563:
1093:
1243:
2147:
1740:
2392:"Biological anthropological research indicates that the physical characteristics of those buried at Gumugou cemetery along the Kongque River near Lop Nur in Xinjiang are very similar to those of the Andronovo culture and Afanasievo culture people from Siberia in Southern Russia. This suggests that all of these individuals belong to the Caucasian physical type. Additionally, excavations in 2002 by Xinjiang archaeologists at the site of Xiaohe cemetery, first discovered by the Swedish archaeologist Folke Bergman, uncovered mummies and wooden human effigies that clearly have Europoid features. According to the preliminary excavation report, the cultural features and chronology of this site are said to be quite similar to those of Gumugou. Other sites in Xinjiang also contain both individuals with Caucasian features and ones with Mongolian features. For example, this pattern occurs at the
1442:
968:
2536:, "Our results do not support previous hypotheses for the origin of the Tarim mummies, who were argued to be Proto-Tocharian-speaking pastoralists descended from the Afanasievo, or to have originated among the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex or Inner Asian Mountain Corridor cultures. Instead, although Tocharian may have been plausibly introduced to the Dzungarian Basin by Afanasievo migrants during the Early Bronze Age, we find that the earliest Tarim Basin cultures appear to have arisen from a genetically isolated local population that adopted neighbouring pastoralist and agriculturalist practices, which allowed them to settle and thrive along the shifting riverine oases of the Taklamakan Desert.".
1202:
3169:
3167:
1927:
1437:
interregional contacts in
Central Asia in the early centuries of the second millennium BCE. ... Nevertheless, there is no support for the hypothesis that steppe populations contributed significantly to Bronze Age populations of the Tarim Ba-sin. Despite numerous similarities between Afanasievo and Andronovo artifacts and Bronze Ageartifacts from Xinjiang (Bunker, 1998; Chen andHiebert, 1995; Kuzmina, 1998; Mei and Shell, 1998;Peng, 1998), all analyses of phenetic relationships consistently reveal a profound phenetic separation between steppe samples and the samples from the Tarim Basin (Qa¨wrighul, Alwighul, and Krora¨n).
2010:
3176:, "The Tarim mummies are among only a few known Holocene populations that derive the majority of their ancestry from Pleistocene ANE groups, who once made up the huntergatherer populations of southern Siberia, and which are represented by individual genomes from the archaeological sites of Mal'ta (MA-1)29 and Afontova Gora (AG3). (...) The Tarim mummies are currently the best representative of the pre-pastoralist ANE-related population that once inhabited Central Asia and southern Siberia (Extended Data Fig. 2A), even though Tarim_EMBA1 postdates these populations in time.".
3244:: "The Tarim mummies are among only a few known Holocene populations that derive the majority of their ancestry from Pleistocene ANE groups, who once made up the huntergatherer populations of southern Siberia, and which are represented by individual genomes from the archaeological sites of Mal'ta (MA-1)29 and Afontova Gora (AG3). (...) The Tarim mummies are currently the best representative of the pre-pastoralist ANE-related population that once inhabited Central Asia and southern Siberia (Extended Data Fig. 2A), even though Tarim_EMBA1 postdates these populations in time."
1785:
1174:
31:
677:
2125:
2094:
910:
2146:
2468:, "Using qpAdm, we modelled the Tarim Basin individuals as a mixture of two ancient autochthonous Asian genetic groups: the ANE, represented by an Upper Palaeolithic individual from the Afontova Gora site in the upper Yenisei River region of Siberia (AG3) (about 72%), and ancient Northeast Asians, represented by Baikal_EBA (about 28%) (Supplementary Data 1E and Fig. 3a). Tarim_EMBA2 from Beifang can also be modelled as a mixture of Tarim_EMBA1 (about 89%) and Baikal_EBA (about 11%).".
2584:(Chü-shih) state known from Chinese historical sources (Sinor, 1990). Archaeological and historical data attest it as society with a developed agro-pastoral economy, that existed in and north of the Turfan Basin (Fig. 1) during the first millennium BC. The Subeixi weaponry, horse gear and garments (Mallory and Mair, 2000; Lü, 2001) resemble those of the Pazyryk culture (Molodin and Polos'mak, 2007), suggesting contacts between Subeixi and the Scythians living in the Altai Mountains.
2006:. She was buried 3 feet beneath the ground. The mummy was extremely well preserved because of the dry climate and the preservative properties of salt. She was wrapped in a woolen cloth; the cloth was made of two separate pieces and was not large enough to cover her entire body, thereby leaving her ankles exposed. The Beauty of Loulan was surrounded by funerary gifts. The Beauty of Loulan has been dated back to approximately 1800 BCE.
2173:
1509:
37:
701:
2110:
1965:) was unearthed and also named by the archaeologists of Xinjiang Institute of Archaeology at Xiaohe Cemetery Tomb M11, 102 km west of Loulan, Nop Nur, Xinjiang in 2003. She has red hair and long eyelashes and was wrapped in a white wool cloak with tassels and wore a felt hat, string skirt, and fur-lined leather boots. She was buried with wooden pins and three small pouches of
1918:
835:
562:
1092:
3131:, "To understand this mixed genetic profile, we used qpAdm to explore admixture models of the Dzungarian groups with Tarim_EMBA1 or a terminal Pleistocene individual (AG3) from the Siberian site of Afontova Gora31, as a source (Supplementary Data 1D). AG3 is a distal representative of the ANE ancestry and shows a high affinity with Tarim_EMBA1.".
1628:
1242:
3161:, "Using qpAdm, we modelled the Tarim Basin individuals as a mixture of two ancient autochthonous Asian genetic groups: the ANE, represented by an Upper Palaeolithic individual from the Afontova Gora site in the upper Yenisei River region of Siberia (AG3) (about 72%), and ancient Northeast Asians, represented by Baikal_EBA (about 28%)".
2396:
in
Xinjiang, but individuals with Mongoloid features are clearly dominant. The above evidence is enough to show that, starting around 2,000 B.C., some so-called primitive Caucasians expanded eastward to the Xinjiang area as far as the area around Hami and Lop Nur. By the end of the second millennium,
946:
The new finds are also forcing a reexamination of old
Chinese books that describe historical or legendary figures of great height, with deep-set blue or green eyes, long noses, full beards, and red or blond hair. Scholars have traditionally scoffed at these accounts, but it now seems that they may be
2504:
Combining genomic and proteomic evidence, researchers revealed that these earliest residents in the Tarim Basin carried genetic ancestry inherited from local Upper
Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers, carried no steppe-related ancestry, but consumed milk products, indicating communications of persistence
846:
Many of the mummies have been found in very good condition, owing to the dryness of the desert and the desiccation it produced in the corpses. The mummies share many typical
Caucasian body features, and many of them have their hair physically intact, ranging in color from blond to red to deep brown,
1286:
On the other hand, linguistics professor Ronald Kim argues that the amount of divergence between the attested
Tocharian languages necessitates that Proto-Tocharian must have preceded their attestation by a millennium or so. This would coincide with the timeframe during which the Tarim Basin culture
1104:
Chinese historian Ji
Xianlin says China "supported and admired" research by foreign experts into the mummies. "However, within China a small group of ethnic separatists have taken advantage of this opportunity to stir up trouble and are acting like buffoons. Some of them have even styled themselves
3186:
Shan-Shan Dai, Xierzhatijiang
Sulaiman, Jainagul Isakova, Wei-Fang Xu, Najmudinov Tojiddin Abdulloevich, Manilova Elena Afanasevna, Khudoidodov Behruz Ibrohimovich, Xi Chen, Wei-Kang Yang, Ming-Shan Wang, Quan-Kuan Shen, Xing-Yan Yang, Yong-Gang Yao, Almaz A Aldashev, Abdusattor Saidov, Wei Chen,
1750:
While stressing that the argument as to whether bronze technology travelled from China to the West or that "the earliest bronze technology in China was stimulated by contacts with western steppe cultures", is far from settled in scholarly circles, they suggest that the evidence so far favours the
830:
1400–800 BCE), a "red-headed beauty" found in
Qizilchoqa; and the "Witches of Subeshi" (4th or 3rd century BCE), who wore 2-foot-long (0.61 m) black felt conical hats with a flat brim. Also found at Subeshi was a man with traces of a surgical operation on his abdomen; the incision is sewn up
2692:
Though modern
Westerners tend to identify this type of hat as the headgear of a witch, there is evidence that these pointed hats were widely worn by both women and men in some Central Asian tribes. For instance, the Persian king Darius recorded a victory over the "Sakas of the pointed hats". The
1109:
is scarcely closer to 'Turkic' in her anthropological type than she is to Han Chinese. The body and facial forms associated with Turks and Mongols began to appear in the Tarim cemeteries only in the first millennium BCE, fifteen hundred years after this woman lived." Due to the "fear of fuelling
959:
to examine the mummies' DNA. Wells was able to extract undegraded DNA from the internal tissues. The scientists extracted enough material to suggest the Tarim Basin was continually inhabited from 2000 BCE to 300 BCE and preliminary results indicate the people, rather than having a single origin,
803:. A revised craniometric analyses by Hemphill & Mallory (2004) on the early Tarim mummies (Qäwrighul) failed to demonstrate close phenetic affinities to "Europoid populations", but rather found that they formed their own cluster, distinct from the European-related Steppe pastoralists of the
3402:
The results fail to demonstrate close phenetic affinities between the early inhabitants of Qa¨wrighul and any of the proposed sources for immigrants to the Tarim Basin. The absence of close affinities to outside populations renders it unlikely that the human remains recovered from Qa¨wrighul
2680:
The results fail to demonstrate close phenetic affinities between the early inhabitants of Qa¨wrighul and any of the proposed sources for immigrants to the Tarim Basin. The absence of close affinities to outside populations renders it unlikely that the human remains recovered from Qa¨wrighul
1817:
rule. Though that provides a concise frame of reference, it overlooks the continued importance of bronze in Chinese metallurgy and culture. Since that was significantly later than the discovery of bronze in Mesopotamia, bronze technology could have been imported, rather than being discovered
1436:
oasis to the west. Affinities are especially close between Krorän, the latest of the Xinjiang samples, and Sapalli, the earliest of the Bactrian samples, while Alwighul and later samples from Bactria exhibit more distant phenetic affinities. This pattern may reflect a possible major shift in
1419:
The results fail to demonstrate close phenetic affinities between the early inhabitants of Qa¨wrighul and any of the proposed sources for immigrants to the Tarim Basin. The absence of close affinities to outside populations renders it unlikely that the human remains recovered from Qa¨wrighul
890:, dating from the second millennium BCE. Anthropologist Irene Good, a specialist in early Eurasian textiles, noted the woven diagonal twill pattern indicated the use of a rather sophisticated loom and said that the textile is "the easternmost known example of this kind of weaving technique".
