584:, that focuses on actual perpetrators of militant attacks, while largely avoiding innocent casualties. They point out that targeted killings prevented some attacks against Israeli targets, weakened the effectiveness of militant groups, kept potential bomb makers on the run, and served as deterrence against militant operations. They also argue that targeted killings are less harmful toward Palestinian non-combatants than full-scale military incursion into Palestinian cities. The IDF claims that targeted killings are only pursued to prevent future terrorist acts, not as revenge for past activities as such they are not extrajudicial. The IDF also claims that this practice is only used when there is absolutely no practical way of foiling the future acts by other means (e.g., arrest) with minimal risk to its soldiers or civilians. The IDF also claims that the practice is only used when there is a certainty in the identification of the target, in order to minimize harm to innocent bystanders. They argue that because many of the Palestinians who have targeted Israel over the years have enjoyed the protection of Arab governments, extraditing them for trial in Israel has often proved impossible. They argue that Israeli governments have long used targeted killings as a last resort, when there were no peaceful options for bringing suspected terrorists to account. In a 2010 article in Infinity Journal, it was argued that targeted killings are a strategy that entails "limited, force in support of policy" and that the strategy has proven to work, albeit within specific contexts. The context of the
507:
be misleading because not all civilians are innocent bystanders. In
October 2009, Dershowitz stated that the ratio for Israel's campaign of targeted killings of terrorists stood at 1 civilian for every 28 targets. Dershowitz stated "the ratio was the best ratio of any country in the world that is fighting asymmetrical warfare against terrorists who hide behind civilians. It is far better than the ratio achieved by Great Britain and the United States in Iraq or Afghanistan, where both nations employ targeted killings of terrorist leaders."
562:
1736:
cannot be violated with impunity. The Fourth Geneva
Convention convicts Hamas and Salah Shehada in one sentence. That sentence makes up the entirety of Part 3, Article 1, Section 28. It reads: "The presence of a protected person may not be used to render certain points or areas immune from military operations." This sentence appears in the Fourth Geneva Convention precisely to deal with situations like the ones the Israelis faced.
3154:
2757:
3164:
553:
hostilities which leads nuanced results reflecting the fundamental principles underlying international humanitarian law. Any targeted killing not directed against a legitimate military target remains subject to the law enforcement paradigm, which imposes extensive restraints on the practice and even under the paradigm of hostilities, no person can be lawfully liquidated without further considerations.
531:, he adds, the IDF has authorised the killing up to and over 100 civilians whenever a single senior Hamas commander is targeted. The purpose of this strategy would be to effect a change in international law by repeatedly establishing a new precedent. In support of his view, Gordon cites a former head of the IDF's International Law Department, Colonel Daniel Reisner, who stated that the aim was:
516:, "Targeted Killings: A Modern Strategy of the State", A.E. Stahl and William F. Owen wrote that casualty ratios and death counts in general should be considered skeptically. Stahl and Owen state: "A caveat: reported death counts and casualty ratios should be approached with skepticism. Statistics are too easy to manipulate for political purposes, vitiating arguments based on them."
648:
294:
230:, ruled on 14 December 2006 that such actions took place in an 'international armed conflict' but that the "terrorists", as civilians, lacked combatant status under international law. Yet they were, in the court's view, civilians participating directly in hostilities, which would mean they lose their immunity. It also ruled, following a precedent set forth by the
137:, with collateral damage killing two 50 year-old housewives waiting for a taxi nearby, and wounding six other Palestinians in the vicinity. The public admission was due to the fact an attack helicopter had been used, which meant the execution could not be denied, something that remains possible when assassinations of targets by snipers takes place.
464:, which uses data independent of the Israeli military, Israeli targeted killings claimed 425 Palestinian lives between September 2000 and August 2011. Of these, 251 persons (59.1 percent) were the targeted individuals and 174 (40.9 percent) were civilian bystanders. This implies a ratio of civilians to targets of 1:1.44 during the whole period.
757:(in 2000) to the year 2005, Palestinians killed 1,074 Israelis and wounded 7,520. Such losses generated immense public pressure from the Israeli public for a forceful response, and the Israeli increase in targeted killings was one such outcome. Targeted killings are largely supported by Israeli society. A poll published by
784:, following the targeted operation against Yassin, "Suicide terrorism by Hamas decreased by five and the total number of deaths caused by suicidal terrorism also declined by 19. Though the total number of attacks increased the total number of deaths decreased severely: attacks rose by 299 but deaths fell by 27."
244:, balancing military necessity with humanity, must apply. Assassinations were permitted if "strong and persuasive information" concerning the target's identity existed; if the mission served to curtail terror; and if other techniques, such as attempting to arrest the target, would gravely endanger soldiers' lives.
492:'s policies. The ratio rose again in 2006 to 1:10, a fact that Harel blamed on "several IAF mishaps". However, in 2007 and 2008 the ratio dropped to a level of less than 1:30, or 2ā3 percent of the total casualties being civilian. Figures showing an improvement from 1:1 in 2002 to 1:30 in 2008 were also cited by
1744:
255:...killings in self-defense are no more "assassinations" in international affairs than they are murders when undertaken by our police forces against domestic killers. Targeted killings in self-defense have been authoritatively determined by the federal government to fall outside the assassination prohibition.
726:) which reads: "The presence of a protected person may not be used to render certain points or areas immune from military operations." Podhoretz therefore argues that international law explicitly gives Israel the right to conduct military operations against military targets under these circumstances.
