2149:
649:
2865:
816:
934:
45:
785:
375:
3287:
of
Scythia, just as seas are boundaries of Attica; and the Tauri inhabit a part of Scythia like Attica, as though some other people, not Attic, were to inhabit the heights of Sunium from Thoricus to the town of Anaphlystus, if Sunium jutted farther out into the sea. I mean, so to speak, to compare small things with great. Such a land is the Tauric country. But those who have not sailed along that part of Attica may understand from this other analogy: it is as though in Calabria some other people, not Calabrian, were to live on the promontory within a line drawn from the harbor of Brundisium to Tarentum. I am speaking of these two countries, but there are many others of a similar kind that Tauris resembles." (trans. A. D. Godley)
2285:
5908:
684:
37:
2565:, a land improvement canal for irrigation and watering of Kherson Oblast in southern Ukraine, and the Crimean peninsula, was started in 1957 soon after the transfer of Crimea. The canal also has multiple branches throughout Kherson Oblast and the Crimean peninsula. The main project works took place between 1961 and 1971 and had three stages. The construction was conducted by the Komsomol members sent by the Komsomol travel ticket (Komsomolskaya putyovka) as part of shock construction projects and accounted for some 10,000 "volunteer" workers.
1764:
1627:
518:
1153:
1139:
1865:
1744:
the expansion of the
Russian Empire in the preceding Russo-Turkish Wars, and the British and French preference to preserve the Ottoman Empire to maintain the balance of power in the Concert of Europe. It has widely been noted that the causes, in one case involving an argument over a key, had never revealed a "greater confusion of purpose" but led to a war that stood out for its "notoriously incompetent international butchery".
1320:
6327:
2148:
2673:
2528:
2141:
2620:
506:
2371:. The so-called "City of Russian Glory" once known for its beautiful architecture was entirely destroyed and had to be rebuilt stone by stone. Due to its enormous historical and symbolic meaning for the Russians, it became a priority for Stalin and the Soviet government to have it restored to its former glory within the shortest time possible.
1679:
3286:
4.99 "Beyond this place , the country fronting the same sea is hilly and projects into the Pontus; it is inhabited by the Tauric nation as far as what is called the Rough
Peninsula; and this ends in the eastern sea. For the sea to the south and the sea to the east are two of the four boundary lines
1743:
The immediate cause of the war involved the rights of
Christian minorities in Palestine, which was part of the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Roman Catholics, and Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire,
4533:
Before dawn on Feb. 27, at least two dozen heavily armed men stormed the
Crimean parliament building and the nearby headquarters of the regional government, bringing with them a cache of assault rifles and rocket propelled grenades. A few hours later, Aksyonov walked into the parliament and,
521:
Orestes, a curly-haired young man in a Greek robe, is seated before a small group of trees, clasping the right hand of another Greek man, who is standing with his left hand on the seated man's arm. Standing to their left but in the right of the painting is a tall, robed woman of elegant bearing.
233:
in 1783 from the defeated
Ottoman Empire into the Russian Empire increased Russia's power in the Black Sea area. The Crimea was the first Muslim territory to slip from the sultan's suzerainty. The Ottoman Empire's frontiers would gradually shrink, and Russia would proceed to push her frontier
2449:
of Crimea was complete. In 1967, the
Crimean Tatars were rehabilitated, but they were banned from legally returning to their homeland until the last days of the Soviet Union. The deportation was formally recognized as a genocide by Ukraine and three other countries between 2015 and 2019.
2800:
on 16 March 2014. Although Russia initially claimed their military was not involved in the events, it later admitted that they were. Russia formally incorporated Crimea on 18 March 2014. Following the annexation, Russia escalated its military presence on the peninsula and made
2539:
from the
Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR jurisdiction, on the basis of "the integral character of the economy, the territorial proximity and the close economic and cultural ties between the Crimea Province and the Ukrainian SSR" and to commemorate the 300th anniversary of
626:. In the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, Scythian Neapolis was a city "with a mixed Scythian-Greek population, strong defensive walls and large public buildings constructed using the orders of Greek architecture". The city was eventually destroyed in the mid-3rd century AD by the
1334:
648:
462:
in Crimea is not associated with agriculture, but instead with the beginning of pottery production, changes in flint tool-making technologies, and local domestication of pigs. The earliest evidence of domesticated wheat in the
Crimean peninsula is from the
2498:
2440:
population was also deported to
Central Asia, and partially to Ufa and its surroundings in the Ural mountains. A total of more than 230,000 people – about a fifth of the total population of the Crimean Peninsula at that time – were deported, mainly to
1755:, home of the Tsar's Black Sea Fleet and the associated threat of potential Russian penetration into the Mediterranean. After extensive fighting throughout Crimea, the city fell on 9 September 1855. The war ended with a Russian loss in February 1856.
2468:
Nearly 8,000 Crimean Tatars died during the deportation, and tens of thousands perished subsequently due to the harsh exile conditions. The Crimean Tatar deportation resulted in the abandonment of 80,000 households and 360,000 acres of land.