998:
markers. Genetic analyses of the mummies showed that the maternal lineages of the Xiaohe people originated from both East Asia and West Eurasia, whereas the paternal lineages all originated from West Eurasia. The East Eurasian mtDNA carried by the Tarim mummies is mtDNA haplogroup C and the
613:. They formed a genetically isolated local population that "adopted neighbouring pastoralist and agriculturalist practices, which allowed them to settle and thrive along the shifting riverine oases of the Taklamakan Desert." These mummified individuals were long suspected to have been "
1696:), and the absence of evidence for these beyond the Tarim, tends to indicate that a common, proto-Tocharian language existed in the Tarim during the second half of the 1st Millennium BCE. Tocharian is attested in documents between the 3rd and 9th centuries CE, although the first known
1414:
note the existence of an additional physical type at Alwighul (700–1 BCE) and Krorän (200 CE) different from the earlier one found at Qäwrighul (1800 BCE) and Yanbulaq (1100–500 BCE), while finding no evidence of significant Steppe-related contributions to these remains:
598:, with a new group of individuals recently dated to between c. 2100 and 1700 BCE. The Tarim population to which the earliest mummies belonged was agropastoral, and they lived circa 2000 BCE in what was formerly a freshwater environment, which has now become desertified.
1420:
represent the unadmixed remains of colonists from the Afanasievo or Andronovo cultures of the steppe lands, or inhabitants of the urban centers of the Oxus civilization of Bactria. ... This study confirms the assertion of Han that the occupants of Alwighul and
2060:, with fur on the outside. Her skirt is made of leather, with fur on the inside for warmth. She is also wearing a woolen cap. According to Elizabeth Barber, these provisions against the cold suggest she died during the winter. The Beauty of Loulan possesses a
2397:
another group of people from Central Asia started to move over the Pamirs and gradually dispersed in southern Xinjiang. These western groups mixed with local Mongoloids resulting in an amalgamation of culture and race in middle Xinjiang east to the Tianshan."
1739:
2453:
The basin holds several intact Bronze Age cemeteries of a founding population known as the agropastoral Xiaohe culture, which formed around 2100 BC in what were then freshwater environments (the Bronze Age spanned from about 3000 to
1282:
cautions against assuming the mummies spoke Tocharian, noting a gap of about a thousand years between the mummies and the documented Tocharians: "people can change their language at will, without altering a single gene or freckle".
1720:
in the Tarim Basin by about 2000 BCE could, if confirmed, be interpreted as evidence that cultural exchanges occurred among Indo-European and Chinese populations at a very early date. It has been suggested that such techniques as
1849:. Zhang Qian clearly identified Parthia as an advanced urban civilization that farmed grain and grapes and manufactured silver coins and leather goods. Zhang Qian equated Parthia's level of advancement to the cultures of
4391:
1177:
Frequency of Eurasian ancestral components in the context of the early Tarim mummies. ANE-like ancestry, maximized in the Paleolithic Afontova Gora 3 specimen as well as in the "Tarim_EMBA1" samples, is displayed in
1703:
Although the Tarim mummies preceded the Tocharian texts by around 2,000 years, their shared geographical location and links to Western Eurasia have led many scholars to suggest that the mummies were related to the
1169:
and Afontova Gora populations), despite their distance in time (around 14,000 years). More than any other ancient populations, the Tarim mummies can be considered as "the best representatives" of the Ancient North
1156:
populations). Tarim mummies from Beifang have a slightly higher amount of ANA ancestry and can be modelled as having 89% Xiaohe-like ancestry and about 11% ANA ancestry. The Tarim mummies are thus one of the rare
1563:
of the Tarim reached the height of their political power during the 3rd to 4th centuries CE, although this may actually indicate an increase in Chinese involvement in the Tarim, following the collapse of the
2217:
article from 2008, Mair was prohibited from leaving the country with 52 genetic samples. However, a Chinese scientist clandestinely sent him half a dozen, on which an Italian geneticist performed tests.
1472:
ancestry. Previous craniometric analyses on the early Tarim mummies found that they were forming a distinct cluster of their own, and neither clustered with European-related Steppe pastoralists from the
1302:) has questioned the identification of the Tarim Basin population as European, noting that the earlier population forms their own distinct cluster and having closer affinities to two specimens from the
1759:(3100 BCE ~ 2600 BCE), the earliest bronze-using cultures in China, which implies that the northwest region did not use copper or any metal until bronze technology was introduced to the region by the
1559:
Some of the peoples of the Western Regions were described in Chinese sources as having full beards, red or blond hair, deep-set blue or green eyes and high noses. According to Chinese sources, the
2093:
4495:
1233:
admixture (28%), and remained essentially in genetic isolation. "The Tarim mummies' so-called Western physical features are probably due to their connection to the Pleistocene ANE gene pool".
2640:
both Europoid and Mongoloid mummies have been found together, also indicates some degree of interaction between existing farming populations and newly arrived nomadic migrants from the West.
1403:
Beauty, the only settlers in the Tarim Basin were Caucasoid. East Asian peoples only began showing up in the eastern portions of the Tarim Basin about 3,000 years ago, Mair said, while the
4061:(2004). "Horse-mounted invaders from the Russo-Kazakh steppe or agricultural colonists from Western Central Asia? A craniometric investigation of the Bronze Age settlement of Xinjiang".
2221:
Since then, China has prohibited foreign scientists from conducting research on the mummies. As Wong says, "Despite the political issues, excavations of the grave sites are continuing."
2825:
Li, Chunxiang; Li, Hongjie; Cui, Yinqiu; Xie, Chengzhi; Cai, Dawei; Li, Wenying; Victor, Mair H.; Xu, Zhi; Zhang, Quanchao; Abuduresule, Idelisi; Jin, Li; Zhu, Hong; Zhou, Hui (2010).
736:. Since then, numerous other mummies have been found and analyzed, many of them now displayed in the museums of Xinjiang. Most of these mummies were found on the eastern end of the
3403:
represent the unadmixed remains of colonists from the Afanasievo or Andronovo cultures of the steppe lands, or inhabitants of the urban centers of the Oxus civilization of Bactria.
2681:
represent the unadmixed remains of colonists from the Afanasievo or Andronovo cultures of the steppe lands, or inhabitants of the urban centers of the Oxus civilization of Bactria.
1767:
site (between 3100 and 2700 BCE), and it is from this location and time period that Chinese Bronze Age spread. Bronze metallurgy in China originated in what is referred to as the
1105:
the descendants of these ancient 'white people' with the aim of dividing the motherland. But these perverse acts will not succeed." Barber addresses these claims by noting that "
815:
culture. Later Tarim mummies displayed varying affinities with Andronovo-like, BMAC-like or Han-like populations, suggesting different waves of migration into the Tarim basin.
3707:
Ercilasun, Konuralp (2018). "Introduction: The Land, the People, and the Politics in a Historical Context". In Kurmangaliyeva Ercilasun, Güljanat; Ercilasun, Konuralp (eds.).
886:
It has been asserted that the textiles found with the mummies are of an early European textile type based on close similarities to fragmentary textiles found in salt mines in
2025:
The Beauty of Loulan lived around 1800 BCE, until about the age of 45, when she died. Her cause of death is likely due to lung failure from ingesting a large amount of sand,
935:
peoples arrived around the year 842. In trying to trace the origins of these populations, Victor Mair's team suggested that they may have arrived in the region by way of the
3228:, "We modelled the Tarim Basin individuals as a mixture of two ancient autochthonous Asian genetic groups: the ANE, represented by an Upper Palaeolithic individual from the
4254:
Chengzhi, Xie; Chunxiang, Li; Yinqiu, Cui; Dawei, Cai; Haijing, Wang; Hong, Zhu; Hui, Zhou (2007). "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of ancient Sampula population in Xinjiang".
875:. As a result of the arid conditions and exceptional preservation, tattoos have been identified on mummies from several sites around the Tarim Basin, including Qäwrighul,
1322:) and therefore lack any historical meaning, any putative genetic relationship must be consistent with geographical plausibility and have the support of other evidence.