1735:
The Fourth Geneva
Convention goes into great and elaborate detail about how to assign fault when military activities take place in civilian areas. Those who are actually fighting the war are not considered "protected persons." Only civilians are granted the status of "protected persons" whose rights
729:
Opponents of
Israeli targeted killings, among them human rights groups and members of the international community including Britain, the European Union, Russia, France, India, China, Brazil, South Africa and all Arab States, have stated that targeted killings violate international laws and create an
588:
article related specifically to Hamas' calls for ceasefires and "calms" in 2004 after the majority of their leadership had been successfully targeted by
Israeli forces. According to the article, "Targeted Killings Work", Israeli targeted killings throughout "the 2000ā2005 armed rebellion represented
506:
stated that the 2008 figure of 1:30 represents the lowest civilian to combatant casualty ratio in history in the setting of combating terrorism. Dershowitz criticized the international media and human rights organizations for not taking sufficient note of it. He also argued that even this figure may
717:
of the
Institute for the Analysis of Global Security has argued that because the Palestinian National Authority is not a state, and because few governments recognize Hamas' control in Gaza, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is not bound by the set of norms, rules, and treaties regulating other state
710:
wrote: "The laws of combat which are part of international law, permit injuring, during a period of warlike operations, someone who has been positively identified as a person who is working to carry out fatal attacks against
Israeli targets, those people are enemies who are fighting against Israel,
608:
Some question whether the IDF claims of no other way is correct and debate the secret process of IDF deliberations. Moreover, many feel that actual injury and death of innocent bystanders, unintended as they may be, makes a strong claim against targeted killings. Some hold that such strikes do not
1034:
15 January 2012:'In 1992 a government spokesperson said, āThere is no policy, and there never will be a policy or a reality, of willful killings of suspects...the principle of the sanctity of life is a fundamental principle of the I.D.F. There is no change and there will not be a change in this
552:
provides two distinct normative paradigms which govern targeted killings in situations of law enforcement and the conduct of hostilities. As a form of individualized or surgical warfare, the method of targeted killing requires a "microscopic" interpretation of the law regulating the conduct of
698:
rejected a petition to declare targeted killings illegal. The court recognized that some killings violated international law, but the legality of individual operations must be assessed on a "case by case basis". It also said its decision that caution was needed to prevent civilian casualties.
775:, the number of Hamas attacks increased between 2001 and 2005, during the campaign of targeted killings. Although the total number of Hamas operations increased, deaths from attacks plunged from a high of 75 in 2001, to 21 in 2005. For example, after the targeting of
624:, announcing their refusal to continue to perform attacks on targets within Palestinian population centers, and claiming that the occupation of the Palestinians "morally corrupts the fabric of Israeli society". After more than 30 signed, 4 later recanted. One, an
1152:, 970 of them minors (under age 18). At least 2,227 of the fatalities were not taking part in hostilities. Another 239 were the object of a targeted killing. Thousands more were injured. [These figures do not include the casualties in Operation Cast Lead.'
143:
has calculated that between 2002 and May 2008, at least 387 Palestinians died as a result of
Israeli targeted killings, of which 234 were the targets, and the rest collateral casualties. The majority of Israeli targeted killings have taken place in
535:āa revision of international law. If you do something for long enough, the world will accept it. The whole of international law is now based on the notion that an act that is forbidden today becomes permissible if executed by enough countries.ā
779:
in 2004 there was a severe increase in the number of attacks carried out (an increase of 299 attacks) yet there were only 4 suicide attacks, a decrease from the previous year. According to the report by A.E. Stahl, a
Research Fellow at the
481:. In 2002 and 2003, the ratio was 1:1, meaning one civilian killed for every target killed. Harel called this period "the dark days" because of the relatively high civilian death toll as compared to later years. He attributed this to an
856:
278:, and outlined several conditions for its use. The practice of targeted killing developed in the post-World War II period, throughout which Israel has exercised the option more than any other Western democracy, according to Israeli
1280:
Amnesty
International considers that respect for the rule of law and the protection of the right to life require that the policy of assassinating those who do not pose an imminent threat to lives be ruled unlawful and be
98:' denotes the use of lethal force attributable to a subject of international law with the intent, premeditation and deliberation to kill individually selected persons not in the physical custody of those targeting them".
269:
The Israeli army maintains that it pursues such military operations to prevent imminent attacks when it has no discernible means of making an arrest or foiling such attacks by other methods. On 14 December 2006, the
3379:
699:"Innocent civilians should not be targeted," it said. "Intelligence on the (targeted) person's identity must be carefully verified." The court also allowed for the possibility of compensation claims from civilians.
1147:
6 April 2011:'According to BāTselem statistics, from the beginning of the second intifada, on 29 September 2000, to the end of 2010, Israeli security forces killed 4,927 Palestinians in the West Bank and in the
589:
a successful strategy" because "the tactics never undermined Israeli policy enough to alter Israel's overall political objectives" and because Hamas' will to continue with armed violence was temporarily broken.
485:(IAF) practice of attacking targets even when they were located in densely populated areas. While there were always safety rules, argued Harel, these were "bent" at times in view of the target's importance.
214:
in the face of suicide bombings, no longer took evidence of potential involvement by the target in future attacks on Israel as decisive, and the decision was left to the discretion of the Prime Minister and
548:-oriented means and operational decisions. All Mossad targeted killings must have the approval of the Prime Minister, rather than being a part of a published justice system executed by lawyers and judges.
