processing
447:Pet flying in a harness
448:
406:Andreas Leopold Goffin
369:
318:
301:. It is classified as
1643:Glossy black cockatoo
1121:Warwicker, Michelle.
446:
367:
316:
1346:(20): 4512–4520.e6.
943:The CITES Appendices
871:. World Parrot Trust
735:Parrots of the World
649:"Appendices | CITES"
524:Max Planck Institute
520:University of Vienna
516:University of Oxford
505:University of Vienna
1870:Red-vented cockatoo
1833:Long-billed corella
1352:2021CBio...31E4512O
1293:2020NatSR..10.8681R
1234:2018PLoSO..1305429A
1090:2012CBio...22.R903A
826:2012AnCon..15...28Y
814:Animal Conservation
574:semantic processing
40:Conservation status
2182:Cacatua-goffiniana
1990:cacatua-goffiniana
1976:Cacatua goffiniana
1946:Cacatua goffiniana
1801:Blue-eyed cockatoo
1702:Gang-gang cockatoo
1466:World Parrot Trust
1281:Scientific Reports
1020:Kalhagen, Alyson.
606:Cacatua goffiniana
497:Tool use behaviour
470:World Parrot Trust
449:
429:Cacatua goffiniana
398:Lophochroa goffini
370:
319:
243:, is a species of
232:Cacatua goffiniana
208:Cacatua goffiniana
190:C. goffiniana
2192:
2191:
2138:Open Tree of Life
1938:Taxon identifiers
1929:
1928:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1865:Solomons cockatoo
1779:Eleonora cockatoo
1728:
1727:
1681:
1680:
1595:
1594:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1084:(21): R903–R904.
901:978-1-4766-1471-7
772:978-0-300-07453-6
425:Cacatua ducorpsii
417:Cacatua ducorpsii
413:Solomons cockatoo
400:is attributed to
392:Scientific naming
295:Cacatua ducorpsii
291:Solomons cockatoo
241:Tanimbar cockatoo
237:Goffin's cockatoo
235:), also known as
223:
222:
80:
63:
24:Tanimbar corella
2237:
2185:
2184:
2172:
2171:
2159:
2158:
2146:
2145:
2133:
2132:
2120:
2119:
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2068:
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2055:
2054:
2042:
2041:
2032:
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2019:
2018:
2006:
2005:
2003:67EE6F845DA552A4
1993:
1992:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1933:
1848:Butler's corella
1789:Mathews cockatoo
1748:
1737:
1690:
1606:
1568:
1544:
1535:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1485:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1418:. pp. 1–9.
1407:
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1228:(11): e0205429.
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749:
748:
730:
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719:
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697:
677:
664:
663:
661:
659:
645:
639:
638:
636:
634:
629:
599:
461:feather-plucking
268:Tanimbar Islands
227:Tanimbar corella
210:
95:
94:
74:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2180:
2175:
2167:
2162:
2154:
2149:
2141:
2136:
2128:
2125:Observation.org
2123:
2115:
2110:
2102:
2097:
2089:
2084:
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2058:
2050:
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2037:
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2022:
2014:
2009:
2001:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1940:
1930:
1925:
1894:
1882:
1874:
1838:Western corella
1825:
1815:
1794:Triton cockatoo
1756:
1724:
1706:
1677:
1647:
1629:Calyptorhynchus
1622:
1591:
1551:
1526:
1512:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1434:
1409:
1408:
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1340:Current Biology
1333:
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1328:
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1198:
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1195:. Science Daily
1191:
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1128:
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1078:Current Biology
1071:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1026:The Spruce Pets
1019:
1018:
1011:
1001:
999:
998:on 10 June 2011
986:Masi, Alberto.
985:
984:
980:
966:
965:
961:
952:
950:
940:
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935:
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923:
922:. 27 April 2011
914:
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601:
600:
591:
586:
578:tablet computer
501:Alice Auersperg
493:
475:animal shelters
441:
421:Cacatua goffini
394:
378:Near Threatened
362:
350:
311:
303:Near Threatened
219:
214:Roselaar &
212:
206:
193:
89:
81:
64:
55:Near Threatened
53:
49:
42:
17:
16:Species of bird
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1460:External links
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27:
22:
19:
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1820:
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1711:
1693:
1686:Pink or grey
1652:
1627:
1609:
1571:
1522:
1445:. Retrieved
1415:
1405:
1393:. Retrieved
1388:
1378:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1284:
1280:
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1225:
1219:
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1171:
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1149:. Retrieved
1139:
1127:. Retrieved
1125:. BBC Nature
1116:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1051:
1041:
1029:. Retrieved
1025:
1000:. Retrieved
996:the original
991:
981:
972:
968:
962:
951:, retrieved
942:
936:
924:. Retrieved
910:
891:
885:
873:. Retrieved
820:(1): 28–43.