3212:
4359:
3772:
1441:
1594:
is generally considered to be a later forgery. Guan Zhong described a group called either the Yuzhi 禺氏 or Niuzhi 牛氏 as a people from the north-west who supplied
566:
The "Xiaohe Mummy", exhibited in Xinjiang Museum, is one of the oldest Tarim mummies, dating more than 3800 years ago. Another mummy from the same place is the "
1833:
in 126 BCE, made the first known Chinese report on many regions west of China. He believed to have discerned Greek influences in some of the kingdoms. He named
1813:
defines the Chinese Bronze Age as the "period between about 2000 BC and 771 BC," which begins with Erlitou culture and ends abruptly with the disintegration of
1751:
latter scenario. However, the culture and the technology in the northwest region of Tarim basin were less advanced than that in the East China of Yellow River-
2124:
2029:, and dust. According to Elizabeth Barber, she probably died in the winter because of her provisions against the cold. The rough shape of her clothes and the
967:
4225:
3070:
4905:
3387:
3324:
2664:
1482:
1429:
812:
630:
122:
4840:
3339:
In fact, the early sample from westernChina, Qa¨wrighul (QAW), is identified as possessing closer affinities to the two samples from Harappa(HAR and CEMH)
2548:"Archaeological and palaeopathological study on the third/second century BC grave from Turfan, China: Individual health history and regional implications"
826:(1000 BCE), a 1-year-old baby with brown hair protruding from under a red and blue felt cap, with two stones positioned over its eyes; the "Hami Mummy" (
1113:
The School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, China, analyzed in 2021 13 individuals from the Tarim basin, dated to c. 2100–1700 BC, and assigned 2 to
30:
1262:
Mallory and Mair (2000) propose the movement of at least two Caucasian physical types into the Tarim Basin. The authors associate these types with the
4063:
3141:
3282:
1736:. 2000 BC, finds of metal artifacts in China are exceedingly few, simple and, puzzlingly, already made of alloyed copper (and hence questionable)."
2478:
Nägele, Kathrin; Rivollat, Maite; Yu, He; Wang, Ke (2022). "Ancient genomic research – From broad strokes to nuanced reconstructions of the past".
1325:
Han Kangxin, who examined the skulls of 302 mummies, found the closest relatives of the earlier Tarim Basin population in the populations of the
2928:"Analysis of ancient human mitochondrial DNA from the Xiaohe cemetery: Insights into prehistoric population movements in the Tarim Basin, China"
1201:
1148:
individual represented about 72% of the ancestry of the Tarim mummies from Xiaohe, while the remaining 28% of their ancestry was derived from
3912:
3728:
3516:
3296:
2629:
3232:
site in the upper Yenisei River region of Siberia (AG3) (about 72%), and ancient Northeast Asians, represented by Baikal_EBA (about 28%)".
3021:
Hollard, Clémence; et al. (2018). "New genetic evidence of affinities and discontinuities between bronze age Siberian populations".
2926:
Li, Chunxiang; Ning, Chao; Hagelberg, Erika; Li, Hongjie; Zhao, Yongbin; Li, Wenying; Abuduresule, Idelisi; Zhu, Hong; Zhou, Hui (2015).
4171:
Liu, Xinru (2001), "Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan. Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies",
1503:
2986:
1818:
independently in China. However, there is reason to believe that bronzework developed inside China, separately from outside influence.
1082:(Z93-), which are now most common in Northern India and Eastern Europe; the remaining one belonged to the exceptionally rare paragroup
901:—the earliest Asian mummies found in the Tarim Basin—and eight of which are of the same Caucasian physical type as found at Qäwrighul.
4488:
5193:
2546:
Li, Xiao; Wagner, Mayke; Wu, Xiaohong; Tarasov, Pavel; Zhang, Yongbin; Schmidt, Arno; Goslar, Tomasz; Gresky, Julia (21 March 2013).
1194:
show the relative highest affinity with the Tarim mummies, although their main ancestry is linked to Bronze Age Steppe pastoralists (
668:, 1100–500 BCE), provide the earliest Asian mummies found in the Tarim Basin, and have a mix of "Europoid" and "Mongoloid" mummies.
4930:
4452:
4284:
4047:
4025:
4006:
3872:
3548:
3467:
4364:
4123:"A Discussion of Sino-Western Cultural Contact and Exchange in the Second Millennium BC Based on Recent Archeological Discoveries"
3508:
4532:
4369:
3377:, "The Tarim mummies' so-called Western physical features are probably due to their connection to the Pleistocene ANE gene pool".
1926:
4833:
4482:
4155:
5000:
4135:
3532:
2100:
1428:
populations. Further, the results demonstrate that such Eastern Mediterraneans may also be found at the urban centers of the
979:
showed that the Yuansha population has relatively close relationships with the modern populations of South Central Asia and
3582:
1310:
valley population. Because craniometry can produce results which make no sense at all (e.g. the close relationship between
1110:
separatist currents", the Xinjiang museum, regardless of dating, displays all their mummies, both Tarim and Han, together.
656:, in particular in the areas of weaponry, horse gear and garments. They are candidates as the Iron Age predecessors of the
1875:: "It is well known that ancient Chinese rulers had a strong attachment to jade. All of the jade items excavated from the
1275:
823:
2876:
Gao, Shizhu; Cui, Yinqiu; Yang, Yidai; Duan, Ranhui; Abuduresule, Idelisi; Mair, Victor H.; Zhu, Hong; Zhou, Hui (2008).
5050:
3782:
1732:-making may have been transmitted to the east by these Indo-European nomads. Mallory and Mair also note that: "Prior to
1468:
Zhang et al. (2021) proposed that the 'Western' like features of the earlier Tarim mummies could be attributed to their
1183:
5169:
5139:
4945:
2726:
Thornton, Christopher P.; Schurr, Theodore G. (2004). "Genes, language, and culture: an example from the Tarim Basin".
2009:
1133:, ranging from 2,135 to 1,623 BCE) found that they were most closely related to an earlier identified group called the
1784:
1044:, which are now most common in West Eurasia. Also found were haplogroups common in modern populations from East Asia:
952:
1454:
1007:
and not from East Asians, who carry mtDNA haplogroup C at a far lower rate and carry different subclades of mtDNA C.
601:
A genomic study published in 2021 found that these early mummies (dating from 2,135 to 1,623 BCE) had high levels of
1613:. By the 1st Century CE, the Kushan Empire had expanded significantly and may have annexed part of the Tarim Basin.
5100:
4826:
4739:
4734:
2235:
2064:, with four teeth remaining. Barber suggests that this comb was a dual purpose tool to comb hair and to "pack the
1609:, during the 2nd century BCE, a group known as the Greater Rouzhi migrated to Bactria, where they established the
1407:
arrived after the collapse of the Orkon Uighur Kingdom, largely based in modern day Mongolia, around the year 842.
4985:
4895:
4360:
Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology? pdf
4239:
304:
1173:
931:" with east Asian migrants arriving in the eastern portions of the Tarim Basin around 3,000 years ago while the
4173:
3825:
3657:
1969:
and twigs and branches of ephedra were placed beside the body. She is not permanently exhibited in any museum.
1279:
1149:
864:
606:
243:
5134:
676:
3887:
3682:
971:
Burial XHM66 from Xiaohe cemetery, with boat-shaped coffin and mummified remains dressed in woollen garments.
1810:
1717:
1306:
site of the Indus Valley civilisation, while the later Tarim population displays closer affinities with the
1255:
1226:
1162:
1079:
622:
317:
148:
2109:
1781:) period, which some historians argue places it within the range of dates controlled by the Shang dynasty.
1368:
3500–2500 BCE) displays cultural and genetic connections with the Indo-European-associated cultures of the
5232:
4414:
4035:
1469:
1450:
1385:
1195:
1134:
1114:
602:
79:
3928:
Wang, Tingting; Fuller, Benjamin T.; Jiang, Hongen; Li, Wenying; Wei, Dong; Hu, Yaowu (13 January 2022).
4658:
4445:
2827:"Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age"
2335:
1640:
1118:
909:
610:
384:
271:
5085:
1552:) is the historical name in China, between the 3rd century BCE and 8th century CE for regions west of
867:, who examined the tartan-style cloth, discusses similarities between it and fragments recovered from
5015:
4761:
4526:
4395:
4306:
3941:
2766:
2555:
2420:
1838:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
5010:
4940:
4900:
4880:
3540:
2711:
1622:
1425:
1381:
1263:
987:
2597:
1424:
are not derived from proto-European steppe populations, but share closest affinities with Eastern
5164:
5159:
4910:
4626:
4503:
4423:
4408:
4234:
4186:
4109:
3738:
3712:
3110:"Extended Data. Table 1. A summary of the Bronze Age Xinjiang individuals reported in this study"
3046:
2905:
2782:
2444:
2393:
2340:
2285:
2250:
2212:
2188:
is a much later mummy from the same area, dating to the 4th–5th century CE. Dressed in luxurious
1953:
1936:
1478:
1214:
1097:
808:
765:
567:
544:
258:
3631:
1899:
engaged in the jade trade, of which the major consumers were the rulers of agricultural China."
