Tanks in World War II - Knowledge (XXG)

19: 495: 322: 1026: 1875:, a decisive defeat inflicted by the Soviet Union on the Mongolian border in 1939. This proved fatal later when they faced the new generation of Allied tanks, as the great majority of the Japanese models were lightly armored, and not heavily gunned. As in the 1920s, with the priority of steel going to the navy and air force, the Japanese Army has relegated the remaining material for its tanks. Thus the 1930s-designed vehicles went on being mass-produced, and the warning of Khalkin-Gol was too slowly recognized. By 1940 they had the fifth-largest tank force in the world behind the Soviet Union, France, Britain, and Germany, but were behind in medium and heavy tanks. However, after December 1941, with the entry of the United States into the conflict, priority continued to be given to 637:(SU) assault guns being used for the same dual-purpose roles. However, the lack of a rotating turret had limited the gun's traverse to a few degrees. This meant that the entire tank normally had to be turned onto its target by the driver, a much slower process than simply rotating a powered turret. If the vehicle became immobilized due to engine failure or track damage, it could not rotate its gun to counter opposing tanks, making it highly vulnerable to counterfire. This vulnerability was later exploited by opposing tank forces. Even the largest and most powerful of German tank destroyers were found abandoned on the field after a battle, having been immobilized by one or more hits by high explosive (HE) or armor-piercing (AP) shells to the track or front drive sprocket. 479: 1604: 1688: 2072: 1524: 487: 782:, most of the Soviet Union's tank force was composed of the T-26 and BT tanks series. A few T-40s had also appeared, along with about 1,363 mechanically unreliable early-model T-34 tanks and 677 KV series tanks. The early-model T-34s' heavy losses were caused by lack of coordination, lack of supplies, bad training, mechanical issues and the Red Army's general lack of preparation for war. Another difficulty for the T-34 was that it had only a four-man crew, with the tank commander forced to double as the gunner. Although he was spared from loading duties, unlike commanders in French tanks, it still crippled the tank commander's ability to maintain awareness of the battlefield, which gave German armour a tactical advantage. 1281:. They were deeply flawed in many ways, yet the M3 Light ("Stuart") and M3 Medium ("Lee" or "Grant") were the best tanks available to the Western Allies and were superior to many of their German counterparts in armor protection and firepower. The Light Tank M3 was about as well-armed as the British cruiser tanks with 2-pounder (40 mm) guns in the desert, yet was much more reliable mechanically. Its 37 mm main gun was more powerful than the main guns carried by German reconnaissance tanks. The name given by the British to the Light Tank M3 was 'Stuart'; a nickname used was 'Honey'. The M3 and its improved derivative, the 1516: 1588: 1647:, which was intended to be the new main German medium tank, with comparably sloped armor to that of the T-34. The Panther tank was a compromise of various requirements. While sharing essentially the same engine as the Tiger I tank, it had better frontal armor, better gun penetration, was lighter overall and thus faster, and could handle rough terrain better than the Tigers. The trade-off was much weaker side armor; the Panther proved to be deadly in open country and shooting from long range, but was vulnerable in close-quarters combat or to flank shots. 1963: 1018:(the evacuation of the BEF from Dunkirk in late May 1940) meant they could not be withdrawn from front line service quickly and so saw combat in small numbers in North Africa, where reliability and suspension performance in the desert conditions was praised. Sixty worn out examples were also taken to Greece by the 3rd Royal Tank Regiment and although they performed well against the German tanks, over 90% were lost due to mechanical breakdowns as opposed to enemy action (mainly through broken tracks). 1815: 371: 363: 1312: 739:, which was originally designed as the successor to the BT series. Its heavier armour and 76.2 mm dual-purpose gun, made it one of the best medium tanks of the first half of World War II. The T-34 eventually took on the roles of many other Soviet tanks. The T-34's chassis made it usable after the war, as it could be continuously upgraded with heavier guns, new turrets and other modifications. The other significant design was the 1939:

1944/45, the naval fleet and the air force had priority of steel allocation and construction. It changed when the homeland became increasingly under direct threat, but it was too late. As with many innovative weapons projects during the final years of World War II, production could not advance beyond either small numbers or the prototype stage due to material shortages, and the loss of Japan's industrial infrastructure to the

1111: 517:, which had always been considered, but were not previously a universal feature on tanks, became recognized as essential. It was appreciated that if the tank's gun was to be used to engage both 'soft' (unarmored) and armored targets, then it needed to be as large and powerful as possible, making one large gun with an all-round field of fire vital. Also, mounting the gun in a turret ensured that the tank could fire from 1274:(after 1942) and Chinese. By 1944 most British units were also equipped with US-built tanks. Finally, the US supplied over 8,000 tanks to the USSR, half of them the M4 Sherman. Similar to the Soviet Union, the United States selected a few good basic designs and standardized those models. Given the lack of tank design and production experience, it is remarkable that the United States' designs were as good as they were. 1440: 1177: 4328: 1002: 2142: 2197:. The 575 TK/TKS tankettes formed the bulk of the Polish armored forces but as their armament was limited to machine guns, their combat value was limited. They suffered heavy losses during the Invasion of Poland. Only the handful of tankettes armed with 20 mm guns had a fighting chance against the enemy tanks; in one instance on 18 September 1939 a 20 mm gunned TKS destroyed three German 537:(two ancillary machine gun turrets) slowly became less common during World War II. Experience showed that a tank commander could not effectively direct the fire of several weapons; also, the newer dual-purpose guns eliminated the need for multiple weapons. Most tanks still retained a hull machine gun, and usually one or more machine guns in the turret, to protect them from infantry at short range. 4338: 836: 1155:) had already been used during the North African campaign to clear paths through German minefields. Soviet T-34 tanks had been modified with mine-rollers, fascines, and flamethrowers. Close-support tanks, bridge layers, and fascine carriers had been developed elsewhere also. However, the Funnies were the largest and most elaborate collection of engineering vehicles available. 906: 797:. Both of these light tanks had torsion-bar suspension, light armour, and small engines. Their simple construction kept them in production even though their combat value was limited. The T-60 had only a 20 mm gun while the T-70 had a 45 mm. In addition, both had one-man turrets, making them difficult to crew effectively. The T-70 formed the basis for the later 954: 1348:, at the time it first saw service in 1942. The Red Army was supplied with about 4,000 M4s. The M4, although reliable and easy to maintain, was already outgunned by the time the US encountered the up-gunned and up-armored German medium tanks in Italy and Northern Europe (the Panzer IV and various German self-propelled guns) and by late 1943 the arrival of German 1492:"While the tank battle was in progress, I attempted, in vain, to destroy a Char B with a captured 47 mm anti-tank gun; all the shells I fired at it simply bounced harmlessly off its thick armor. Our 37 mm and 20 mm guns were equally ineffective against this adversary. As a result, we inevitably suffered sadly heavy casualties". 1294: 767:. It was intended to be the replacement for the T-26, and was equipped with a 45 mm gun, torsion-bar suspension and thicker armor than most other tanks in its class. However, production problems with its new engine led to the tank being cancelled after fewer than 70 had been made. The light reconnaissance role was filled by the amphibious 1838:

have the cavalry tradition. Cavalry was used for reconnaissance in the mountainous countryside, and initially, as with most other armies, the first designs were constrained by the tank's infantry-support role. Building tanks of their own met several problems, as Japan's priority tended to be with naval procurements so production for tank

1891: 715: 646: 817:, which in turn forced Soviet, American and British tank forces to upgrade their tanks further. German tendency to develop entirely new tanks toward the end of the war, rather than upgrading existing models, reduced the availability of tanks to German tank formations and helped the Red Army gain the initiative on the Eastern Front. 1600:, and it was thought that in the interest of standardization the tanks should carry the same armament. As a compromise, the turret ring was made large enough to accommodate a 50 mm (2 inch) gun should a future upgrade be required. This single decision later assured the Panzer III a prolonged life in the German Army. 1234: 942:" which were intended for independent maneuvering, rapid breakouts and flanking attacks. Early Cruiser tanks gained performance at a cost in the armour they could carry. Reliability was an important issue especially in the harsh conditions of North Africa and the mountainous terrain of Southern Europe, where the 1796:

heavy differed somewhat from other countries. Hence the P26/40, designated as "heavy" by the Italians with its 26-tonne weight, was more similar in weight to the medium M4 Sherman tank (30-tonne weight). The Italians also labeled the machine gun-armed L3/35 a "light tank", although it is more commonly called a

938:" which were heavily armoured with good all terrain performance but were slow. This lack of speed was not considered a flaw as they were designed to support infantry assaults on enemy strong points or urban warfare where the ability to outpace a man on foot was deemed unnecessary. The other type were " 1786:

in Rome. After that point, they were confiscated and used by the Germans who also built another 28 M15/42 tanks. It had a more powerful engine and air filters to cope with the harsh conditions of the desert, and an improved version of the 47 mm gun; however, by the time it entered production it

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The French had planned for a defensive war and built tanks accordingly. Their infantry tanks were heavily armored. But, also, generally, they were relatively sluggish, and operationally in terms of control of their forces, the French were at a disadvantage and were outmaneuvered by the German forces.

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The Soviet Union ended the 1930s with a huge fleet of tanks almost completely derived from foreign designs, but before 1941 developed some of the most important trend-setting tanks of the war. The problem the Soviet tank force faced in 1941 was not primarily the technical quality of its vehicles, but

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tank destroyers. Armament was sufficient for 1940–41, but did not keep up with the increased armor and firepower on Allied or German tanks and anti-tank guns; its engine was underpowered and unreliable, a condition worsened by the harsh desert climate and the initial lack of training of their crews.