2226:
of 1932–1933. A large Slavic population (mainly Russians and Ukrainians) influx occurred in the 1930s as a result of the Soviet policy of regional development. These demographic changes permanently altered the ethnic balance in the region.
2809:
2864:
933:
2720:
321:
1577:
The Crimea was the first Muslim territory to slip from the sultan's suzerainty. The Ottoman Empire's frontiers would gradually shrink, and Russia would proceed to push her frontier westwards to the Dniester.
2176:, with the Crimean ASSR retaining a degree of nominal autonomy and run as a Crimean Tatar enclave. However, this did not protect the Crimean Tatars, who constituted about 25% of the Crimean population, from
2173:
815:
2580:. In time the peninsula also became a major tourist destination for cruises originating in Greece and Turkey. Crimea's infrastructure and manufacturing also developed, particularly around the sea ports at
5293:
Bezverkha, Anastasia (2017). "Reinstating Social Borders between the Slavic Majority and the Tatar Population of Crimea: Media Representation of the Contested Memory of the Crimean Tatars' Deportation".
1737:
1811:
continued to form a slight plurality of Crimea's still largely rural population and were the predominant portion of the population in the mountainous area and about half of the steppe population.
680:. As the Tauri inhabited only the mountainous regions of southern Crimea, the name Taurica was originally used only for this southern part, but was later extended to refer to the whole peninsula.
1850:
settled in the Crimea at the beginning of the 19th century, receiving a large allotment and fertile land and later wealthy colonists began to buy land, mainly in Perekopsky and Evpatoria uyezds.
3082:
Prat, Sandrine; Péan, Stéphane C.; Crépin, Laurent; Drucker, Dorothée G.; Puaud, Simon J.; Valladas, Hélène; Lázničková-Galetová, Martina; van der Plicht, Johannes; et al. (17 June 2011).
4605:
4081:
4876:
3192:
Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute, Giedre; Sergey Telizhenko and Martin K. Jones; Jones, Martin K (2013). "The earliest evidence of domesticated wheat in the Crimea at Chalcolithic Ardych-Burun".
6018:
5810:
2843:
in 2014, the majority of Crimean residents say they believed the referendum was free and fair (91%) and that the government in Kyiv ought to recognize the results of the vote (88%).
2489:
was started to remove the memory of the Tartars, including a massive name change of the vast majority of toponyms, which were given Slavic and communist names. Very few localities –
757:, supplying the city with wheat, honey and other commodities. The last of that line of kings, Paerisades V, being hard-pressed by the Scythians, put himself under the protection of
4565:
Only a week after gunmen planted the Russian flag on the local parliament, Aksyonov and his allies held another vote and declared parliament was appealing to Putin to annex Crimea
234:
westwards to the Dniester. From 1853 to 1856, the strategic position of the peninsula in controlling the Black Sea meant that it was the site of the principal engagements of the
2797:
355:
2257:
were anxious to conquer and colonize the fertile and beautiful peninsula as part of their policy of resettling the Germans in Eastern Europe at the expense of the Slavs. In the
548:
Taurians intermixed with the Scythians starting from the end of 3rd century BC were mentioned as "Tauroscythians" and "Scythotaurians" in the works of ancient Greek writers. In
3893:
2343:
troops, the Crimean mountains remained an unconquered stronghold of the native resistance (the partisans) until the day when the peninsula was freed from the occupying force.
6298:
3251:
2825:
1903:. Approximately 50,000 White prisoners of war and civilians were summarily executed by shooting or hanging after Wrangel's defeat at the end of 1920, in one of the largest
3627:
The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania. International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th–18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents
5881:
2833:
1409:
2715:
with the Crimean authorities pushing for more independence from Ukraine and closer links with Russia. In 1995, the Republic was forcibly abolished by Ukraine with the
1416:
199:
5825:
1525:(in office: 1550–1557) gathered together groups of Cossacks and constructed a fort designed to obstruct Tatar raids into Ukraine. With this action, he founded the
5872:
4287:
2755:
2743:
363:
5907:
2312:
Sevastopol held out from October 1941 until 4 July 1942 when the Germans finally captured the city. From 1 September 1942, the peninsula was administered as the
1807:. Finally, the Russian government decided to stop the process, as agriculture began to suffer due to the unattended fertile farmland. By the late 19th century,
5371:(2005). "The Black Sea and the Slave Trade: The Role of Crimean Maritime Towns in the Trade in Slaves and Captives in the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries".
2986:
Trinkaus, Erik; Blaine Maley and Alexandra P. Buzhilova; Buzhilova, Alexandra P. (2008). "Brief Communication: Paleopathology of the Kiik-Koba 1 Neandertal".
1740:. To stop Russia's conquests, France and Britain entered in March 1854. While some of the war was fought elsewhere, the principal engagements were in Crimea.
2165:
2161:
2102:
262:
5152:
3570:
3376:
2405:
5070:
44:
6293:
2888:
1918:
Crimea changed hands several times over the course of the conflict and several political entities were set up on the peninsula, including the following.