2365:
5075:
5070:
5025:
4975:
4920:
4915:
4885:
4537:
4340:
4322:
4280:
4122:
4080:
4043:
4021:
4002:
3975:
3957:
3908:
3902:
3724:
3544:
3512:
3463:
3292:
3206:
3109:
3038:
2959:
2897:
2858:
2625:
2571:
2495:
2436:
2290:
2255:
1474:
1334:
1326:
1267:
1010:
872:
804:
717:
685:
505:
397:
371:
107:
92:
43:
4405:
2619:
2379:
2280:
5149:
5144:
5090:
5055:
5020:
5005:
4955:
4935:
4925:
4890:
4875:
4797:
4681:
4586:
4438:
4330:
4314:
4263:
4178:
4101:
4072:
3965:
3949:
3716:
3188:
3114:
3030:
3000:
2996:
2949:
2939:
2889:
2848:
2838:
2774:
2735:
2563:
2487:
2428:
2014:
1979:
1958:
1789:
1756:
1525:
1106:
1076:
976:
894:
757:
665:
464:
449:
436:
345:
3851:
2706:
1144:
specimen (AG3), genetically displaying "high affinity" with it. The genetic profile of the
5080:
4995:
4980:
4965:
4771:
4729:
4580:
4515:
4213:
3777:
3750:
3075:
2580:
The whole graveyard including tomb M2 belongs to the Subeixi culture, associated with the
2380:"Ancient Interactions in Eurasia and Northwest China: Revisiting J. G. Andersson's Legacy"
2240:
2230:
2116:
2018:
1966:
1884:
1752:
1744:
1725:
1499:
1369:
1346:
1251:
1247:
1130:
1083:
936:
653:
649:
637:
621:, but this has now been largely discredited by their absence of a genetic connection with
614:
530:
217:
204:
191:
36:
4990:
4376:
4092:
Larsen, Clark Spencer (2002). "Bioarchaeology: The Lives and Lifestyles of Past People".
3388:"A Craniometric Investigation of The Bronze Age Settlement of Xinjiang - Important | PDF"
3325:"A Craniometric Investigation of The Bronze Age Settlement of Xinjiang - Important | PDF"
2753:
Deter-Wolf, Aaron; Robitaille, Benoît; Krutak, Lars; Galliot, Sébastien (February 2016).
2665:"A Craniometric Investigation of The Bronze Age Settlement of Xinjiang - Important | PDF"
2068:
in tightly during weaving." She possesses a "neatly woven bag or soft basket". Grains of
1800:
1772:
1543:
1075:
Li et al. (2010) found that nearly all – 11 out of 12 males, or around 92% – belonged to
4310:
3945:
2770:
2559:
2424:
999:
particular subclade found in the Tarim mummies originates from southeast Siberians like
5154:
5124:
5095:
5030:
4335:
4294:
4201:
3970:
3929:
3417:
China and her neighbours, from ancient times to the Middle Ages: a collection of essays
2954:
2927:
2853:
2826:
2193:
1995:
1992:
1876:
1846:
1421:
1400:
1399:
From the evidence available, we have found that during the first 1,000 years after the
1190:
derive varying degrees of ancestry from a population related to the Tarim mummies. The
1089:
The geographic location of this admixing is unknown, although south Siberia is likely.
924:
913:
753:
423:
178:
135:
4206:
The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West
3563:
Chang, K. C.: "Studies of Shang Archaeology", pp. 6–7, 1. Yale University Press, 1982.
2878:"Mitochondrial DNA analysis of human remains from the Yuansha site in Xinjiang, China"
2754:
1013:
analysis showed that maternal lineages carried by the people at Xiaohe included mtDNA
855:
clothing techniques or a common low-level textile technology. Chärchän man wore a red
787:
analysis as belonging to a "Proto-Europoid" type, whose closest affiliation is to the
5226:
5129:
5060:
5045:
5040:
5035:
4960:
4766:
4686:
4418:
4399:
4197:
4190:
4113:
3229:
3050:
2786:
2739:
2448:
2408:
2245:
1880:
1760:
1659:
1610:
1591:
1565:
1446:
1404:
1373:
1271:
1205:
Genetic ancestry and admixture of ancient populations of Eurasia. The Tarim mummies (
1139:
956:
923:
In 1995, Mair claimed that "the earliest mummies in the Tarim Basin were exclusively
636:
Later Tarim Mummies dated to the Iron Age (1st millennium BCE), such as those of the
358:
332:
230:
3642:
3616:
2172:
2040:. Her hair was infested with lice. The Beauty of Loulan is wearing clothing made of
1508:
4859:
4802:
4709:
4163:
4058:
2993:
Study on Genetic Diversity of Y-chromosome in Ancient Inhabitants of Northern China
2909:
2153:
2131:
1988:
1814:
1513:
1389:
1342:
1191:
1000:
980:
898:
880:
819:
773:
733:
4139:
2693:
Subeshi headgear is likely an ethnic badge or a symbol of position in the society.
780:
2778:
2567:
842:
Desert is very dry, which helped considerably in the preservation of the mummies.
4950:
4776:
4652:
3720:
3586:
3572:
Chang, K. C.: "Studies of Shang Archaeology", p. 1. Yale University Press, 1982.
3142:"Western China's mysterious mummies were local descendants of ice age ancestors"
2209:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2076:
2037:
1865:
1796:
1683:
1667:
1648:
1357:
1330:
1291:
1153:
961:
800:
784:
737:
729:
725:
721:
705:
700:
681:
595:
583:
509:
61:
4318:
3953:
2547:
2432:
1647:
The degree of differentiation between the language known to modern scholars as
5110:
4867:
4849:
4807:
4749:
4267:
4105:
2944:
2893:
2877:
1822:
1705:
1697:
1587:
1560:
1553:
1338:
1230:
1014:
868:
839:
796:
788:
713:
657:
626:
618:
554:
519:
5208:
5195:
4326:
3961:
2575:
2294:
779:
According to Mallory & Mair (2000), the earliest Tarim mummies, found at
4792:
4238:. Vol. 89, no. 1 (published January–February 2001). Archived from
1999:
1311:
1307:
1056:. Haplogroups now common in Central Asian or Siberian populations included:
852:
834:
4344:
4084:
3979:
3042:
2963:
2901:
2862:
2843:
2499:
2440:
1984:
1917:
1688:
1631:
Wooden tablet with an inscription showing Tocharian B in its Brahmic form.
1605:
After the Rouzhi experienced a series of major defeats at the hands of the
1166:
4372:
Includes the face of the "Beauty of Loulan" as reconstructed by an artist.
4182:
1763:
in about 1600 BC. The earliest bronze artifacts in China are found at the
5181:
4970:
4620:
3288:
2637:
2197:
2053:
2026:
1892:
1854:
1830:
1764:
1663:
1586:
name was possibly made around 7th century BCE by the Chinese philosopher
1319:
1187:
1158:
1129:
A 2021 genetic study on the Tarim mummies (13 mummies, including 11 from
928:
848:
769:
645:
587:
2075:
A 23-poem sequence on the Beauty of Loulan appears in the Canadian poet
4754:
4076:
3852:"The "Silk Roads" in Time and Space: Migrations, Motifs, and Materials"
3415:
Tikhvinskiĭ, Sergeĭ Leonidovich; Perelomov, Leonard Sergeevich (1981).
3034:
2491:
2057:
2003:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1768:
1722:
1679:
1652:
1606:
1433:
1315:
1303:
932:
897:
contained 29 mummies which dated from 1100 to 500 BCE, 21 of which are
887:
876:
792:
745:
70:
4040:
Warrior Women: An Archaeologist's Search for History's Hidden Heroines
4018:
Southern Silk Road: In the Footsteps of Sir Aurel Stein and Sven Hedin
2621:
Empires of Ancient Eurasia: The First Silk Roads Era, 100 BCE – 250 CE
1627:
847:
and generally long, curly and braided. Their costumes, and especially
4392:
Genetic testing reveals awkward truth about Xinjiang's famous mummies
2581:
1896:
1888:
1850:
1729:
1583:
1577:
1533:
1361:
1004:
860:
761:
749:
741:
410:
2103:", excavated in 2004. Buried at the age of 25, she is 3800 years old
1254:. The Tarim mummies are considered as the "best representatives" of
3071:"A meeting of civilisations: The mystery of China's celtic mummies"
4704:
4673:
4647:
4639:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4597:
4575:
4570:
4556:
4547:
4521:
4509:
4461:
3430:
Mair, Victor H. (March–April 1995). "Mummies of the Tarim Basin".
2171:
2069:
2030:
2017:(also "Beauty of Krorän"). Museum exhibit and detail of the face,
2008:
1858:
1783:
1738:
1675:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1599:
1507:
1440:
1241:
1200:
1172:
1091:
995:
991:
986:
Between 2009 and 2015, the remains of 92 individuals found at the
966:
908:
856:
833:
699:
675:
661:
591:
579:
561:
286:
3252:
3250:
2598:"The Problem of Tocharian Origins: An Archaeological Perspective"
1356::294–296, 314–318) trace the earliest Bronze Age settlers of the
712:
At the beginning of the 20th century, European explorers such as
4430:
3646:, C. Michael Hogan, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham (2007)
3189:"The Genetic Echo of the Tarim Mummies in Modern Central Asians"
2065:
2061:
2049:
2041:
1868:
1595:
641:
534:
295:
52:
4822:
4434:
3607:
Li-Liu; The Chinese Neolithic, Cambridge University Press, 2005
3187:
Lu-Feng Cheng, Min-Sheng Peng, Ya-Ping Zhang (25 August 2022).
1278:, respectively. However, archaeology and linguistics professor
1064:. Haplogroups later regarded as typically South Asian included
2045:
1871:
to China from ancient times is well established, according to
917:
4818:
3901:
Cheang, Sarah; Greef, Erica de; Takagi, Yoko (15 July 2021).
1182:
Tests on their genetic legacy also found that many groups in
3930:"Revealing lost secrets about Yingpan Man and the Silk Road"
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
4295:"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies"
2366:"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies"
1987:") is the most famous of the Tarim mummies, along with the
1983:(also referred to as the "Loulan Beauty" or the "Beauty of
783:(Gumugou) and dated to 2135–1939 BCE, were classified in a
4156:"Tabloid Archaeology: Is Television Trivializing Science?"
3826:"Ancient Mummies of the Tarim Basin | Expedition Magazine"
2701:
2699:
2364:
School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, China, (2021).