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was intended to carry a gun that could be used in support of infantry or other tanks, and was initially armed with a short-barreled 75 mm howitzer to fire high explosive (HE) fragmentation shells. In 1941 an average of 39 Panzer IV model tanks per month were built, and this rose to 83 in 1942,

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GAA engine as the M4A3. Intended as an improvement of the M4 Sherman, the prolonged time of development meant that only a small number saw combat in the European theater, most notably in the 9th Armored Division's dramatic dash to take the Bridge at Remagen. In combat, it was, unlike the M4 Sherman,

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as an interim design. The medium M3 tank was intended to quickly get a 75 mm gun into the field, pending the design of a tank with a 75 mm gun in a fully rotating turret. The British rejected the design, only accepting after the US told them it was all they had to offer. The British then

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had shown the importance of medium tanks. The British Army sought to have the US manufacture British designs, but the US refused, offering instead to share the output of US factories building US designs. The United States Army had a requirement for a medium tank with a 75 mm gun, and developed

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As war broke out, the British had placed into production the A13, a new faster Cruiser tank utilizing the suspension and running gear concepts of the American designer J. Walter Christie. This new suspension provided a fast, highly maneuverable design that became the basis for the rapid evolution of

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Polish forces in exile after the fall of Poland were reequipped by their allies. Polish LWP forces fighting alongside the Red Army were equipped with T-34, T-70, and IS-2 tanks, along with ISU-122 and SU-76 self-propelled guns. Polish forces in the west were equipped out of British stocks including

1938:

Between 1931 and 1945, Japan produced 6450 tanks. Half of them (3300) were made by the Mitsubishi Company. The sub-total of tanks produced between 1940 and 1945 is 4424, i.e. a yearly average comparable to Italy. For a country as large and as industrialized as Japan, that is modest. However, before

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tanks in World War I), the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) did not have tanks of its own in World War I, so it started out by purchasing foreign tanks for evaluation during World War I and right after the war ended. Like many other nations, the Japanese initially didn't embrace the tank, as it didn't

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Italy introduced a new tank classification scheme in 1938. Tanks were designated first with a letter (L, M, or P, for light, medium, or heavy respectively) followed by the weight in tonnes, separated by a slash followed by the year the tank was accepted for service. The classes of light, medium and

1658:(deemed "King Tiger" by Allied troops) supplemented the Tiger I late in the war. Its powerful gun – and unlike the Tiger I, its very heavy sloped armor – made it superior to nearly every Allied or Soviet tank in a one-on-one confrontation, but poor mobility, speed, and reliability limited its use. 1642:

main medium tank re-armed with a long-barreled, high-velocity 75 mm gun to counter the T-34; the Panzer III, with its smaller turret ring, could not mount a gun larger than 50 mm, which had become inadequate against Allied tanks. The Germans started to develop newer, heavier tanks. This

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and water jackets were added to combat the problem. A U.S. Army study in 1945 concluded that 60–80 percent of the older dry-stowage and 10–15 percent of wet-stowage Shermans burned when penetrated. The Sherman gained grim nicknames such as "Tommycooker" from the Germans, who called British soldiers

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The appearance of the M3 "Lee" medium tank in the summer of 1942 finally gave the British a larger supply of medium tanks than they could otherwise have hoped for. Although poorly designed, with a very high profile, it was produced in great numbers and was very effective when engaging targets other

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In contrast, for example, almost 80 percent of French tanks lacked radios, essentially because their battle doctrine was based on a more slow-paced, deliberate conformance to planned movements. This required fewer radios at all levels. French tanks generally outclassed German tanks in firepower and

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Tank design gradually improved in the inter-war period also. Reflecting the growth of the automotive industry, tank engines, transmissions, and track systems were improved. By the beginning of the war in September 1939, tanks were available that could travel hundreds of miles on their tracks with a

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tank outclassed the Panzer III and IV. Its well sloped armor could withstand most German weapons, and its 76.2 mm gun and AP rounds could penetrate the armor of all German tanks. This forced the Germans to improve their existing models. The Panzer III, which was intended to be the main medium

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were even graver threats due to the range, accuracy and penetrating power of their main guns. While it is commonly believed that the Sherman had a tendency to explode catastrophically due to their use of petrol fuel, this is incorrect (almost all tanks used petrol in WWII, excepting Soviet tanks).

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Romania joined the Axis Powers in 1941, so its vehicles fought against the Soviet army on the Eastern Front. They were used in places like Odesa and Stalingrad. The Romanian interwar-developed tank force proved to be hardly effective against Soviet T-34s and KV-1s; during tests, it was found out

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changed radically in the inter-war years as armies sought ways to avoid the deadlock imposed by modern firepower and looked for the means to restore offensive power on the battlefield. Initially, tanks had been used for close support of infantry, but as modern mechanized doctrine was developed by

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were the subject of widespread research, few were made, in just a few countries. However, during World War II, most armies employed tanks, and thousands were built every month. Tank usage, doctrine, and production varied widely among the combatant nations. By war's end, a consensus was forming on

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tanks but due to extremely rugged terrain and the tank's poor cross-country performance, many ended up destroyed by the crews. 34 tanks crossed into Romania after covering the Polish retreat after the Soviet Invasion of Poland on 17SEP39 and 2 crossed into Hungary. Only about half of the Renault

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tank was deployed as the first operational heavy tank of the US Army. It was designated a heavy tank when it was designed in WWII due to its 90 mm gun, which was at the time the largest caliber gun found on a US tank. The Pershing was a very modern design with torsion-bar suspension, heavy

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The A9 Cruiser Mk I was an effective tank in the French, Greek and early North African campaigns. The 2-pounder gun was better than comparable 37 mm weapons of Germany and the US, and lethal against tanks encountered during the North African campaign. However the minimal armor made the A9

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cover and use its main gun at the same time. It had a fully traversable turret with a 37 mm cannon as well, but the turret combined with a hull gun gave it a very tall profile. The United States 1st Armored Division also employed the M3 Medium in Africa. It was a stopgap solution, never

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The United Kingdom, the US, the Soviet Union, and France produced significant numbers of tanks before and during World War II. The early tanks of Germany were inferior to many of their opponents' tanks in the areas of armor and firepower. However, in their tactical employment the German tanks

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series, remained in service throughout the war. By 1943, its 37 mm gun was obsolete, but no better replacement was available. The Light Tank T7 design was proposed as a successor in 1943, armed with a 57 mm gun and with better armor; however, the design was never standardized for

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Soviet tank production outstripped all other nations with the exception of the United States. The Soviets accomplished this through standardization on a few designs, generally forgoing minor qualitative improvements and changing designs only when upgrades would result in a major improvement.

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magazine writing that "The best tanks in the world today are probably the Russian tanks...". The T-34 outclassed every German tank in service at the time of its introduction. At its height, production of all other tanks except the IS-2 was stopped to allow all available resources to be used

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In order to deal with improved German tanks, the Soviets upgunned the T-34 in 1943, creating the T-34-85. This model had a much larger turret mounting an 85 mm (3.3-inch) gun and a larger turret capable of holding 3-men, which finally allowed the tank commander to concentrate fully on

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engines that were less likely to catch fire compared with gasoline tank engines that were being used at the time. The Japanese generals had made a mistake in their assessment of the tanks used against China, a country whose army had only three tank battalions, and few anti-tank weapons.

786: 1408:, an improvement over the M3 Light Tank. The M24 had torsion-bar suspension, high mobility, and a compact 75 mm gun. Ergonomically the tank was quite good also. However, the M24 did not appear in combat until December 1944 and equipped only a few units by the end of the war. 961:

British tank crews were trained to fire on the move and the armament was mounted for optimum balance such that the gunner could aim with his body rather than use geared elevation. This reduced available space inside the turret. Both early Cruiser and Infantry tanks carried the

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A number of A10s were part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) sent to France in the early stages of World War II. The A10's cross country performance was recorded as poor, due to narrow, easily thrown tracks, but material losses incurred in the aftermath of

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and new anti-tank guns and the LT-35 and LT-38 proved unsuitable for harsh winter conditions in Russia, so they were withdrawn from front line service in 1942; the remaining units were either redeployed in a light reconnaissance role or converted to

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The next in the series was the M15/42, a 15-tonne tank first built in January 1943. Some 90 vehicles were built before the Italian armistice in September 1943 and in connection to that event they were used in the battle against the Germans by the

674:(derived from the Vickers 6-ton), lightly armoured and armed with a 45 mm gun capable of penetrating most German tanks at normal combat ranges. Few had radios. The design was mechanically sound although incapable of further development. The 1778:. Following the withdrawal of Italian forces from North Africa the M14/41 was rarely encountered. A few captured M11, M13, and M14s were pressed into service by British and Australian forces to fill the serious shortage of allied tanks in 1941. 758:

close-support version was armed with a 152 mm (6.0-inch) howitzer. The KV series was the main Soviet heavy tank until 1943, with the end of production and the destruction of most surviving vehicles. Early in 1944, the KV's successor, the

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Several excellent designs began production in 1940–1941. Just prior to the war, the Red Army embarked on two closely related projects to reorganize its mechanized forces and re-equip them with modern designs that took lessons learned from the

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of 1939. Most of them were attached to two light tank battalions (the 1st and the 2nd). It is a paradox that the Polish motorized unit that performed the best had only 16 old Vickers E 6-ton tanks and 4 tankettes with 20 mm autocannon,

1654:, which outclassed all its opponents in terms of firepower and armor when it was first put into operational use. The companies Henschel and Porsche both submitted designs for the Tiger, and the Henschel design was chosen. The even heavier 567:, as self-propelled guns, tank destroyers or assault guns. For example, the Soviet T-34 could mount an 85 mm gun in the turret, but the same chassis could carry the much more effective 100 mm gun in a fixed casemate such as the 2172:(17 mm in front instead of 13 mm). Only about 132 tanks were produced between 1935 and the outbreak of the war. The weight increased after the initial 7-tonne prototype was made and the actual serial tanks weighed 9.9 tonnes. 1870:

By 1937, Japan fielded 1,060 tanks in 8 regiments, most designed for and used in the infantry-support role. But this focus left the IJA without a tank capable of taking on other tanks, a deficiency that was brought home hard during the

855:, produced in mid-1945, had a much more streamlined look and a larger, bowl-shaped tapered turret. Remarkably, the IS-3 had thicker armor but actually weighed slightly less than the IS-2, remaining under 50 tons (as compared to the 1860: 649:

tanks operated during WWII according to year and country of design (variants and upgrades not included). 'Other' column groups vehicles designed and manufactured in Czechoslovakia/Hungary, Italy, Poland, Sweden/Hungary and the

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of 1939 weighed around 20 tonnes (20 long tons). By 1945, typical medium tanks had maximum armor over 60 mm thick, with guns in the 75–85 mm (3.0–3.3-inch) range and weights of 30 to 45 t (30 to 44 long tons).

