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licensed by the US Federal Power
Commission (the predecessor of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission) because Union Electric contended that the FPC did not have jurisdiction over the non-navigable headwaters where the power station was constructed. In FPC v. Union Elec. Co., 381 U.S. 90 (1965), the United States Supreme Court held that the FPC did have jurisdiction and that Taum Sauk did require a FPC license. Although designed and built without federal supervision, a license was retroactively granted.
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unusually high head (the highest in the US at the time, far surpassing all previous US pumped storage projects), a large storage capacity (it has been described as "the first of the large capacity pumped-storage stations to begin operation in the United States"), black start capability, and had the unique ability to be operated either remotely by remote human operators in off-site facilities located 90–120 miles away (at St. Louis or
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1163:...the Commission can only conclude that the loss of the Taum Sauk plant was due to imprudence on the part of UE (Ameren's AmerenUE Subsidiary). UE was well aware of the catastrophic results likely to occur if the UR (Upper Reservoir) was overtopped by over-pumping. UE knew, or should have known, that storing water against the parapet wall of a rockfill dam was 'unprecedented'. UE knew, or should have known, that operating with a
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1122:(FERC) fined Ameren US$ 15 million pursuant to a settlement for the breach at Taum Sauk—a US$ 10 million civil penalty combined with the requirement to pay US$ 5 million into interest-bearing escrow in order to fund a variety of "project enhancements at or near the Taum Sauk project". The US$ 15 million fine was the largest fine in FERC's history, 30 times larger than the previous record fine of US$ 500,000.
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as the site, in part because it was the highest point in
Missouri at 1,752 feet (534 m), but strong political opposition to development of the scenic mountain (which was later incorporated into a state park) ruled it out. The nearby Proffit Mountain ended up being an excellent alternative thanks
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A combination of design and construction flaws, continuing to operate the dam when the primary system for gauging the water level was known to be inaccurate (gauge pipes had become detached), moving the "failsafe" secondary gauging system above the actual height of the dam to avoid false positives,
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At 5:12 a.m. on
December 14, 2005, the northwest side of the upper reservoir was overtopped when water continued to be pumped from the lower reservoir after the upper was full. This led to the catastrophic failure of a triangular section of the reservoir wall and the release of 1 billion
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dictate that more power is used to pump the water up the mountain than is generated when it comes down. However, the plant is still economical to operate because the upper reservoir is refilled at night, when the electrical generation system is running at low-cost baseline capacity. This ability to
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in June 2007 which "did not name any suspect" and the attorney general made a statement that there would be no criminal charges. According to press reports, the report states that Ameren failed to provide the identity of the person who raised the gauges meant to prevent overtopping and also states
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At its completion, the Taum Sauk plant was by far the largest pumped storage plant in North
America in a number of measures, and was considered a major milestone in the development of pumped storage technology. Its pump-turbines were the largest ever produced at the time of construction, it had an
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The flood continued downstream 4.3 miles (6.9 km) on the East Fork of the Snake River to the dam on the river supplying the Lower
Reservoir for plant. The dam of the lower reservoir, which by design is able to hold much of the capacity of the upper reservoir, withstood the onslaught of the
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Water was pumped into the rebuilt reservoir for the first time on
February 27, 2010, and engineers monitored the response of the new structure as the water level was repeatedly raised and lowered. The final approval required from the FERC for "return to normal project operations" was received on
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Construction on Taum Sauk began in 1960. The construction team consisted of Fruin-Colnon
Construction and the Utah Construction and Mining Company. It went into operation in 1963 with two reversible pump-turbine units that could each generate 175 megawatts (235,000 hp) of power. It was not
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inside the north upstream side of
Johnson's Shut-Ins State Park. The river at the park is normally very shallow with rapids running over granite boulders. The flood destroyed many of the structures in the park and forced the closing of the trail connecting it to Taum Sauk Mountain.
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Minor leaks in the reservoir led to the construction of a collection pond and pumpback station to collect and return leaked water to the reservoir. Later, to reduce leakage, Geo-Synthetics installed lining material in the reservoir itself from
September 13 to November 15, 2004.