817:
813:
803:
794:
790:
762:
734:
728:
716:. Retrieved
706:
694:. Retrieved
689:
685:
656:. Retrieved
652:
643:
631:. Retrieved
617:
611:
605:
562:
555:
551:
535:self-control
528:
513:
494:
491:Intelligence
482:
479:
458:
454:
452:irritating.
450:
428:
424:
420:
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397:
395:
371:
360:Conservation
354:
351:
343:
327:
320:
317:In an aviary
294:
240:
236:
231:
230:
226:
224:
207:
205:
189:
188:
176:
164:
18:
2073:iNaturalist
1970:Wikispecies
1610:Probosciger
1172:IFL Science
1052:Birdline UK
1031:23 December
875:23 December
718:30 December
633:12 November
402:Otto Finsch
309:Description
283:Puerto Rico
279:Kai Islands
271:archipelago
264:all islands
2199:Categories
2177:Xeno-canto
1883:(subgenus)
1880:Lophochroa
1826:(subgenus)
1757:(subgenus)
1531:Appearance
1523:Cacatuidae
1447:13 January
1395:13 January
1389:Exoticscon
1177:1 February
1129:7 November
975:: vi–xxiv.
791:Beaufortia
658:14 January
584:References
465:stereotypy
330:Cacatuidae
172:Subgenus:
154:Cacatuidae
73:Appendix I
1580:Cockatiel
1572:Nymphicus
1515:Cockatoos
1442:232327012
797:: 95–126.
692:: 183–196
653:cites.org
558:sea mango
299:cockatoos
287:Singapore
275:Indonesia
184:Species:
110:Kingdom:
104:Eukaryota
2210:Corellas
2151:Species+
2104:22684800
2016:22684800
2011:BirdLife
1955:Wikidata
1916:Snowball
1822:Licmetis
1712:Eolophus
1370:34469771
1321:32457402
1262:30403673
1221:PLOS One
1199:20 March
1108:23137681
852:22389582
522:and the
374:Tanimbar
348:Breeding
338:feathers
245:cockatoo
177:Licmetis
150:Family:
124:Chordata
120:Phylum:
114:Animalia
100:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
2065:2479886
2052:tancoc1
2039:tancoc1
1998:Avibase
1961:Q757402
1753:Cacatua
1742:Cacatua
1549:Species
1348:Bibcode
1312:7250841
1289:Bibcode
1253:6221259
1230:Bibcode
1086:Bibcode
1057:27 June
1002:11 June
953:29 July
926:29 July
843:3289156
822:Bibcode
696:11 June
560:seeds.
547:corvids
503:of the
380:on the
334:crested
266:in the
252:Yamdena
248:endemic
216:Michels
165:Cacatua
160:Genus:
140:Order:
130:Class:
75: (
58: (
2143:619331
2091:714024
2078:117152
2029:113959
1985:ARKive
1911:Cookie
1519:family
1440:
1430:
1368:
1319:
1309:
1260:
1250:
1151:6 July
1106:
898:
850:
840:
769:
741:
543:cashew
518:, the
260:Selaru
218:, 2004
2130:71397
2117:12983
2047:eBird
2036:BOW:
1921:Crest
1733:White
1654:Zanda
1601:Black
1564:Small
1539:Genus
1438:S2CID
948:CITES
920:CITES
539:pecan
509:rakes
485:CITES
463:, or
386:CITES
256:Larat
77:CITES
71:CITES
2169:3029
2156:9618
2112:NCBI
2099:IUCN
2086:ITIS
2060:GBIF
2024:BOLD
1449:2022
1428:ISBN
1397:2022
1366:PMID
1317:PMID
1258:PMID
1201:2013
1179:2022
1153:2013
1131:2012
1104:PMID
1059:2022
1033:2020
1004:2010
955:2011
928:2011
896:ISBN
877:2020
848:PMID
767:ISBN
739:ISBN
720:2008
698:2010
660:2022
635:2021
618:2018
572:and
285:and
258:and
225:The
134:Aves
2164:TSA
1420:doi
1356:doi
1307:PMC
1297:doi
1248:PMC
1238:doi
1094:doi
838:PMC
830:doi
690:350
622:doi
419:).
273:in
239:or
2201::
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2166::
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2000::
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1972::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.