4136:"Hidden Discourses of Race: Imagining Europeans in China"
3460:
Distinguishing and Correcting the pre-Qin Forged Classics
2360:
2358:
2052:
and has a feather in it. She is wearing rough ankle-high
2036:
The Beauty of Loulan's hair colour has been described as
1795:
Others believe the Erlitou sites belong to the preceding
3281:
Kim, Ronald (2006). "Tocharian". In Brown, Keith (ed.).
1598:
to the Chinese from the nearby mountains of Yuzhi 禺氏 at
1161:
populations who derive most of their ancestry from the
964:, Indus Valley and other regions yet to be determined.
640:, have characteristics closely resembling those of the
605:
ancestry (ANE, about 72%), with smaller admixture from
2800:
Mair, Victor H. (1995). "Mummies of the Tarim Basin".
2281:"The Dead Tell a Tale China Doesn't Care to Listen To"
1712:
Arguments for cultural transmission from West to East
983:, as well as with the ancient population of Chawuhu.
4406:
The Dead Tell a Tale China Doesn't Care to Listen To
1453:(here represented by the MA-1 human specimen of the
5109:
4866:
4722:
4697:
4672:
4638:
4596:
4555:
4546:
4475:
4468:
3583:"Teaching Chinese Archaeology, Part Two — NGA"
2517:
2515:
2513:
550:
540:
525:
515:
501:
851:, may indicate a common origin with Indo-European
760:), or along the southern edge of the Tarim Basin (
4279:(2nd ed.), Zhengzhou: Zhongzhou Guji Press,
3618:Shang and Zhou Dynasties: The Bronze Age of China
2384:Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities
1788:Cone-shaped high-peaked hat, 1st millennium BCE,
1485:culture, or East Asian populations further East.
1137:, particularly the population represented by the
4042:(First Trade ed.). New York: Warner Books.
2409:"The unexpected ancestry of Inner Asian mummies"
2033:in her hair suggest she lived a difficult life.
883:, Shanpula (Sampul), Zaghunluq, and Qizilchoqa.
1895:. As early as the mid-first millennium BCE the
1417:
1411:
1397:
944:
16:Series of mummies discovered in the Tarim Basin
4226:"Tracking Genes Across the Globe: A review of
4177:, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 261–292,
1225:). They are instead mainly descended from the
4834:
4446:
2810:the quote appears on page 30 of this article.
8:
3211:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2921:
2919:
2505:practices independent from genetic exchange.
1686:(which is associated with the city-state of
1481:, nor with inhabitants of the Western Asian
19:
3537:Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations
3490:
3362:
3350:
3311:
3256:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2651:
2321:
1353:
1246:Reconstruction of a female individual from
1100:") exhibited in Xinjiang Museum - full view
660:. The rather recent easternmost mummies at
4841:
4827:
4819:
4552:
4472:
4453:
4439:
4431:
4365:High-quality images of Tarim-basin mummies
4277:A Comprehensive History of Western Regions
2759:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
2624:. Cambridge University Press. p. 45.
1837:"Ānxī" (Chinese: 安息), a transcription of "
951:In 2007, the Chinese government allowed a
818:Notable mummies are the tall, red-haired "
811:, or the inhabitants of the Western Asian
617:-speaking pastoralists", ancestors of the
4334:
4064:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3969:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3023:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2953:
2943:
2852:
2842:
2407:Doumani Dupuy, Paula N. (November 2021).
1290:B. E. Hemphill's biodistance analysis of
4415:'A Host of Mummies, A Forest of Secrets'
3711:. Politics and History in Central Asia.
3505:Landscapes and Societies: Selected Cases
3284:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
2882:Science in China Series C: Life Sciences
2636:... the fact that in cemeteries such as
2336:"A Host of Mummies, a Forest of Secrets"
1556:, including the Tarim and Central Asia.
2266:
2089:
1805:
1777:
1548:
1489:Historical records and associated texts
1125:Derivation from Ancient North Eurasians
3907:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 101.
3812:
3773:"A beauty that was government's beast"
3746:
3736:
3268:
3204:
3096:
2368:, in ENA, European Nucleotide Archive.
1700:evidence dates to the 6th century CE.
1682:"), as well as the less-well attested
1299:
1295:
18:
3873:"Beauty of Kroran (Book description)"
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3374:
3241:
3225:
3173:
3158:
3128:
2533:
2521:
2465:
2390:. Stockholm: Fälth & Hässler: 13.
1716:The possible presence of speakers of
1449:have a strong genetic proximity with
1352:It is the Afanasevo culture to which
625:-speaking migrants, particularly the
7:
4100:(2) (published June 2002): 119–166.
3771:Demick, Barbara (21 November 2010).
3448:Yu (2003), pp. 34–57, 77–88, 96–103.
3069:Coonan, Clifford (August 28, 2006).
2274:
2272:
2270:
1380:2000–900 BCE) enough to isolate the
916:mask from Lop Nur, China, 2000–1000
609:(ANA, about 28%), but no detectable
490:), with other contemporary cultures
4154:Light, Nathan (March–April 1999b),
3658:"Expedition Magazine - Penn Museum"
3419:. Progress Publishers. p. 124.
2480:Journal of Anthropological Sciences
1872:
1504:Protectorate of the Western Regions
724:all recounted their discoveries of
596:1800 BCE to the first centuries BCE
4094:Journal of Archaeological Research
3997:Barber, Elizabeth Wayland (1999).
1887:, more than 750 pieces, were from
1329:situated immediately north of the
1229:(ANE, 72%), with relatively minor
14:
4162:, pp. 98–101, archived from
3462:, Xi'an: Shaanxi People's Press,
2279:Wong, Edward (18 November 2008).
1341:and reached southwards into West
688:, and area of the Tarim mummies (
4496:Officials, nobles, and commoners
3904:Rethinking Fashion Globalization
3888:The mummies of east central Asia
3365:, p. 260, 294–296, 314–318.
2740:10.1111/j.1468-0092.2004.00203.x
2334:Wade, Nicholas (15 March 2010).
2145:
2123:
2108:
2092:
2072:were discovered inside the bag.
2002:. The mummy was discovered near
1991:. She was discovered in 1980 by
1925:
1916:
831:with sutures made of horsehair.
822:" or the "Ur-David" (1000 BCE);
35:
29:
4370:Images of the Tocharian mummies
4230:, by Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza"
4129:(97) (published December 1999).
4020:. Bangkok: White Orchid Books.
1512:Infant Tarim mummy, son of the
1376:-associated Andronovo culture (
1364:basins. The Afanasevo culture (
1219:
1207:
1115:Y-haplogroup R1b1b-PH155/PH4796
690:
611:Western Steppe-related ancestry
484:
482:Location of the Tarim mummies (
5001:Liaoning bronze dagger culture
4208:. London: Thames & Hudson.
3683:"The Eternal Mummy Princesses"
2618:Benjamin, Craig (3 May 2018).
1845:), the name of the founder of
1538:
1372:yet predates the specifically
1:
4228:Genes, Peoples, and Languages
2728:Oxford Journal of Archaeology
2157:
2135:
1940:
1458:
1412:Hemphill & Mallory (2004)
1276:Indo-European language family
1117:(R1b1c in ISOGG2016), 1 — to
491:
5051:South-Western Iberian Bronze
4293:Zhang, Fan (November 2021).
4224:Schurr, Theodore G. (2001).
2779:10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.11.007
2755:"The World's Oldest Tattoos"
2568:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.05.010
2192:clothes, he may have been a
1998:working on a film about the
1388:linguistic innovations like
4256:Progress in Natural Science
3891:. Expedition, 52(3), 23-32.
3721:10.1057/978-1-137-52297-9_1
1096:The Xiaohe mummy (not the "
953:National Geographic Society
728:bodies in their search for
5249:
5101:Wilburton-Wallington Phase
4319:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7
4016:Baumer, Christoph (2000).
3954:10.1038/s41598-021-04383-5
3850:Anderson, Matthew (2012).
3503:Martini, I. Peter (2010).
2995:] (PhD) (in Chinese).
2433:10.1038/d41586-021-02872-1
2196:or an elite member of the
1620:
1575:
1497:
5178:
4986:Indus Valley Civilisation
4896:Armorican Tumulus culture
4856:
4785:
4377:"The Takla Makan Mummies"
4268:10.1080/10002007088537493
3585:. Nga.gov. Archived from
2945:10.1186/s12863-015-0237-5
2894:10.1007/s11427-008-0034-8
2707:"The Mummies of Xinjiang"
1962:
1755:(2070 BCE ~ 1600 BCE) or
1529:
863:leggings. Textile expert
696:) with main burial sites.
24:
4174:Journal of World History
2552:Quaternary International
1354:Mallory & Mair (2000
1280:Elizabeth Wayland Barber
1150:Ancient Northeast Asians
960:originated from Europe,
865:Elizabeth Wayland Barber
799:, Central Asia, and the
791:populations of southern
708:in the Tarim Basin, 1910
607:Ancient Northeast Asians
5209:40.336453°N 88.672422°E
4946:Deverel–Rimbury culture
4160:Discovering Archaeology
4134:Light, Nathan (1999a).
4106:10.1023/A:1015267705803
4036:Davis-Kimball, Jeannine
3491:Mallory & Mair 2000
3363:Mallory & Mair 2000
3351:Mallory & Mair 2000
3312:Mallory & Mair 2000
3257:Mallory & Mair 2000
2652:Mallory & Mair 2000
2596:Mallory, J. P. (2015).
2322:Mallory & Mair 2000
1811:National Gallery of Art
1718:Indo-European languages
1451:Ancient North Eurasians
1256:Ancient North Eurasians
1227:Ancient North Eurasians
1213:) are unrelated to the
1165:(ANE, specifically the
1163:Ancient North Eurasians
1152:(ANA, Early Bronze Age
1135:Ancient North Eurasians
942:Mair has claimed that:
939:about 5,000 years ago.