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The utilization factor for the plant ranges from five to eight percent. This is relatively low when compared to the 20 percent utilization factors of other plants such as
Blenheim-Gilboa and is due to the different operating philosophies and generation mix of various
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upon which the UR control system was based is frankly beyond imprudent – it is reckless. UE also knew or should have known that the upper Warrick probes had been reset above the lowest point at the top of the UR." (PSC Report page 71, definitions of Acronyms added)
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began to look for a site on which to build a new pumped storage plant. By 1958, company officials had decided to focus on sites with at least 300 feet (100 m) of vertical head, which would allow them to use a smaller storage reservoir. Union Electric hired
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and required particularly accurate control of the UR water level. Given that circumstance, UE's decision to continue operating Taum Sauk after the discovery of the failure of the gauge piping anchoring system and the consequent unreliability of the
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On December 14, 2005, a catastrophic failure in the upper reservoir dam put the plant out of operation until it was rebuilt, recertified, and reopened on April 21, 2010. The new upper reservoir dam, rebuilt from the ground up, is the largest
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April 1, 2010. The utility met the Missouri Public Service Commission’s in-service criteria for operations on April 15, and electricity was first generated from the new structure on April 21, 2010. The new dam was recognized by the
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A memo from Richard Cooper, superintendent of hydroelectric plant, indicated that the reservoir had a "Niagara Falls" style overflow on September 27 at the same spot that was breached (caused by wave action related to winds from
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Before the failure of the upper reservoir, visitors could drive to the top of Proffit Mountain and walk to an observation deck above the reservoir. Ameren operated a museum at the entrance gate highlighting the geologic and
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State Parks, Jerry Toops, his wife and three children were swept away when the wall of water obliterated their home. They survived, suffering from injuries and exposure. The children were transported to a hospital in
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The upper reservoir can hold about 1.5 billion US gallons (4,600 acre-feet; 5.7 million cubic metres) of water behind a wall nearly 100 feet (30 m) tall. It sits 760 feet (230 m) above the 450
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US gallons (3,800,000 m) of water in 12 minutes. The sudden release sent a 20-foot (6 m) crest of water northwest of the reservoir about 1.75 mi (3 km) down the ridge to the East Fork of the
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969:, which were chosen for their relative proximity to St. Louis (where Union Electric was based) and the favorably large elevation differentials (some approaching 1,000 feet (300 m)).
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and operating the dam in an unsafe manner by routinely overfilling the reservoir caused the upper reservoir dam to overtop. There was no overflow spillway in the original reservoir.
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in October 2005, just months before the upper reservoir failed. It was subsequently rededicated as an IEEE Milestone in 2010 after the new upper reservoir dam was completed.
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The pump-turbine units were uprated in July 1972 from their initial rating of 175 MW each to 204 MW each, increasing the plant's overall rating from 350 MW to 408 MW.
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1074:). Another Cooper memo had also indicated that Cooper had warned that gauges used to monitor the water height in the reservoir were malfunctioning in October.
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From 1998–1999, the turbine runners for both units were upgraded, resulting in improved flow rates and another power uprate to 225 MW per unit (450 MW total).
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rule, changes in safety management structure, financial accounting for the rebuild of the upper reservoir, and single point of management for the rebuild.
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The Missouri Public Service Commission (PSC) reopened its investigation and subsequently found the accident to be a failure of Ameren management, stating:
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1765:"Taum Sauk Upper Dam Breach FERC No. P-2277 — Technical Reasons for the Breach of December 14, 2005 by FERC Independent Panel of Consultants (IPOC)"
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In 2005, a large section of the upper reservoir failed, draining over 1 billion US gallons (3.8 gigalitres) of water in less than half an hour.
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69:
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that we have". An unusual feature is the upper reservoir which is constructed on a flat surface, requiring a dam around the entire perimeter.
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sites, there is no natural primary flow into the upper reservoir available for generation. It is therefore a net consumer of electricity; the
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998:) or even fully automatically with zero human intervention. Taum Sauk was also the first pure pumped storage plant in the United States.
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and later released. One child was treated for severe burns which resulted from heat packs applied by rescue workers as treatment for
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Ameren had 90 days from the date of the report to tell the PSC how it will meet the recommendations of the report, which include a
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plant was constructed from 1960–1962 and was designed to help meet daytime peak electric power demand. It began operation in 1963.
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1365:"Report of Findings on the Overtopping and Embankment Breach of the Upper Dam - Taum Sauk Pumped Storage Project, FERC No. 2277"
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As of 2011, Ameren was reported to have paid a total of close to US$ 200 million in settlements related to the 2005 breach.