1621:
1598:
1451:
1305:
230:
784:
374:
4323:
4349:
2945:
5044:
881:
at the end of the 2nd century. The camp was abandoned by the Romans in the mid-3rd century. This de facto province would have been controlled by the
4079:
1795:, forced by the conditions created by the war, persecution, and land expropriations. Those who survived the trip, famine, and disease, resettled in
1661:
established in 1802 with its capital at Simferopol. The governorate included both Crimea as well as larger adjacent areas of the mainland. In 1826
4015:
2600:
alike doubled as a result of assimilationist policies, with more than 1.6 million Russians and 626,000 Ukrainians living on the peninsula by 1989.
5688:
2906:, the nation's main waterway. Development of new sources of water was undertaken, with huge difficulties, to replace closed Ukrainian sources. In
1646:
that recognised the loss of Crimea and other territories that had been held by the Khanate. This increased Russia's power in the Black Sea area.
4872:
781:
in their war against his father. In 15 BC, it was once again restored to the king of Pontus, but from then ranked as a tributary state of Rome.
6090:
6053:
5840:
3609:
2802:
2785:
2536:
2453:
The peninsula was resettled with other peoples, mainly Russians and Ukrainians. Modern experts say that the deportation was part of the Soviet
946:
739:
2784:
discussed Ukrainian events with security service chiefs remarking that "we must start working on returning Crimea to Russia". On 27 February,
1412:. However, the Crimean Khans still had a large amount of autonomy from the Ottoman Empire, and followed the rules they thought best for them.
5622:
5418:
4588:
4414:
4221:
4170:
3971:
3683:
3634:
3455:
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going into official circulation and later to be the sole currency for legal tender with clocks also moved to Moscow time. A revision of the
2697:
4847:
2941:
2712:
5208:
5021:
4967:
4817:
3426:
2270:
1752:
1503:
who later adopted a Turkic language, formed in the 13th century. It existed among the Muslim Crimean Tatars, primarily in the mountainous
3913:
2360:. This company participated in anti-Jewish manhunts and murder actions in the rural regions." Around 40,000 Crimean Jews were murdered.
6068:
2773:
1859:
448:. Human site occupation density was relatively high in the Crimean region and increased as early as c. 16,000 years before the present.
246:
4495:
2719:
established firmly under Ukrainian authority. There were also intermittent tensions with Russia over the Soviet Fleet, although a 1997
305:
139:(63 BC – 341 AD). The south coast remained Greek in culture for almost two thousand years including under Roman successor states, the
6288:
6080:
5998:
5897:
5800:
3176:
1012:
455:
believe Crimea did not become a peninsula until relatively recently, with the rising of the Black Sea level in the 6th millennium BC.
176:
2923:
2788:
captured strategic sites across Crimea, including Crimean parliament and government buildings. Russia then installed the pro-Russian
2609:
1544:
1439:
1438:
Slaves and freedmen formed approximately 75% of the Crimean population. In 1769 a last major Tatar raid, which took place during the
206:
5830:
5556:
5467:
5361:
5256:
5236:
5127:
4792:
4263:
3999:
2659:
2391:
2031:
1962:
282:
198:, which also conquered the coastal areas which had kept independent of the Khanate. A major source of prosperity in these times was
2340:
2284:
1563:
1538:
222:
3300:
Scythians and Greeks: A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus
2846:
The Russian government opposes the "annexation" label, with Putin defending the referendum as complying with the principle of the
1263:(Feodosiya), gaining control of the Crimean economy and the Black Sea commerce for two centuries. Genoa and its colonies fought a
2937:
2907:
2895:
stated that Crimea had been fully integrated into Russia. Since the annexation Russia has supported large migration into Crimea.
2879:
Within days of the signing of the accession treaty, the process of integrating Crimea into the Russian federation began with the
2081:
1460:
as an ethnic group dominated the Crimean Khanate from the 15th to the 18th centuries. They descend from a complicated mixture of
4433:
1791:
The war devastated much of the economic and social infrastructure of Crimea. The Crimean Tatars had to flee from their homeland
1585:
created a Russian aided exodus of Christian subjects who were overwhelmingly among the urban classes and created cities such as
683:
6085:
2829:
2693:
2153:
2019:
965:. The area remained the site of overlapping interests and contact between the early medieval Slavic, Turkic and Greek spheres.
910:, an East Germanic language, was spoken by the Crimean Goths in some isolated locations in Crimea until the late 18th century.
301:
5617:. Monographien des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums. Vol. 101. Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums.
4899:
36:
6058:
5892:
5867:
4147:
3850:
2914:
portions of Kherson Oblast, which allowed it to unblock the North Crimean canal by force, resuming water supply into Crimea.
2793:
2759:
2708:
2347:
2208:
1390:
359:
5571:
6305:
6048:
5852:
5724:
3727:
2716:
2266:
1733:
309:
2962:
2641:
2630:
2382:
of Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill which was later seen as dividing Europe between the Communist and democratic spheres.