209:
Killings in the past were often premised on revenge for earlier crimes and required a quasi-judicial commission to convict the target of culpability before action was taken. The policy, re-introduced by
2531:
2318:
2127:
849:
1899:
Frisch, Hillel. "Motivation or Capabilities? Israeli Counterterrorism against Palestinian Suicide Bombings and Violence." The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. December 2006. Pp 5ā6
488:
According to Harel, the civilian casualty ratio dropped steeply to 1:28 in late 2005, meaning one civilian killed for every 28 targets killed. Harel credited this drop to the new IAF chief
198:
that the American government would provide support for Israel while it undertook a campaign of targeted assassinations against Palestinians, in exchange for Israel desisting from building
2761:
867:
706:
has not lived up to its treaty agreements to crack down on militants and has even aided them in escaping Israeli authorities. As such in a legal opinion, Israeli attorney general
745:. They defend that in international law assassination was outlawed in both the 1937 convention of for the Prevention and Repression of Terrorism and the 1973 New York convention.
523:, Israelās approach to proportionally has undergone a significant change since 2008 . In 2002 an outcry occurred when 14 other people were killed when Israel targeted and killed
1403:
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3384:
1233:
781:
772:
2313:
1141:
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113:
Before 2001, Israel denied it practiced or has a policy of conducting extrajudicial executions. Israel first publicly acknowledged its use of the tactic at
3354:
674:
658:
3304:
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conflicts. John Podhoretz has written for the New York Post that if the conflict were between states, targeted killing would be in accordance with the
259:
A state engaged in such activities must, however, Sofaer concluded, openly acknowledge its responsibility and accept accountability for mistakes made.
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3309:
2988:
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with all that implies, while committing fatal terror attacks and intending to commit additional attacksāall without any countermeasures by the PA."
3119:
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in the past by other means, although this has never been confirmed officially. Other notable targeted killing involving multiple targets include
3319:
2212:
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3200:
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1991:
1963:
1935:
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842:
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168:. According to reports, as part of the long-term cease-fire terms negotiated between Israel, Hamas and other Palestinian groups to end the
1391:
Stahl, Adam. "Questioning the Efficacy of Israeli Targeted Killings Against Hamas' Religio-Military Command as a Counter-terrorism Tool."
339:
or military operatives. These operatives infiltrate areas known to harbor targeted individuals, and eliminate their assigned targets with
1002:
3394:
3359:
3224:
3043:
2505:
2064:
2044:
417:
733:
Authors Howard Friel, Richard Falk, and Palestinian representatives to the United Nations Security Council regard targeted killings as
110:, when Israel became the first state to publicly outline a policy of "liquidation" and "preemptive targeted killing" in November 2000.
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3299:
3254:
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may also have been effective, as is witnessed in the political reactions of Hamas. Stipulations were demanded by Hamas in the form of
236:
662:
3344:
3294:
3234:
2588:
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1800:
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433:
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65:
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Proponents of the strategy argue that targeted killings are within the rules of war. They contend they are a measured response to
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Howard Friel, Richard A. Falk (2004) The record of the paper: how the New York Times misreports US foreign policy Verso,
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1414:"34 Years Since 'Operation Spring of Youth.'" Israel Defense Forces. News-Today in the IDF-(Archives). 11 April 2007.
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544:
The exact nature of the proof required by the Israelis for the killings is classified, as it involves clandestine
152:. Some of the killings listed below have been denied by Israel. Most fall within a series of campaigns, including
3193:
2106:
1815:
SC/8063 Security Council urged to condemn extrajudicial executions following Israel assassination of Hamas leader
1425:"Palestinians killed during the course of a targeted killing in the Occupied Territories, 29.9.2000 ā 26.12.2008"
862:
811:
798:. It seems Hamas was "forced to operate at reduced levels of efficiency" and was eventually forced to agree to a
610:
512:
429:
172:, Israel pledged it would desist from its targeted killings against Palestinian terrorists and faction leaders.
2810:
2786:
1913:
1604:"Do Targeted Killings Work?(Salah Shehada of Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement)) | Goliath Business News"
719:
279:
2029:
1642:"Do targeted killings work?", Daniel Byman, Foreign Affairs, March/April 2006, Volume 85, Number 2, p. 95-112
2196:
1983:
1186:
821:
695:
468:
401:
271:
227:
223:
2002:
1142:'Change in military investigation policy welcome, but it must not be contingent on the security situation,'
165:
2465:
2279:
1324:
Stahl, Adam ā "The Evolution of Israel Targeted Operations: Consequences of the Thabet Thabet Operation".
409:
386:
153:
43:
17:
3209:
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1101:
734:
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328:
263:
241:
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1312:
528:
3186:
2628:
2490:
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1467:
1164:
405:
336:
248:
145:
1392:
1096:
3108:
2779:
2274:
1491:
1199:
886:
374:
199:
122:
55:
3163:
984:
609:
reduce terrorism, but encourage more recruits to join militant factions, and are a setback to the
2500:
2435:
2158:
1955:
831:
826:
759:
707:
569:
503:
425:
301:
2430:
2101:
1987:
1977:
1959:
1931:
1921:
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1229:
1045:
999:
915:
816:
787:
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378:
316:
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134:
87:
1949:
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161:
95:
81:
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107:
34:
1812:
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1161:
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1125:
UN: Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary, or Arbitrary Executions,
304:, which is used to carry out many of the targeted killings, due to its ability to shoot
2563:
2224:
1706:
1654:
1561:(Oxford Monographs in International Law), Oxford University Press, USA (10 August 2008)
1128:
494:
489:
390:
331:
for the target. Sometimes, when heavier bombs are needed, the strike is carried out by
320:
195:
130:
1347:
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3157:
2382:
2262:
2250:
1945:
1722:
1718:
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1375:
1361:
1179:
955:
763:
newspaper in July 2001 found that 90 percent of Israeli public support the practice.
602:
524:
370:
282:
3178:
1144:
2689:
2607:
2452:
1524:
1264:"Israel and the Occupied Territories: Israel must end its policy of assassinations"
939:
776:
566:
449:
382:
298:
211:
191:
2771:
940:"Assassination and Targeted Killing: Law Enforcement, Execution or Self-Defence?"