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http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/stlouiscitycounty/story/06323A30D4407520862572F4000BDE98?OpenDocument
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http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/missouristatenews/story/0A4A827BA5C98DB2862570D7004F9A49?OpenDocument
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to its comparable elevation (1,720 feet (520 m), the 6th-highest point in Missouri), its close proximity to the
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FERC’s abdication of jurisdiction over hydroelectric dams on nonnavigable rivers, 27 Envtl. L. 741 (Fall 1997)
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http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/06-08-2007/0004604925&EDATE=
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sued Ameren for "actual and punitive damages" alleging Ameren was reckless in its operation of the plant.
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of Missouri. The power plant was frequently visited by geology students because of a striking example of
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29 miles (47 km) below the Lower Reservoir, the dam of which was not damaged by the rising waters.
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The rebuilt upper reservoir of the Taum Sauk plant, nearing completion in this photo, is the largest
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Missouri University of Science & Technology: The 2005 Upper Taum Sauk Dam Failure:A Case History
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Missouri Attorney General Press Release with link to Petition for lawsuit against Ameren for breach
1307:"Overview of the Taum Sauk Pumped Storage Power Plant Upper Reservoir Failure, Reynolds County, MO"
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The completed replacement reservoir, viewed from the scour created by the collapse of the original
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2014:"Nixon Sues Ameren, Seeks Compensation and Punitive Damages for State for Taum Sauk Disaster"
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http://www.bpa.gov/power/PG/NW-HydroOperators-Forum/Materials/CaseStudyT-Sauk_Ehasz-Paul.pdf
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901:. The two are connected by a 7,000-foot (2,100 m) tunnel bored through the mountain.
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The original upper reservoir, full to within a few feet of the top of the parapet wall
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Water stored in the upper reservoir is used to generate electricity during peak demand
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with its "Award of Excellence in the Constructed Project". On September 27, 2010,
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store huge amounts of energy led its operator to call Taum Sauk "the biggest
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The Taum Sauk plant is an open-loop pure pumped operation: unlike some other
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flood. By storing most of the deluge it spared towns downstream, including
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1638:"U. S. Society on Dams holds annual meeting and conference in California"
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http://www.kmox.com/pages/603101.php?contentType=4&contentId=628667=
1802:"Sticky Wickets: Correcting Trashrack Failure at a Pumped-Storage Plant"
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Rogers, J. David; Watkins, Conor M.; Chung, Jae-Won (August 1, 2010).
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March, Patrick; Ratliff, Matthew; Kirchner, Phillip (July 16, 2013).
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The Taum Sauk upper reservoir sits on ridge just below the summit of
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https://www.mirrorpond.info/1997/09/ferc-abdication-of-jurisdiction/
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Aerial photos show the upper reservoir before and after its failure.
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Hendron, Alfred J.; Ehasz, Joseph L.; Paul, Kermit (May 24, 2006).
1725:"Rebuilding the Taum Sauk Pumped Storage Project's Upper Reservoir"
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that the gauges were moved before investigators were on the scene.
2151:"More trouble for Ameren Missouri's Taum Sauk hydroelectric plant"
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FERC Independent Panel of Consultants (IPOC) Report, May 25, 2006
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https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/107050/fpc-v-union-elec-co/
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Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations in the United States
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1868:"Milestones:Taum Sauk Pumped-Storage Electric Power Plant, 1963"
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Aerial photo shows reconstruction progress in late November 2009
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1402:"Overview and History of the Taum Sauk Pumped Storage Project"
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A broad swath of dense forest was washed away and scoured to
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Location of Taum Sauk Hydroelectric Power Station in Missouri
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1605:"AmerenUE's Taum Sauk Pumped Storage Plant Is Back Online"
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The two generators can each produce up to 225 MW of power
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and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as
1483:"National Hydroelectric Power Resources Study: Volume X"
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and has requested the Missouri Highway Patrol's report.
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delivered a report of its criminal investigation to the
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No one was killed by the failure. The superintendent of
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in the rock layers exposed by the plant's construction.
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Sverdrup-Parcel & Associates intended to recommend
1520:"The 2005 Upper Taum Sauk Dam Failure: A Case History"
1452:"FERC: Taum Sauk Pumped Storage Project - Description"
785:, United States about 90 miles (140 km) south of
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Buildings and structures in Reynolds County, Missouri
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2176:"Settlement reached in Taum Sauk reservoir collapse"
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Rogers, J. David; Watkins, Conor; Hoffman, David J.