2261:, German and Romanian troops suffered heavy casualties in the summer of 1941 as they tried to advance through the narrow
1408:
captive, later releasing him in return for accepting Ottoman suzerainty over the Crimean Khans and allowing them rule as
1286:
over the walls of the city. Historians have speculated that Genoese refugees from this engagement may have brought the
5835:
2929:
1997:
1949:
1053:
Throughout the ancient and medieval period the interior and north of Crimea was occupied by a changing cast of invading
422:
4687:
4644:
6044:
5719:
5681:
4456:
3675:
2859:
2005:
1988:
1869:
1780:
750:
452:
352:
5633:
The Crimea in 1854, and 1894: With Plans, and Illustrations from Sketches Taken on the Spot by Colonel W. J. Colville
5334:
5178:
6351:
5862:
5845:
5820:
5709:
5429:
4547:
2911:
2777:
2478:
2281:
lost over 170,000 men killed or taken prisoner, and three armies (44th, 47th, and 51st) with twenty-one divisions.
2135:
2064:
1888:
1876:
1229:
1184:
1133:
663:
584:
394:. Late Neanderthal occupations have also been found at Starosele (c. 46,000 BP) and Buran Kaya III (c. 30,000 BP).
278:
250:
104:
5978:
2445:. 14,300 Greeks, 12,075 Bulgarians, and about 10,000 Armenians were also expelled. By the end of summer 1944, the
4118:
2933:
2486:
2395:
2212:
398:
180:
5636:
5586:; Prokhorov, Dmitry. "The Development of Crimean Studies in the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and Ukraine,"
4765:
3581:
6104:
6006:
5887:
5877:
5195:
4821:
3991:
3577:
3023:"Stone tool function at the paleolithic sites of Starosele and Buran Kaya III, Crimea: Behavioral implications"
2328:
2274:
2044:
1654:
1225:
1121:
758:
317:
148:
30:
5795:
1264:
4740:
3986:
Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartosek, Jean-Louis Panne, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stephane Courtois,
1732:, was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the
6063:
5983:
5747:
2572:, with new attractions and sanatoriums for tourists. Tourists came from all around the Soviet Union and its
2522:
1748:
1602:
1570:
to recognize the Tatars of the Crimea as politically independent, meaning that the Crimean Khans fell under
806:
774:
286:
5101:
3894:"Adam Mickiewicz's "Crimean Sonnets" – a clash of two cultures and a poetic journey into the Romantic self"
1899:
in 1920. When resistance was crushed, many of the anti-Bolshevik fighters and civilians escaped by ship to
6251:
6185:
6171:
5674:
2884:
2637:
2465:, where the Tatars had Turkic ethnic kin, or to remove minorities from the Soviet Union's border regions.
2454:
2289:
2219:
1827:
1477:
1431:
were recorded, and from 1600 to 1647, seventy. In the 1570s close to 20,000 slaves a year went on sale in
1169:
820:
766:
539:
257:
made their last stand in 1920, with tens of thousands of those who remained being murdered as part of the
5153:"Crimeans have tap water only six hours a day as all Russian attempts to hydrate occupied peninsula fail"
3940:
4065:
2817:
2765:
2732:
2417:
2301:
2196:
was destroyed, because the Soviets considered the Greeks as "counter-revolutionary" with their links to
1016:
938:
337:
172:
3756:
3471:
1879:, the military and political situation in Crimea was chaotic, as in much of Russia. During the ensuing
1626:
3866:
Anderson, M. S. (December 1958). "The Great Powers and the Russian Annexation of the Crimea, 1783–4".
3791:"Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources"
3084:"The Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating, Culture and Behavior"
2095:
1393:
suzerainty, though this suzerainty was only nominal. After the Crimean Tatars asked for help from the
6205:
5951:
3095:
3036:
2736:
2541:
1835:
1713:
1042:
980:
862:
720:
652:
475:
445:
414:
341:
294:
4019:
3605:
2887:
was officially released with the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol added to the
2354:, "In January 1942 a company of Tatar volunteers was established in Simferopol under the command of
1864:
1818:
concentrated in the Feodosiya district and Ukrainians as well as smaller numbers of Jews (including
6215:
5857:
5785:
5406:
4712:
3566:
2899:
2840:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2236:
1815:
1725:
1667:
1658:
1610:
1548:
1522:
1161:
1125:
1004:
789:
517:
426:
348:
210:
144:
5648:
5285:
A short historical Account of the Crimea, from the earliest ages and during the Russian occupation
4534:
after a brief round of talks with the gunmen, began to gather a quorum of the chamber's lawmakers.
4484:
1763:
1152:
6280:
6266:
6200:
6140:
6032:
5973:
5533:
5517:
5388:
5311:
4281:
3875:
3500:
3209:
2967:
2847:
2531:
1954 Soviet propaganda stamp marking the 300th anniversary of Ukraine's reunification with Russia
2336:
2262:
2185:
1939:
1847:
1687:
1529:, with which he would launch a series of attacks on the Crimean Peninsula and the Ottoman Turks.
1244:
1038:
996:
942:
383:
168:
160:
152:
2836:
affirming the "territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognised borders".