3167:
2387:
2329:
2192:
1973:
1517:
1024:
980:
742:
738:
598:
520:
461:
445:
140:
114:
91:
2732: number of people killed in the same strike, if not all deaths are listed.
1824:
2697:
2612:
2228:
2170:
1149:
621:
478:
340:
2056:
1428:
597:
Opponents of Israel's policy of targeted killings claim that it violates the
2405:
1031:
1029:'Lawfare and Targeted Killing: Developments in the Israeli and US Contexts,'
581:
344:
293:
275:
203:
118:
857:
Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations
420:
personnel alleged to have been directly or indirectly involved in the 1972
369:
leaders Jamil Jadallah (October 2001), Mahmoud Abu Hanoud (November 2001),
1845:
351:
have also been utilized, as was in the case of Dr. Thabet Thabet in 2001.
714:
324:
274:
ruled that targeted killing is a legitimate form of self-defense against
216:
628:
pilot, was threatened with dismissal and another lost his civilian job.
226:, in response to a suit on the practice, mainly regarded actions in the
473:
1297:
Israeli High Court Backs Military On Its Policy of 'Targeted Killings'
400:
While the term "targeted killing" usually describes airborne attacks,
1923:
The Weapon Wizards: How Israel Became a High-Tech Military Superpower
1506:
437:
348:
126:
1487:"Targeted Killing Is Working, So Why Is The Press Not Reporting It?"
1851:. THE BEGIN-SADAT CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES; BAR-ILAN UNIVERSITY
1658:
625:
366:
1234:"Responses to Terrorism / Targeted killing is a necessary option"
1340:"××”××× ××ק×××קה: צ×"× ×ש×Ŗ×ש ×××× ×××” ×××Ŗ× ××××ש×× ××××”×× ××××××"
332:
3182:
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1638:
1636:
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The Israeli Secret Services and the Struggle Against Terrorism,
620:
pilots composed a letter of protest to the Air Force commander
605:, which violates the norms and values of a democratic society.
641:
247:
According to the former Legal Advisor to the State Department
64:
is a tactic that the government of Israel has used during the
1834:
convention of for the Prevention and Repression of Terrorism
1313:
Summary of Israeli Supreme Court Ruling on Targeted Killings
850:
Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World
1886:
1884:
1578:
Efraim Inbar; Merkaz Besa le-meįø„įø³arim asį¹raį¹egiyim (2003).
1058:
1056:
540:
Controversies relating to the strategy of targeted killings
1073:
1071:
121:
in November 2000, when four laser-guided missiles from an
2128:
Executions and assassinations during the IsraelāHamas war
1784:
Press Release SC/8063. Security Council's 4945th Meeting.
86:
There is no clear definition of "targeted killing" under
1743:
The New York Post link to the article may be found here
1623:
1621:
3380:
Military operations of the IsraeliāPalestinian conflict
2762:
Category:Extrajudicial killings by the Israeli military
2750:
2034:. Jillian Kestler-DAmours, Al Jazeera, 18 November 2012
365:
Notable targeted killings by the Israeli military were
262:
This characterization is criticized by many, including
2039:
Extra-Judicial Executions as Israeli Government Policy
868:
Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel
576:
missile at a terror cell of rocket launchers in action
1468:"Analysis: Lies, leaks, death tolls & statistics"
1404:
B'Tselem Statistics, Objectives of a Targeted Killing
194:
obtained an understanding from the administration of
1846:"Fatal Choices: Israel's Policy of Targeted Killing"
48:
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2716:
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2644:
2579:
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2402:
2167:
2136:
2115:
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1951:
A Season in Bethlehem: Unholy War in a Sacred Place
1184:'How Arafat Eluded Israelās Assassination Machine,'
1047:
The Israeli-Palestinian War: Escalating to Nowhere,
460:According to the Israeli Human Rights organization
335:warplanes. Other strategies employ strike teams of
1291:
1289:
106:The term gained widespread use in 2000 during the
1671:
1669:
1667:
1300:. Scott Wilson, Washington Post, 15 December 2006
510:However, in a July 2011 article published in the
2726: Israel claims they were killed in combat.
601:. They argue that these targeted killings are
3194:
2787:
2735: unlisted family members confirmed dead.
2072:
2001:Stahl, A.E.; Owen, William F. (Winter 2010).
782:International Institute for Counter-Terrorism
773:International Institute for Counter-Terrorism
8:
1308:
1306:
1090:
1088:
1086:
753:IDF reports show that from the start of the
1582:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 144, 157.
1539:"My life as a very secret agent for Mossad"
3201:
3187:
3179:
2794:
2780:
2772:
2676:
2176:
2079:
2065:
2057:
1204:Columbia University Press, 2013 ed. p.201.
1175:
1173:
1062:
989:Oxford University Press, 2008 pp.3-5, p.5.
737:, and argue that it is a rejection of the
702:Defenders of this practice argue that the
18:Targeted killings by Israel Defense Forces
1687:Yedi'ot Aharonot (Tel Aviv), 12 July 2002
1627:
1387:
1385:
1118:
1116:
1044:Anthony H. Cordesman, Jennifer Moravitz,
471:of the targeted killings was surveyed by
3385:People killed by Israeli security forces
2704:Assassination of UN mediator by the Lehi
1216:Targeted Killings and International Law,
1162:'Abbas announces Israel-Gaza ceasefire,'
1097:"The Logic of Israel's Targeted Killing"
1020:
1018:
661:: vague phrasing that often accompanies
560:
393:(October 2004), all targeted during the
292:
164:(2000ā), and strikes during the 2008ā09
2154:AI-assisted targeting in the Gaza Strip
2031:Israel's assassinations raise questions
2017:– via Military Strategy Magazine.