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2280:Ameren Missouri Taum Sauk Water Management Website
1948:"AmerenUE agrees to pay $ 15 million - Settlement"
1576:"Ameren UE unveils a revamped Taum Sauk reservoir"
1152:had begun an investigation into violations of the
2204:Southeast Missourian (Cape Girardeau, Missouri):
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2250:Johnson's Shut-Ins State Park damage update page
2077:"International Water Power and Dam Construction"
1852:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1834:. Archived from the original on October 23, 2005
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848:into a lower reservoir on the East Fork of the
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893:hydroelectric plant, which gives it a greater
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1832:"AmerenUE Taum Sauk Reservoir Lining Project"
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1148:assisted by the US Attorney's Office for the
540:70,000 cubic feet per second (2,000 m/s)
8:
2256:Taum Sauk and Johnson's Shut-ins restoration
2233:National Weather Service, St. Louis Office:
1235:List of hydroelectric power station failures
406:5,358 cubic feet per second (151.7 m/s)
37:, which are uninformative and vulnerable to
1335:"Taum Sauk Energy Center | Ameren Missouri"
52:and maintains a consistent citation style.
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1695:FPC v. Union Elec. Co., 381 U.S. 90 (1965)
1144:KMOX radio in St. Louis reported that the
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108:
94:Learn how and when to remove this message
1527:Environmental and Engineering Geoscience
1431:"Taum Sauk Pumped Storage Energy Center"
380:3,200,640 cubic yards (2,447,060 m)
3066:Energy infrastructure completed in 1963
2246:Mid-Continent Geographic Science Center
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106:Dam in St. Francois Mountains, Missouri
3076:Hydroelectric power plants in Missouri
2220:Daily Journal (Park Hills, Missouri):
2134:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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1845:
1644:. PennWell Corporation. April 16, 2010
112:Taum Sauk Hydroelectric Power Station
7:
1988:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
1955:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
1772:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
1732:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
1372:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
1305:Rogers, J. David; Watkins, Conor M.
1120:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
965:to evaluate potential sites in the
840:are turned by water flowing from a
44:Please consider converting them to
2992:Renewable energy commercialization
2093:Water Power Magazine on PSC Report
1146:US Environmental Protection Agency
561:6,350 acre-feet (7,830,000 m)
419:4,350 acre-feet (5,370,000 m)
14:
3086:Dam failures in the United States
1481:Danes and Moore (November 1981).
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3039:
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1611:. April 21, 2010. Archived from
1374:. April 28, 2006. Archived from
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1167:of only one or two feet left no
963:Sverdrup-Parcel & Associates
144:
137:
22:
3111:Black River (Arkansas–Missouri)
3071:1963 establishments in Missouri
2042:St. Louis Post Dispatch article
1664:"Taum Sauk Facts & Figures"
303:(previously AmerenUE, formerly
3101:Roller-compacted concrete dams
771:Taum Sauk pumped storage plant
289:US$ 490 million rebuild (2010)
48:to ensure the article remains
1:
2987:Renewable Energy Certificates
2947:Cost of electricity by source
2869:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
2745:High-voltage shore connection
1215:United States Society on Dams
1114:Litigation and investigations
996:Osage Power Plant/Bagnell Dam
922:Johnson's Shut-ins State Park
920:and from Route N approaching
571:88 square miles (230 km)
432:Maximum water depth
3002:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
2800:Transmission system operator
2760:Mains electricity by country
2337:Automatic generation control
2140:Link to PSC Report Full Text
1221:rededicated the plant as an
1150:Eastern District of Missouri
1024:2005 upper reservoir failure
979:East Fork of the Black River
834:pumped-storage hydroelectric
503:Elevation at crest
353:Elevation at crest
3027:List of electricity sectors
3022:Electric energy consumption
2740:High-voltage direct current
2715:Electric power transmission
2705:Electric power distribution
2382:Energy return on investment
2227:September 24, 2006, at the
2066:Report on EPA Investigation
1872:IEEE Global History Network
1734:. June 2007. Archived from
1547:10.2113/gseegeosci.16.3.257
645:December 20, 1963
257:December 20, 1963
3127:
2942:Carbon offsets and credits
2660:Three-phase electric power
2285:December 27, 2016, at the