2335:
for the entire Ukraine. In spite of heavy-handed tactics by the Nazis and the assistance of the
1138:
5045:"Putin Eliminates Ministry of Crimea, Region Fully Integrated into Russia, Russian Leaders Say"
4825:
4517:
3430:
6256:
6130:
6012:
5963:
5618:
5552:
5525:
5481:
5473:
5463:
5414:
5357:
5270:
5262:
5252:
5071:"Demographic Transformation of Crimea: Forced Migration as Part of Russia's 'Hybrid' Strategy"
4930:
4926:
4584:
4442:
4410:
4402:
4269:
4259:
4217:
4211:
4166:
4143:
3995:
3967:
3925:
3846:
3679:
3630:
3548:
3451:
3398:
3344:
3172:
3123:
3064:
3003:
2813:
2769:
2739:
2704:
2364:
2297:
2244:
2181:
1943:
1880:
1839:
1768:
1649:
Crimea went through a number of administrative reforms after Russian annexation, first as the
1481:
1469:
1398:
1240:
1142:
1034:
958:
762:
731:
611:
531:
522:
Behind her are two columns of a classic Greek temple. Low mountains are in the far background.
479:
402:
344:
242:
156:
128:
72:
5457:
4160:
1108:
had exercised some control of the majority of the peninsula at the height of its power, with
853:
During the AD 1st, 2nd and 3rd centuries, Taurica was host to Roman legions and colonists in
6261:
6220:
5757:
5509:
5380:
5303:
4430:"In Yalta was organized Euromaidan, in Sevastopol were demanding to imprison the opposition"
4249:
3802:
3538:
3530:
3201:
3113:
3103:
3054:
3044:
2995:
2446:
2379:
2293:
2258:
2240:
2193:
2014:
1883:, Crimea changed hands numerous times and was for a time a stronghold of the anti-Bolshevik
1831:
1823:
1736:. Russia and the Ottoman Empire went to war in October 1853 over Russia's rights to protect
1526:
1496:
1485:
1405:
1283:
1173:
1105:
976:
were sold to Byzantium and other places in Anatolia and the Middle East during this period.
954:
878:
843:
836:
810:
716:
643:
599:
on the Black Sea. By the 2nd century BC they had become subject-allies of the Scythian king
333:
274:
124:
6331:
6310:
6099:
5805:
5790:
5752:
5583:
5500:
Schonle, Andreas (2001). "Garden of the Empire: Catherine's Appropriation of the Crimea".
5368:
4921:
Boris N. Mamlyuk (6 July 2015). "The Ukraine Crisis, Cold War II, and International Law".
4490:
4437:
4085:
3963:
3613:
3314:
3142:
2892:
2789:
2724:
2555:
2332:
1975:
1907:. Between 56,000 and 150,000 of the civilian population were then murdered as part of the
1784:
1729:
1662:
1489:
1464:
who settled in the Crimea from the 8th century, presumably also absorbing remnants of the
1428:
1351:
1299:
1023:
924:
874:
565:
325:
191:
140:
4628:[On the dissolution of the Verkhovna Rada of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea].
3227:
2269:), they occupied most of Crimea, with the exception of the city of Sevastopol, which was
1355:
3772:
3099:
3040:
2898:
Once Ukraine lost control of the territory in 2014, it shut off the water supply of the
1350:
destroyed a Mongol Golden Horde army in 1399, the Crimean Tatars founded an independent
229:
to recognize the Tatars of the Crimea as politically independent. Catherine the Great's
194:
formed out of the collapse of the horde but quite rapidly itself became subject to the
6235:
6210:
6135:
5604:
The Crimea, its towns, inhabitants and social customs, by a lady resident near the Alma
5245:
4606:"Russian government agency reveals fraudulent nature of the Crimean referendum results"
3761:
The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern
3663:
3543:
3518:
3118:
3083:
2821:
2781:
2701:
2401:
2356:
2189:
2184:
were another cultural group that suffered. Their lands were lost during the process of
2053:
1884:
1843:
1808:
1804:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1650:
1643:
1631:
1606:
1571:
1461:
1457:
1394:
1378:
1279:
1203:
1177:
1109:
1027:
988:
907:
854:
778:
696:
669:
588:
580:
391:
254:
195:
164:
132:
96:
84:
4791:
Bruno Waterfield; Peter Dominiczak; David Blair; The Daily Telegraph (24 March 2014).
3495:
Slater, Eric. "Caffa: Early Western Expansion in the Late Medieval World, 1261–1475".
3366:
6345:
6225:
5933:
5775:
5537:
5392:
5315:
4717:
4101:
3821:
3668:
3571:"The Sultan's Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire"
3371:
3298:
3213:
3059:
3022:
2903:
2880:
2413:
2305:
2177:
2073:
2057:
1892:
1776:
1683:
1639:
1567:
1504:
1465:
1363:
1309:
1233:
1098:
1074:
1054:
889:
471:
290:
226:
4945:"TASS: Russia – Russian ruble goes into official circulation in Crimea as of Monday"
4429:
4088:
Before Crimea Was an Ethnic Russian Stronghold, It Was a Potential Jewish Homeland,
4060:
3205:
1581:
The Khanate subsequently suffered a gradual internal collapse, particularly after a
1333:
1319:
591:, regarded the Tauri as a savage, warlike people. Even after centuries of Greek and
5968:
5956:
5742:
5426:
The Crimea: Its Ancient and Modern History: the Khans, the Sultans, and the Czars.