4121:Li, Shuicheng (1999).
4038:; Behan, Mona (2002).
3999:The Mummies of Ürümchi
3644:Silk Road, North China
3622:Retrieved May 13, 2010
2999:. 2012. Archived from
2844:10.1186/1741-7007-8-15
2378:Shuicheng, Li (2003).
2181:
2048:. Her hood is made of
2022:
1908:The Princess of Xiaohe
1792:
1747:
1743:Wooden sculpture from
1644:
1517:
1470:Ancient North Eurasian
1465:
1439:
1409:
1259:
1234:
1196:Western Steppe Herders
1179:
1119:Y-haplogroup R1-PF6136
1101:
972:
949:
920:
843:
709:
697:
603:Ancient North Eurasian
571:
4659:Mummies of Guanajuato
4402:Online, 19 April 2005
4183:10.1353/jwh.2001.0034
4001:. London: Pan Books.
3481:Baumer (2000), p. 28.
3458:Liu, Jianguo (2004),
2236:Pontic–Caspian steppe
2175:
2012:
1821:The Chinese official
1787:
1742:
1641:Tokyo National Museum
1630:
1511:
1455:Mal'ta-Buret' culture
1444:
1432:located in the north
1245:
1204:
1176:
1095:
970:
912:
837:
703:
679:
672:Archaeological record
565:
5214:40.336453; 88.672422
5016:Mumun pottery period
4762:Mummification Museum
4746:Archeological sites
4275:Yu, Taishan (2003),
4127:Sino-Platonic Papers
4057:Hemphill, Brian E.;
3885:Mair, V. H. (2010).
3859:Sino-Platonic Papers
3709:The Uyghur Community
2605:Sino-Platonic Papers
2554:. 290–291: 335–343.
2180:, 4th–5th century CE
1973:The Beauty of Loulan
871:associated with the
740:(around the area of
5205: /
5011:Minoan civilization
4941:Deer stones culture
4901:Atlantic Bronze Age
4881:Aegean civilization
4311:2021Natur.599..256Z
4218:The Natural History
3946:2022NatSR..12..669W
3715:US. pp. 1–16.
3632:The Kingdom of Anxi
3541:Infobase Publishing
2988:中国北方古代人群Y染色体遗传多样性研究
2771:2016JArSR...5...19D
2560:2013QuInt.290..335L
2425:2021Natur.599..204D
1639:, 5th–8th century (
1623:Tocharian languages
1617:Tocharian languages
1382:Tocharian languages
1287:was in the region.
988:Xiaohe Tomb complex
809:Afanasievo cultures
21:
5160:Leyla-Tepe culture
5117:and Transcaucasia)
4931:Chinese Bronze Age
4911:Bronze Age Britain
4504:Chinchorro mummies
4424:The New York Times
4411:, 18 November 2008
4409:The New York Times
4235:American Scientist
4077:10.1002/ajpa.10354
3934:Scientific Reports
3713:Palgrave Macmillan
3620:Heilbrunn Timeline
3493:, p. 327–328.
3353:, p. 236–237.
3259:, p. 317–318.
3035:10.1002/ajpa.23607
2492:10.4436/jass.10017
2394:Yanbulark cemetery
2341:The New York Times
2286:The New York Times
2251:Tocharian clothing
2182:
2023:
1954:Princess of Xiaohe
1937:Princess of Xiaohe
1809:) dynasty. The US
1793:
1748:
1645:
1518:
1479:Afanasievo culture
1466:
1274:) branches of the
1260:
1235:
1215:Afanasievo culture
1180:
1102:
1098:Princess of Xiaohe
990:were analyzed for
973:
921:
844:
710:
698:
594:, which date from
582:discovered in the
572:
568:Princess of Xiaohe
545:Afanasievo culture
502:Geographical range
5188:
5187:
5071:Terramare culture
5026:Nordic Bronze Age
4976:Hallstatt culture
4921:Canegrate culture
4916:Bronze Age Europe
4886:Andronovo culture
4816:
4815:
4718:
4717:
4668:
4667:
4305:(7884): 256–261.
3914:978-1-350-18130-4
3730:978-1-137-52297-9
3687:Discover Magazine
3518:978-90-481-9412-4
3298:978-0-08-044299-0
2631:978-1-108-63540-0
2419:(7884): 204–206.
2256:Kurgan hypothesis
1864:The supplying of
1706:Tocharian peoples
1582:Reference to the
1520:Western Regions (
1516:, circa 1000 BCE.
1430:Oxus civilization
1335:Andronovo culture
1327:Afanasevo culture
1224:
1212:
1107:The Loulan Beauty
1011:Mitochondrial DNA
873:Hallstatt culture
718:Albert von Le Coq
695:
686:Taklamakan Desert
560:
559:
506:Taklamakan Desert
489:
5240:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5118:
5091:Urnfield culture
5056:Srubnaya culture
5021:Mycenaean Greece
5006:Lusatian culture
4956:Ewart Park Phase
4936:Cycladic culture
4926:Catacomb culture
4891:Apennine culture
4876:Abashevo culture
4843:
4836:
4829:
4820:
4798:Incorruptibility
4682:Buddhist mummies
4587:Maronite mummies
4553:
4518:(Canary Islands)
4512:(Peru and Chile)
4473:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4432:
4427:, 15 March 2010.
4388:
4386:
4384:
4348:
4338:
4289:
4271:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4220:
4209:
4193:
4167:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4138:. Archived from
4130:
4117:
4088:
4053:
4031:
4012:
3984:
3983:
3973:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3898:
3892:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3856:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3822:
3816:
3815:, pp. 71–87
3810:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3785:on 4 August 2016
3781:. Archived from
3768:
3755:
3754:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3734:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3654:
3648:
3640:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3438:(2): 28–35 (30).
3427:
3421:
3420:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3287:(2nd ed.).
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3210:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3193:academic.oup.com
3183:
3177:
3171:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3066:
3055:
3054:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
2997:Jilin University
2983:
2977:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2957:
2947:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2846:
2822:
2811:
2809:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2703:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2508:
2507:
2486:(100): 193–230.
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2404:
2398:
2391:
2375:
2369:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2276:
2162:
2159:
2149:
2140:
2137:
2127:
2112:
2096:
2015:Beauty of Loulan
1980:Beauty of Loulan
1964:
1945:
1942:
1929:
1920:
1847:Parthian dynasty
1807:
1790:Subeshi cemetery
1779:
1757:Majiayao culture
1692:, also known as
1550:
1540:
1531:
1463:
1462: 24,000 BP
1460:
1395:Mair concluded:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1121:(xR1a, xR1b1a).
1086:(M9) from Asia.
1077:Y-DNA haplogroup
977:Jilin University
975:A 2008 study by
893:The cemetery at
694:
693:
689:
666:Yanbulaq culture
578:are a series of
496:
493:
488:
487:
483:
475:
473:
460:
458:
445:
443:
432:
430:
419:
417:
406:
404:
393:
391:
380:
378:
367:
365:
354:
352:
341:
339:
328:
326:
313:
311:
300:
298:
291:
289:
282:
280:
267:
265:
254:
252:
239:
237:
226:
224:
213:
211:
200:
198:
187:
185:
174:
172:
159:
157:
154:Northeast Asians
144:
142:
131:
129:
118:
116:
103:
101:
88:
86:
75:
73:
66:
64:
57:
55:
48:
46:
39:
33:
22:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5223:
5222:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5184:
5174:
5170:Khojaly–Gadabay
5140:Shulaveri-Shomu
5116:
5115:(North Caucasus
5114:
5113:
5105:
5086:Únětice culture
5081:Tumulus culture
4996:Karasuk culture
4981:Helladic period
4971:Argaric culture
4966:Glazkov culture
4862:
4852:
4847:
4817:
4812:
4781:
4730:List of mummies
4714:
4693:
4664:
4634:
4592:
4542:
4516:Guanche mummies
4464:
4459:
4382:
4380:
4375:
4356:
4351:
4292:
4287:
4274:
4253:
4245:
4243:
4223:
4214:Pliny the Elder
4212:
4202:Mair, Victor H.
4196:
4170:
4153:
4145:
4143:
4133:
4120:
4091:
4056:
4050:
4034:
4028:
4015:
4009:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3884:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3834:
3832:
3830:www.penn.museum
3824:
3823:
3819:
3811:
3798:
3788:
3786:
3778:Washington Post
3770:
3769:
3758:
3745:
3735:
3731:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3689:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3664:
3662:www.penn.museum
3656:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3626:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3590:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3543:. p. 200.
3533:Higham, Charles
3531:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3511:. p. 310.
3502:
3501:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3333:
3331:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3224:
3220:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3076:The Independent
3068:
3067:
3058:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3006:
3004:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2925:
2924:
2917:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2824:
2823:
2814:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2715:. 1 April 1994.