1650:
1648:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
933:
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911:Targeted Killings and International Law
878:
1759:"What the Geneva Protocols Really Say"
1522:Israel Seeks to Redraw the Laws of War
1508:, Michigan War Studies Review 06-07-11
1448:
1446:
1376:"Vows of revenge for 'bomber's' death"
1077:
1050:Greenwood Publishing Group 2005 p.133.
986:Targeted Killing in International Law,
968:
160:), Israeli actions in the wake of the
1979:Targeted Killing in International Law
1757:Schneider, Scott (28 November 2003).
1558:Targeted Killing in International Law
1454:Pinpoint Attacks On Gaza More Precise
843:Targeted Killing in International Law
148:lying within the jurisdiction of the
7:
2723: Israel claimed responsibility.
2149:Israeli airstrikes on the Gaza Strip
1270:. Amnesty International. 4 July 2003
2729: Israel denied responsibility.
2045:Palestinian Centre for Human Rights
1761:. StrategyWorld.com. Archived from
1676:"Israel court backs targeted kills"
1485:Dershowitz, Alan (3 January 2008).
802:, likely due to targeted killings.
38:
1844:Steven R. David (September 2002).
730:obstruction to the peace process.
498:journalist Yaakov Katz. Professor
237:McCann and Others v United Kingdom
156:(launched in response to the 1972
25:
3210:Extrajudicial killings by country
2589:List of assassinations in Lebanon
1746:, but it requires a subscription.
1326:Studies in Conflict and Terrorism
1219:Springer 2011, p.6, pp.310,319ff.
1131:A/HRC/14/24/Add.6, May 28, 2010.
357:have also been used for strikes.
3390:Extrajudicial killings in Israel
3162:
3153:
3152:
2803:Extrajudicial killings in Asia
2756:
2755:
1537:Lyons, John (20 February 2010).
1505:Stahl A.E. and Owen, William F,
1466:Katz, Yaakov (29 October 2010).
956:10.1111/j.1468-5930.2006.00347.x
646:
2424:assassination of Rehavam Ze'evi
2144:Israeli disengagement from Gaza
1362:"Israel kills key Hamas member"
1338:פפ×Ø, ×× ×©×× (2 September 2011).
771:According to A.E. Stahl of the
557:Proponents of targeted killings
355:Unmanned combat aerial vehicles
60:'focused foiling'), or
3120:British Indian Ocean Territory
2123:List of Israeli assassinations
938:Gross, Michael (August 2006).
704:Palestinian National Authority
593:Opponents of targeted killings
232:European Court of Human Rights
182:List of Israeli assassinations
150:Palestinian National Authority
1:
2532:Executions and assassinations
2319:Executions and assassinations
2053:. Retrieved 19 September 2013
2041:(1 August 2006ā 30 June 2008)
1657:'We're air force pilots, not
944:Journal of Applied Philosophy
724:Part 3, Article 1, Section 28
319:, mainly the Apache, to fire
2456:targets outside of Palestine
1721:. p. 29. Archived from
1010:Council on Foreign Relations
414:Black September Organization
66:IsraeliāPalestinian conflict
1696:Ha'aretz, 12 February 2001.
1238:The San Francisco Chronicle
633:Refusal to serve in the IDF
513:Michigan War Studies Review
49:
3416:
3395:Targeted killing by Israel
2744:
2680:Assassinations by Israeli
2088:Targeted killing by Israel
2051:PCHR Assassination Reports
1786:Retrieved: 31 August 2009.
1580:Democracies and small wars
1427:. B'Tselem. Archived from
673:Such statements should be
630:
179:
79:
70:IranāIsrael proxy conflict
3216:
3148:
2742:
2675:
2338:
2314:Bombing of the Gaza Strip
2295:
2237:
2179:
2107:History of assassinations
1402:For more information see
1268:AI Index: MDE 15/056/2003
1095:Luft, Gal (Winter 2003).
863:List of Mossad operations
812:Anat Kamm-Uri Blau affair
611:Middle East peace process
430:Operation Spring of Youth
170:2014 IsraelāGaza conflict
27:Part of Israeli conflicts
2869:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2594:IsraelāLebanon relations
2003:"Targeted Killings Work"
1890:Stahl, op. cit. Pp 14ā15
1830:20 February 2009 at the
1661:. We don't take revenge'
1378:. BBC. 24 November 2001.
720:Fourth Geneva Convention
280:investigative journalist
242:'law of proportionality'
3130:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2634:Australian dual citizen
2261:failed attempt to kill
1984:Oxford University Press
1364:. BBC. 31 October 2001.
1187:New York Times Magazine
822:Extrajudicial execution
469:civilian casualty ratio
456:Civilian casualty ratio
402:Israeli security forces
323:toward the target. The
272:Supreme Court of Israel
228:Palestinian Territories
224:Supreme Court of Israel
190:, it was reported that
146:Area A of the West Bank
135:Mitsubishi pickup truck
94:writes that "The term '
72:, and other conflicts.
2466:Operation Wrath of God
1063:Katz & Bohbot 2017
749:Israeli public opinion
696:Israel's Supreme Court
577:
537:
410:Operation Wrath of God
387:Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi
308:
257:
154:Operation Wrath of God
2652:IranāIsrael relations
2209:Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi
1711:"Hamas kills its own"
1678:BBC, 14 December 2006
1628:Stahl & Owen 2010
1102:Middle East Quarterly
908:Otto, Roland (2011).