653:, April 15, 2010
265:, April 15, 2010
3035:
2997:Renewable Energy Payments
2486:Fossil fuel power station
2458:
2273:December 7, 2006, at the
2206:Taum Sauk Reservoir fails
1138:Missouri Attorney General
874:roller-compacted concrete
754:
587:749.5 feet (228.4 m)
427:54.5 acres (22.1 ha)
348:6,800 feet (2,100 m)
132:
125:roller-compacted concrete
116:
2780:Single-wire earth return
2720:Electrical busbar system
2377:Energy demand management
1897:"Taum Sauk Rededication"
475:Height (foundation)
337:Height (foundation)
2911:Residual-current device
2901:Power system protection
2891:Generator interlock kit
2210:Ameren Press Releases:
1134:Missouri Highway Patrol
1016:The plant was named an
761:Taum Sauk Energy Center
723:Overall efficiency
700:Installed capacity
579:395 acres (160 ha)
448:Lower dam and spillways
443:1,597 feet (487 m)
356:1,601 feet (488 m)
320:Upper dam and spillways
239:Construction began
2695:Distributed generation
2367:Electric power quality
1922:June 23, 2017, at the
1710:July 18, 2018, at the
1209:
1201:
1179:
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1045:
1033:
967:St. Francois Mountains
958:Union Electric Company
861:laws of thermodynamics
827:
819:
811:
690:2 × 225 MW reversible
537:Spillway capacity
403:Spillway capacity
277:Construction cost
174:St. Francois Mountains
3091:Disasters in Missouri
2967:Fossil fuel phase-out
2735:Electricity retailing
2730:Electrical substation
2710:Electric power system
2235:Taum Sauk Dam Failure
2083:on September 16, 2009
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1044:by the escaping flow.
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1031:
838:Electrical generators
825:
817:
809:
791:Lesterville, Missouri
779:St. Francois mountain
733:Storage capacity
682:860 feet (260 m)
618:37.52056°N 90.83444°W
584:Normal elevation
506:750 feet (230 m)
498:390 feet (120 m)
469:East Fork Black River
454:Type of dam
440:Normal elevation
326:Type of dam
205:37.53556°N 90.81806°W
127:dam in North America.
2323:Electricity delivery
2254:Ameren web pages on
2216:Media Release Detail
2212:Media Release Detail
2054:Ameren Press Release
797:. It is operated by
743:2017 generation
713:Capacity factor
642:Commission date
553:Lower Taum Sauk Lake
435:120 feet (37 m)
372:150 feet (46 m)
364:25 feet (7.6 m)
340:125 feet (38 m)
2932:Availability factor
2884:Sulfur hexafluoride
2765:Overhead power line
2665:Virtual power plant
2640:Induction generator
2593:Sustainable biofuel
2402:Home energy storage
2392:Grid energy storage
2357:Droop speed control
2222:Taum Sauk Dam Fails
2182:. November 28, 2007
1964:on January 20, 2019
1741:on January 20, 2019
1674:on December 1, 2017
1539:2010EEGeo..16..257R
1462:on January 20, 2019
1381:on January 20, 2019
737:8 hours (3600 MW·h)
623:37.52056; -90.83444
614: /
567:Catchment area
558:Total capacity
514:75 feet (23 m)
490:55 feet (17 m)
478:60 feet (18 m)
416:Total capacity
286:45.9 million (1963)
210:37.53556; -90.81806
201: /
2806:Transmission tower
2417:Nameplate capacity
2199:General references
1806:www.hydroworld.com
1210:
1202:
1079:Johnson's Shut-Ins
1054:
1046:
1034:
974:Taum Sauk Mountain
910:Taum Sauk Mountain
828:
820:
812:
529:Spillway type
398:Broad crested weir
395:Spillway type
361:Width (crest)
3053:
3052:
2957:Environmental tax
2837:Cascading failure
2606:
2605:
2442:Utility frequency
1812:on March 27, 2019
1127:State of Missouri
884:Size and location
767:
766:
576:Surface area
511:Width (base)
424:Surface area
369:Width (base)
254:Opening date
104:
103:
96:
54:Several templates
3118:
3106:Dams in Missouri
3043:
3042:
2952:Energy subsidies
2906:Protective relay
2847:Rolling blackout
2474:
2464:
2432:Power-flow study
2372:Electrical fault
2316:
2309:
2302:
2293:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2180:semissourian.com
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2115:
2109:. Archived from
2108:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2079:. Archived from
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2020:on June 26, 2007
2016:. Archived from
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1994:on July 19, 2012
1990:. Archived from
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1963:
1957:. Archived from
1952:
1944:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1808:. Archived from
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1781:on June 30, 2018
1780:
1774:. Archived from
1769:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1740:
1729:
1721:
1715:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1670:. Archived from
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1634:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1615:on July 14, 2011
1601:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1524:
1515:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1487:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1458:. Archived from
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1429:Witt, Warren A.