2164:(Mk. E) which the Poles purchased and licensed for local production. The main new features of 7TP were: a better, more reliable and powerful diesel engine (which made the 7TP world's first diesel tank), 37 mm anti-tank 1842:

was on a lower level. However, they finally began designing tanks by the mid-1920s. Inspired by European designs, the Japanese tank program designed and developed the tanks which facilitated their campaigns in China and the

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series, based on the Christie suspension system, were usually armed with the same 45 mm gun and were the most mobile tanks in the world at the time. Close-support versions of both tanks existed, armed with 76.2 mm

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in the years leading up to the war and still organised for operations in Imperial defence as an expeditionary force, the British Army entered the war unprepared for the very sort of combat its influential theorists such as

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The Panzer III was intended to fight other tanks; in the initial design stage, a 50 mm (2 inch) gun was specified. However, the infantry at the time was being equipped with the 37 mm (1.46 inch)

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The total tank assets in France and its colonies were perhaps less than 5,800 during the time of the German offensive. After the armistice in the unoccupied Free Zone of France, a clandestine rebuild took place of 225

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program); approximately 40,000 M4 Mediums were produced during the war. M4s formed the main tank of American, British, Canadian, French, Polish, and Chinese units. The M4 was the equal of the German medium tanks, the

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Britain had been the worldwide trend-setter in tank development from 1915, but had lost its leadership position as the Second World War approached. Hampered by restricted expenditure on the army in favour of the

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used the M3 Medium Tank for their own use as the 'Lee', and some with modifications to their requirements as the 'Grant' (I.e: they added a bulge in the back of the turret to fit a radio, among other things.).

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that the T-34 was invulnerable to the R-2's 37 mm gun. However, Romania did upgrade its tank force with German designs such as Panzer IIIs, Panzer IVs, and StuG IIIs, referred to in the Romanian army as

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At the start of the war, France had one of the largest tank forces in the world along with the Soviet, British, and German forces. Like the British and the Soviets, the French operated two classes of tank:

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to quickly build tanks. The country manufactured as many tanks in the first half of 1942 as in all of 1941, with 1,500 in May 1942 alone. American production not only equipped its forces, but through

1219:(a.k.a. 'Stuart' in British service) series beginning in 1941. The M3 Light Tank was an improvement of the M2 Light Tank, with heavier armor and a 37 mm gun. From the M3A1 version, this gun was 502:

A trend towards heavier tanks was unmistakable as the war proceeded. In 1939, most tanks had maximum armor of 30 mm (1.2 in) or less, with guns with no larger caliber than 37–47 mm.

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were delayed by material and production shortages. Even after they started to come out of the factories, a doctrine called for them to be held for the defense of the mainland against invasion.

1480:, in the course of a few minutes. The tank safely returned despite being hit 140 times (this event is not verifiable in German documents and relies on the statements of the crew). In his book 1365:

Technically, the M4's design was capable of handling larger guns than the 75 mm and 76 mm guns with which they left the factory. The British fitted Shermans with the more powerful

1335:, or "Sherman" in British service. The M4 Medium became the second-most-produced tank of World War II, and was the only tank to be used by virtually all Allied forces (thanks to the American 1421:

fairly equal in firepower and protection to both the Tiger I and Panther tanks. The M26 basic design was good enough to form the basis for all postwar American tanks through the end of the

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The Soviet Union started and ended the war with more tanks than the rest of the world combined (18,000–22,000). At the start of World War II the most common tank in Soviet service was the

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which was used for destroying buildings and clearing obstacles. It could also be equipped with a wide variety of combat engineering equipment such as small bridges, rolled-matt roadways,

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series was the most important pre-war US tank. These light tanks were mechanically very reliable, with good mobility. However, they had a high silhouette — from the use of an air-cooled

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M3 and M5 Stuarts, M4 Shermans, and a small number of Cromwells. Polish armor units were participants in the Battle of Berlin and played an important role in the campaign in Normandy.

398:. World War I tanks moved at a walking pace, they were relatively unreliable, and the best usage of them was still developing up to the war's end. A breakthrough in tank design was the 1102:

normally fitted. From mid-1944, as more were produced and British designs were introduced into service the Firefly became increasingly the most common Sherman in use by the British.

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Germany's armored force was not especially impressive from a technical standpoint at the start of the war. As noted above, it was their advanced combined arms doctrine and unrivaled

848:, which had heavier armor than the KV while maintaining the same weight. Most of its armor was concentrated in the front of the tank, where it was expected to take most of its hits. 2186:

gun. After initial tests, it became clear that the twin-turret variant was obsolete and lacked firepower, so it was abandoned in favor of the more-modern, single-turret design.

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intended to be a design of major importance. In American and British service the M3 Medium was phased out at the end of the North African campaign. It continued to serve in the

2118:; these tanks saw operational use in the Polish campaign, the Battle of France, and on the Soviet front. By 1942, Czech-built tanks became progressively vulnerable to Soviet 691:

tanks. These had limited combat value; although highly mobile, they were armed only with 7.62 mm machine guns and had very thin armour. The Red Army also had about 400

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Many of these ideas had already been tried, tested, or were in experimental development both by Britain and other nations. For example, the Scorpion flail tank (a modified

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Immediately before and during the war, the British produced an enormous array of prototype tanks and modified tanks for a variety of specialist engineering tasks (such as "

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series in the 1930s, and these, armed with machine guns, formed the main armor strength of Italy as late as 1940. Italy began fielding heavier tanks beginning with the

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comparable in characteristics to the T-34; neither of them is known to have passed the proposal stage. Heavy modifications were also suggested for captured T-34s (see

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The Encyclopedia of Weapons of WWII: The Comprehensive Guide to Over 1,500 Weapons Systems, including Tanks, Small Arms, Warplanes, Artillery, Ships, and Submarines

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The Encyclopedia of Weapons of WWII: The Comprehensive Guide to Over 1,500 Weapons Systems, including Tanks, Small Arms, Warplanes, Artillery, Ships, and Submarines

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Although the Japanese Army widely employed tanks within the Pacific theater of war, the tanks that Allied forces faced there were mostly older designs, such as the

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was introduced. It was armed with a 122 mm (4.8 in) gun, with thicker armour and better mobility. A new infantry-support tank was introduced in 1941: the

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continued to enjoy a 12–18 month lead in tank and anti-tank gun development and production until the end of 1944. Britain produced 5000 tanks in the year of 1944.

596:("tank hunters") were basically made by taking an existing anti-tank gun and mounting it on a convenient chassis to give mobility, usually with just a three-sided 1090:

designations almost exclusively until after the war). In late 1943, the British found a way to mount the QF 17-pounder anti-tank gun in the Sherman to create the

832:. Ironically, the T-34's speed, which exceeded that of many of the light tanks that were supposed to scout for it, led to even less Soviet light tank production. 1774:

The next tank in the series was the Fiat M14/41, a slightly improved version of the M13/40 with a more powerful diesel engine. The tank was also employed in the

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for towing disabled tanks from the battlefield, and command tanks with extra radios were also used. Some of these tank variants live on as other classes of

478: 560:, as armored vehicles carrying large-caliber guns, but often no turrets. Turreted vehicles are expensive to manufacture compared to non-turreted vehicles. 2071: 1381:), which allowed them to swim using a collapsible screen and inflated rubber tubes. Along with this were the M4 Dozer (an M4 with a bulldozer blade), the 1755: 1603: 1982:. The vehicles acquired by Romania were, however, different in many aspects from their original Czechoslovak and French counterparts. For example, the 1523: 486: 3956: 809:

exclusively for this tank, due to its widespread success in a variety of roles. The T-34 forced the Germans to adopt new, heavier designs such as the

970:, and effective against tanks of the time but increasingly outclassed as the war progressed. Production shortages caused by losses in France and the 1738:

The Fiat-Ansaldo M11/39 medium tank was used from 1940 through the early period of World War II. The M11/39 was developed as a "breakthrough tank" (

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The war accelerated the pace of change in design. In particular, the gun-vs-armor race of the war led to rapid improvements in firepower and armor.

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light tank, too vulnerable for a direct fire role, was modified to take a powerful 75 mm PaK 40 gun in an open-topped, fixed casemate as the

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for some time, and in a single campaign in the Pacific. Red Army crews nicknamed it "grave for seven brothers" referring to the seven-man crew.

