Tawhid - Knowledge (XXG)

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between the existence of the creator and that of the creation. Defenders argued that Ibn Arabi and his followers are offering a "subtle metaphysics following the line of the Asharite formula: "The attributes are neither God nor other than God." God's "signs" (ayat) and "traces" (athar)—the creatures—are neither the same as God nor different from him, because God must be understood as both absent and present, both transcendent and immanent. Understood correctly, wahdat al-wujud elucidates the delicate balance that needs to be maintained between these two perspectives." Shah Wali Allah of Delhi argued that the Ibn Arabi's "unity of being" was experiential and based on a subjective experience of illumination or ecstasy, rather than an ontological reality.

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cannot enter into the category of number. Do you not see that those who say that God is a third of a trinity fall into this infidelity? Another meaning is to say, "So-and-So is one of his people", namely, a species of this genus or a member of this species. This meaning is also false when applied to God, because it implies likening something to God, whereas God is above all likeness. As to the two meanings that are correct when applied to God, one is that it should be said that "God is one" in the sense that there is no likeness to him among things. Another is to say that "God is one" in the sense that there is no multiplicity or division conceivable in Him, neither outwardly, nor in the mind, nor in the imagination. God alone possesses such a unity.

3198:(wujud mutlaq). For, if there were being other than he (i.e., creatural being), God would no longer be the Unique, i.e., the only one to be. As this Divine Essence is infinite, his qualities are the same as his essence, Essentially there is one Reality which is one and indivisible. The border between theoretical Tawhid and Shirk is to know that every reality and being in its essence, attributes and action are from him (from Him-ness), it is Tawhid. Every supernatural action of the prophets is by God's permission as Quran points to it. The border between the Tawhid and Shirk in practice is to assume something as an end in itself, independent from God, not as a road to God (to Him-ness). 3304:, Annihilation and Subsistence, "Man's existence, or ego, or self-hood ... must be annihilated so that he can attain to his true self which is his existence and "subsistence" with God. All of man's character traits and habits, everything that pertains to his individual existence must become completely naughted and "obliterated" (mahw). Then God will give back to him his character traits and everything positive he ever possessed. But at this stage, he will know consciously and actually—not just theoretically—and with a through spiritual realization, that everything he is derives absolutely from God. He is nothing but a ray of God's Attributes manifesting the Hidden Treasure." 2772:

Since two contrary wills could not possibly be realized at the same time, one of them must admit himself powerless in that particular instance. On the other hand, a powerless being can not by definition be a god. Therefore, the possibility of having more than one god is ruled out. For if a God is powerful above another, then this asserts a difference in the particular attributes that are confined to the essence of Godhood, which implies the lesser God must lack in certain necessary attributes deeming this deity as anthropomorphic and snatching away the title of a god from such entity.

2576:, the Qur'an argues that the knowledge of God as the creator of everything rules out the possibility of lesser gods since these beings must be themselves created. For the Qur'an, God is an immanent and transcendent deity who actively creates, maintains and destroys the universe. The reality of God as the ultimate cause of things is the belief that God is veiled from human understanding because of the secondary causes and contingent realities of things in the world. Thus the belief in the oneness of God is equated in the Qur'an with the "belief in the unseen" ( 63: 2809:. The Qur'an suggests several causes for deviation from monotheism to polytheism: Great temporal power, regarded by the holder and his subjects as 'absolute'—may lead the holder to think that he is God-like; such claims were commonly forced upon, and accepted by, those who were subject to the ruler. Also, certain natural phenomena (such as the sun, the moon and the stars) inspire feelings of awe, wonder or admiration that could lead some to regard these 3087:, the result of this interpretation is the negation of the divine attributes, the affirmation of the created Quran, and the denial of all possibility of the vision of God in the world beyond. Mu'tazilis believed that God is deprived of all positive attributes, in the sense that all divine qualifications must be understood as being the essence itself, and declaring that God is existing ubiquitously and in everything. They resorted to 2743:

wholly simple and one, whose essence is its very existence, and therefore is self-sufficient and not in need of something else to give it existence. Because its existence is not contingent on or necessitated by something else but is necessary and eternal in itself, it satisfies the condition of being the necessitating cause of the entire chain that constitutes the eternal world of contingent existing things. Thus his

7901: 4170:. استدلال‌ بر توحيد، مسبوق‌ به‌ پذيرش‌ وجود خداست‌ و طبعاً در صورت‌بندی آن‌، غالباً مواجهه‌ با مدعيان‌ و معتقدان‌ به‌ دو يا چند خدا در نظر بوده‌ و نظريه‌ ثنويها و مجوس‌ و نصارا ابطال‌ میشده‌ است‌. به‌ همين‌ سبب‌ از قديمترين‌ زمان‌، متكلمان‌ برای دفاع‌ از آموزه‌ توحيد و اثبات‌ آن‌، احتجاج‌ به‌ روش‌ خُلف‌ را كارآمدتر از ارائه‌ ادله‌ اثباتی میدانسته‌اند. آنان‌ بيشترِ دلايل‌ توحيد را با اين‌ رويكرد ارائه كرده اند. 1671: 2434:: "Indeed, I am God and there is no god but Me. I created people and I created good and I make it flow through the person I love. So blessed is the person through whom I will save it! I am God and there is no god but me. I created people and I created evil and I do it through whomever I want. So woe to the one on whose hands I will do it! (Kafi, vol. 1, p. 154, h 1, Mahasan, vol. 1, p. 440, h 1018). 3079:

engendering. He is beyond the perception of the senses. The eyes cannot see him, observation cannot attain him, the imagination cannot comprehend him. He is a thing, but he is not like other things; he is omniscient, all-powerful, but his omniscience and his all-mightiness cannot be compared to anything created. He created the world without any pre-established archetype and without an auxiliary.

3262:), Tawhid is not only the affirmation in speech of God's unity, but also as importantly a practical and existential realization of that unity. This is done by rejecting the concepts tied to the world of multiplicity, to isolate the eternal from the temporal in a practical way. The ideal is a radical purification from all worldliness. According to Vincent J. Cornall, it is possible to draw up a 2291:. Although the term is usually translated as "polytheism" into English, the sin is thought to be more complex. Alternatively, the translation 'associating ' has been suggested. The term includes denial of attributing any form of divinity to any other thing but God. This includes the self by elevating oneself above others and associating attributes of God with a created being. Because of that, 2865: 3292:. It involves a practical rejection of the concepts tied to the world of multiplicity. Al-Junayd for example "distinguishes four steps, starting from the simple attestation of unicity which is sufficient for ordinary believers, and culminating in the highest rank reserved for the elite, when the creature totally ceases to exist before his Lord, thus achieving al-fanā fi al-tawhīd ". 3418:, and that belief in and practice of religion should remain in the sphere of private life. One motive for adopting this stance has been to reduce the effects of conflict between followers of different religions or between adherents of secularism and those of a religion. In public life, this view insists that the authority of the state prevails over any religious authorities. 7890: 1045: 388: 3118:

or reality apart from it. The inspiration of al-Ash'ari in this matter was on the one hand to distinguish essence and attribute as concepts, and on the other hand to see that the duality between essence and attribute should be situated not on the quantitative but on the qualitative level—something which Mu'tazilis thinking had failed to grasp.

454: 2580:). The Qur'an summarizes its task in making this "unseen", to a greater or lesser degree "seen" so that belief in the existence of God becomes a Master-Truth rather than an unreasonable belief. The Qur'an states that God's signals are so near and yet so far, demanding that its students listen to what it has to say with humility ( 2261:, other names may be shared by both God and human beings. According to the Islamic teachings, the latter is meant to serve as a reminder of God's immanence rather than being a sign of one's divinity or alternatively imposing a limitation on God's transcendent nature. Attribution of divinity to a created entity, 3326:. Widely different interpretations of the meaning of the "Unity of Existence" have been proposed throughout the centuries by critics, defenders, and Western scholars. Ibn Arabi himself did not use the term "Unity of Existence" and similar statements had been made by those before him. For example, according to 2704:). He argued that the fact of existence can not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be due to an 2629:). He argued that the fact of existence can not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be due to an 3421:

For some Islamic thinkers, these propositions infringe the doctrine of Tawhid, and are therefore anathema. If the cosmos is a unified and harmonious whole, centered around the omnipotent and omnipresent God, they hold that recognising any other authority as superior is wrong. According to one writer:

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According to the Qur'an, one consequence of properly conceived relationship between God and man as the served and servant, is the proper relationship among humans. In order to achieve the former, the Qur'an consistently "reminds" men of two points: 1. That God is one; everything except God (including

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theology, which dominated Sunni Islam from the tenth to the nineteenth century, insists on ultimate divine transcendence and holds that divine unity is not accessible to human reason. Ash'arism teaches that human knowledge regarding it is limited to what has been revealed through the prophets, and on

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The Qur'an argues that there can be no multiple sources of divine sovereignty since "behold, each god would have taken away what had created, And some would have Lorded it over others!" The Qur'an argues that the stability and order prevailing throughout the universe shows that it was created and is

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pointing out that the only legitimate "preference principle" in the sight of God is piety, writes: "Every time a rich man believes that he is better than a poor one, or a white man believes that he is better than a black one, then he is being arrogant. He is adopting the same hierarchical principles

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or considering oneself as in power separate from God, is a form of idolatry for many Sufis. In the metaphysical cosmology of Sufism, God's sovereignty is a necessity instead of an accident. Therefore, it is impossible to worship something else but God. By venerating the self, one worships God in the

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put forward an interpretation of Tawhid in light of reason, with the Qur'an and Hadith serving as a basis. Before Avicenna the discussions among Muslim philosophers were about the unity of God as divine creator and his relationship with the world as creation. The earlier philosophers were profoundly

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to solve the problems of tashbih and ta'til concedes that the divine Being possesses in a real sense the Attributes and Names mentioned in the Qur'an. Insofar as these Names and Attributes have a positive reality, they are distinct from the essence, but nevertheless they do not have either existence

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forget the false deities and call upon the one true God for help. As soon as they are relieved from the danger, they however start associating other beings with God. "If they happen to be aboard a ship ˹caught in a storm˺, they cry out to Allah ˹alone˺ in sincere devotion. But as soon as He delivers