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1369:
1361:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1280:Renewable energy
1278:
1277:
1266:
1265:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1169:margin for error
924:from the south.
906:Proffit Mountain
846:Proffit Mountain
763:
660:
658:
652:
650:
649:1963-December-20
629:
628:
626:
625:
624:
619:
615:
612:
611:
610:
607:
272:
270:
264:
262:
261:1963-December-20
249:
247:
216:
215:
213:
212:
211:
206:
202:
199:
198:
197:
194:
148:
147:
141:
121:
109:
99:
92:
88:
85:
79:
77:
66:
26:
25:
18:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3031:
3015:
3013:
3006:
2937:Capacity factor
2925:
2923:
2916:
2896:Numerical relay
2874:Circuit breaker
2862:
2860:
2853:
2815:
2755:Load management
2725:Electrical grid
2690:Demand response
2683:
2678:
2669:
2650:Microgeneration
2602:
2517:
2465:
2456:
2452:Vehicle-to-grid
2325:
2320:
2287:Wayback Machine
2275:Wayback Machine
2264:
2229:Wayback Machine
2201:
2196:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2126:
2119:
2117:
2116:on May 17, 2008
2113:
2106:
2104:"Archived copy"
2102:
2101:
2097:
2086:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2023:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1930:
1924:Wayback Machine
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1877:
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1866:
1865:
1861:
1844:
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1815:
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1784:
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1778:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1712:Wayback Machine
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
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1675:
1662:
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1645:
1636:
1635:
1628:
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1603:
1602:
1595:
1585:
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1574:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1505:
1491:
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1480:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1240:
1231:
1194:
1154:Clean Water Act
1116:
1108:Clearwater Lake
1026:
1004:
987:
954:
949:
930:natural history
886:
830:
829:
799:Ameren Missouri
795:Reynolds County
759:
758:
687:Pump-generators
656:
654:
648:
646:
637:Ameren Missouri
622:
620:
616:
613:
608:
605:
603:
601:
600:
545:Lower reservoir
411:Upper reservoir
377:Dam volume
315:Ameren Missouri
301:Ameren Missouri
292:
268:
266:
260:
258:
245:
243:
209:
207:
203:
200:
195:
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190:
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187:
157:
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149:
128:
107:
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89:
83:
80:
68:
57:
43:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
3124:
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3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3058:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3012:Statistics and
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2962:Feed-in tariff
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
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2887:
2886:
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2863:
2858:
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2823:
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2808:
2803:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2750:Interconnector
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2700:Dynamic demand
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2630:Combined cycle
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2527:
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2519:
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2510:
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2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2482:
2480:
2471:
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2466:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2407:Load-following
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2362:Electric power
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2277:
2263:
2262:External links
2260:
2259:
2258:
2252:
2247:
2237:
2231:
2218:
2208:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2193:
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2142:
2095:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2005:
1975:
1939:
1928:
1909:
1885:
1859:
1823:
1792:
1752:
1716:
1697:
1685:
1655:
1642:HydroWorld.com
1626:
1593:
1582:. May 28, 2010
1567:
1533:(3): 257–289.