1319:

The M3 Medium had the significant disadvantage of its 75 mm main armament being mounted offset in the hull meaning that it could not take

2279: 521:

cover. Hull-mounted guns required that most of the vehicle be exposed to enemy fire. Multiple-turreted or multi-gun designs such as the Soviet

2021:

To further increase its anti-tank capacities, Romania had also started its own production of tank destroyers in late 1942. These included the

1927:

infantry support tank, for the close-fire support role; providing Type 97 equipped tank regiments with additional firepower against the enemy

1580:, both armed with a 37 mm gun). Even in 1941, Panzer III production amounted only to about a thousand tanks, forcing the Germans to use 683:. However, the BT was at the end of its design life. The Red Army also fielded thousands of light reconnaissance tanks such as the amphibious 3649: 3589: 3516: 3490: 3471: 3452: 3429: 2924: 2723: 2322: 1940: 1197: 1844: 1063:

Beginning about mid-1942, many British tank units were equipped with vehicles supplied under lend-lease from the United States, such as the

3711: 2481:

Irwin, p. 62: Even the U.S. M4 Sherman could disable a Jagdpanther's track or fracture the front drive sprocket with a 75 mm HE shell.

2234: 3526: 3500: 2149:

Poland was the first to suffer the German Blitzkrieg, but it had some very good tanks in its armored forces. The most important was the

2136: 1735:, was developed to match the British cruiser tanks but work on it was stopped when the Axis was pushed out of North Africa in May 1943. 1083: 294: 186: 421:

several armies, tanks became an essential part of the combined-arms team. In addition to infantry support, tanks fulfilled traditional

98: 4158: 3668: 3627: 3608: 3570: 176: 2812: 490:

In May 1940 the majority of German tanks used against France were the lightly armored and armed Panzer II (front) and Panzer I (rear)

4228: 3542: 3408: 2637: 2269: 44: 1515: 1254:

By February 1942, American civilian automobile factories only made weapons and military vehicles. Automobile manufacturers such as

475:, but their poor command and control doctrine negated these advantages. By 1943, two-way radio was nearly universal in all armies. 1460:

When the French were able to mount an attack their tanks could be very effective. On 16 May, during the Battle of France a single

989:

gave the German army in Libya a huge advantage for much of late 1941 and early 1942. This began to be offset by late 1942 but the

1133: 2580: 2259: 1587: 2402:

Larew, Karl G. (2005). "From Pigeons to Crystals: the development of radio communication in U.S. Army tanks in World War II".

1998:) had a modified variant, the R-2c, with cemented armor and a different looking rear for both the turret and the hull. French 1731:

with the Allies, after which the Germans took over production, and used roughly one hundred of them. Another tank design, the

26:

shown) was effective against a wide range of targets, but often needed support of infantry to protect it against close attacks

1809: 1783: 1572:(armed with machine guns and a 20 mm autocannon respectively), with some gun-armed light tanks of Czechoslovak design ( 1060:

anti-tank gun; one of the most effective Allied anti-tank guns of the war, although the Comet itself saw very little combat.

2356: 2965: 789:

A column of Russian T-26 mod. 1939 and T-26 mod. 1933 light tanks from the 20th Tank Brigade moving towards the front line.

4218: 2157:– "7-tonne Polish") light tank, which was better armed than its most common opponents, the German Panzer I and Panzer II. 1771:

self-propelled gun alongside the tanks in their armored units, which proved capable of destroying the enemy medium tanks.

445:

dominated all rivals early in the war. Germany concentrated the tanks and the few infantry transport vehicles it had into

1377:, the M4 had become the workhorse tank of the Allied forces. Some M4 Mediums were equipped with the Duplex Drive system ( 1200:

did not have any tanks, so crews trained by marching down roads in groups and executing orders as if they were in tanks.

4372: 2264: 1751: 1510: 350: 116: 83: 37: 1727:

with a 75 mm main gun, was designed but saw no service with Italian forces as it became ready at the time of the

4377: 4331: 703:

the very poor state of maintenance, the appalling lack of readiness, and the poor command situation brought on by the

446: 221: 1010:

vulnerable to most contemporary anti-tank weapons and the design was quickly superseded by the A10 Cruiser, Mark II.

4283: 4019: 3806: 2175:

Like its British predecessor, the 7TP was initially produced in two variants: the twin turret version armed with 2

2103:

were ordered but none were delivered before the German occupation. The LT-35 and LT-38 models were superior to the

2050: 1905: 1501:

into armored cars. When all of France was occupied in 1942, the secret hiding places were betrayed to the Germans.

1171: 216: 181: 2114:

Before the end of production in 1942, 136 more LT-35 and a total of 1414 LT-38 were produced for the Wehrmacht at

1962: 4293: 4288: 3971: 3961: 2205: 2022: 1967: 1932: 1928: 1682: 895: 665: 206: 201: 171: 121: 108: 3826: 3704: 1920: 1901: 1386: 549: 545: 309: 299: 156: 70: 2002:

were also acquired – their suspension was later heavily modified, so the wheels were ten times more durable.

859:'s 68). The armor design of the IS-3 was an enormous influence on postwar tank design, as seen in the Soviet 563:

One trend seen in World War II was the usage of older, lighter tank chassis to mount larger weapons in fixed

4298: 4112: 3841: 3831: 2066: 1767:

Beginning in 1942, the Italian Army recognized the firepower weakness of the M13/40 series and employed the

1581: 1230:. This was a poor design with thin armor, a high silhouette, a 37 mm main gun, and seven machine guns. 740: 711:

had adopted an advanced combat doctrine that its command structure and tank force simply could not execute.

146: 1719:(all with 47 mm main guns) were closely comparable in combat power to light tanks such as the Soviet 4208: 3771: 2627: 2198: 1775: 1747: 1728: 1670: 1366: 1196:

in September 1941, it used trucks with the word "tank" painted on their side. Even after Pearl Harbor the

1189: 1057: 1030: 971: 751: 735:

into account. Some of these designs were copies of other countries' designs. The most significant was the

728: 540:

Tanks were adapted to a wide range of military tasks, including engineering. Specialized models, such as

2284: 2111:

light tanks used in the Wehrmacht, so the Germans ordered the production of these models to be resumed.

1872: 1162:, Crab mine clearers, and AVRE (Engineer) tanks along with a regiment of Crocodile flamethrowing tanks. 975: 963: 304: 93: 2912: 1986:, which was also built in Romania under license, had a different engine and armor thickness than other 1814: 625:

assault guns, from the beginning of the war, set a pattern used later by the similarly fully enclosed

4243: 4198: 2254: 2194: 1624: 1052:, gave the Cromwell high speed and mobility. The final British cruiser design to see service was the 1022:

the Cruiser tank such as the Mk IV (A13 Mk II) a British cruiser tank derived from the original A13.

844:

maintaining tactical awareness of the battlefield. The Soviets also introduced the 122 mm-armed

779: 605: 450: 402: 391: 196: 191: 141: 78: 1584:

as substitutes for the Panzer III. As the war proceeded, the production of heavier tanks increased.

4352: 4348: 4168: 4163: 3697: 3153: 2289: 2239: 1931:. However, they were only produced in limited numbers. The most modern Japanese tanks, such as the 1532: 1193: 1123: 1115: 464: 399: 395: 370: 231: 60: 804:

By October 1942, the general opinion was that Soviet tanks were among the best in the world, with

3751: 2908: 2419: 2363: 1909: 1847:, prior to World War II. They introduced many innovations as they built their designs, including 1554: 1417: 1095: 1080: 1049: 1045: 928: 692: 541: 426: 406: 3166: 1662: 1557:, only a few hundred of these vehicles were available. As a result, the invasions of Poland and 1416:

armor, and an excellent 90 mm gun. However, it was somewhat underpowered, having the same

1158:

By early 1944, Hobart could demonstrate to Eisenhower and Montgomery a brigade each of swimming

362: 511:, which dominated most armies early in the war, gradually disappeared from front-line service. 457:

where tanks operated with mobile infantry and air support; this doctrine was popularly called

4029: 3664: 3645: 3623: 3604: 3585: 3566: 3538: 3512: 3486: 3467: 3448: 3425: 3404: 2920: 2719: 2633: 2576: 2318: 1743: 1724: 1374: 1358: 1311: 883: 852: 760: 744: 724: 2786: 2715: 2709: 2546: 754:

and much heavier armour than the T-34. The KV was slow, intended as a breakthrough tank. The

616:

and later German tanks were unique in that they had more armor than their tank counterparts.

329:

heavy tank could use its long ranged powerful gun to advantage in the open landscapes of the

4268: 4203: 4148: 3864: 2411: 2119: 2096: 2080: 1666: 1242: 1215:. Their importance lies in the fact that they formed the basis for the much more successful 1015: 621: 609: 472: 463:. For this to work the German tanks were all equipped with radios, which provided unmatched 274: 254: 1056:; development of the Cromwell, it carried a high-velocity 77 mm gun derived from the 4238: 4173: 3999: 3941: 3936: 3904: 2972: 2954: 1863: 1768: 1763: 1434: 1370: 1263: 1137: 1091: 919: 845: 417: 330: 211: 151: 136: 981:

The lack of an adequate high-explosive shell for the 2-pounder and the growing number of

1887:; attacking across the Pacific, and defending the Empire from the advancing Americans. 785: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4233: 4223: 4188: 4178: 4095: 4090: 4062: 4052: 3889: 3441: 2249: 2169: 2115: 2088: 1979: 1916: 1913: 1834: 1485: 1255: 1227: 1220: 1130: 1110: 829: 592: 553: 279: 131: 1439: 1176: 4366: 4183: 4044: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3994: 3989: 3966: 3637: 3419: 2423: 2415: 2183: 2161: 2054: 1894: 1884: 1852: 1818: 1453: 1297: 1282: 1208: 1204: 1041: 1037: 967: 943: 935: 924: 793:

In 1941, large numbers of T-60s began to appear, reinforced in 1942 with the similar

747: 454: 269: 166: 161: 126: 1001: 498:

German infantry in half-track transports could operate alongside tanks cross country

4308: 4303: 4213: 4193: 4024: 3981: 3931: 3911: 3836: 3821: 2141: 2100: 2084: 1995: 1991: 1650:

The Germans also started to develop a new series of heavy tanks. The first was the

1644: 1628: 1577: 1573: 1449: 1412: 1394: 1382: 1349: 1099: 1087: 986: 939: 810: 587: 534: 344: 259: 3859: 1535:

capability that gave German mechanized forces their advantage on the battlefield.