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The Islamic doctrine of Tawhid puts forth a God whose rule, will or law are comprehensive and extend to all creatures and to all aspects of the human life. Early Muslims understood religion to thus cover the domains of state, law and society. It is believed that the entirety of the Islamic teaching

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Twelvers believe God is alone in being, along with his names, his attributes, his actions, his theophanies. The totality of being therefore is he, through him, comes from him, and returns to him. God is not a being next to or above other beings, his creatures; he is being, the absolute act of being

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Certain theologians use the term Tawhid in a much broader meaning to denote the totality of discussion of God, his existence and his various attributes. Others go yet further and use the term to ultimately represent the totality of the "principles of religion". In its current usage, the expressions

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in essence, but accepted it as something that facilitates humankind's investigation and comprehension of natural processes. These medieval scholars argued that nature was composed of uniform atoms that were "re-created" at every instant by God. The laws of nature were only the customary sequence of

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According to Avicenna, the universe consists of a chain of actual beings, each giving existence to the one below it and responsible for the existence of the rest of the chain below. Because an actual infinite is deemed impossible by Avicenna, this chain as a whole must terminate in a being that is

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To know God is to know his unification. To say that God is one has four meanings: two of them are false and two are correct. As for the two meanings that are false, one is that a person should say "God is one" and be thinking of a number and counting. This is false because that which has no second

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The first step of religion is to accept, understand and realize him as the Lord... The correct form of belief in his unity is to realize that he is so absolutely pure and above nature that nothing can be added to or subtracted from his being. That is, one should realize that there is no difference

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God is unique, nothing is like him; he is neither body, nor individual, nor substance, nor accident. He is beyond time. He cannot dwell in a place or within a being; he is not the object of any creatural attribute or qualification. He is neither conditioned nor determined, neither engendered nor

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The Qur'an in verse 21:22 states: "Had there been within them gods besides Allāh, they both would have been ruined". Later Muslim theologians elaborated on this verse saying that the existence of at least two gods would inevitably arise between them, at one time or another, a conflict of wills.

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Many authors consider being or existence to be the proper designation for the reality of God. While all Muslims believe the reality of God to be one, critics hold that the term "existence" (wujud) is also used for the existence of things in this world and that the doctrine blurs the distinction

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was limited to declaring or preferring belief in one God and the unity of God. Although the monotheistic definition has persisted into modern Arabic, it is now more generally used to connote "unification, union, combination, fusion; standardization, regularization; consolidation, amalgamation,

3330:"There is nothing in wujud except God...Wujud only belongs to the Real One". Ghazali explains that the fruit of spiritual ascent of the Sufi is to "witness that there is no existence in the world save God and that 'All things are perishing except his face' (Qur'an 28:88)" 3388:

According to the Qur'an, God is the progenitor of all things, both good and evil. As is written in the Qur'an, all of humanity is created at the will of Allah, both the good and the evil; and that their natures have been predisposed as such since the beginning of creation.

3284:), the affirmation in speech of God's unity is only the first step of Tawhid. Further steps involve a spiritual experience for the existential realization of that unity. Categorizations of different steps of Tawhid could be found in the works of Muslims Sufis like 2546:

for the existence of God as a creator based on perceived evidence of order, purpose, design, or direction—or some combination of these—in nature. Teleology is the supposition that there is a purpose or directive principle in the works and processes of nature.

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by permitting his own hierarchical value system to supersede God's will: God asked the angels to bow to Adam, who he had created from clay. Satan refused, saying that "I am better than him; you created me from fire and created him from clay". The Medieval

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The desire to preserve the unity and transcendence of God led to the prohibition of Muslims from creating representation or visual depictions of God, or of any Prophet including Muhammad. Representations in art of the human form are a disputed matter in

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Next, the Qur'an argues that polytheism takes away from human dignity: God has honored human beings and given them charge of the physical world, and yet they disgrace their position in the world by worshipping what they carve out with their own hands.

2982:. All Muslim authorities maintain that a true understanding of God is impossible unless He introduces Himself due to the fact that God is beyond the range of human vision and senses. Therefore, God tells people who He is by speaking through the 3273:) by describing the reality as a unified whole, with God being a single concept that would describe or ascribe all existing things: "He is the First and the Last, the Evident and the Immanent: and He has full knowledge of all things."( 4745: 2973:

According to Sunni Islam, the orthodox understanding of theology is taken directly from the teachings of Muhammad with the understanding and methodology of his companions, sourced directly from the revealed scripture the

5005: 4150:يك‌ برهان‌ لمّی نيز در اين‌ باب‌ مطرح‌ شده‌ است‌: يكدستی و يكتايی عالم‌ (خَلْق‌) از يك‌ پديدآورنده‌ و مدبّر حكايت‌ می كند. ...«ذهن‌ سليم‌ متنبه‌ میشود از شدت‌ ارتباط‌ عالَم‌، بعضی به‌ بعض‌ ديگر، بر وحدت‌ خالق 2804:

Lastly, the Qur'an argues that monotheism is not a later discovery made by the human race, but rather there is the combined evidence of the prophetic call for monotheism throughout human history starting from

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The Quran teaches the existence of a single and absolute truth that transcends the world—a unique, independent and indivisible being who is independent of the entire creation. God, according to Islam, is a

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Surely Allah does not forgive associating ˹others˺ with Him ˹in worship˺, but forgives anything else of whoever He wills. Indeed, whoever associates ˹others˺ with Allah has clearly gone far astray.

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tend to elide the sovereignty and uniqueness of God. For this reason, other Sunnis disagree with these two features, as they regard it as comparing God to a created object ascribed some power to.

2511:) do not partake in creation but are created; rejection of an avatar or offspring of God; or a partner in creation in form of a sibling or wife. The uniqueness of the creator is expressed in the 2392:

Indeed, Allah does not forgive associating others with Him ˹in worship˺, but forgives anything else of whoever He wills. And whoever associates others with Allah has indeed committed a grave sin.

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apparent causes (customs of God), the ultimate cause of each accident being God himself. Other forms of the argument also appear in Avicenna's other works, and this argument became known as the

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Islamic intellectual history can be understood as a gradual unfolding of the manner in which successive generations of believers have understood the meaning and implications of professing

7650: 2249:). The divine names project divine attributes, which, in turn, project all the levels of the creation down to the physical plane. Aside from the supreme name "Allah" and the neologism 7532: 3186:

have no independent and hypostatic existence apart from the being and essence of God. Any suggestion of these attributes and names being conceived of as separate is thought to entail

2588:). The Qur'an draws attention to certain observable facts, to present them as "reminders" of God instead of providing lengthy "theological" proofs for the existence and unity of God. 3277:)" However many Muslims criticize monism for it blurs the distinction between the creator and the creature, something incompatible with the genuine and absolute monotheism of Islam. 3190:. It would be even incorrect to say God knows by his knowledge which is in his essence but God knows by his knowledge which is his essence. Also, God has no physical form, and he is 6900: 4739: 2986:. According to this view, the fundamental message of all of the prophets is: "There is no god worthy of worship except Allah (avoiding the false gods as stated in Surah hud)." 7517: 5653: 4079:

Shagaviev, Damir A., and Venera N. Khisamova. "Islamic theological literature of the Salafi sect in the modern Tatarstan." Journal of Sustainable Development 8.7 (2015): 83.

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Understanding of the meaning of Tawhid is one of the most controversial issues among Muslims. Islamic scholars have different approaches toward understanding it, comprising

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laid the foundation of Muslim ethics. According to Islam, the world is sustained by God as the ultimate reality, unique in his attributes, distinct from everything else.

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is the religion's central and single most important concept, upon which a Muslim's entire religious adherence rests. It unequivocally holds that God is indivisibly one (

2013: 7616: 5336: 4993: 4331: 4238: 3479: 1886: 27: 4413: 4021: 3691: 5626: 7547: 1906: 3350:(Satan). Since it is impossible for two majesties to coexist, one cannot participate in divine intimacy or mercy and will also be subject to God's wrath. 3630: 147: 3099:

designation of power; the face signifies the essence; the fact that God is seated on the Throne is a metaphorical image of the divine reign, and so on.

7621: 7537: 6132: 1893: 4138:

Al-Bar, M.A., Chamsi-Pasha, H. (2015). The Sources of Common Principles of Morality and Ethics in Islam. In: Contemporary Bioethics. Springer, Cham.

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Mulia, Siti Musdah. "Muslim Family Law Reform in Indonesia A Progressive Interpretation of The Qur’an." Al-Mawarid: Jurnal Hukum Islam (2015): 1-18.

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In practice, nearly all Muslims live their daily lives under some national jurisdiction and accept at least part of the constraints this involves.

2219:) which means 'to unite' or 'to make one'. This term signifies the belief in absolute oneness and uniqueness of God. This reflects the struggle of 7601: 7522: 5689: 5684: 2380:): concealed or hidden. It is when people perform the necessary rituals but not for God but for the sake of others, including social recognition. 1926: 1881: 828: 62: 7542: 6490: 3446:. The key concern is that the use of statues or images may lead to idolatry. The dominant forms of expression in the Islamic art, thus, became 2708:

that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence. To do so, the cause must be an existing thing and coexist with its effect.

1901: 200: 3422:"Traditionally, a Muslim is not a nationalist, or citizen of a nation-state; he has no political identity, only a religious membership in the 7552: 7509: 5759: 5736: 5594: 5575: 5549: 5526: 5483: 5453: 5427: 5289: 5242: 5223: 5180: 5082: 5050: 4455: 3915: 3890: 2006: 1872: 1704: 715: 6092: 2735:

cannot stand alone and must end up in a Necessary Existent". Another argument Avicenna presented for God's existence was the problem of the

5842: 4506: 2755:(necessary existent). There is a gradual multiplication of beings through a timeless emanation from God as a result of his self-knowledge. 4000: 3609: 4174: 4154: 4869:

Awn, Peter J. (1983). Satan's Tragedy and Redemption: Iblīs in Sufi Psychology. Leiden, Germany: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-9004069060.

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In many jurisdictions of the world, the laws and the general attitude of the population hold that the sphere of public life should be

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and an ontological argument. "It is ontological insofar as 'necessary existence' in intellect is the first basis for arguing for a

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includes lordship in the form of a legislator. By this, Salafis consider a legislation not based on (its own) interpretation of

1357: 7759: 7575: 5847: 2995: 1842: 1775: 1253: 1075: 420: 6173: 2817:

to his or her base desires and passions. In seeking to always satisfy the desires, he or she may commit a kind of polytheism.