4992:
4769:
2948:. The Ukrainian government has not accepted responsibility for all of the attacks.
2728:
2685:
2577:
2490:
2482:
2425:
2368:
2351:
2254:
2250:
2169:
2024:
1556:
1552:
1367:
1359:
1271:
1214:
1199:
1196:
1168:, had already been subjected to pressure from the Genoese and Kipchaks by the time
1129:
888:
Throughout the later centuries, Crimea was invaded or occupied successively by the
847:
824:
704:
592:
464:
441:
425:
from which north-central Europe was re-populated after the end of the Ice Age. The
329:
270:
266:
218:
214:
187:
151:(ended 1475). In the 13th century, some Crimean port cities were controlled by the
136:
123:
in the hinterland to the north. The southern coast gradually consolidated into the
5307:
2527:
2409:
5602:
5546:
5283:
4818:"UN General Assembly adopts resolution affirming Ukraine's territorial integrity"
4667:
4578:
4362:
4253:
3840:
3699:
3445:
3392:
3274:
3108:
961:. The Crimean peninsula from this time was contested between Byzantium, Rus' and
5938:
5928:
5815:
4301:
4040:
2551:
2458:
2091:
1912:
1703:
1420:
1287:
1218:
1183:
Kiev lost its hold on the Crimean interior in the early 13th century due to the
1033:
During the collapse of the Byzantine state some cities fell to its creditor the
992:
973:
549:
430:
387:
235:
108:
49:
5443:
Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives
5401:
National Movements and National Identity Among the Crimean Tatars (1905 - 1916)
5384:
5329:
Dickinson, Sara. "Russia's First 'Orient': Characterizing the Crimea in 1787."
4625:Про дострокове припинення повноважень Верховної Ради Автономної Республіки Крим
3806:
3735:
6075:
5714:
5652:
4213:
Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR
2872:
2672:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2547:
2442:
2433:
2197:
2140:
1908:
1904:
1070:
1062:
1041:. During the entirety of this period, the urban areas were Greek-speaking and
984:
928:
870:
724:
688:
656:
639:
615:
410:
406:
313:
258:
112:
5485:
5274:
4623:
4273:
3380:. Vol. 07 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 449–450.
1030:
fled to the Byzantine lands, where they were said to have settled in Crimea.
1011:
by the local Byzantine priest at Chersonesus, thus marking the entry of Rus'
6230:
5943:
5657:
2681:
2429:
2223:
1819:
1672:
1653:
in 1784 but in 1796 it was divided into two counties and attached it to the
1432:
1386:
1275:
1260:
1248:
1195:, reaching Kiev by 1240. The Crimean interior came under the control of the
1188:
1112:
also having some control of the interior of Crimea after the tenth century.
1066:
979:
In the mid-10th century, the eastern area of Crimea was conquered by Prince
866:
858:
743:
700:
569:
561:
557:
542:
505:
500:
459:
440:
environments, although the climate was slightly warmer during several brief
418:
409:). The fossils are about 32,000 years old, with the artifacts linked to the
116:
5529:
4069:, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
3552:
3534:
3127:
3068:
3049:
3007:
2513:– were given their original names back after the fall of the Soviet Union.
2265:
linking Crimea to the Soviet mainland. Once the German army broke through (
1751:
and in the Black Sea, allied troops landed in Crimea in September 1854 and
618:. The town ruled over a small kingdom covering the lands between the lower
4873:"Despite Concerns about Governance, Ukrainians Want to Remain One Country"
2727:
allowing Russia to continue basing its fleet in Sevastopol with the lease
2477:
The autonomous republic without its titular nationality was downgraded to
2253:, Crimea was a scene of some of the bloodiest battles. The leaders of the
328:
allowing Russia to continue basing its fleet in Sevastopol with the lease
308:
was formed in 1992, although the republic was abolished in 1995, with the
5780:
5765:
4997:
4643:
Baczynska, Gabriela; Toyer, Julien (2014-03-05). Gutterman, Steve (ed.).
2957:
2928:
Beginning in July 2022, a series of explosions and fires occurred on the
2597:
2494:
2278:
2188:, in which farmers were not compensated with wages. Schools which taught
1900:
1896:
1800:
1586:
1192:
1165:
1146:
1094:
1008:
1000:
969:
962:
735:
687:
Greek colonies along the north coast of the Black Sea in the 5th century
607:
600:
527:
4944:
3504:
2367:
meant that in 1944 Sevastopol came under the control of troops from the
2350:
were targeted for annihilation during the Nazi occupation. According to
382:
Archaeological evidence of human settlement in Crimea dates back to the
213:. After two centuries of conflict, the Russian fleet had destroyed the
5770:
5568:
The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation
5521:
4649:
4552:
4389:
National Identity and Ethnicity in Russia and the New States of Eurasia
3879:
2999:
2868:
2502:
1796:
1551:. After two centuries of conflict, the Russian fleet had destroyed the
1516:
1500:
1473:
1424:
1401:
in 1475 brought Kaffa and the other trading towns under their control.