3398: 2193:(also known as the TK-3) which was based upon an improved chassis of the British 4072: 3916: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3851: 3776: 3766: 3689: 2244: 2217: 2179: 2034: 1999: 1924: 1742:). It was replaced by the Fiat-Ansaldo M13/40 medium tank which was used in the 1732: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1542: 1405: 1271: 1212: 1145: 1064: 982: 947: 743:. These were armed with the same 76.2 mm gun as the T-34, and had the same 704: 557: 503: 410: 383: 289: 244: 835: 4082: 4057: 3921: 3899: 3761: 3746: 3728: 2274: 2216:

Poland also purchased and used, in September 1939, 50 (some sources claim 49)

2046: 2026: 1978:

During the interwar period, Romania had equipped its army with tanks from its

1848: 1759: 1569: 1539: 1473: 1422: 1398: 1390: 1378: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1267: 1152: 1076: 1053: 915: 868: 824:

supplies from the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada, including the

821: 732: 695:

medium, multi-turreted tanks, which were in most respects equal to the German

627: 613: 597: 514: 508: 459: 264: 249: 239: 23: 2944:. Season 1. 31 January 2012. Military Channel (now American History Channel). 4132: 4067: 3926: 3816: 3796: 3791: 3756: 3736: 3400:

Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945

2176: 2108: 2092: 2038: 2030: 1707:

with a 37 mm the main gun in 1940. This tank and its derivatives, the

1616: 1608: 1566: 1550: 1498: 1477: 1345: 1320: 1301: 1278: 1216: 1181: 990: 905: 872: 825: 764: 696: 688: 684: 580: 576: 518: 374:

T3E2 tank with Christie suspension crossing an obstacle during tests in 1936

2711:

For the duration... : the United States goes to war, Pearl Harbor-1942

953: 886:, starting with the T-28B, which had a rudimentary form as early as 1938. 645: 4153: 4122: 4034: 3811: 2104: 1983: 1880: 1876: 1797: 1696: 1665:, which was canceled during the design stage in favor of the yet heavier 1655: 1639: 1638:

Thus the Panzer IV, originally intended to be a support tank, became the

1562: 1546: 1325: 1305: 1259: 856: 708: 680: 601: 564: 284: 2045:'s design. Attempts were also made to produce medium tanks, such as the 604:

light tanks were modified by removing the turret and emplacing a Czech

4313: 4143: 4117: 3781: 3741: 3505:

The Great Tank Scandal: British Armour in the Second World War - Part 1

2160:

Like the similar Soviet T-26, the 7TP was a development of the British

2083:, the Czechoslovak army used a complement of light tanks including 298 1826: 1651: 1461: 1353: 1159: 1141: 966:, a 40 mm anti-tank gun, a good match for the contemporary German 814: 675: 530: 422: 326: 1293: 552:, no longer called "tanks". All major combatant powers also developed 29: 3894: 2182:, and a single turret version, armed with a 37 mm (1.5 in) 2124: 2042: 1971: 1830: 1597: 1558: 1538:

Pre-war plans called for two main tanks: the main tank was to be the

1469: 1247: 1072: 1068: 950:

in particular were plagued by broken tracks and overheating engines.

633: 568: 526: 387: 1890: 1859: 1136:(AVRE) fired a short range 230 mm (11.4 inch) direct-fire 1079:(all these tanks received their names from the British, named after 714: 409:, which allowed longer movement of the suspension than conventional 2075:

The LT vz. 35 designated as Panzer 35(t) by Germans in France, 1940

612:

self-propelled anti-tank gun. German tank destroyers based on the

2140: 2070: 1987: 1970:

was developed starting in 1942 and is stated to have inspired the

1961: 1889: 1858: 1839: 1813: 1700: 1686: 1635:

tank, was upgraded to a longer, higher-velocity 50 mm gun.

1602: 1586: 1522: 1514: 1468:, attacked and destroyed thirteen German tanks lying in ambush in 1438: 1310: 1292: 1232: 1175: 1109: 1024: 1000: 952: 904: 834: 798: 784: 713: 644: 572: 493: 485: 477: 413:

systems then in common use, and allowed the tanks to move faster.

369: 361: 320: 17: 820:

Later in the war, the light tank role was increasingly filled by

394:

reflected the novelty of the idea and the primitive state of the

4278: 4273: 4105: 4100: 3951: 3946: 3801: 3786: 3534: 3508: 1958:

Romanian armored fighting vehicle production during World War II

1720: 1631: 864: 860: 794: 772: 768: 755: 736: 671: 522: 379: 338: 3693: 3684: 3531:

Universal Tank: British Armour in the Second World War - Part 2

1233: 1188:

Prior to the entry of the United States into the war after the

699:. Again, though, this design dated from 1931 and was obsolete. 33: 2190: 2165: 2150: 425:

roles, provided mobile artillery support, and were adapted to

1851:

suspensions, as pioneers in amphibious tanks, and the use of

1357:

The Sherman suffered from poor ammunition storage. Welded-on

1226:

The new medium tank just entering production in 1940 was the

3556:. AFV Weapons Profiles No. 49. Profile Publications Limited. 1277:

The first tanks of the United States to see combat were the

1192:

in December 1941, the Army had only a few tanks. During the

382:

was invented by the British, in 1916, and first used during

974:

forced the British to delay widespread introduction of the

3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3101: 3099: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2491: 2489: 2487: 631:

casemate-style tank destroyers, with the Soviets' similar

3466:. London, UK: Orbis Publishing and Aerospace Publishing. 1912:

to match up against the Allied tanks. These included the

1300:(a.k.a. M5 Stuart) passes through the wrecked streets of 1075:' variant thereof) and the Lee's/Grant's replacement the 2773: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2145:

all tanks operated in combat by Polish forces during WW2

1005:

Silhouettes of tanks operated by the British during WWII

2860: 2858: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2317:. New York, NY: Dorling Kimberly (DK). pp. 52–53. 2137:

Tanks of the Polish Armoured Forces § World War II

1369:(76.2 mm) gun, a variant known informally as the 556:(self-propelled anti-tank guns for mobile defense) and 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2435: 2433: 2385: 2383: 2381: 1331:

The most important American design of the war was the

1290:

than enemy tanks, such as infantry and gun positions.

1211:

for power — and poor armor. Only a few saw combat, on

449:. German doctrine stressed the use of rapid movement, 1908:. As the war progressed the Japanese built tanks and 934:

The British Army had developed two types of tanks – "

718:

Soviet tank troops (Battle of Budapest, October 1944)

2917:

The Blitzkrieg Legend. The 1940 Campaign in the West

4131: 4081: 4043: 3980: 3850: 3727: 3154:

History of War: "Type 1 Ho-Ni I Self-Propelled Gun"