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constitutes the foremost article of the Muslim profession of submission. The first part of the Islamic declaration of faith (

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such questions as God's creation of evil and the apparent anthropomorphism of God's attributes, revelation has to accepted

7192: 6951: 6686: 6399: 6389: 6344: 5980: 4796: 4567:

Halverson J.R. (2010) The Doctrines of Sunni Theology. In: Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam. Palgrave Macmillan, New York

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the entirety of nature) is contingent upon God. 2. With all His might and glory, God is essentially the all-merciful God.

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between his person and his attributes, and his attributes should not be differentiated or distinguished from his person.

796: 7711: 4385: 7846: 7527: 7295: 7088: 6523: 5952: 5744: 5726: 5679: 5658: 5612: 3474: 2563: 2093:) is the declaration of belief in the oneness of God. To attribute divinity to anything or anyone else, is considered 1749: 843: 670: 132: 2929: 6259: 5538:

Forming the Mind: Essays on the Internal Senses and the Mind/Body Problem from Avicenna to the Medical Enlightenment

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Forming the Mind: Essays on the Internal Senses and the Mind/Body Problem from Avicenna to the Medical Enlightenment

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Winter, Timothy, ed. The Cambridge companion to classical Islamic theology. Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. 233

7606: 7489: 7006: 6483: 6244: 6025: 5024: 3687: 3114: 3071: 2901: 1858: 1333: 1145: 883: 102: 5400: 2875: 2253:(referring to the divine beneficence that creates and maintains the universe) and a few other specific names like 2103:, unless repented afterwards. Muslims believe that the entirety of the Islamic teaching rests on the principle of 7686: 7387: 7216: 6912: 6692: 6655: 6449: 4579:

Wiktorowicz, Quintan. "Anatomy of the Salafi movement." Studies in conflict & terrorism 29.3 (2006): 207-239.

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Mark, Durie. "Semantic decomposition of four Quranic words." Russian Journal of Linguistics 26.4 (2022): 937-969.

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Ali states that "God is One" means that God is away from likeness and numeration and he is not divisible even in

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approach. These different approaches lead to different and in some cases opposite understanding of the issue.

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God, rather than a local, tribal, or parochial one, and is an absolute who integrates all affirmative values.

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and nation-states are obstacles". Hence the idea of creating a wholly Islamic state, or a revived caliphate.

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Theologians usually use reason and deduction to prove the existence, unity and oneness of God. They use a

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Other forms of the argument also appear in Avicenna's other works, and this argument became known as the

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The Shari'a: History, Ethics and Law. (2018). Vereinigtes Königreich: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 92

7861: 7775: 7626: 7562: 7370: 7346: 7023: 7001: 6961: 6764: 6715: 6681: 6572: 6394: 6249: 6010: 5782: 5635: 5559: 5392: 5328: 5070: 4804: 4323: 4015: 3371:. In the following, we provide a few examples of the influences of Tawhid on the Muslim culture: 3207: 3175: 2840: 2728: 2573: 2148: 1944: 1744: 1258: 1248: 988: 945: 915: 898: 873: 818: 774: 486: 6851: 4503: 4259:

Johnson, Steve A. (October 1984). "Ibn Sīnā's Fourth Ontological Argument for God's Existence".

3818: 3816: 3045:. Doing something else would imply accepting another authority or object of desire besides God. 359: 7836: 7831: 7736: 7726: 7716: 7399: 7285: 7237: 7080: 6991: 6752: 6742: 6737: 6727: 6722: 6555: 6364: 6310: 6229: 6153: 5590: 5571: 5545: 5522: 5500: 5479: 5449: 5423: 5359: 5351: 5320: 5285: 5238: 5219: 5176: 5152: 5135: 5114: 5078: 5046: 5028: 4655: 4451: 4405: 4315: 4276: 4230: 3992: 3982: 3976: 3911: 3886: 3847: 3601: 3591: 3585: 3464: 3233: 2983: 1832: 1610: 1278: 1029: 993: 940: 853: 813: 675: 4171: 4151: 7866: 7851: 7611: 7316: 7038: 6976: 6966: 6956: 6941: 6747: 6650: 6622: 6510: 6434: 6404: 6379: 6224: 5990: 5825: 5441: 5384: 5312: 5261: 5123: 5102: 4835: 4782: 4443: 4397: 4307: 4268: 4222: 3313: 3269: 3249: 2967: 2723:

alone. Avicenna's proof of God's existence is unique in that it can be classified as both a

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might be unwitting, yet punishable, although to a lesser extent than greater forms of shirk.

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and of the divine nature, the Qur'an uses 99 terms referred to as "Excellent Names of God" (

1951: 1739: 1542: 1470: 1424: 1381: 1362: 1243: 1125: 838: 833: 784: 769: 754: 663: 542: 122: 4210: 2209:) which means, "He asserted, or declared, God to be one", is derived from the Arabic root ' 7792: 7499: 7444: 6930: 6890: 6841: 6793: 6567: 6419: 6414: 6369: 5830: 5815: 5810: 4510: 4178: 4158: 3285: 3092: 2479: 2317: 2156: 2032: 1975: 1729: 1675: 1635: 1490: 1390: 973: 789: 749: 738: 720: 623: 568: 481: 7244: 5211: 4903: 3945: 4475: 7904: 7631: 7484: 7326: 7028: 6349: 6325: 6305: 6285: 5820: 5701: 5200:

Johnson, Steve A.(1984), "Ibn Sina's Fourth Ontological Argument for God's Existence",

5127: 4272: 3245: 3160: 2731:". The proof is also "cosmological insofar as most of it is taken up with arguing that 2121: 1958: 1655: 1405: 1400: 1342: 1263: 1238: 1061: 933: 920: 878: 823: 437: 406: 396: 301: 71: 37: 20: 3359:

rests on the principle of Tawhid. Muslims use the single raised index finger gesture (

2462:. His quotations contain the first rational proofs among Muslims of the Unity of God. 7919: 7807: 7644: 7494: 7033: 6996: 6971: 6856: 6239: 6163: 6137: 6071: 5510: 5467: 5162: 4881: 4803:(Spring 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, archived from 4067:

Faruki, Kemal. "TAWḤĪD AND THE DOCTRINE OF'IṢMAH." Islamic Studies 4.1 (1965): 31-43.

3497: 3415: 3301: 3191: 3164: 2806: 2278: 2263: 2095: 1970: 1475: 1443: 1223: 1170: 998: 903: 863: 354: 339: 228: 210: 3426:. For a traditional Muslim, Islam is the sole and sufficient identification tag and 3392:

According to the Qur'an, Satan deviated from the unification of God in the story of

2962:"Tawhid" or "knowledge of Tawhid" are sometimes used as an equivalent for the whole 2922: 7894: 7819: 7479: 7331: 7209: 6925: 6531: 6429: 6374: 6198: 6127: 5883: 5868: 5706: 5463: 5060: 3515: 3469: 3171: 3084: 2979: 2129: 1837: 1788: 1500: 1480: 1372: 1352: 1313: 1308: 1268: 1049: 1005: 742: 474: 463: 392: 311: 296: 233: 53: 6829: 6817: 6061: 3061: 195: 5064: 7456: 6946: 6885: 6812: 6699: 6290: 6214: 6020: 5038: 4055:

Sinai, Nicolai. "Key terms of the Qur'an: a critical dictionary." (2023): 1-840.

3742: 3447: 3427: 3041:

is furthermore understood to mean that everyday acts must be in accordance with

2864: 2466: 1917: 1615: 1572: 1567: 1505: 1495: 1415: 1367: 1200: 1185: 1110: 801: 759: 683: 5235:

The Sacred Foundations of Justice in Islam: The Teachings of ʻAlī Ibn Abī Ṭālib

3004:

is to avoid delving into theological speculation and did not employ the use of

1670: 7749: 6846: 6821: 6219: 6122: 6041: 5956: 5800: 5144: 4761: 4447: 4139: 3402: 3327: 3289: 3211: 3187: 3156: 3121: 3108: 2810: 2785: 2591: 2569: 2427: 2224: 2220: 2062: 1587: 1484: 1195: 1150: 1135: 806: 344: 5363: 5324: 4409: 4319: 4280: 4234: 3996: 3934:(third ed.). New York: Spoken Language Services Inc. 1976. p. 1055. 3605: 2503:

denies any affinity between the creator and its creation. This includes that

7464: 6895: 6710: 6280: 6168: 6102: 6046: 5995: 5863: 5805: 5795: 5471: 5316: 5282:

An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism

5074: 4311: 4226: 3978:

The Split World of Gerard Manley Hopkins: An Essay in Semiotic Phenomenology

3866: 3484: 3451: 3323: 3216: 3168: 2705: 2697: 2630: 2622: 2595: 2300: 2175: 1577: 1190: 1165: 1115: 705: 349: 334: 329: 291: 263: 205: 3021:(Lordship)) all Sunnis agree upon, Salafism holds two additional meanings: 2975: 253: 5265: 4401: 3346:(majesty). This name is supposed to be worshipped and then transmitted by 7797: 7303: 7161: 7113: 6907: 6861: 6825: 6550: 6117: 6056: 6051: 5975: 5873: 4355: 3910:. Islamic Surveys (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 3824: 3658: 3229: 3224: 3148: 3096: 2978:; being the main information source for understanding the unification of 2789: 2666: 2606: 2451: 2430:: Among the things that God revealed to Moses and revealed to him in the 2296: 2258: 1645: 1639: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1465: 1228: 1180: 1015: 983: 697: 631: 5332: 4957: 4945: 4547: 4327: 2794: 2765: 2585: 2581: 2419: 2246: 7812: 7418: 7106: 6986: 6878: 6871: 6866: 6608: 5898: 5878: 5749: 5668: 5396: 5372: 4933: 3869: 3510: 3490: 3274: 2814: 2793:

them ˹safely˺ to shore, they associate ˹others with Him once again˺." (

2689: 2614: 2416: 2400: 2397: 2292: 2089: 1592: 1557: 1438: 1288: 1218: 1140: 1120: 848: 525: 190: 185: 180: 2577: 2139:. Islamic scholars have different approaches toward understanding it. 7336: 7310: 7269: 7230: 7147: 7060: 6981: 6836: 6782: 6777: 5769: 5604: 3504: 3263: 3255: 3144: 2844: 2832: 2813:. Another reason for deviation from monotheism is when one becomes a 2720: 2521: 2152: 1806: 1582: 1562: 1510: 1303: 1175: 1155: 1096: 868: 858: 647: 615: 607: 592: 586: 268: 258: 170: 165: 127: 5388: 5019:

Banani Amin, co ed.: Richard G. Hovannisian, Georges Sabagh (1994),

2633:

that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence.