735:extrajudicial killing
564:
546:military intelligence
533:
406:Palestinian militants
296:
264:Amnesty International
253:
186:At the outset of the
180:Further information:
3044:United Arab Emirates
2491:Lod Airport massacre
2280:Muhammad Abu Shamala
2267:Deif family killings
1606:. Goliath.ecnext.com
1350:on 6 September 2012.
675:clarified or removed
477:military journalist
337:Israeli intelligence
249:Judge Abraham Sofaer
125:were used to kill a
3071:limited recognition
1765:on 15 November 2006
1492:The Huffington Post
1431:on 16 November 2012
424:, which led to the
375:Ibrahim al-Makadmeh
200:Israeli settlements
2749:; you can help by
2511:brother's response
2501:Mahmoud Al-Mabhouh
2436:Ibrahim al-Nabulsi
2159:Israeli war crimes
1956:Simon and Schuster
1928:St. Martin's Press
1456:, Haaretz 30-12-07
1315:, 14 December 2006
1005:2015-02-10 at the
998:Jonathan Masters,
832:Operation Damocles
827:Manhunt (military)
708:Elyakim Rubinstein
578:
570:helicopter gunship
504:Harvard Law School
426:Lillehammer affair
317:attack helicopters
309:
302:helicopter gunship
240:judgement, that a
3367:
3366:
3176:
3175:
3113:other territories
2769:
2768:
2712:
2711:
2431:Shireen Abu Akleh
2398:
2397:
2102:Targeted killings
1993:978-0-199-53316-9
1965:978-0-743-25604-9
1937:978-1-250-08834-5
1725:on 22 August 2006
1244:on 29 August 2011
1232:(26 March 2004).
1230:Abraham D. Sofaer
1165:Ma'an News Agency
1080:, pp. 57ā59.
1000:Targeted Killings
817:Counter-terrorism
788:Targeted killings
692:
691:
618:Israeli Air Force
550:International law
483:Israeli Air Force
389:(April 2004) and
379:Ismail Abu Shanab
313:Israeli Air Force
123:Apache helicopter
88:international law
59:
47:
16:(Redirected from
3407:
3305:Papua New Guinea
3203:
3196:
3189:
3180:
3166:
3156:
3155:
3125:Christmas Island
2811:Sovereign states
2796:
2789:
2782:
2773:
2759:
2758:
2682:non-state actors
2677:
2527:IsraelāHamas war
2482:Ghassan Kanafani
2408:
2309:IsraelāHamas war
2288:
2177:
2173:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2058:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2007:Infinity Journal
1997:
1969:
1941:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1850:
1841:
1835:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1754:
1748:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1709:(24 July 2002).
1703:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1662:
1652:
1643:
1640:
1631:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1575:
1562:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1534:
1528:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1463:
1457:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1346:. Archived from
1335:
1329:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1301:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1240:. Archived from
1226:
1220:
1211:
1205:
1196:
1190:
1189:23 January 2018
1177:
1168:
1159:
1153:
1138:
1132:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1092:
1081:
1075:
1066:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1036:
1022:
1013:
996:
990:
978:
972:
966:
960:
959:
935:
926:
925:
905:
899:
898:
896:
894:
883:
837:Targeted killing
687:
684:
678:
650:
649:
642:
586:Infinity Journal
574:AGM-114 Hellfire
440:in 1973, namely
404:have killed top
306:guided munitions
202:in the occupied
162:al-Aqsa Intifada
96:targeted killing
82:Targeted killing
54:
52:
42:
40:
31:Targeted killing
21:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3212:
3207:
3177:
3172:
3144:
3112:
3103:
3084:Northern Cyprus
3070:
3063:
2805:
2800:
2770:
2765:
2754:
2738:
2708:
2671:
2656:
2645:Iranian targets
2640:
2629:Ali Ahmed Bazzi
2581:
2575:
2546:Saleh al-Arouri
2472:Munich massacre
2455:
2447:
2418:Abu Ali Mustafa
2404:Targets in the
2403:
2394:
2367:Faiq Al-Mabhouh
2349:Saleh al-Arouri
2334:
2291:
2282:
2233:
2169:Targets in the
2168:
2163:
2132:
2111:
2090:
2085:
2026:
2021:
2012:
2010:
2000:
1994:
1972:
1966:
1944:
1938:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1878:Byman, op. cit.
1877:
1873:
1869:Stahl, op. cit.
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1832:Wayback Machine
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1728:
1726:
1707:Podhoretz, John
1705:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1665:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1634:
1626:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1577:
1576:
1565:
1554:
1550:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1304:
1294:
1287:
1273:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1212:
1208:
1197:
1193:
1178:
1171:
1167:26 August 2014.
1160:
1156:
1139:
1135:
1122:Philip Alston,
1121:
1114:
1094:
1093:
1084:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1054:
1043:
1039:
1023:
1016:
1007:Wayback Machine
997:
993:
979:
975:
967:
963:
937:
936:
929:
922:
907:
906:
902:
892:
890:
885:
884:
880:
876:
808:
769:
755:Second Intifada
751:
688:
682:
679:
672:
651:
647:
640:
635:
595:
559:
542:
500:Alan Dershowitz
458:
442:Muhammad Najjar
422:Munich massacre
395:Second Intifada
381:(August 2003),
363:
343:fire or use of
321:guided missiles
315:has often used
291:
188:Second Intifada
184:
178:
158:Munich massacre
108:Second Intifada
104:
84:
78:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3413:
3411:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3372:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3350:United Kingdom
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3160:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2745:This table is
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2686:
2684:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2564:Ismail Haniyeh
2561:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2225:Adnan al-Ghoul
2222:
2219:
2216:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2035:
2025:
2024:External links
2022:
2020:
2019:
1998:
1992:
1970:
1964:
1946:Hammer, Joshua
1942:
1936:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1892:
1880:
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1836:
1817:
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1749:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1663:
1644:
1632:
1617:
1595:
1588:
1563:
1548:
1543:The Australian
1529:
1510:
1498:
1477:
1472:Jerusalem Post
1458:
1442:
1416:
1407:
1395:
1381:
1367:
1353:
1330:
1317:
1302:
1285:
1255:
1221:
1206:
1198:Ami Pedahzur,
1191:
1169:
1154:
1133:
1129:United Nations
1112:
1082:
1067:
1065:, p. 181.