2705:
2704:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2673:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2632:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2511:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2363:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2278:
2277:
2268:
2264:
2241:Dzungarian Gate
2231:Pazyryk culture
2227:
2206:
2170:
2163:
2161: 1000 BCE
2160:
2152:A wife of the "
2150:
2141:
2139: 1000 BCE
2138:
2128:
2119:
2117:Xiaohe cemetery
2113:
2104:
2097:
2088:
2019:Xinjiang Museum
1975:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1944: 1800 BCE
1943:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1910:
1905:
1885:Zheng Zhenxiang
1745:Xiaohe cemetery
1714:
1625:
1619:
1580:
1574:
1506:
1500:Western Regions
1498:Main articles:
1496:
1494:Chinese sources
1491:
1461:
1370:Eurasian Steppe
1314:populations in
1292:cranial metrics
1252:Xinjiang Museum
1248:Xiaohe Cemetery
1240:
1238:Posited origins
1220:
1208:
1146:Afontova Gora 3
1131:Xiaohe Cemetery
1127:
955:team headed by
937:Pamir Mountains
907:
905:Genetic studies
691:
674:
654:Altai Mountains
650:Pazyryk culture
638:Subeshi culture
615:Proto-Tocharian
586:in present-day
497:
495: 2000 BCE
494:
485:
480:
479:
478:
477:
476:
469:
465:
463:
461:
454:
450:
448:
446:
437:
435:
433:
424:
422:
420:
411:
409:
407:
398:
396:
394:
385:
383:
381:
372:
370:
368:
359:
357:
355:
346:
344:
342:
336:
333:
331:
329:
323:
321:
318:
316:
314:
309:
307:
305:
303:
301:
296:
294:
292:
287:
285:
283:
276:
272:
270:
268:
259:
257:
255:
248:
244:
242:
240:
231:
229:
227:
218:
216:
214:
205:
203:
201:
192:
190:
188:
179:
177:
175:
168:
164:
162:
160:
153:
149:
147:
145:
136:
134:
132:
123:
121:
119:
112:
108:
106:
104:
97:
93:
91:
89:
83:
80:
78:
76:
71:
69:
67:
62:
60:
58:
53:
51:
49:
44:
42:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5246:
5244:
5236:
5235:
5225:
5224:
5186:
5185:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5155:Maykop culture
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5119:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5096:Wessex culture
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5031:Okunev culture
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4823:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4705:Modern mummies
4701:
4699:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4678:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4618:
4613:
4611:Czech Republic
4608:
4602:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4561:
4559:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4527:Muisca mummies
4524:
4519:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4492:
4479:
4477:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4412:
4403:
4389:
4373:
4367:
4362:
4355:
4354:External links
4352:
4350:
4349:
4290:
4285:
4272:
4262:(8): 927–933.
4251:
4221:
4210:
4198:Mallory, J. P.
4194:
4168:
4151:
4131:
4118:
4089:
4071:(3): 199–222.
4054:
4048:
4032:
4026:
4013:
4007:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3920:
3913:
3893:
3878:
3864:
3842:
3817:
3796:
3756:
3729:
3699:
3674:
3649:
3635:
3624:
3609:
3600:
3589:on 28 May 2010
3574:
3565:
3556:
3549:
3524:
3517:
3495:
3483:
3474:
3468:
3450:
3441:
3422:
3407:
3379:
3367:
3355:
3343:
3316:
3314:, p. 236.
3304:
3297:
3273:
3271:, p. 119.
3261:
3246:
3234:
3218:
3178:
3163:
3151:
3133:
3121:
3101:
3089:
3056:
3013:
2978:
2969:
2915:
2888:(3): 205–213.
2868:
2812:
2792:
2745:
2718:
2695:
2685:
2656:
2644:
2630:
2610:
2588:
2538:
2526:
2509:
2470:
2458:
2399:
2370:
2354:
2326:
2324:, p. 237.
2307:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2214:New York Times
2205:
2202:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2151:
2144:
2142:
2129:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2107:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2087:
2084:
1996:archaeologists
1974:
1971:
1934:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1903:Famous mummies
1901:
1825:, who visited
1713:
1710:
1621:Main article:
1618:
1615:
1576:Main article:
1573:
1570:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1405:Uighur peoples
1239:
1236:
1126:
1123:
906:
903:
673:
670:
558:
557:
552:
548:
547:
542:
538:
537:
527:
523:
522:
517:
513:
512:
503:
499:
498:
481:
462:
447:
434:
421:
408:
395:
382:
369:
356:
343:
330:
315:
302:
293:
284:
269:
256:
241:
228:
215:
202:
189:
176:
161:
146:
133:
120:
105:
90:
77:
68:
59:
50:
41:
34:
28:
27:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5245:
5234:
5233:Tarim mummies
5231:
5230:
5228:
5221:
5218:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5061:Tagar culture
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5046:Samus culture
5044:
5042:
5041:Penard Period
5039:
5037:
5036:Ordos culture
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4961:Ezero culture
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4839:
4837:
4832:
4830:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4767:Excerebration
4765:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4688:
4687:Sokushinbutsu
4685:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4653:Aztec mummies
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4640:North America
4637:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4588:
4585:
4583:(Philippines)
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4565:Tarim mummies
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4483:Ancient Egypt
4481:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4462:Mummification
4456:
4451:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4419:Nicholas Wade
4416:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4400:Khaleej Times
4397:
4393:
4390:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4288:
4286:7-5348-1266-6
4282:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4242:on 2017-02-14
4241:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4229:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4169:
4166:on 2006-09-20
4165:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4142:on 2008-05-15
4141:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4059:Mallory, J.P.
4055:
4051:
4049:0-446-67983-6
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4027:974-8304-38-8
4023:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4008:0-330-36897-4
4004:
4000:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3882:
3879:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3843:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3740:
3732:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3700:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3552:
3550:0-8160-4640-9
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3469:7-224-05725-8
3465:
3461:
3454:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3423:
3418:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3230:Afontova Gora
3227:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3099:, p. 72.
3098:
3093:
3090:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3029:(1): 97–107.
3028:
3024:
3017:
3014:
3003:on 2016-10-13
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2734:(1): 83–106.
2733:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2654:, p. 10.
2653:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2614:
2611:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2246:Gushi culture
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2208:According to
2204:Controversies
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2155:
2148:
2143:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2101:Loulan Beauty
2095:
2090:
2086:Other mummies
2085:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:Kim Trainor's
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1938:
1928:
1919:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1881:Shang dynasty
1878:
1877:tomb of Fuhao
1874:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:Shang dynasty
1758:
1754:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1611:Kushan Empire
1608:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1566:Kushan Empire
1562:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1447:Tarim Mummies
1443:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1426:Mediterranean
1423:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1337:that spanned
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:(as cited in
1293:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1216:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1140:Afontova Gora
1136:
1132:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
984:
982:
978:
969:
965:
963:
958:
957:Spencer Wells
954:
948:
943:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
919:
915:
911:
904:
902:
900:
896:
891:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
841:
836:
832:
829:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
707:
702:
687:
683:
678:
671:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
623:Indo-European
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:Tarim mummies
569:
564:
556:
553:
549:
546:
543:
539:
536:
532:
528:
524:
521:
518:
514:
511:
507:
504:
500:
474:
472:
471:
459:
457:
456:
444:
442:
441:
431:
429:
428:
418:
416:
415:
405:
403:
402:
392:
390:
389:
379:
377:
376:
366:
364:
363:
353:
351:
350:
340:
338:
327:
325:
312:
299:
290:
281:
279:
278:
275:Seima-Turbino
266:
264:
263:
253:
251:
250:
238:
236:
235:
225:
223:
222:
212:
210:
209:
199:
197:
196:
186:
184:
183:
173:
171:
170:
158:
156:
155:
143:
141:
140:
130:
128:
127:
117:
115:
114:
102:
100:
99:
87:
85:
74:
65:
56:
47:
38:
32:
23:
20:Tarim mummies
5190:
5065:
4860:Chalcolithic
4803:Plastination
4710:Animal mummy
4625:
4581:Fire Mummies
4564:
4510:Inca Mummies
4494:
4487:
4422:
4381:. Retrieved
4302:
4298:
4276:
4259:
4255:
4244:. Retrieved
4240:the original
4233:
4227:
4217:
4205:
4172:
4164:the original
4159:
4144:. Retrieved
4140:the original
4126:
4097:
4093:
4068:
4062:
4039:
4017:
3998:
3937:
3933:
3923:
3903:
3896:
3886:
3881:
3867:
3858:
3845:
3833:. Retrieved
3829:
3820:
3787:. Retrieved
3783:the original
3776:
3708:
3702:
3690:. Retrieved
3686:
3677:
3665:. Retrieved
3661:
3652:
3643:
3638:
3627:
3617:
3612:
3603:
3591:. Retrieved
3587:the original
3577:
3568:
3559:
3536:
3527:
3504:
3498:
3486:
3477:
3459:
3453:
3444:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3416:
3410:
3401:
3395:. Retrieved
3391:
3382:
3370:
3358:
3346:
3338:
3332:. Retrieved
3328:
3319:
3307:
3283:
3276:
3264:
3237:
3221:
3196:. Retrieved
3192:
3181:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3124:
3113:
3104:
3092:
3080:. Retrieved
3074:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3005:. Retrieved
3001:the original
2992:
2987:
2981:
2972:
2935:
2932:BMC Genetics
2931:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2834:
2830:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2710:
2688:
2679:
2672:. Retrieved
2668:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2620:
2613:
2604:
2591:
2579:
2551:
2541:
2529:
2503:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2461:
2452:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2345:. Retrieved
2339:
2329:
2298:. Retrieved
2284:
2220:
2213:
2207:
2183:
2154:Cherchen Man
2132:Cherchen Man
2079:
2074:
2035:
2024:
1989:Cherchen Man
1978:
1976:
1952:
1950:
1863:
1861:in Bactria.