3801:

Vincent J. Cornell, Encyclopedia of Religion, Vol 5, pp. 3561-3562.

2267:, is considered a denial of the truth of God and thus a major sin. 2159:

to some degree, all seek to explain at some level the principle of

7585: 7410: 7364: 7352: 7154: 7140: 7099: 6772: 6629: 6615: 6536: 6499: 5933: 5923: 5918: 5888: 5274:

Islamic Identity and Development: Studies of the Islamic Periphery

3423: 3347: 3281: 3259: 3006: 3001: 2963: 2848: 2836: 2781: 2685: 2610: 2512: 2459: 2455: 2431: 2140: 2116: 2100: 2066: 1552: 1130: 1010: 888: 579: 537: 530: 453: 445: 369: 364: 286: 248: 243: 238: 142: 112: 107: 92: 68: 48: 41: 4823:

Amin Banani, Richard G. Hovannisian, Georges Sabagh (1994), p. 71

3690:. ICRS (Indonesian Consortium of Religious Studies). 2010-10-30. 2684:. Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of 7251: 7223: 7173: 7120: 7065: 6636: 6264: 6158: 5913: 5903: 5893: 5716: 3584:

Dressler, Markus; Geaves, Ron; Klinkhammer, Gritt, eds. (2009).

3443: 2504: 2144: 1818: 1433: 1283: 1233: 639: 547: 374: 175: 7671: 7439: 7055: 6472: 6468: 5950: 5608: 3406:

adopted by Iblis in his jahl , and thus falling into shirk ."

3074:

describes the Mu'tazilite conception of the tawhid as follows:

5233:

Lakhani, M. Ali; Shah Kazemi, Reza; Lewisohn, Leonard (2006).

3843:

A dictionary of modern written Arabic - Edited by Milton Cowan

3152: 2858: 2748: 2483: 2447: 2242: 1410: 1273: 4607:

Philips, Abu Ameenah Bilal. "1.1 The Categories of Tawheed".

4438:. Studies in the History of Philosophy of Mind. Vol. 5. 3631:"From the article on Tawhid in Oxford Islamic Studies Online" 19:"Tawheed" redirects here. For the Pharoah Sanders album, see 5301:"Ibn Sina Avicenna and Malcolm and the Ontological Argument" 4575: 4573: 4296:"Ibn Sina Avicenna and Malcolm and the Ontological Argument" 4211:"IBN Sina Avicenna and Malcolm and the Ontological Argument" 3883:

Early Shīʿī thought: the teachings of Imam Muḥammad al-Bāqir

3829:. London: Williams and Norgate. pp. 2926–2928 (Vol.8.). 3768: 3766: 2550:

Another argument which is used frequently by theologians is

5570:. Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain & Northern Ireland. 5356:

Fundamentals of Islamic thought: God, man, and the universe

4075: 4073: 4121: 4042: 4040: 2784:

argues that human beings have an instinctive distaste for

2303:

of depicting God as a created object ruling from the sky.

5373:"The Portrayal of Nature in a Medieval Qur'an Commentary" 4757: 4755: 3587:

Sufis in Western Society: Global Networking and Locality

3318:

The first detailed formulation of "Unity of Existence" (

5252:

Mayer, Toby (2001). "Ibn Sina's 'Burhan Al-Siddiqin'".

2110:

From an Islamic standpoint, there is an uncompromising

4350: 4348: 3633:. Oxfordislamicstudies.com. 2008-05-06. Archived from 2609:

initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of

5107:

The Sufi Path of Love:The Spiritual Teachings of Rumi

4063: 4061: 3653: 3651: 4842:, Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, p. 727 4504:

AVICENNA'S COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT FOR GOD'S EXISTENCE

3846:. New York: Spoken Language Services. p. 1055. 3182:. According to Shia theologians, the attributes and 2331: 2283:

Associating partners in divinity of God is known as

2049: 7768: 7735: 7685: 7594: 7561: 7508: 7455: 7261: 7183: 7130: 7079: 6921: 6803: 6763: 6646: 6598: 6522: 6334: 6273: 6207: 6146: 6085: 6034: 5968: 5856: 5781: 5646: 5216:

The Concept of Monotheism in Islam and Christianity

5069:. Translated by Liadain Sherrard; Philip Sherrard. 5021:

Poetry and Mysticism in Islam: The Heritage of Rumi

3908:

Islamic philosophy and theology: an extended survey

2889:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2241:In order to explain the complexity of the unity of 2120:) which is seen as distinguishing Islam from other 4641: 3147:which have been narrated from the Islamic prophet 2711:This was the first attempt at using the method of 5420:Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present 3932:The Hans Wehr Dictionary Of Modern Written Arabic 3688:"The Fundamentals of Tawhid (Islamic Monotheism)" 3480:Parable of those who associate partners with God 28:Al-Tawhid: Its Implications for Thought and Life 4715: 4703: 4109: 3089:metaphorical interpretations of Qur'anic verses 2488: 2471: 2409: 2390: 2257:("King of Kings") in an authentic narration of 2180: 6484: 5620: 4994:"An Islamic Perspective on Domestic Violence" 2007: 1698: 1069: 414: 8: 5536:Henrik Lagerlund, ed. (September 30, 2007). 5476:Shiʻism doctrines, thought, and spirituality 4648:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 4434:Henrik Lagerlund, ed. (September 30, 2007). 3755:Wahhab, Abd Al. "Chapter 4, Fear of Shirk". 3066:The Mu'tazilis liked to call themselves the 2788:: At times of crisis, for example, even the 2214: 2204: 2187:He has never had offspring, nor was He born. 16:Core Islamic tenet of the unification of God 5191:The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Ecology 4140:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18428-9_2 2458:view), is credited with having established 2362: 2337: 7682: 7668: 7452: 7436: 7076: 7052: 6519: 6491: 6477: 6469: 5965: 5947: 5643: 5627: 5613: 5605: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4020:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3738: 3736: 3734: 3070:(ahl al-tawhid). In Maqalat al-Islamiyin, 3000:The approach of textual interpretation in 2407:Chapter 4, verse 116 of the Qur'an reads: 2014: 2000: 1716: 1705: 1691: 1329: 1087: 1076: 1062: 432: 421: 407: 32: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 2949:Learn how and when to remove this message 2388:Chapter 4, verse 48 of the Qur'an reads: 4877: 4875: 4831: 4829: 4727: 4122:Lakhani, Shah Kazemi & Lewisohn 2006 2450:, the first imam (Shia view) and fourth 2155:, and even the Islamic understanding of 5515:Western Muslims and the Future of Islam 4801:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 3576: 3533: 1983: 1916: 1871: 1817: 1735: 1728: 1423: 1380: 1332: 1095: 444: 47: 5151:, State University of New York Press, 4013: 3174:and compiled by Shia scholars such as 2189:And there is none comparable to Him." 2099:—an unpardonable sin according to the 2061:'oneness ') is the concept of 3956:from the original on February 7, 2019 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 2114:at the heart of the Islamic beliefs ( 7: 4097: 3091:or Prophetic reports with seemingly 2887:adding citations to reliable sources 2764:being administered by only one God ( 2688:, in which he distinguished between 2613:, in which he distinguished between 2482:quotes the following statement from 254:Ta'til (denial of divine attributes) 3013:Additional to the first meaning of 2759:Indivisibility of God's sovereignty 2321: 2309:is classified into two categories: 2215: 2205: 2036: 201:Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un 4273:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1984.tb03452.x 3590:. London: Routledge. p. 207. 3143:Twelvers theology is based on the 1663:Portrayals of God in popular media 14: 5560:Tabatabae, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn 4998:Fordham International Law Journal 4685:Tabatabaei (19981), pp. 23 and 24 4386:"Ibn Sina's 'Burhan Al-Siddiqin'" 3906:Watt, William Montgomery (1995). 2478:Vincent J. Cornell, a scholar of 2174:Chapter 112 of the Quran, titled 148:Anthropomorphism and corporealism 7900: 7899: 7888: 7419:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 6667:Timeline of the history of Islam 4209:Morewedge, Parviz (1970-04-01). 3981:. Washington, D.C. p. 101. 3946:"The Concept Of Tawhid In Islam" 3354:Influences on the Muslim culture 3048:The Salafi specific features of 2863: 2533:Arguments for the oneness of God 1669: 1043: 452: 386: 61: 7760:List of ex-Muslim organisations 5542:Springer Science+Business Media 5403:from the original on 2022-04-28 5339:from the original on 2018-11-27 5091:from the original on 2022-07-09 5008:from the original on 2022-07-09 4773:Roger S. Gottlie (2006), p. 210 4668:from the original on 2017-08-11 4486:from the original on 2007-10-31 4440:Springer Science+Business Media 4416:from the original on 2018-11-15 4366:from the original on 2020-02-10 4334:from the original on 2018-11-27 4241:from the original on 2022-07-09 4003:from the original on 2022-07-09 3694:from the original on 2015-06-20 3669:from the original on 2008-07-24 3612:from the original on 2021-09-03 3095:content, e.g., the hand is the 2996:Traditionalist theology (Islam) 2874:needs additional citations for 4894:Symbolism, MENA (2019-03-22). 4630:Corbin (1993), pp. 115 and 116 4588:Corbin (1993), pp. 109 and 110 4480:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 4360:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 3663:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 1: 6400:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani 6390:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas 5981:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari 5066:History of Islamic Philosophy 5045:. University of Texas Press. 4799:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 4716:Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988 4704:Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988 4646:. In John L. Esposito (ed.). 4110:Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988 3772:Tariq Ramadan (2005), p. 203. 2637:God as the necessary existent 7745:Apostasy in Islam by country 7622:Liberalism and progressivism 6067:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 5371:Mourison, Robert G. (2002). 5276:, Rutledge, ASIN: B000FBFF5Y 5111:State University of New York 4992:Al-Hibri, Azizah Y. (2003). 4923:Fazlur Rahman (1980), p. 2-3 4851:John Esposito (1998), p. 121 4746:fa:بنیاد دایرةالمعارف اسلامی 3975:Dennis, Sobolev (May 2011). 3300:According to the concept of 3296:Annihilation and subsistence 3228:affected by the emphasis of 3037:to be a form of polytheism. 2166:The classical definition of 5189:Gottlieb, Roger S. (2006), 4744:(in Persian). Vol. 1. 3826:Al-Qamus: An Arabic Lexicon 3475:Islamic view of the Trinity 3322:) is closely associated to 3055: 3025:(names and attributes) and 2811:celestial bodies as deities 2758: 2747:rests on the conception of 2564:Kalam cosmological argument 2438:Discerning the unity of God 2332: 2141:Islamic scholastic theology 2050: 627:("Stories of the Prophets") 133:Schools of Islamic theology 7957: 6345:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei 6245:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi 6159:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi 5497:Major themes of the Qur'an 5299:Morewedge, Parviz (1970). 5254:Journal of Islamic Studies 5149:Words of Ecstasy in Sufism 5025:Cambridge University Press 4795:Chittick, William (2020), 4536:Encyclopedia of the Qur'an 4390:Journal of Islamic Studies 4384:Mayer, Toby (2001-01-01). 4294:Morewedge, Parviz (1970). 4190:Fazlur Rahman (1980), p. 2 3881:Lalani, Arzina R. (2004). 3375:Interpersonal relationship 3311: 3243: 3205: 3136: 3106: 3059: 2993: 2824: 2646: 2640: 2561: 2558:God as the cause of causes 2276: 2234: 249:Kufr (disobidience/denial) 25: 18: 7883: 7681: 7667: 7533:Geography and cartography 7451: 7435: 7075: 7051: 6518: 6507: 6093:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī 5964: 5946: 5642: 5284:. Yale University Press. 4977:Ozay Mehmet (1990), p. 57 4448:10.1007/978-1-4020-6084-7 4199:Robert G. Mourison (2002) 3810:Tabatabaei (1981), p. 23. 3240:Sufi and Irfani viewpoint 3113:The solution proposed by 2287:and is the antithesis of 2037: 1990:Islamization of knowledge 1873:Science in medieval times 7842:Islamic view of miracles 5499:, Bibliotheca Islamica, 5168:Islam: The Straight Path 5134:, Publisher:I.B.Tauris, 5043:Believing Women in Islam 4740: 3202:Philosophical viewpoints 3102: 2827:Early Islamic philosophy 716:Medieval Islamic science 7607:Creationism (evolution) 6077:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 6026:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani 5986:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri 5519:Oxford University Press 5317:10.5840/monist197054212 5195:Oxford University Press 5173:Oxford University Press 4652:Oxford University Press 4312:10.5840/monist197054212 4227:10.5840/monist197054212 3115:Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari 3072:Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari 1326:In particular religions 160:Expressions and phrases 108:Phrases and expressions 26:For the 1982 book, see 7857:Persecution of Muslims 7755:List of former Muslims 6672:Succession to Muhammad 6410:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri 6360:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr 6321:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi 6189:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 6016:Abu Sulayman Sijistani 5838:Transcendent theosophy 5585:Turner, Colin (2006). 5280:Momen, Moojan (1985). 4968:Azizah Al-Hibri (2003) 4609:Islamic Studies Book 1 4558:Chittick (2006), p. 47 4532:Polytheism and Atheism 3254:In Islamic mysticism ( 3081: 2990:Athari/Salafi approach 2855:Theological viewpoints 2841:philosophical approach 2665:was first proposed by 2493: 2476: 2424: 2405: 2192: 2183:Say, "He is Allah—One; 726:Succession to Muhammad 259:Tanzih (transcendance) 7651:Conversion to mosques 7518:Alchemy and chemistry 6194:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi 5448:. World Wisdom, Inc. 5272:Mehmet, Ozay (1990), 5237:. World Wisdom, Inc. 4621:Corbin (1993), p. 115 4597:Corbin (1993), p. 110 4181:Encyclopedia Islamica 4161:Encyclopedia Islamica 3823:Lane, Edward (1863). 3781:Turner (2006), p. 75. 3726:Encyclopedia of Islam 3470:Index finger in Islam 3076: 2833:textualistic approach 2725:cosmological argument 2682:Proof of the Truthful 2649:Cosmological argument 2643:Proof of the Truthful 2601:Proof of the Truthful 2594:theologians rejected 2544:teleological argument 2426:This is atributed to 171:Takbir (Allahu Akbar) 166:Tasbih (Subhan Allah) 7377:Ma malakat aymanukum 6952:Association football 6425:Reza Davari Ardakani 6301:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji 6235:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki 6184:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 6098:Afdal al-Din Kashani 5438:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 5416:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 4694:Momen (1985), p. 176 4640:Tamara Sonn (2009). 4472:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 3280:For Muslim mystics ( 3139:Theology of Twelvers 3068:people of the tawhid 2883:improve this article 2837:theological approach 2733:contingent existence 2659:ontological argument 2653:ontological argument 2552:Reductio ad absurdum 2355:): open and apparent 2237:Name of God in Islam 2231:Name of God in Islam 2185:Allah—the Sustainer. 