1052:
1037:
1014:
991:
973:
961:
950:(3): 323ā335.
927:
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900:
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541:
538:
529:7 October 2024
495:Jerusalem Post
490:Eliezer Shkedi
457:
454:
391:Adnan al-Ghoul
385:(March 2004),
377:(March 2003),
362:
359:
290:
287:
196:George W. Bush
177:
174:
131:Hussein Abayat
103:
100:
80:Main article:
77:
74:
26:
24:
14:
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3355:United States
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3110:
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3094:South Ossetia
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3007:
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2990:
2987:
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2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
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2950:
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2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
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2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
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2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2764:
2763:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2731:
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2383:Mohammed Deif
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2278:
2276:
2275:Raed al Attar
2273:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2263:Mohammed Deif
2260:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:2014 Gaza War
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
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2236:
2230:
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2121:
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2118:
2116:Israel topics
2114:
2108:
2105:
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2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:Global topics
2093:
2089:
2082:
2077:
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2068:
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2059:
2052:
2049:
2047:, August 2008
2046:
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2023:
2008:
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1999:
1995:
1989:
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1801:1-84467-019-8
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1764:
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1720:
1719:New York Post
1716:
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1559:
1555:Nils Melzer,
1552:
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1213:Roland Otto,
1210:
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1180:Ronen Bergman
1176:
1174:
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1140:B'tselem2011,
1137:
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1103:
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1012:May 23, 2013.
1011:
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965:
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923:
921:9783642248580
917:
913:
912:
904:
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888:
887:"××"ׄ 769/02"
882:
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815:
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797:
793:
789:
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767:Effectiveness
766:
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727:
725:
721:
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697:
686:
676:
670:
668:
664:
660:
655:This section
653:
644:
643:
637:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
606:
604:
603:extrajudicial
600:
592:
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587:
583:
575:
571:
568:
563:
556:
554:
551:
547:
539:
536:
532:
530:
526:
525:Salah Shehade
522:
519:According to
517:
515:
514:
508:
505:
501:
497:
496:
491:
486:
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480:
476:
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419:
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398:
396:
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384:
380:
376:
373:(July 2002),
372:
371:Salah Shahade
368:
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338:
334:
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322:
318:
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283:Ronen Bergman
281:
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83:
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73:
71:
67:
63:
62:assassination
57:
51:
50:sikul memukad
45:
36:
32:
19:
3320:South Africa
3109:Dependencies
3039:Turkmenistan
3004:Saudi Arabia
2760:
2751:expanding it
2690:Yitzak Rabin
2608:Khalid Bazzi
2087:
2038:
2030:
2011:. Retrieved
2006:
1978:
1974:Melzer, Nils
1950:
1922:
1918:Bohbot, Amir
1914:Katz, Yaakov
1895:
1874:
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1839:
1820:
1808:
1791:
1779:
1767:. Retrieved
1763:the original
1752:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1727:. Retrieved
1723:the original
1714:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1608:. Retrieved
1598:
1579:
1556:
1551:
1542:
1532:
1527:18 July 2024
1525:CounterPunch
1513:
1501:
1490:
1480:
1471:
1461:
1452:Amos Harel,
1435:26 September
1433:. Retrieved
1429:the original
1419:
1410:
1398:
1370:
1356:
1348:the original
1343:
1333:
1325:
1320:
1296:
1279:
1272:. Retrieved
1267:
1258:
1246:. Retrieved
1242:the original
1237:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1200:
1194:
1157:
1136:
1124:
1106:
1100:
1046:
1040:
994:
985:
976:
971:, p. 5.
964:
947:
943:
914:. Springer.
910:
903:
891:. Retrieved
881:
855:
848:
841:
799:
795:
791:
786:
770:
758:
752:
732:
728:
713:
701:
693:
680:
667:unverifiable
659:weasel words
656:
616:In 2003, 27
615:
607:
596:
585:
579:
572:launches an
567:AH-64 Apache
543:
534:
518:
511:
509:
493:
487:
472:
466:
459:
450:Kamal Nasser
432:against top
399:
383:Ahmed Yassin
364:
353:
329:intelligence
311:Since then,
310:
299:AH-64 Apache
268:
261:
258:
254:
246:
235:
221:
212:Ariel Sharon
208:
192:Ariel Sharon
185:
139:
112:
105:
85:
61:
30:
29:
3310:Philippines
3220:Afghanistan
3168:Asia portal
3069:States with
2989:Philippines
2929:South Korea
2924:North Korea
2819:Afghanistan
2453:Palestinian
2388:Rafa Salama
2330:Ayman Nofal
2283: [
2193:Ahmed Yasin
2137:Gaza topics
1825:UN Treaties
1813:UN Archives
1518:Neve Gordon
1328:, 33,2 2010
1078:Hammer 2004
1025:Lisa Hajjar
981:Nils Melzer
969:Melzer 2008
889:(in Hebrew)
743:due process
739:rule of law
683:August 2010
669:information
638:Rule of law
599:laws of war
521:Neve Gordon
446:Kamal Adwan
436:leaders in
428:; and then
115:Beit Sahour
92:Nils Melzer
90:. Academic
76:Description
39:×”×××× ×××ק×
3374:Categories
3330:Tajikistan
3290:Mozambique
3230:Bangladesh
3049:Uzbekistan
3024:Tajikistan
2939:Kyrgyzstan
2919:Kazakhstan
2839:Bangladesh
2829:Azerbaijan
2747:incomplete
2698:Yigal Amir
2613:Bint Jbeil
2470:See also:
2229:Imad Abbas
2171:Gaza Strip
2009:(1): 10ā13
1589:0714684236
1150:Gaza Strip
1109:(1): 3ā13.