1820:
1815:Western Zhou
1804:
1794:
1776:
1749:
1733:
1715:
1702:
1693:
1687:
1671:
1655:
1646:
1604:
1581:
1558:
1547:
1537:
1521:
1519:
1514:Cherchen Man
1467:
1418:
1410:
1398:
1394:
1390:satemization
1386:Indo-Iranian
1377:
1374:Indo-Iranian
1365:
1351:
1343:Central Asia
1324:
1289:
1285:
1261:
1192:Tajik people
1184:Central Asia
1181:
1145:
1138:
1128:
1112:
1103:
1088:
1074:
1009:
985:
981:Indus Valley
974:
950:
945:
941:
922:
892:
885:
881:Shengjindian
845:
827:
820:Chärchän man
817:
785:craniometric
778:
734:Central Asia
711:
635:
600:
575:
573:
467:
466:
452:
451:
439:
438:
426:
425:
413:
412:
400:
399:
387:
386:
374:
373:
361:
360:
348:
347:
334:
319:
310:CIVILIZATION
274:
273:
261:
260:
246:
245:
233:
232:
220:
219:
207:
206:
194:
193:
181:
180:
166:
165:
163:
151:
150:
138:
137:
125:
124:
110:
109:
95:
94:
81:
5212: /
5135:Kura–Araxes
5066:Tarim Basin
4951:Elp culture
4777:Mummy paper
4533:Philippines
3813:Barber 1999
3747:|work=
3692:27 December
3667:27 December
3432:Archaeology
3269:Barber 1999
3146:Science.org
3097:Barber 1999
3082:11 December
2831:BMC Biology
2808:(2): 28–35;
2802:Archaeology
2190:Hellenistic
2186:Yingpan man
2178:Yingpan man
2168:Yingpan man
2115:Mummy from
1866:Tarim Basin
1778:Erh-li-t'ou
1684:Tocharian C
1668:Tocharian B
1656:Ārśi-käntwa
1651:(or by the
1649:Tocharian A
1561:city states
1331:Tarim Basin
1300:Schurr 2001
1296:Larsen 2002
1015:haplogroups
962:Mesopotamia
801:Lower Volga
738:Tarim Basin
730:antiquities
722:Aurel Stein
706:Aurel Stein
684:, with the
682:Tarim Basin
584:Tarim Basin
551:Followed by
541:Preceded by
510:Tarim Basin
5200:88°40′21″E
5197:40°20′11″N
5165:Jar-Burial
5111:Bronze Age
4991:Late Jomon
4868:Bronze Age
4850:Bronze Age
4808:Prosection
4750:Qilakitsoq
4735:DNA-tested
4621:Bog bodies
4529:(Colombia)
4476:Deliberate
4383:17 January
4246:2009-03-12
4146:2007-08-20
3990:References
3940:(1): 669.
3835:26 January
3789:26 January
3593:17 January
3397:2023-04-04
3375:Zhang 2021
3334:2024-04-08
3242:Zhang 2021
3226:Zhang 2021
3198:2022-12-17
3174:Zhang 2021
3159:Zhang 2021
3129:Zhang 2021
3007:2015-05-03
2837:(15): 15.
2534:Zhang 2021
2522:Zhang 2021
2466:Zhang 2021
1891:in modern
1873:Liu (2001)
1823:Zhang Qian
1801:Wade–Giles
1773:Wade–Giles
1698:epigraphic
1588:Guan Zhong
1572:The Rouzhi
1554:Yumen Pass
1544:Wade–Giles
1339:Kazakhstan
1308:Oxus River
1231:Baikal EBA
1170:Eurasians.
869:salt mines
859:tunic and
840:Taklamakan
797:Kazakhstan
789:Bronze Age
726:desiccated
714:Sven Hedin
658:Tocharians
633:cultures.
627:Afanasievo
619:Tocharians
555:Tocharians
520:Bronze Age
262:Chemurchek
249:Xiajiadian
5076:Trzciniec
4793:Embalming
4772:Forgeries
4740:fictional
4648:Greenland
4589:(Lebanon)
4538:Communist
4327:1476-4687
4191:162211306
4114:145654453
3962:2045-2322
3749:ignored (
3739:cite book
3051:205337212
2787:162580662
2765:: 19–24.
2576:1040-6182
2454:1000 BC).
2449:240072156
2295:0362-4331
2262:Footnotes
2210:Ed Wong's
2200:Kingdom.
2156:", dated
2134:", dated
2099:Another "
2080:Karyotype
2054:moccasins
2000:Silk Road
1939:", dated
1590:, though
1475:Andronovo
1312:Neolithic
1264:Tocharian
947:accurate.
925:Caucasoid
914:Caucasoid
853:neolithic
805:Andronovo
781:Qäwrighul
401:Zhukaigou
375:Xichengyi
111:Sintashta
96:Andronovo
5227:Category
5182:Iron Age
5150:Trialeti
5145:Colchian
4789:See also
4723:Articles
4661:(Mexico)
4655:(Mexico)
4345:34707286
4204:(2000).
4085:15197817
3980:35027587
3861:: 96–97.
3535:(2004).
3509:Springer
3289:Elsevier
3207:cite web
3043:29900529
2976:Li, 2010
2964:26153446
2902:18246308
2863:20163704
2712:Discover
2638:Yanbulaq
2500:36576953
2441:34707262
2225:See also
2198:Shanshan
2082:(2015).
2056:made of
2027:charcoal
1893:Xinjiang
1855:Ferghana
1831:Sogdiana
1765:Majiayao
1592:his book
1434:Bactrian
1345:and the
1333:and the
1320:Portugal
1304:Harappan
1188:Xinjiang
1159:Holocene
1080:R1a1-M17
929:Europoid
895:Yanbulaq
849:textiles
770:Cherchen
720:and Sir
646:Scythian
588:Xinjiang
531:2100 BCE
468:Catacomb
453:Abashevo
440:Shijiahe
349:Longshan
4755:Saltmen
4616:Denmark
4571:Siberia
4567:(China)
4548:Natural
4506:(Chile)
4469:Mummies
4336:8580821
4307:Bibcode
3971:8758759
3942:Bibcode
2955:4495690
2910:1636381
2854:2838831
2767:Bibcode
2674:4 April
2556:Bibcode
2421:Bibcode
2194:Sogdian
2058:leather
2004:Lop Nur
1993:Chinese
1967:ephedra
1959:Chinese
1879:of the
1843:Arsaces
1835:Parthia
1827:Bactria
1769:Erlitou
1753:Erlitou
1726:warfare
1723:chariot
1680:Kuchean
1674:; "of
1672:Kuśiññe
1666:") and
1653:endonym
1607:Xiongnu
1526:Chinese
1316:Ukraine
1268:Iranian
1221:
1209:
888:Austria
877:Yanghai
824:his son
793:Siberia
746:Subeshi
692:
652:of the
580:mummies
508:in the
486:
470:Culture
455:Culture
337:culture
324:KINGDOM
277:culture
221:Karakol
208:Glazkov
195:Elunino
169:mummies
152:Ancient
113:culture
98:culture
72:ASSYRIA
5125:Kurgan
4598:Europe
4489:Royals
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4299:Nature
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2413:Nature
2347:9 June
2300:10 May
2293:
2038:auburn
1985:Krorän
1961::
1897:Yuezhi
1889:Khotan
1851:Dayuan
1839:Arshak
1803::
1775::
1730:bronze
1694:Loulan
1689:Krorän
1660:tongue
1584:Rouzhi
1578:Rouzhi
1549:Hsi-yü
1546::
1536::
1534:pinyin
1528::
1522:Hsi-yu
1422:Krorän
1401:Loulan
1362:Turpan
1167:Mal'ta
1154:Baikal
1005:Evenks
1001:Udeghe
933:Uyghur
861:tartan
768:, and
762:Khotan
754:Loulan
750:Turpan
742:Lopnur
516:Period
427:Baodun
414:Shimao
322:MIDDLE
308:VALLEY
182:Okunev
139:Vakhsh
5130:Koban
4698:Other
4674:Self-
4606:Italy
4522:Italy
4379:. PBS
4187:S2CID
4110:S2CID
3855:(PDF)
3047:S2CID
2991:[
2906:S2CID
2783:S2CID
2607:: 24.
2601:(PDF)
2445:S2CID
2130:The "
2070:wheat
1935:The "
1859:Daxia
1676:Kucha
1637:China
1633:Kucha
1600:Gansu
1384:from
1358:Tarim
1347:Altai
996:mtDNA
992:Y-DNA
927:, or
899:Asian
857:twill
774:Qiemo
758:Kumul
748:near
662:Qumul
592:China
535:1 BCE
526:Dates
388:Linya
362:Qijia
335:Kerma
320:EGYPT
306:INDUS
288:SUMER
247:Lower
234:Samus
167:Tarim
82:Jeul-
45:-2000
4906:BMAC
4627:list
4576:Iran
4557:Asia
4385:2008
4341:PMID
4323:ISSN
4281:ISBN
4081:PMID
4044:ISBN
4022:ISBN
4003:ISBN
3976:PMID
3958:ISSN
3909:ISBN
3837:2020
3791:2020
3751:help
3725:ISBN
3694:2021
3669:2021
3595:2010
3545:ISBN
3513:ISBN
3464:ISBN
3293:ISBN
3213:link
3084:2018
3039:PMID
2960:PMID
2898:PMID
2859:PMID
2676:2023
2626:ISBN
2572:ISSN
2496:PMID
2437:PMID
2349:2011
2302:2019
2291:ISSN
2184:The
2176:The
2066:weft
2062:comb
2050:felt
2044:and
2042:wool
2031:lice
2013:The
1977:The
1963:小河公主
1951:The
1869:jade
1857:and
1829:and
1806:Hsia
1728:and
1664:Ārśi
1596:jade
1539:Xīyù
1502:and
1483:BMAC
1477:and
1445:The
1360:and
1318:and
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1272:Saka
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297:ELAM
126:BMAC
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4396:AFP
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4315:doi
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4264:doi
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4102:doi
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