1801:(Islamic monotheism) 1767:Early social changes 1762:Early historiography 1213:Specific conceptions 765:Association football 7931:Islamic terminology 6385:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 6306:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani 6296:Mohsen Fayz Kashani 6255:Sayyid Haydar Amuli 5765:Medieval psychology 5737:Natural philosophy 5568:William C. Chittick 5564:A Shiʻite Anthology 5266:10.1093/jis/12.1.18 5132:The Vision of Islam 4741:دانشنامه جهان اسلام 4402:10.1093/jis/12.1.18 3950:bismikaallahuma.org 3840:Wehr, Hans (1976). 2737:mind–body dichotomy 2676:The Book of Healing 1676:Religion portal 1091:Part of a series on 526:Profession of Faith 499:Day of Resurrection 239:Ihsan (development) 7862:Quran and miracles 7776:Criticism of Islam 7490:Geometric patterns 7342:Gender segregation 6913:Non-denominational 6395:Abdolkarim Soroush 6240:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi 6154:Hajji Bektash Wali 5690:medieval astronomy 5636:Islamic philosophy 4896:"The index finger" 4509:2006-09-14 at the 4177:2009-02-03 at the 4157:2009-02-03 at the 3885:. London: Tauris 3540:Also romanized as 3308:Unity of existence 3208:Islamic philosophy 3176:Al-Shaykh al-Saduq 3031:Al-Asma wa's-Sifat 3023:Al-Asma wa's-Sifat 2745:ontological system 2729:Necessary Existent 2669:(965–1037) in the 2574:pre-Islamic Arabia 2505:invisible entities 2495:The perception of 229:Shirk (polytheism) 78:Arabic calligraphy 7913: 7912: 7879: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7847:Domestic violence 7837:Islamic terrorism 7832:Islamic extremism 7663: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7431: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7217:Marriage contract 7047: 7046: 7007:Political aspects 6794:Story of Prophets 6563:Prophets of Islam 6466: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6311:Rajab Ali Tabrizi 6250:Mahmud Shabistari 6230:Jalaladdin Davani 6179:Nasir al-Din Tusi 6001:Abu Hatim al-Razi 5942: 5941: 5596:978-0-415-34105-9 5587:Islam: The Basics 5577:978-0-87395-510-2 5551:978-1-4020-6083-0 5528:978-0-19-517111-2 5485:978-0-585-08860-0 5455:978-1-933316-38-3 5429:978-0-7914-6799-2 5352:Motahari, Morteza 5291:978-0-300-03531-5 5244:978-1-933316-26-0 5225:978-3-7003-0339-8 5197:, ASIN B000RKTUVS 5182:978-0-19-511233-7 5084:978-0-710-30416-2 5052:978-0-292-70904-1 4457:978-1-4020-6083-0 3917:978-0-85224-552-1 3892:978-1-85043-592-1 3465:Divine simplicity 3367:) as a symbol of 3234:divine simplicity 3133:Twelvers theology 2959: 2958: 2951: 2933: 2715:, which utilizes 2359:al-shirk al-khafi 2330: 2314:al-Shirk al-akbar 2255:al-Malik al-Muluk 2060: 2048: 2024: 2023: 1776:Modern philosophy 1715: 1714: 1611:Euthyphro dilemma 1451: 1450: 1086: 1085: 431: 430: 307:Al-Mu'awwidhatayn 244:Nifaq (hypocrisy) 7948: 7903: 7902: 7895:Islam portal 7893: 7892: 7891: 7683: 7675: 7669: 7510:Medieval science 7453: 7443: 7437: 7094:Economic history 7077: 7053: 7039:Islam by country 6872:Bektashi Alevism 6520: 6511:Outline of Islam 6493: 6486: 6479: 6470: 6440:Hasanzadeh Amoli 6435:Mostafa Malekian 6405:Taha Abdurrahman 6380:Ismail al-Faruqi 6338: 6260:Dawūd al-Qayṣarī 5991:Abu Bakr al-Razi 5966: 5948: 5773: 5760:Medieval science 5755: 5740: 5722: 5712: 5675: 5664: 5644: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5606: 5600: 5581: 5566:. Translated by 5555: 5532: 5489: 5478:. Albany: SUNY. 5459: 5442:William Chittick 5433: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5367: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5295: 5269: 5248: 5229: 5202:The Muslim World 5186: 5124:William Chittick 5103:William Chittick 5099: 5097: 5096: 5071:Abingdon, Oxford 5056: 5016: 5014: 5013: 4978: 4975: 4969: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4902:. Archived from 4891: 4885: 4879: 4870: 4867: 4861: 4858: 4852: 4849: 4843: 4836:William Chittick 4833: 4824: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4812: 4792: 4786: 4783:William Chittick 4780: 4774: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4750: 4749: 4736: 4730: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4692: 4686: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4645: 4637: 4631: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4604: 4598: 4595: 4589: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4568: 4565: 4559: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4528: 4513: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4352: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4267:(3–4): 161–171. 4261:The Muslim World 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4191: 4188: 4182: 4168: 4162: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4080: 4077: 4068: 4065: 4056: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4035: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4019: 4011: 4009: 4008: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3878: 3872: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3820: 3811: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3782: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3761: 3760: 3757:Kitab Al Tawheed 3752: 3746: 3740: 3729: 3718: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3699: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3674: 3655: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3617: 3581: 3564: 3538: 3314:Sufi metaphysics 3270:Sufi metaphysics 3250:Sufi metaphysics 3129:(without how). 3056:Mu'tazili school 2968:Islamic theology 2954: 2947: 2943: 2940: 2934: 2932: 2891: 2867: 2859: 2663:existence of God 2596:cause and effect 2460:Islamic theology 2422: 2403: 2379: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2354: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2322:شِرْك ٱلْأَكْبَر 2218: 2217: 2208: 2207: 2157:natural sciences 2055: 2053: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2016: 2009: 2002: 1961: 1954: 1952:Classical Arabic 1810: 1802: 1717: 1707: 1700: 1693: 1674: 1673: 1330: 1244:Form of the Good 1126:Classical theism 1088: 1078: 1071: 1064: 1050:Islam portal 1048: 1047: 1046: 456: 433: 423: 416: 409: 393:Islam portal 391: 390: 389: 123:Sufi metaphysics 113:Islam (religion) 65: 33: 7956: 7955: 7951: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7945: 7916: 7915: 7914: 7909: 7889: 7887: 7871: 7793:Cultural Muslim 7764: 7731: 7687:Other religions 7677: 7673: 7655: 7590: 7557: 7504: 7447: 7445:Islamic studies 7441: 7423: 7257: 7202: 7179: 7126: 7071: 7070: 7043: 6992:Moral teachings 6935: 6917: 6891:Nation of Islam 6852:Twelver Shi'ism 6799: 6765:Religious texts 6759: 6677:Early conquests 6660: 6642: 6594: 6514: 6503: 6497: 6467: 6454: 6420:Fouad Zakariyya 6415:Mohammed Arkoun 6370:Frithjof Schuon 6336: 6330: 6316:Qazi Sa’id Qumi 6269: 6203: 6142: 6081: 6030: 5960: 5938: 5852: 5811:Illuminationism 5777: 5771: 5753: 5738: 5721:(jurisprudence) 5720: 5710: 5673: 5662: 5638: 5633: 5603: 5597: 5584: 5578: 5558: 5552: 5535: 5529: 5509: 5486: 5462: 5456: 5436: 5430: 5414: 5406: 5404: 5389:10.2307/1596214 5377:Studia Islamica 5370: 5358:. Mizan Press. 5350: 5342: 5340: 5298: 5292: 5279: 5251: 5245: 5232: 5226: 5210: 5207:(3-4), 161–171. 5183: 5161: 5094: 5092: 5085: 5059: 5053: 5037: 5011: 5009: 4991: 4987: 4985:Further reading 4982: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4909: 4907: 4893: 4892: 4888: 4880: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4840:Wahdat Al-Wujud 4834: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4808: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4760: 4753: 4748:. p. 5053. 4742: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4680: 4671: 4669: 4662: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4530:Mustansir Mir, 4529: 4516: 4511:Wayback Machine 4502: 4498: 4489: 4487: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4419: 4417: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4369: 4367: 4354: 4353: 4346: 4337: 4335: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4244: 4242: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4185: 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2821:Interpretations 2778: 2776:Other arguments 2761: 2655: 2645: 2639: 2566: 2560: 2540: 2535: 2480:Islamic studies 2440: 2423: 2415: 2404: 2396: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2281: 2275: 2239: 2233: 2197: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2122:major religions 2020: 1965: 1964: 1957: 1950: 1910: 1904: 1857: 1808: 1800: 1793: 1754: 1730:Islamic studies 1711: 1682: 1681: 1668: 1636:Problem of evil 1606: 1598: 1597: 1538: 1537: 1521: 1520: 1491:Omnibenevolence 1461: 1453: 1452: 1327: 1319: 1318: 1254:Great Architect 1214: 1206: 1205: 1106: 1082: 1044: 1042: 1035: 1034: 979:Other religions 974:Arabic language 936: 926: 925: 854:Moral teachings 745: 731: 730: 721:Spread of Islam 666: 656: 655: 643:(jurisprudence) 625:Qisas al-Anbiya 574: 573: 553: 552: 521: 511: 510: 466: 427: 387: 385: 380: 379: 360:Al-Ism al-A'zam 325: 317: 316: 282: 274: 273: 224: 216: 215: 161: 153: 152: 88: 80: 75: 51: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7954: 7952: 7944: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7918: 7917: 7911: 7910: 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5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5843:Traditionalist 5840: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5787: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5747: 5742: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5714: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5677: 5666: 5656: 5650: 5648: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5632: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5609: 5602: 5601: 5595: 5582: 5576: 5556: 5550: 5533: 5527: 5511:Ramadan, Tariq 5507: 5493:Rahman, Fazlur 5490: 5484: 5468:Dabashi, Hamid 5460: 5454: 5434: 5428: 5422:. 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Braumüller. 5208: 5198: 5187: 5181: 5163:Esposito, John 5159: 5142: 5128:Sachiko Murata 5121: 5100: 5083: 5057: 5051: 5035: 5017: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4970: 4961: 4949: 4937: 4925: 4916: 4900:MENA symbolism 4886: 4871: 4862: 4853: 4844: 4825: 4816: 4787: 4785:(1983), p. 179 4775: 4766: 4751: 4731: 4720: 4708: 4696: 4687: 4678: 4660: 4632: 4623: 4614: 4599: 4590: 4581: 4569: 4560: 4551: 4539: 4514: 4496: 4463: 4456: 4426: 4376: 4344: 4306:(2): 234–249. 4286: 4251: 4221:(2): 234–249. 4201: 4192: 4183: 4163: 4143: 4126: 4114: 4102: 4100:, p. 120. 4090: 4081: 4069: 4057: 4048: 4036: 4027: 3988:978-0813219097 3987: 3967: 3937: 3923: 3916: 3898: 3891: 3873: 3859: 3852: 3832: 3812: 3803: 3783: 3774: 3762: 3747: 3745:(2002), p. 97. 