1035:respectā.'
893:5 February
792:Tahadiyehs
631:See also:
622:Dan Halutz
479:Amos Harel
345:explosives
341:small arms
276:terrorists
3360:Venezuela
3225:Australia
3135:Hong Kong
3089:Palestine
3014:Sri Lanka
3009:Singapore
2889:Indonesia
2580:Lebanese
2489:see also
2422:See also
2406:West Bank
2378:Al-Mawasi
1610:1 October
1032:Jadaliyya
800:Tahadiyeh
694:In 2006,
657:contains
582:terrorism
327:supplies
204:West Bank
133:, in his
119:Bethlehem
44:romanized
3335:Thailand
3300:Pakistan
3255:Ethiopia
3158:Category
3079:Abkhazia
3029:Thailand
2984:Pakistan
2964:Mongolia
2959:Maldives
2954:Malaysia
2854:Cambodia
2622:December
1976:(2008).
1948:(2004).
1920:(2017).
1855:1 August
1828:Archived
1769:7 August
1729:5 August
1655:Guardian
1281:stopped.
1274:14 April
1145:Bātselem
1003:Archived
806:See also
715:Gal Luft
527:. Since
462:B'Tselem
412:against
325:Shin Bet
217:Shin Bet
166:Gaza War
141:B'tselem
129:leader,
3345:Ukraine
3295:Nigeria
3235:Belarus
3054:Vietnam
2969:Myanmar
2949:Lebanon
2879:Georgia
2834:Bahrain
2824:Armenia
2717:šļø KEY
2582:targets
2551:Lebanon
2539:January
2520:October
2486:Lebanon
2345:January
2323:October
2302:October
2218:October
2013:6 April
1906:Sources
1715:Opinion
1344:Haaretz
474:Haaretz
361:Targets
349:Snipers
289:Methods
234:in its
102:History
58:
46::
3400:Mossad
3340:Turkey
3315:Russia
3285:Mexico
3275:Israel
3240:Brazil
3099:Taiwan
3034:Turkey
2999:Russia
2934:Kuwait
2914:Jordan
2904:Israel
2864:Cyprus
2849:Brunei
2844:Bhutan
2694:killed
2661:Others
2441:legacy
2255:August
1990:
1962:
1934:
1799:
1586:
1248:20 May
918:
796:Hudnas
777:Yassin
760:Maariv
663:biased
448:, and
438:Beirut
176:Policy
127:Tanzim
68:, the
35:Hebrew
3325:Spain
3280:Kenya
3260:India
3250:Egypt
3245:Chile
3140:Macau
3059:Yemen
3019:Syria
2994:Qatar
2974:Nepal
2909:Japan
2884:India
2874:Egypt
2859:China
2360:March
2354:death
2287:]
2213:death
2202:April
2197:death
2186:March
1849:(PDF)
1803:p 152
1741:Note:
1659:mafia
874:Notes
626:El Al
367:Hamas
117:near
3270:Iraq
3265:Iran
2979:Oman
2944:Laos
2899:Iraq
2894:Iran
2619:2023
2601:July
2598:2006
2569:Iran
2557:July
2536:2024
2517:2023
2497:2010
2478:1972
2462:1972
2414:2001
2371:July
2342:2024
2299:2023
2244:July
2241:2014
2227:and
2183:2004
2015:2021
1988:ISBN
1960:ISBN
1932:ISBN
1857:2006
1797:ISBN
1771:2006
1731:2006
1612:2010
1584:ISBN
1437:2011
1276:2014
1250:2010
916:ISBN
895:2016
794:and
741:and
565:The
467:The
416:and
333:F-16
297:The
222:The
56:lit.
3111:and
2696:by
2506:UAE
952:doi
665:or
502:of
434:PLO
418:PLO
3376::
2625:27
2604:29
2560:31
2374:13
2363:19
2326:17
2285:ar
2271:21
2265::
2258:19
2221:21
2205:17
2189:22
2043:.
2005:.
1986:.
1982:.
1958:.
1954:.
1930:.
1926:.
1916:;
1883:^
1733:.
1717:.
1713:.
1666:^
1647:^
1635:^
1620:^
1566:^
1541:.
1520:,
1489:.
1470:.
1445:^
1384:^
1342:.
1305:^
1288:^
1278:.
1266:.
1236:.
1182:,
1172:^
1115:^
1107:10
1105:.
1099:.
1085:^
1070:^
1055:^
1017:^
983:,
948:23
946:.
942:.
930:^
613:.
452:.
444:,
397:.
347:.
285:.
266:.
251::
219:.
206:.
53:,
41:,
37::
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2781:v
2753:.
2700:)
2692:(
2542:2
2523:7
2305:7
2247:8
2215:)
2211:(
2199:)
2195:(
2080:e
2073:t
2066:v
1996:.
1968:.
1940:.
1859:.
1773:.
1630:.
1614:.
1592:.
1545:.
1495:.
1474:.
1439:.
1252:.
1027:,
958:.
954::
924:.
897:.
722:(
685:)
681:(
677:.
671:.
33:(
20:)
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