1090:
1082:
901:
897:
882:
828:
749:
In 438 BC, the Archon (ruler) of Panticapaeum assumed the title of the
712:
708:
619:
573:
510:
53:
17:
3021:
Hardy, Bruce; Marvin Kay; Anthony E. Marks; Katherine Monigal (2001).
1678:
842:
In the 2nd century BC, the eastern part of Taurica became part of the
103:, "Tauric Peninsula"), begins around the 5th century BCE when several
6118:
5988:
5916:
5697:
5441:
Ozhiganov, Edward. "The Crimean Republic: Rivalries for Control." in
2677:
2506:
2462:
2437:
2421:
2201:
1582:
1519:
1404:
After the capture of the Genoese towns, the Ottoman Sultan held Khan
832:
793:
770:
754:
623:
606:
The Crimean Peninsula north of the Crimean Mountains was occupied by
596:
553:
437:
184:
57:
5513:
5340:
Fisher, Alan (1981). "The Ottoman Crimea in the Sixteenth Century".
5128:"Crimea Offers Disturbing Blueprint for Russian Takeover of Ukraine"
4645:"Russia says cannot order Crimean 'self-defense' units back to base"
3228:"The Taurians - Ancient period - Outlying areas - About Chersonesos"
1492:
influence due to historical Ottoman Turkish presence in the Crimea.
336:
is disputed. In 2014, Crimea saw intense demonstrations against the
221:
had inflicted heavy defeats on the Ottoman land forces. The ensuing
5436:
Claiming Crimea: A History of Catherine the Great's Southern Empire
5247:
The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland: Studies and Documents
3790:
3277:"... generally speaking, the Tauri, a Scythian tribe ..."
1771:, a symbol of Crimea, one of the best-known, romantic castles near
595:
settlement, the Tauri were not pacified and continued to engage in
5666:
5102:"Crimea: Deportations and forced transfer of the civil population"
4485:"Putin was ready to put nuclear weapons on alert in Crimea crisis"
4376:
The Strategic Use of Referendums: Power, Legitimacy, and Democracy
2863:
2671:
2581:
2526:
2375:
2283:
2147:
2139:
2111:
1863:
1772:
1762:
1677:
1625:
1382:
1374:
1373:
The Crimean Tatars controlled the steppes that stretched from the
1347:
1256:
1252:
1247:, had built along the Crimean coast and established themselves at
1151:
1137:
1078:
1058:
932:
814:
783:
699:
along the Black Sea coast of Crimea in the 7th or 6th century BC.
682:
677:
647:
627:
560:
states that the Tauri tribes were geographically inhabited by the
535:
516:
504:
496:
433:
373:
120:
107:
were established along its coast, the most important of which was
43:
35:
2144:
London Geographical Institute's 1919 map of Europe showing Crimea
1634:. Only the parts of New Russia that are now in Ukraine are shown.
467:
Ardych-Burun site, dating to the middle of the 4th millennium BC
390:
remains found at Kiyik-Koba Cave have been dated to about 80,000
297:, called the "reunification of Ukraine with Russia" in the USSR.
5661:
5477:
5266:
3941:"Governments or Provinces of the Former Russian Empire: Taurida"
3027:
2902:
which supplies 85% of the peninsula's freshwater needs from the
2820:
of Ukraine. The annexation led to the other members of the then-
2510:
1232:, respectively sharing control of the south of Crimea until the
1086:
893:
5670:
4350:"Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation"
2932:
Crimean Peninsula from where the Russian Army had launched its
2218:
Crimea experienced two severe famines in the 20th century, the
2069:
April (officially, 16 August) – 16 November 1920
366:, although most countries recognise Crimea as part of Ukraine.
3146:
2812:
condemned the annexation and consider it to be a violation of
2613:
564:, but they are not Scythians. Also, the Taurians inspired the
5450:
The Crimean Nexus: Putin's War and the Clash of Civilizations
3365:
2420:
on the grounds that they allegedly had collaborated with the
5209:"Drone explosion hits Russia's Black Sea Fleet headquarters"
4793:"Russia Temporarily Kicked Out of G8 Club of Rich Countries"
4548:"RPT-INSIGHT-How the separatists delivered Crimea to Moscow"
1362:) by 1443. Hacı I Giray and his successors reigned first at
1267:
with the Mongol states between the 13th and 15th centuries.
4324:"Crimea: A Gift To Ukraine Becomes A Political Flash Point"
1708:
The Crimean War (1853–1856), a conflict fought between the
1630:
A map of what was called New Russia during the time of the
444:
and began to warm significantly after the beginning of the
5022:"Russia Amends Constitution to Include Crimea, Sevastopol"
4968:"Crimea Adopts Ruble as Ukraine Continues Battling Rebels"
4900:"Crimeans vote over 90 percent to quit Ukraine for Russia"
4688:"Putin says plan to take Crimea hatched before referendum"
4580:
Ukraine's Unnamed War: Before the Russian Invasion of 2022
4134:
4132:
3364:
Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911).