3730: 3704: 3679: 3647: 3622: 3596: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3501: 3494: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3438: 3435: 3411: 3408: 3399:Muslim scholar 3385: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3355: 3352: 3312:Main article: 3309: 3306: 3297: 3294: 3266:image of God ( 3246:Sufi cosmology 3241: 3238: 3203: 3200: 3137:Main article: 3134: 3131: 3107:Main article: 3104: 3103:Ash'ari school 3101: 3060:Main article: 3057: 3054: 2994:Main article: 2991: 2988: 2957: 2956: 2871: 2869: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2822: 2819: 2777: 2774: 2760: 2757: 2753:Wajib al-Wujud 2713:a priori proof 2641:Main article: 2638: 2635: 2562:Main article: 2559: 2556: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2513:Daily Prayer's 2439: 2436: 2413: 2394: 2386: 2385: 2356: 2333:shirk al-akbar 2293:Sunni scholars 2277:Main article: 2274: 2269: 2235:Main article: 2232: 2229: 2196: 2193: 2181: 2077:) and single ( 2022: 2021: 2019: 2018: 2011: 2004: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1955: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1921: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1876: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1822: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1804: 1794: 1792: 1791: 1789:Concept of God 1786: 1780: 1778: 1769: 1764: 1756: 1755: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1709: 1702: 1695: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1665: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1643: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1607: 1605:Related topics 1604: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1428: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1416:Zoroastrianism 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1385: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1337: 1336: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1107: 1105:Types of faith 1104: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1093: 1092: 1084: 1083: 1081: 1080: 1073: 1066: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1008: 1003: 1002: 1001: 996: 986: 981: 976: 970: 969: 968: 967: 962: 957: 949: 948: 943: 937: 934:Related topics 932: 931: 928: 927: 924: 923: 918: 916:Social welfare 913: 908: 907: 906: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 810: 809: 804: 794: 793: 792: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 746: 737: 736: 733: 732: 729: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 702: 701: 694: 687: 679: 678: 673: 667: 662: 661: 658: 657: 654: 653: 645: 636: 635: 629: 621: 613: 604: 603: 583: 575: 572: 571: 566: 560: 559: 558: 555: 554: 551: 550: 545: 540: 534: 533: 528: 522: 517: 516: 513: 512: 509: 508: 506:Predestination 502: 501: 496: 490: 489: 487:Revealed Books 484: 478: 477: 467: 462: 461: 458: 457: 449: 448: 442: 441: 429: 428: 426: 425: 418: 411: 403: 400: 399: 382: 381: 378: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 326: 323: 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 309: 304: 302:Verse of Light 299: 294: 289: 283: 280: 279: 276: 275: 272: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 225: 222: 221: 218: 217: 214: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 162: 159: 158: 155: 154: 151: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 89: 86: 85: 82: 81: 66: 58: 57: 45: 44: 21:Tauhid (album) 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7953: 7942: 7941:Shia theology 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7906: 7898: 7896: 7886: 7885: 7882: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7821: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7808:Post-Islamism 7806: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7767: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7706: 7705:Protestantism 7703: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7670: 7666: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7593: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7560: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7548:Ophthalmology 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7511: 7507: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7420: 7417: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7366: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7354: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7308: 7306: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7296:Death penalty 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7283: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7262:Other aspects 7260: 7254: 7253: 7249: 7247: 7246: 7242: 7240: 7239: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7159: 7157: 7156: 7152: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7067: 7066:Jurisprudence 7064: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7014: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6920: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6805:Denominations 6802: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6701: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6620: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6597: 6591: 6590:Holiest sites 6588: 6586: 6585:Judgement Day 6583: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6512: 6506: 6501: 6494: 6489: 6487: 6482: 6480: 6475: 6474: 6471: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6333: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6138:Shams Tabrizi 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6072:Nasir Khusraw 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6047:Ibn Miskawayh 6045: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5958: 5954: 5949: 5945: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5630: 5625: 5623: 5618: 5616: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5598: 5592: 5589:. Routledge. 5588: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5506: 5505:0-88297-051-8 5502: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5464:Nasr, Hossein 5461: 5457: 5451: 5447: 5446:The Essential 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5212:Köchler, Hans 5209: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5158: 5157:0-87395-918-3 5154: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5140:1-84511-320-9 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5119:0-87395-724-5 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5067: 5062: 5061:Corbin, Henry 5058: 5054: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5034: 5033:0-521-45476-X 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4974: 4971: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4929: 4926: 4920: 4917: 4906:on 2019-09-29 4905: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4887: 4884:(1998), p. 24 4883: 4882:John Esposito 4878: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4807:on 2023-09-06 4806: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4764:(1984), p. 29 4763: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4728:Motahari 1985 4724: 4721: 4718:, p. 115 4717: 4712: 4709: 4706:, p. 197 4705: 4700: 4697: 4691: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4667: 4663: 4661:9780195305135 4657: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4636: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4618: 4615: 4610: 4603: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4585: 4582: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4500: 4497: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4464: 4459: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4427: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4377: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4252: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4205: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4172:توحيد در كلام 4167: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4152:توحيد در كلام 4147: 4144: 4141: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4115: 4112:, p. 114 4111: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4091: 4085: 4082: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4023: 4017: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3971: 3968: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3863: 3860: 3855: 3853:9780879500030 3849: 3845: 3844: 3836: 3833: 3828: 3827: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3759:. Darussalam. 3758: 3751: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3637:on 2020-04-01 3636: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3597:9780415850902 3593: 3589: 3588: 3580: 3577: 3570: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3544: 3537: 3534: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3417: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3384:Good and evil 3383: 3381: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3337:Utterance of 3335: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3247: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3193: 3192:imperceptible 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3083:According to 3080: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3008: 3003: 2997: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2953: 2950: 2942: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2900: – 2899: 2895: 2894:Find sources: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2872:This article 2870: 2866: 2861: 2860: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2798: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2767: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2650: 2644: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2522:Allāhu ʾakbar 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2452:Rashid Caliph 2449: 2445: 2442:According to 2437: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2421: 2418: 2417:Surah An-Nisa 2412: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2398:Surah An-Nisa 2393: 2389: 2383: 2375: 2360: 2357: 2350: 2334: 2328: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2295:have accused 2294: 2290: 2286: 2280: 2279:Shirk (Islam) 2273: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2238: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2212: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2179: 2177: 2172: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2145:jurisprudence 2142: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2005: 2003: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1907:Ophthalmology 1903: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1819:Jurisprudence 1816: 1811: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1685: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1517: 1516:Transcendence 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1457: 1456: 1445: 1444:Hongjun Laozu 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1411:Yungdrung Bon 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1323: 1322: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1274:Supreme Being 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1171:Kathenotheism 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1060: 1059: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 991: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 971: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 952: 951: 950: 947: 944: 942: 939: 938: 935: 930: 929: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 905: 902: 901: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 889:Proselytizing 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 808: 805: 803: 800: 799: 798: 797:Denominations 795: 791: 788: 787: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 747: 744: 740: 735: 734: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 703: 700: 699: 695: 693: 692: 688: 686: 685: 681: 680: 677: 674: 672: 669: 668: 665: 660: 659: 652: 650: 646: 644: 642: 638: 637: 633: 630: 628: 626: 622: 620: 618: 614: 612: 610: 606: 605: 601: 600: 595: 594: 589: 588: 584: 582: 581: 577: 576: 570: 567: 565: 562: 561: 557: 556: 549: 546: 544: 541: 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Islam 7820:Islamophobia 7695:Christianity 7643: 7576:Contemporary 7470:Architecture 7409: 7375: 7363: 7351: 7309: 7302: 7268: 7250: 7245:Nikah mut'ah 7243: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7172: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7139: 7119: 7112: 7105: 7098: 7011: 6792: 6716: 6698: 6691: 6635: 6628: 6621: 6614: 6607: 6600:Five Pillars 6577: 6544: 6543: 6532:God in Islam 6509: 6450:Partawi Shah 6445:Javadi Amoli 6430:Ahmad Fardid 6375:Martin Lings 6225:Hajji Bayram 6199:Ibn Taymiyya 6128:Omar Khayyám 6113:Ayn-al-Quzat 6108:Ahmad Yasavi 6021:Ibn Masarrah 5955:by century ( 5953:Philosophers 5928: 5848:Contemporary 5750: 5717: 5707: 5670: 5659: 5586: 5563: 5537: 5514: 5496: 5475: 5445: 5419: 5405:. Retrieved 5380: 5376: 5355: 5341:. Retrieved 5308: 5304: 5281: 5273: 5260:(1): 18–39. 