1669:of which only two incomplete prototypes were made. 230: 107: 69: 4342:List of armoured fighting vehicles of World War II 3440: 2472:, New York: Random House Publishers (2002), p. 61. 1443:A Char B1 infantry tank in 1940 in Northern France 1673:were drawings only used for propaganda purposes. 1561:were carried out primarily with the less capable 1126:", produced for the invasion of France in 1944). 896:Tanks in the British Army § Second World War 2813:"A Tank Arsenal: How Its Assembly Lines Operate" 2204:All of the 7TP tanks took part in combat in the 600:for crew protection. For instance, 202 obsolete 3563:Jane's World War II Tanks and Fighting Vehicles 3117: 1519:Panzer IIIs move off the factory grounds, 1942. 1241:From 1940, new tank designs were prepared. The 3661:M4 Sherman vs Type 97 Chi-Ha: The Pacific 1945 1172:Tanks of the United States § World War II 3705: 2966:1942 Auto Mitrailleuse CDM Chars-francais.net 1683:Tanks in the Italian Army § World War II 1389:above the turret), the M4A3R3 Flame thrower ( 666:Tanks in the Soviet Union § World War II 45: 8: 3599:Rottman, Gordon L.; Takizawa, Akira (2008). 2357:"The Evolution of the Tank in the U.S. Army" 1661:Plans were made for a super-heavy tank, the 1237:An M2A1 Medium Tank (late production series) 1086:; the Americans instead used their original 2919:. Naval Institute Press. pp. 211–212. 2221:tanks participated in the actual fighting. 2067:Tanks of Czechoslovakia § World War II 1488:wrote of a tank battle south of Juniville: 4337: 3712: 3698: 3690: 1695:The Italian army was mainly equipped with 1404:The United States eventually deployed the 1094:, a tank with a more capable gun than the 386:, with nearly simultaneous development in 52: 38: 30: 3447:. Minnesota, MN: MBI Publishing Company. 2573:T. 3: Domestic armored vehicles 1946–1965 619:Fully enclosed casemates on the Germans' 3334: 3322: 3310: 3298: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3250: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2127:tank destroyers and artillery tractors. 1270:also supplied all the tank needs of the 3226: 2305: 2211:10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade (Poland) 1036:The A13 Cruiser was developed into the 978:(57 mm) anti-tank gun until 1942. 3238: 3214: 3202: 3190: 3129: 3078: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3013: 2990: 2895: 2883: 2864: 2849: 2837: 2787:"U.S. Auto Plants are Cleared for War" 2738: 2695: 2676: 2664: 2651: 2649: 2592: 2533: 2512: 2495: 2456: 2389: 2337: 2280:Comparison of early World War II tanks 2041:officials to have inspired the German 1883:, weapons that were more conducive to 1691:M13/40 tanks in the desert, April 1941 1545:, supported by smaller numbers of the 1029:A Cruiser Mk IV tank destroyed in the 608:(47 mm) anti-tank gun giving the 529:(hull mounted and turret gun), French 22:Combined arms in action: a WWII tank ( 3424:. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon books. 3081:, pp. 4, 5, 9–11, 17, 22–24, 27. 405:, developed by an American engineer, 7: 3381: 3358: 3346: 3141: 3105: 3090: 3025: 2761: 2613: 2439: 2235:759th Tank Battalion (United States) 2037:, the first of which was started by 1591:Panzer V Panther Ausf. D tanks, 1943 1401:), as well as many other variants. 1118:a Churchill Crocodile tank in action 750:. The KV tanks were equipped with a 342:were an important weapons system in 2547:"Red Army Fights for Mother Russia" 1919:with a 75 mm gun designed as 1553:. However, by the beginning of the 1435:Tanks in France § World War II 533:(hull mounted howitzer) or British 295:Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon 3601:World War II Japanese Tank Tactics 2955:Auto Mitrailleuse CDM Modelstories 957:Late model Churchill infantry tank 839:Early T-34-85 built at Factory 112 14: 2270:Light tanks of the United Kingdom 1750:. The M13/40 was not used on the 918:and the massive expansion of the 4336: 4327: 4326: 2416:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2005.00126.x 1845:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 1367:Ordnance Quick Firing 17 pounder 1134:Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers 909:British Cruiser Tank Mark I (A9) 771:and the cheaper, non-amphibious 583:self-propelled artillery piece. 575:. Likewise, the obsolete German 3485:. Sterling Publishing Company. 2571:Solyankin, Alexander G. (2010) 2260:Comparison of World War I tanks 1071:(or the British specification ' 3582:Western Allied Tanks 1939–1945 3443:American Tanks of World War II 2793:. 16 February 1942. p. 19 2714:. New York: Scribner. p. 1980:Czechoslovak and French allies 1866:variant with a 105 mm gun 1810:Japanese tanks of World War II 1784:132nd Armoured Division Ariete 1620:252 in 1943, and 300 in 1944. 433:limited number of breakdowns. 1: 3721:Tanks of the Second World War 2355:Steadman, Kenneth A. (1982). 1994:(Romanian designation of the 1627:, it was discovered that the 1411:Near the end of the war, the 655:Tanks of the major combatants 366:Christie suspension schematic 2819:. 1942-08-10. pp. 69–70 2774:Fletcher, Great Tank Scandal 2265:Tanks of the interwar period 1511:German tanks in World War II 1397:Mark I (an M4 Medium with a 1315:The M4A1, A2 and A3 compared 882:Soviet tanks had turret and 392:Tanks of the First World War 351:tanks in the inter-war years 3403:. London: Arms and Armour. 3118:Rottman & Takizawa 2008 2626:Keegan, John (2011-08-31). 2470:Another River, Another Town 1791:Italian tank classification 1262:used their experience with 780:German invasion of the USSR 705:purges of the officer class 4396: 3659:Zaloga, Steven J. (2012). 2134: 2064: 1955: 1906:Type 97 Chi-Ha medium tank 1807: 1680: 1508: 1432: 1169: 1044:. The use of the powerful 893: 867:series, the United States 663: 354:tank doctrine and design. 4322: 3618:Tomczyk, Andrzej (2005). 1947:Tanks of other combatants 1933:Type 3 Chi-Nu medium tank 1929:armored fighting vehicles 1048:engine, derived from the 641:Tank development timeline 546:armored recovery vehicles 467:for flexible employment. 3418:Bailey, Charles (1983). 3289:, pp. 100–101, 108. 2940:"The Battle of France". 2553:. 1942-10-05. p. 29 1921:self-propelled artillery 1902:Type 95 Ha-Go light tank 1758:were equipped only with 1723:. A heavier design, the 1387:multiple rocket launcher 550:armored fighting vehicle 310:Multiple rocket launcher 300:Self-propelled artillery 3957:Type 97 ShinHōtō Chi-Ha 3439:Berndt, Thomas (1994). 3397:Axworthy, Mark (1995). 2168:, and slightly thicker 1941:Allied bombing of Japan 571:, the successor of the 4229:Special number 3 Ku-Ro 4209:Panzerkampfwagen E-100 4015:Cromwell (and Centaur) 3772:Marmon-Herrington CTLS 3642:Japanese Tanks 1939–45 3580:Porter, David (2009). 3481:Bishop, Chris (2002). 3462:Bishop, Chris (1998). 3167:"Type 2 Ho-I Gun Tank" 3165:Rickard, John (2008). 2313:Simon, Adams (2007) . 2199:Panzerkampfwagen 35(t) 2146: 2076: 1975: 1968:Mareșal tank destroyer 1897: 1867: 1822: 1787:was already obsolete. 1776:North African Campaign 1748:North African Campaign 1729:Armistice of Cassibile 1692: 1671:Panzer IX and Panzer X 1612: 1611:Tiger I tank in France 1592: 1528: 1520: 1444: 1373:. By the time of the 1316: 1308: 1238: 1190:attack on Pearl Harbor 1185: 1119: 1058:Ordnance QF 17-pounder 1033: 1031:North African Campaign 1006: 985:anti-tank guns in the 972:Battle of the Atlantic 958: 910: 840: 790: 752:torsion bar suspension 729:Battle of Khalkhin Gol 719: 651: 634:Samokhodnaya ustanovka 499: 491: 483: 375: 367: 334: 27: 3663:. Osprey Publishing. 3620:Japanese Armor Vol. 4 3603:. Osprey Publishing. 3561:Ness, Leland (2002). 3554:Japanese Medium Tanks 2942:Greatest Tank Battles 2708:Kennett, Lee (1985). 2655:Porter (2009), p. 46. 2144: 2074: 1965: 1893: 1873:Battle of Khalkin-Gol 1862: 1817: 1690: 1606: 1590: 1526: 1518: 1442: 1314: 1296: 1236: 1228:M2 Medium Tank series 1198:10th Armored Division 1179: 1113: 1028: 1004: 976:Ordnance QF 6-pounder 964:Ordnance QF 2-pounder 956: 908: 838: 788: 717: 648: 497: 489: 482:Early war production. 481: 373: 365: 324: 305:Self-propelled mortar 21: 3552:Hara, Tomio (1972). 3229:, pp. 3, 5, 29. 3205:, pp. 3, 21–22. 2629:The Second World War 2255:Tanks in World War I 2206:Polish Defensive War 2195:Carden Loyd tankette 2189:Poland also had the 2155:siedmiotonowy Polski 1756:Italian forces there 1625:Operation Barbarossa 871:and the West German 801:self-propelled gun. 778:At the beginning of 451:mission-type tactics 4373:History of the tank 4353:Tank classification 4349:History of the tank 3584:. Amber Books Ltd. 3384:, pp. 147–149. 3337:, p. 219, 221. 3325:, pp. 221–235. 3144:, pp. 138–143. 3108:, pp. 135–137. 2909:Frieser, Karl-Heinz 2764:, pp. 185–187. 2290:Post-Cold War Tanks 2240:History of the tank 2079:By the time of the 1910:self-propelled guns 1533:command-and-control 1194:Louisiana Maneuvers 542:flame-thrower tanks 465:command and control 396:automotive industry 62:History of the tank 4378:World War II tanks 4332:World War II tanks 4020:Mk VIII Challenger 3752:Light Tank Mk VIII 3685:History of War.org 2971:2009-11-03 at the 2913:Greenwood, John T. 2364:United States Army 2147: 2077: 2051:later tank project 1976: 1898: 1868: 1823: 1693: 1613: 1593: 1555:invasion of Poland 1529: 1521: 1445: 1317: 1309: 1239: 1186: 1120: 1081:American Civil War 1050:Rolls-Royce Merlin 1046:Rolls-Royce Meteor 1034: 1007: 959: 929:B. H. Liddell Hart 911: 841: 791: 720: 652: 500: 492: 484: 427:combat engineering 407:J. Walter Christie 376: 368: 335: 28: 4360: 4359: 3651:978-1-8460-3091-8 3638:Zaloga, Steven J. 3591:978-1-906626-32-7 3565:. HarperCollins. 