1503:
1473:
1443:
1421:
1392:
1351:
1326:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1223:IEEE Milestone
1193:
1192:Reconstruction
1190:
1115:
1112:
1072:Hurricane Rita
1025:
1022:
1018:IEEE Milestone
1003:
1000:
986:
983:
953:
952:Site selection
950:
948:
945:
885:
882:
857:pumped storage
804:
803:
765:
764:
752:
751:
745:
739:
738:
735:
729:
728:
725:
719:
718:
715:
709:
708:
702:
696:
695:
688:
684:
683:
680:
678:Hydraulic head
674:
673:
671:Pumped-storage
668:
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635:
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321:
317:
316:
313:
309:
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305:Union Electric
298:
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280:
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273:
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236:
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84:September 2022
46:full citations
30:
28:
21:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3123:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
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3063:
3061:
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3038:
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3034:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:Pigouvian tax
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2919:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2879:Earth-leakage
2877:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2856:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:Failure modes
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2770:Power station
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
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2728:
2726:
2723:
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2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:Rankine cycle
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:Cooling tower
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
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2514:
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2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2478:Non-renewable
2475:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
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2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:Grid strength
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:Demand factor
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2312:
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2198:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2156:
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2146:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2112:
2105:
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2096:
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2078:
2072:
2069:
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2057:
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2048:
2045:
2041:
2036:
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2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
1993:
1989:
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1960:
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1949:
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1940:
1937:
1932:
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2977:Net metering
2924:and policies
2842:Power outage
2811:Utility pole
2775:Pumped hydro
2681:distribution
2676:Transmission
2625:Cogeneration
2427:Power factor
2184:. Retrieved
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2155:stltoday.com
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1580:StlToday.com
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1488:. p. 75
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70:Citation bot
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2972:Load factor
2827:Black start
2795:Transformer
2496:Natural gas
2447:Variability
2422:Peak demand
2412:Merit order
2342:Backfeeding
2120:October 28,
2087:October 28,
1984:"Taum Sauk"
1409:web.mst.edu
1314:Web.MST.edu
1174:piezometers
1104:Centerville
1100:Lesterville
1092:hypothermia
1059:Black River
934:Precambrian
918:Centerville
850:Black River
634:Operator(s)
621: /
597:Coordinates
459:Gravity dam
331:Gravity dam
312:Operator(s)
234:Operational
208: /
184:Coordinates
3060:Categories
3014:production
2859:Protective
2790:Super grid
2785:Smart grid
2612:Generation
2546:Geothermal
2437:Repowering
2186:January 8,
2160:January 8,
1902:January 8,
1586:January 8,
1499:utilities.
1492:August 31,
1339:Ameren.com
1287:References
899:Hoover Dam
844:on top of
781:region of
609:90°50′04″W
606:37°31′14″N
532:Ogee crest
196:90°49′05″W
193:37°32′08″N
50:verifiable
2922:Economics
2645:Micro CHP
2523:Renewable
2506:Petroleum
2501:Oil shale
2387:Grid code
2347:Base load
2242:from the
1878:August 4,
1816:March 30,
1785:March 30,
1745:March 30,
1648:April 19,
1619:April 22,
1560:March 30,
1555:1078-7275
1466:March 16,
1385:March 30,
1165:freeboard
1088:St. Louis
1083:Taum Sauk
916:north of
842:reservoir
787:St. Louis
520:Spillways
386:Spillways
35:bare URLs
3045:Category
2832:Brownout
2620:AC power
2330:Concepts
2283:Archived
2271:Archived
2225:Archived
2130:cite web
1920:Archived
1848:cite web
1708:Archived
1456:FERC.gov
1229:See also
1002:Upgrades
938:Cambrian
914:Route 21
783:Missouri
465:Impounds
297:Owner(s)
178:Missouri
170:Location
39:link rot
2861:devices
2571:Thermal
2566:Osmotic
2561:Current
2541:Biomass
2531:Biofuel
2513:Nuclear
2470:Sources
1535:Bibcode
1242:Portals
1118:The US
1042:bedrock
947:History
876:dam in
866:battery
777:in the
756:Website
692:Francis
655: (
647: (
550:Creates
485:thalweg
267: (
259: (
244: (
221:Purpose
162:Country
2556:Marine
2536:Biogas
2240:Photos
1874:. IEEE
1668:Ameren
1609:Ameren
1553:
908:, not
495:Length
345:Length
231:Status
59:reFill
2913:(GFI)
2802:(TSO)
2588:Solar
2576:Tidal
2551:Hydro
2114:(PDF)
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1962:(PDF)
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1368:(PDF)
1310:(PDF)
1268:Water
793:, in
789:near
773:is a
747:-148
225:Power
33:uses
2679:and
2598:Wind
2581:Wave
2491:Coal
2244:USGS
2188:2017
2162:2017
2136:link
2122:2007
2089:2007
2026:2006
2000:2006
1970:2017
1904:2017
1880:2011
1854:link
1840:2005
1818:2018
1787:2018
1747:2018
1680:2017
1650:2010
1621:2010
1588:2017
1562:2018
1551:ISSN
1494:2017
1468:2019
1438:2016
1416:2016
1387:2018
1346:2016
1321:2016
1219:IEEE
1132:The
1125:The
1102:and
1081:and
895:head
832:The
769:The
749:GW·h
717:5–8%
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