5257: 5253: 5234: 5215: 5204: 5201: 5190: 5167: 5148: 5131: 5106: 5093:. Retrieved 5065: 5042: 5039:Barlas, Asma 5020: 5010:. Retrieved 5001: 4997: 4973: 4964: 4952: 4940: 4928: 4919: 4908:. Retrieved 4904:the original 4899: 4889: 4865: 4856: 4847: 4839: 4819: 4809:, retrieved 4805:the original 4800: 4797:"Ibn 'Arabî" 4790: 4778: 4769: 4734: 4723: 4711: 4699: 4690: 4681: 4670:. Retrieved 4647: 4635: 4626: 4617: 4611:. p. 2. 4608: 4602: 4593: 4584: 4563: 4554: 4542: 4531: 4499: 4488:. Retrieved 4479: 4466: 4435: 4429: 4418:. Retrieved 4396:(1): 18–39. 4393: 4389: 4379: 4368:. Retrieved 4359: 4336:. Retrieved 4303: 4299: 4289: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4243:. Retrieved 4218: 4214: 4204: 4195: 4186: 4166: 4146: 4124:, p. 15 4117: 4105: 4093: 4084: 4051: 4030: 4005:. Retrieved 3977: 3970: 3958:. Retrieved 3949: 3940: 3931: 3926: 3907: 3901: 3882: 3876: 3862: 3842: 3835: 3825: 3806: 3777: 3756: 3750: 3721: 3720:D. Gimaret, 3696:. Retrieved 3682: 3671:. Retrieved 3662: 3639:. Retrieved 3635:the original 3625: 3614:. Retrieved 3586: 3579: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3547: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3516:Brahmo Samaj 3503: 3496: 3489: 3440: 3432: 3420: 3413: 3391: 3387: 3378: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3343: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3319: 3317: 3299: 3279: 3267: 3253: 3215: 3196: 3184:names of God 3179: 3142: 3126: 3120: 3112: 3097:metaphorical 3085:Henry Corbin 3082: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3049: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3012: 3005: 2999: 2980:God in Islam 2972: 2960: 2945: 2936: 2926: 2919: 2912: 2905: 2893: 2881:Please help 2876:verification 2873: 2830: 2803: 2799: 2779: 2770: 2762: 2752: 2741: 2710: 2701: 2693: 2674: 2670: 2656: 2626: 2618: 2605: 2590: 2568:Against the 2567: 2549: 2541: 2526: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2494: 2489: 2477: 2472: 2464: 2444:Hossein Nasr 2441: 2425: 2410: 2406: 2391: 2387: 2382:Hidden shirk 2381: 2373: 2358: 2348: 2313: 2306: 2305: 2288: 2284: 2282: 2271: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2240: 2210: 2200: 2198: 2182: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2160: 2136: 2134: 2126: 2115: 2109: 2104: 2094: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2027: 2026: 2025: 1984:Other topics 1932:Architecture 1838:Etiquettical 1797: 1796: 1774: / 1667: 1501:Omnipresence 1382:Indo-Iranian 1373:Samaritanism 1358:Baháʼí Faith 1348:Christianity 1314:Unitarianism 1293: 1269:Summum bonum 1006:Islamophobia 785:Demographics 780:Circumcision 696: 689: 682: 648: 640: 624: 616: 608: 597: 591: 585: 578: 470: 312:Hadith Qudsi 297:Throne Verse 137: 67: 54:God in Islam 7595:Other areas 7586:Theological 7581:Eschatology 7538:Mathematics 7475:Calligraphy 7405:Theological 7359:Inheritance 7276:Cleanliness 6706:Shi'a Imams 6700:Ahl al-Bayt 6365:René Guénon 6355:Gohar Shahi 6291:Mulla Sadra 6215:Ibn Khaldun 5826:metaphysics 5772:(mysticism) 5754:(education) 5732:Metaphysics 5711:(dialectic) 5697:Eschatology 5674:(intellect) 5145:Ernst, Carl 3743:Asma Barlas 3448:calligraphy 3437:Islamic art 3428:nationalism 3029:(worship). 2706:agent-cause 2673:section of 2671:Metaphysics 2631:agent-cause 2538:Theological 2467:imagination 1937:Calligraphy 1894:Mathematics 1864:Theological 1784:Eschatology 1616:God complex 1573:Metaphysics 1568:Hermeticism 1548:Esotericism 1531:Experiences 1506:Omniscience 1496:Omnipotence 1466:Eternalness 1201:Transtheism 1186:Panentheism 1146:Ignosticism 1111:Agnosticism 1021:Laws of war 684:Ahl al-Bayt 569:Foundations 7936:Monotheism 7920:Categories 7750:Ex-Muslims 7645:Shu'ubiyya 7639:Psychology 7627:Literature 7617:Inventions 7563:Philosophy 7371:Leadership 7347:Honorifics 7002:Philosophy 6857:Isma'ilism 6822:Maturidism 6711:Caliphates 6682:Golden Age 6573:Revelation 6220:Yunus Emre 6164:Ibn Sab’in 6133:Suhrawardi 6123:Ibn Tufail 6042:Al-Ghazali 5996:Apharabius 5831:psychology 5801:Avicennism 5663:(theology) 5472:Nasr, Vali 5407:2022-04-28 5343:2018-11-27 5095:2020-05-30 5012:2022-04-28 4910:2019-10-03 4811:2023-09-06 4762:Carl Ernst 4672:2017-07-29 4650:. Oxford: 4490:2007-11-05 4476:"Avicenna" 4420:2018-11-27 4370:2007-11-27 4338:2018-11-27 4245:2019-11-23 4215:The Monist 4007:2015-11-05 3960:October 7, 3698:2015-10-28 3673:2008-05-28 3641:2014-08-24 3616:2018-11-27 3523:References 3410:Secularism 3403:Al-Ghazali 3365:al-sabbaha 3361:al-sabbaba 3328:al-Ghazali 3290:al-Ghazali 3212:Avicennism 3188:polytheism 3127:bila kayfa 3039:Al-'Ibadah 3027:Al-'Ibadah 2909:newspapers 2825:See also: 2786:polytheism 2647:See also: 2570:polytheism 2428:Imam Sadiq 2225:polytheism 2221:monotheism 2149:philosophy 2112:nondualism 2063:monotheism 1945:Literature 1887:Inventions 1843:Hygienical 1807:Mysticism 1745:Philosophy 1651:philosophy 1588:Revelation 1460:Attributes 1196:Polytheism 1151:Monotheism 1136:Henotheism 874:Philosophy 611:(exegesis) 548:Pilgrimage 538:Almsgiving 345:Jazakallah 103:Attributes 7867:Symbolism 7825:Incidents 7803:Criticism 7700:Mormonism 7602:Astrology 7528:Cosmology 7523:Astronomy 7465:Arabesque 7332:Etiquette 7291:Blasphemy 7081:Economics 6896:Ahmadiyya 6830:Mu'tazili 6818:Ash'arism 6281:Mir Damad 6274:17th–19th 6208:14th–16th 6174:al-Abharī 6169:Ibn Arabi 6103:Ahi Evren 6062:Bahmanyār 5821:cosmology 5806:Averroism 5739:(physics) 5685:astrology 5680:Cosmology 5364:909092922 5325:0026-9662 5075:Routledge 5063:(2014) . 4410:0955-2340 4320:0026-9662 4281:0027-4909 4235:0026-9662 4098:Nasr 2006 4016:cite book 3997:961580704 3606:824531805 3571:Citations 3485:Salvation 3452:arabesque 3324:Ibn Arabi 3217:Al-Farabi 3180:al-Tawhid 3153:the first 3062:Muʿtazila 3019:Rubūbīyah 2790:idolaters 2717:intuition 2698:existence 2623:existence 2519:) phrase 2327:romanized 2251:ar-Rahman 2199:The word 2195:Etymology 2178:, reads: 2176:al-Ikhlas 2171:merger". 2130:universal 2045:romanized 1927:Astrology 1882:Astronomy 1859:Political 1578:Mysticism 1534:Practices 1471:Existence 1368:Mandaeism 1363:Mormonism 1334:Abrahamic 1279:Sustainer 1191:Pantheism 1166:Monolatry 1116:Apatheism 994:terrorism 946:Criticism 899:Sexuality 869:Mysticism 839:Festivals 819:Education 814:Economics 750:Academics 706:Caliphate 519:Practices 350:Istighfar 335:Mashallah 330:Inshallah 292:Al-Ikhlas 281:Scripture 264:Bila Kayf 206:Allahumma 196:Ta'awwudh 7905:Category 7798:Islamism 7781:Muhammad 7737:Apostasy 7712:Hinduism 7612:Feminism 7543:Medicine 7383:Military 7337:Gambling 7286:Apostasy 7281:Criminal 7193:Marriage 7162:Tayammum 7114:Murabaha 6987:Madrasas 6977:Holidays 6967:Clothing 6962:Children 6957:Calendar 6908:Quranism 6862:Alawites 6826:Atharism 6717:Rashidun 6556:In Islam 6551:Muhammad 6118:Averroes 6057:Ibn Hazm 6052:Avicenna 6006:Al Amiri 5976:Al-Kindi 5969:9th–10th 5879:ʼIjtihād 5864:ʻAṣabīya 5857:Concepts 5796:Farabism 5751:Madrasah 5562:(1981). 5513:(2005). 5495:(1980), 5474:(1988). 5444:(2007). 5418:(2006). 5401:Archived 5354:(1985). 5337:Archived 5333:27902176 5214:(1982). 5165:(1998). 5147:(1984), 5130:(2006), 5105:(1983), 5089:Archived 5041:(2002). 5006:Archived 4666:Archived 4643:"Tawḥīd" 4507:Archived 4484:Archived 4474:(2007). 4414:Archived 4364:Archived 4362:. 2007. 4332:Archived 4328:27902176 4239:Archived 4175:Archived 4155:Archived 4001:Archived 3954:Archived 3692:Archived 3667:Archived 3610:Archived 3458:See also 3342:name of 3230:Plotinus 3225:Avicenna 3149:Muhammad 2984:prophets 2939:May 2020 2898:"Tawhid" 2766:28:70-72 2667:Avicenna 2661:for the 2607:Avicenna 2414:— 2395:— 2347:greater 2301:Wahhabis 2259:Muhammad 2223:against 2201:'tawhid' 2038:تَوْحِيد 1902:Medicine 1853:Military 1833:Economic 1828:Criminal 1809:(Sufism) 1750:Theology 1722:a series 1720:Part of 1646:Religion 1640:theodicy 1631:Ontology 1626:Theology 1621:God gene 1396:Buddhism 1391:Hinduism 1309:Personal 1299:Ditheism 1284:The Lord 1229:Demiurge 1181:Pandeism 1030:Glossary 1016:Jihadism 989:Violence 984:Islamism 955:Muhammad 941:Apostasy 884:Politics 834:Feminism 829:Exorcism 790:Diaspora 775:Children 770:Calendar 698:Rashidun 676:Muhammad 671:Timeline 632:Mathnawi 494:Prophets 438:a series 436:Part of 397:Category 395:• 128:Theology 87:Theology 38:a series 36:Part of 7852:Nursing 7813:Qutbism 7727:Sikhism 7722:Judaism 7717:Jainism 7553:Physics 7500:Pottery 7485:Gardens 7480:Carpets 7395:Slavery 7317:Divorce 7304:Dhabiĥa 7132:Hygiene 7107:Takaful 7089:Banking 7019:Science 7013:Qurbani 6982:Mosques 6942:Animals 6931:Culture 6879:Zaydism 6867:Alevism 6753:Ottoman 6743:Almohad 6738:Fatimid 6733:Córdoba 6728:Abbasid 6723:Umayyad 6656:Leaders 6651:History 6609:Shahada 6524:Beliefs 6337:present 5899:Maslaha 5783:Schools 5770:Sufism 5654:Alchemy 5397:1596214 5113:Press, 5004:: 195. 4356:"Islam" 3659:"Allah" 3555:tauheed 3543:tawheed 3511:Taqarub 3491:Shahada 3416:secular 3221:Al-Razi 3165:seventh 3122:Ash'ari 3109:Ash'ari 2923:scholar 2751:as the 2690:essence 2615:essence 2592:Ash'ari 2372:hidden 2366: 2341: 2329:: 2297:Salafis 2211:wahhada 2090:shahada 2059: 2047:: 2040:‎ 1976:Pottery 1848:Marital 1740:History 1638: ( 1593:Worship 1558:Fideism 1483: ( 1439:Shangdi 1425:Chinese 1406:Sikhism 1401:Jainism 1343:Judaism 1289:Trinity 1224:Creator 1219:Brahman 1161:Dualism 1141:Ietsism 1121:Atheism 911:Slavery 894:Science 849:Madrasa 844:Finance 755:Animals 743:society 739:Culture 711:Imamate 691:Sahabah 664:History 634:(Poems) 619:(creed) 543:Fasting 471:Oneness 464:Beliefs 191:Hawqala 186:Basmala 181:Shahada 138:Oneness 7674: 7632:poetry 7442: 7327:Ethics 7311:Dhimmi 7270:Baligh 7231:Mahram 7188:Family 7168:Toilet 7148:Miswak 6901:Lahori 6842:Salafi 6788:Seerah 6783:Tafsir 6778:Hadith 6748:Sokoto 6693:Sahaba 6568:Angels 6545:Tawhid 6502:topics 5929:Tawḥīd 5889:ʻIrfān 5702:Ethics 5660:Aqidah 5647:Fields 5593: 5574: 5548: 5525: 5503: 5482: 5452: 5426: 5395: 5362: 5331: 5323: 5305:Monist 5288: 5241: 5222: 5179: 5155: 5138: 5117: 5081: 5049: 5031: 4956:Quran 4944:Quran 4932:Quran 4658: 4546:Quran 4454: 4408: 4326: 4318: 4300:Monist 4279: 4233: 3995: 3985: 3914: 3889: 3850: 3722:Tawhid 3604: 3594: 3561:tevhid 3549:tauhid 3505:Taghut 3369:tawhid 3264:monist 3256:Sufism 3169:eighth 3145:Hadith 3050:tawhid 3043:sharia 3035:sharia 3015:tawhid 2976:Qur'an 2966:, the 2925: 2918: 2911: 2904: 2896: 2849:Irfani 2845:Sufism 2782:Qur'an 2721:reason 2696:) and 2694:Mahiat 2621:) and 2619:Mahiat 2527:Takbīr 2501:Tawhid 2497:tawhid 2318:Arabic 2289:Tawhid 2168:tawhid 2161:tawhid 2153:Sufism 2137:tawhid 2105:tawhid 2085:Tawhid 2071:Tawhid 2051:tawḥīd 2033:Arabic 2028:Tawhid 1959:Poetry 1798:Tawhid 1583:Prayer 1563:Gnosis 1543:Belief 1511:Aseity 1476:Gender 1304:Monism 1294:Tawhid 1264:Mother 1239:Father 1176:Omnism 1156:Monism 1097:Theism 965:Hadith 879:Poetry 859:Mosque 824:Ethics 649:Sharia 617:Aqidah 609:Tafsir 593:Hadith 587:Sunnah 531:Prayer 482:Angels 324:Others 269:Tafwid 7786:Quran 7676:Other 7571:Early 7495:Music 7411:Kalam 7365:Jizya 7353:Hudud 7238:Nikah 7155:Najis 7141:Ghusl 7100:Sukuk 7029:Women 6997:Music 6972:Flags 6886:Ibadi 6813:Sunni 6773:Quran 6630:Zakat 6616:Salah 6579:Qadar 6537:Allah 6500:Islam 6335:20th– 5934:Ummah 5924:Shūrā 5919:Qiyās 5909:Qadar 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