3518:978-0-11-290460-1 3492:978-1-58663-762-0 3473:978-0-7607-1022-7 3454:978-0-87938-930-7 3431:978-0-208-02006-2 3361:, pp. 67–68. 3349:, pp. 63–65. 3277:, pp. 49–53. 3253:, pp. 31–37. 3132:, pp. 3, 17. 3093:, pp. 15–17. 3045:, pp. 16–18. 3016:, pp. 12–16. 2926:978-1-59114-294-2 2725:978-0-684-18239-1 2698:, pp. 52–61. 2679:, pp. 32–35. 2667:, pp. 25–26. 2616:, pp. 20–23. 2536:, pp. 39–41. 2498:, pp. 35–38. 2324:978-0-7566-0741-8 2120:T-34 medium tanks 1821:tankette in China 1527:Panzer IV Ausf. C 1375:Normandy campaign 1180:Light Tank M3 in 1129:For example, the 884:gun stabilization 745:Kharkiv model V-2 725:Spanish Civil War 606:4,7cm KPÚV vz. 38 318: 317: 4385: 4340: 4339: 4330: 4329: 4204:Panzer VIII Maus 3932:Panzer V Panther 3714: 3707: 3700: 3691: 3674: 3655: 3633: 3614: 3595: 3576: 3557: 3548: 3522: 3496: 3477: 3458: 3446: 3435: 3414: 3385: 3379: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3162: 3156: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 2994: 2988: 2975: 2963: 2957: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2905: 2899: 2898:, p. 77–79. 2893: 2887: 2886:, p. 67–77. 2881: 2868: 2862: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2644: 2643: 2632:. Random House. 2623: 2617: 2611: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2575:. 20th Century. 2569: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2516: 2510: 2499: 2493: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2443: 2442:, pp. 9–15. 2437: 2428: 2427: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2361: 2352: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2310: 2091:, as well as 50 1829:(which utilized 1740:Carro di Rottura 1667:Panzer VIII Maus 1645:Panzer V Panther 1464:heavy tank, the 1243:Battle of France 1124:Hobart's Funnies 1116:Hobart's Funnies 1106:Specialist tanks 1067:light tank, the 1016:Operation Dynamo 590:tank destroyers 447:Panzer divisions 416:The doctrine of 275:Main battle tank 255:Super-heavy tank 63: 54: 47: 40: 31: 4395: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4318: 4174:Bob Semple tank 4149:AC3 Thunderbolt 4136: 4127: 4077: 4039: 3976: 3942:Stridsvagn m/42 3937:Stridsvagn m/41 3905:Sherman Firefly 3846: 3723: 3718: 3681: 3671: 3658: 3652: 3636: 3630: 3617: 3611: 3598: 3592: 3579: 3573: 3560: 3551: 3545: 3527:Fletcher, David 3525: 3519: 3501:Fletcher, David 3499: 3493: 3480: 3474: 3461: 3455: 3438: 3432: 3417: 3411: 3396: 3393: 3388: 3380: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3175: 3173: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3069:, pp. 5–6. 3065: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3012: 2997: 2989: 2978: 2973:Wayback Machine 2964: 2960: 2953: 2949: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2927: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2871: 2863: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2796: 2794: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2694: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2647: 2640: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2612: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2570: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2532: 2519: 2511: 2502: 2494: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2468:Irwin, John P. 2467: 2463: 2455: 2446: 2438: 2431: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2366:. pp. 2–10 2359: 2354: 2353: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2325: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2231: 2139: 2133: 2069: 2063: 2018:respectively. 1960: 1954: 1949: 1864:Type 1 Ho-Ni II 1812: 1806: 1793: 1769:Semovente 75/18 1764:Semovente 47/32 1685: 1679: 1663:Panzer VII Löwe 1513: 1507: 1437: 1431: 1264:mass production 1174: 1168: 1108: 999: 931:had advocated. 920:Royal Air Force 903: 898: 892: 846:IS-2 heavy tank 707:. By 1940, the 668: 662: 657: 643: 554:tank destroyers 442: 418:armored warfare 360: 331:Battle of Kursk 319: 314: 226: 103: 65: 61: 58: 12: 11: 5: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4365: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4345: 4344: 4334: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4284:Type 98 Chi-Ho 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4189:Medium Tank M7 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4140: 4138: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4087: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4049: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3986: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3908: 3907: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3860:Turán I and II 3856: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3733: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3709: 3702: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3680: 3679:External links 3677: 3676: 3675: 3670:978-1849086387 3669: 3656: 3650: 3634: 3629:978-8372371676 3628: 3615: 3610:978-1846032349 3609: 3596: 3590: 3577: 3572:978-0007112289 3571: 3558: 3549: 3543: 3523: 3517: 3497: 3491: 3478: 3472: 3459: 3453: 3436: 3430: 3415: 3409: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3386: 3363: 3351: 3339: 3327: 3315: 3313:, p. 219. 3303: 3291: 3279: 3267: 3265:, p. 225. 3255: 3243: 3231: 3219: 3207: 3195: 3183: 3171:History of War 3157: 3146: 3134: 3122: 3110: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3047: 3030: 3018: 2995: 2976: 2958: 2947: 2932: 2925: 2900: 2888: 2869: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2804: 2778: 2766: 2743: 2731: 2724: 2700: 2681: 2669: 2657: 2645: 2638: 2618: 2597: 2585: 2564: 2538: 2517: 2500: 2483: 2474: 2461: 2444: 2429: 2410:(4): 664–677. 2394: 2377: 2342: 2330: 2323: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2285:Cold War Tanks 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2250:Tank destroyer 2247: 2242: 2237: 2230: 2227: 2132: 2129: 2081:Sudeten crisis 2062: 2061:Czechoslovakia 2059: 1990:variants. The 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1917:tank destroyer 1914:Type 1 Ho-Ni I 1805: 1802: 1792: 1789: 1744:Greek campaign 1678: 1675: 1509:Main article: 1506: 1503: 1494: 1493: 1486:Heinz Guderian 1472:, all of them 1454:infantry tanks 1430: 1427: 1406:Light Tank M24 1359:appliqué armor 1333:M4 Medium Tank 1256:General Motors 1248:M3 Medium Tank 1221:gyrostabilized 1167: 1164: 1107: 1104: 998: 995: 936:Infantry Tanks 902: 899: 891: 890:United Kingdom 888: 830:Valentine tank 826:M3 light tanks 661: 658: 656: 653: 642: 639: 527:Medium Tank M3 441: 438: 359: 356: 316: 315: 313: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 280:Tank destroyer 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 236: 234: 228: 227: 225: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 147:Czechoslovakia 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 122:United Kingdom 119: 113: 111: 105: 104: 102: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 75: 73: 67: 66: 59: 57: 56: 49: 42: 34: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4391: 4390: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4335: 4333: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4294:Type 5 Chi-Ri 4292: 4290: 4289:Type 4 Chi-To 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4184:Heavy Tank M6 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137:experimentals 4134: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3995:Cruiser Mk IV 3993: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3972:Type 3 Chi-Nu 3970: 3968: 3967:Type 3 Ka-Chi 3965: 3963: 3962:Type 1 Chi-He 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3865:43M Turán III 3863: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3827:Type 98 Ke-Ni 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3710: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3696: 3695: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3544:0-11-290534-X 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3445: 3444: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3423: 3422: 3416: 3412: 3410:9781854092670 3406: 3402: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3335:Axworthy 1995 3331: 3328: 3324: 3323:Axworthy 1995 3319: 3316: 3312: 3311:Axworthy 1995 3307: 3304: 3301:, p. 87. 3300: 3299:Axworthy 1995 3295: 3292: 3288: 3287:Axworthy 1995 3283: 3280: 3276: 3275:Axworthy 1995 3271: 3268: 3264: 3263:Axworthy 1995 3259: 3256: 3252: 3251:Axworthy 1995 3247: 3244: 3241:, p. 22. 3240: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3220: 3217:, p. 15. 3216: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3196: 3193:, p. 34. 3192: 3187: 3184: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3123: 3120:, p. 59. 3119: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3028:, p. 90. 3027: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2951: 2948: 2943: 2936: 2933: 2928: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2867:, p. 32. 2866: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2852:, p. 68. 2851: 2846: 2843: 2840:, p. 66. 2839: 2834: 2831: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2741:, p. 32. 2740: 2735: 2732: 2727: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2639:9781446496497 2635: 2631: 2630: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2595:, p. 37. 2594: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2565: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2515:, p. 31. 2514: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2459:, p. 42. 2458: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2395: 2392:, p. 20. 2391: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2365: 2358: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2340:, p. 35. 2339: 2334: 2331: 2326: 2320: 2316: 2309: 2306: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2185: 2184:Bofors wz. 37 2181: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2162:Vickers 6-ton 2158: 2156: 2152: 2143: 2138: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2073: 2068: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1973: 1969: 1966:The Romanian 1964: 1959: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1896: 1895:Type 3 Chi-Nu 1892: 1888: 1886: 1885:naval warfare 1882: 1878: 1874: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1820: 1819:Type 97 Te-Ke 1816: 1811: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1779: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752:Eastern Front 1749: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1689: 1684: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1643:included the 1641: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1618: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1525: 1517: 1512: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1482:Panzer Leader 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1450:cavalry tanks 1441: 1436: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1322: 1313: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298:Light Tank M5 1295: 1291: 1287: 1286:production. 1284: 1283:Light Tank M5 1280: 1279:Light Tank M3 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1249: 1244: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1217:Light Tank M3 1214: 1210: 1209:radial engine 1206: 1205:Light Tank M2 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1166:United States 1165: 1163: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1117: 1112: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1017: 1011: 1003: 996: 994: 992: 988: 984: 979: 977: 973: 969: 968:3.7 cm KwK 36 965: 955: 951: 949: 945: 941: 940:Cruiser Tanks 937: 932: 930: 926: 925:J.F.C. Fuller 921: 917: 907: 900: 897: 889: 887: 885: 880: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 849: 847: 837: 833: 831: 827: 823: 818: 816: 812: 807: 802: 800: 796: 787: 783: 781: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 757: 753: 749: 748:diesel engine 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 716: 712: 710: 706: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 677: 673: 667: 659: 654: 647: 640: 638: 636: 635: 630: 629: 624: 623: 622:Sturmgeschütz 617: 615: 611: 610:Panzerjäger I 607: 603: 599: 595: 594: 589: 584: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 538: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 510: 505: 496: 488: 480: 476: 474: 473:1940 campaign 471:armor in the 468: 466: 462: 461: 456: 455:combined-arms 452: 448: 439: 437: 434: 430: 428: 424: 419: 414: 412: 408: 404: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 372: 364: 357: 355: 352: 348: 346: 341: 340: 332: 328: 323: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 270:Infantry tank 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 237: 235: 233: 229: 223: 220: 218: 217:United States 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 114: 112: 110: 106: 100: 99:Post–Cold War 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 76: 74: 72: 68: 64: 55: 50: 48: 43: 41: 36: 35: 32: 25: 20: 16: 4347:Background: 4346: 4304:Type 5 To-Ku 4299:Type 5 Ke-Ho 4194:Nahuel DL 43 4169:Black Prince 3990:AC1 Sentinel 3912:M26 Pershing 3895:M3 Lee/Grant 3842:Type 4 Ke-Nu 3837:Type 2 Ka-Mi 3832:Type 2 Ke-To 3822:Panzer 35(t) 3757:M3/M5 Stuart 3720: 3660: 3641: 3622:. AJ Press. 3619: 3600: 3581: 3562: 3553: 3530: 3504: 3482: 3463: 3442: 3421:Faint Praise 3420: 3399: 3391:Bibliography 3354: 3342: 3330: 3318: 3306: 3294: 3282: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3234: 3227:Tomczyk 2005 3222: 3210: 3198: 3186: 3174:. Retrieved 3170: 3160: 3149: 3137: 3125: 3113: 3086: 3074: 3062: 3057:, p. 4. 3050: 3021: 2993:, p. 9. 2961: 2950: 2941: 2935: 2916: 2903: 2891: 2845: 2833: 2823:November 19, 2821:. Retrieved 2816: 2807: 2797:November 16, 2795:. Retrieved 2790: 2781: 2769: 2734: 2710: 2703: 2672: 2660: 2628: 2621: 2588: 2572: 2567: 2557:November 20, 2555:. Retrieved 2550: 2541: 2477: 2469: 2464: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2368:. 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Osprey. 2296:References 2275:Rhino tank 2135:See also: 2065:See also: 2027:TACAM T-60 1974:'s design. 1956:See also: 1849:bell crank 1808:See also: 1681:See also: 1540:Panzer III 1499:GMC Trucks 1478:Panzer IVs 1433:See also: 1399:mine flail 1391:flame tank 1379:Sherman DD 1342:Panzer III 1337:lend-lease 1268:Lend Lease 1170:See also: 1153:Matilda II 916:Royal Navy 894:See also: 869:M48 Patton 822:Lend-Lease 733:Winter War 664:See also: 628:Jagdpanzer 614:Panzer III 598:gun shield 460:Blitzkrieg 403:suspension 358:Background 265:Flame tank 250:Heavy tank 240:Light tank 24:M4 Sherman 4264:T34 Heavy 4259:T32 Heavy 4254:T30 Heavy 4249:T29 Heavy 4234:T14 heavy 4224:Schofield 4219:Sahariano 4179:Excelsior 4063:Valentine 4053:Churchill 3927:Panzer IV 3890:M2 Medium 3817:Panzer II 3382:Ness 2002 3359:Ness 2002 3347:Ness 2002 3142:Ness 2002 3106:Ness 2002 3091:Hara 1972 3026:Ness 2002 2762:Ness 2002 2614:Ness 2002 2440:Ness 2002 2424:143543753 2404:Historian 2177:Ckm wz.30 2109:Panzer II 2101:LT vz. 38 2095:built by 2093:LT vz. 34 2085:LT vz. 35 2039:Wehrmacht 2031:TACAM R-2 1996:LT vz. 35 1825:Like the 1697:tankettes 1617:Panzer IV 1609:Waffen-SS 1567:Panzer II 1551:Panzer IV 1346:Panzer IV 1321:hull down 1302:Coutances 1182:Fort Knox 1131:Churchill 1054:A34 Comet 1040:then the 991:Wehrmacht 873:Leopard 1 741:KV-1 tank 697:Panzer IV 681:howitzers 581:Marder II 577:Panzer II 565:casemates 519:hull down 349:Although 117:Australia 4123:Tiger II 4045:Infantry 4010:Cavalier 4005:Crusader 3812:Panzer I 3807:Tetrarch 3640:(2007). 3529:(1989). 3503:(1989). 3176:19 March 2969:Archived 2911:(2005). 2229:See also 2105:Panzer I 1923:and the 1881:aircraft 1877:warships 1798:tankette 1715:and the 1656:Tiger II 1640:de facto 1563:Panzer I 1547:howitzer 1425:series. 1326:Red Army 1306:Normandy 1260:Chrysler 1160:DD tanks 1142:fascines 1100:76mm gun 1084:generals 901:Doctrine 857:Tiger II 731:and the 709:Red Army 602:Panzer I 400:Christie 285:Tankette 94:Cold War 84:Interwar 4314:Verdeja 4309:Valiant 4144:44M Tas 4118:Tiger I 4113:KV tank 4091:IS tank 4030:Grizzly 3982:Cruiser 3782:NI tank 3742:KhTZ-16 2915:(ed.). 2583:, p. 21 2201:tanks. 2035:VDC R35 2023:Mareșal 1952:Romania 1835:British 1827:US Army 1699:of the 1623:During 1549:-armed 1505:Germany 1462:Char B1 1371:Firefly 1354:Tiger I 1350:Panther 1114:One of 1092:Firefly 1077:Sherman 815:Tiger I 811:Panther 676:BT tank 531:Char B1 515:Turrets 429:roles. 423:cavalry 327:Tiger I 222:Ukraine 157:Germany 109:Country 4164:AMX 40 3917:P26/40 3885:M15/42 3880:M14/41 3875:M13/40 3870:M11/39 3852:Medium 3667: 3648: 3626: 3607: 3588: 3569: 3541: 3515: 3489: 3470: 3451: 3428: 3407: 2923: 2722: 2636: 2579: 2422: 2370:21 May 2321: 2131:Poland 2125:Hetzer 2099:; 150 2049:and a 2043:Hetzer 1972:Hetzer 1853:diesel 1831:French 1717:M15/42 1713:M14/41 1709:M13/40 1629:Soviet 1598:PaK 36 1559:France 1470:Stonne 1429:France 1184:, 1942 1144:, and 1138:mortar 1065:Stuart 727:, the 588:German 569:SU-100 388:France 333:, 1943 212:Sweden 187:Poland 177:Israel 152:France 137:Canada 4083:Heavy 4025:Comet 3747:L6/40 3729:Light 2420:S2CID 2360:(PDF) 2301:Notes 2170:armor 2089:Škoda 1988:AH-IV 1840:steel 1804:Japan 1677:Italy 1652:Tiger 1073:Grant 799:SU-76 573:SU-85 339:Tanks 207:Spain 182:Japan 172:Italy 132:China 4279:TOG2 4274:TOG1 4269:T-43 4159:AELT 4106:IS-3 4101:IS-2 4096:IS-1 4068:T-50 3952:T-44 3947:T-34 3802:T-70 3797:T-60 3792:T-40 3787:T-26 3665:ISBN 3646:ISBN 3624:ISBN 3605:ISBN 3586:ISBN 3567:ISBN 3539:ISBN 3535:HMSO 3513:ISBN 3509:HMSO 3487:ISBN 3468:ISBN 3449:ISBN 3426:ISBN 3405:ISBN 3178:2010 2921:ISBN 2825:2011 2817:Life 2799:2011 2791:Life 2720:ISBN 2634:ISBN 2577:ISBN 2559:2011 2551:Life 2372:2015 2319:ISBN 2107:and 2055:here 2033:and 2014:and 1904:and 1879:and 1833:and 1762:and 1721:T-26 1632:T-34 1615:The 1576:and 1565:and 1476:and 1466:Eure 1452:and 1418:Ford 1352:and 1344:and 1258:and 1246:the 1203:The 1096:75mm 946:and 927:and 865:T-62 863:and 861:T-55 851:The 828:and 813:and 806:Life 795:T-70 773:T-60 769:T-40 765:T-50 761:IS-2 756:KV-2 737:T-34 693:T-28 689:T-38 687:and 685:T-37 672:T-26 586:The 523:T-35 453:and 380:tank 378:The 325:The 232:Type 167:Iraq 162:Iran 127:Cuba 4244:T28 4214:PPG 4199:O-I 4154:AC4 4035:Ram 2412:doi 2166:gun 2151:7TP 2097:ČKD 2057:). 2047:R-3 2016:TAs 2012:T-4 2008:T-3 1992:R-2 1984:R-1 1725:P40 1423:M60 1304:in 1148:. 1098:or 1069:Lee 948:A13 944:A10 71:Era 4369:: 4351:, 3537:. 3533:. 3511:. 3507:. 3366:^ 3169:. 3098:^ 3033:^ 2998:^ 2979:^ 2872:^ 2857:^ 2815:. 2789:. 2746:^ 2718:. 2716:85 2684:^ 2648:^ 2600:^ 2549:. 2520:^ 2503:^ 2486:^ 2447:^ 2432:^ 2418:. 2408:67 2406:. 2380:^ 2362:. 2345:^ 2213:. 2029:, 2025:, 2010:, 1943:. 1800:. 1754:; 1711:, 1701:L3 1607:A 1484:, 1456:. 1223:. 875:. 775:. 650:US 544:, 390:. 4135:, 3713:e 3706:t 3699:v 3673:. 3654:. 3632:. 3613:. 3594:. 3575:. 3547:. 3521:. 3495:. 3476:. 3457:. 3434:. 3413:. 3180:. 2929:. 2827:. 2801:. 2776:. 2728:. 2642:. 2561:. 2426:. 2414:: 2374:. 2327:. 2153:( 347:. 53:e 46:t 39:v

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