2331:(1898–1977), under the authority of the three consecutive
1213:) originates as the name of the provincial capital of the
5196:"In southern Ukraine, Russian forces guard strategic dam"
4993:"Ukraine crisis: Crimea celebrates switch to Moscow time"
3169:
Desolate Landscapes: Ice-Age Settlement in Eastern Europe
1559:
had inflicted heavy defeats on the Ottoman land forces.
1472:. Linguistically, the Crimean Tatars are related to the
1381:, but they were unable to take control of the commercial
1282:
catapulted the bodies of Mongol warriors who had died of
765:, in 114 BC. After the death of this sovereign, his son,
470:
By the 3rd millennium BC, Crimea had been reached by the
5100:
Andreyuk, Eugenia; Gliesche, Philipp (4 December 2017).
4713:"Four years since Russia's illegal annexation of Crimea"
4668:"Putin reveals secrets of Russia's Crimea takeover plot"
3960:
Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe
777:
in 63 BC as a reward for the assistance rendered to the
293:
as part of celebrations of the 300th anniversary of the
163:. In the medieval period, it was partially conquered by
5494:
The Crimea Question: Identity, Transition, and Conflict
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
1642:
negotiated a trade agreement with the Russian diplomat
987:. The peninsula was wrested from the Byzantines by the
2832:
also rejected the referendum and annexation, adopting
2805:
threats to solidify the new status quo on the ground.
1037:
who also conquered cities controlled by its rival the
5331:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
4255:Крым и крымские татары в XIX-XX веках: сборник статей
3759:
in A. Ascher, B. K. Kiraly, and T. Halasi-Kun (eds),
2640:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
2558:
and was attached to the Crimean Oblast only in 1978.
1476:, who invaded the Crimea in the mid-8th century; the
1427:
for sale. For example, from 1450 to 1586, eighty-six
1366:, then – from the beginning of the 15th century – at
4898:
Mike Collett-White; Ronald Popeski (16 March 2014).
4518:"Putin's Man in Crimea Is Ukraine's Worst Nightmare"
3757:
Halil Inalcik. "Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire"
2156:, Crimean coast near the village of Mukhalatka, 1929
159:, but the interior was much less stable, enduring a
6279:
6244:
6193:
6184:
6164:
6153:
6117:
6031:
5997:
5915:
5733:
5324:
Crimea and the Black Sea: An environmental history.
3988:
Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression
2207:From 1923 until 1944 there was an effort to create
983:and became part of the Kievan Rus' principality of
5244:
4686:Soldatkin, Vladimir; Stamp, David (9 March 2014).
4483:
4457:"Putin describes secret operation to seize Crimea"
4216:. Central European University Press. p. 152.
3947:, London: Russian Outlook – via Open Library
3667:
1887:. It was in Crimea that the White Russians led by
1397:, an Ottoman invasion of the Genoese towns led by
556:refers to the Tauri as a Scythian tribe. However,
530:Crimea was settled by two groups separated by the
40:Ancient settlements in Crimea and surrounding area
4123:The Road to Stalingrad: Stalin's War with Germany
2824:suspending Russia from the group and introducing
953:In the 9th century CE, Byzantium established the
401:remains in Europe in the Buran-Kaya caves in the
312:established firmly under Ukrainian authority and
5588:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
5411:This Blessed Land: Crimea and the Crimean Tatars
3777:Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History
2940:. Occupied Crimea was a base for the subsequent
2554:due to its importance as the port of the Soviet
1442:of 1768-1774, saw the capture of 20,000 slaves.
991:in the 10th century; a major Byzantine outpost,
4577:Arel, Dominique; Driscoll, Jesse (2023-01-05).
4403:"The Eye of the Whirlwind: Belarus and Ukraine"
3519:"Biological warfare at the 1346 siege of Caffa"
3429:. University of Texas at Austin. Archived from
2412:" (Crimean Tatar for exile) to Central Asia by
753:, a state that maintained close relations with
397:Archaeologists have found some of the earliest
5658:On the role of Crimea in the Russian discourse
5615:Quellen zur Geschichte der byzantinischen Krim
4848:"United Nations A/RES/68/262 General Assembly"
4766:"Russia Threatens Nuclear Strikes Over Crimea"
2756:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
2087:November 1920 – 18 October 1921
1996:German puppet state under Lipka Tatar General
1243:seized the settlements that their rivals, the
1191:devastated the Crimean peninsula and pacified
285:by the Soviet regime, and in 1954, Crimea was
281:within the Russian SFSR in 1945 following the
238:, where Russia lost to a French-led alliance.
29:"Taurida" redirects here. For other uses, see
5682:
5662:The Crimean Archipelago: A Multimedia Dossier
5179:"New maps appear to show Crimea is drying up"
4401:Paul Kolstoe; Andrei Edemsky (January 1995).
4016:"Красный террор в Крыму 1920-1922: документы"
2400:On 18 May 1944, the entire population of the
2107:18 October 1921 – 30 June 1945
865:and other Bosporean trade emporiums from the
265:was created as an autonomous republic of the
183:, the north and centre of Crimea fell to the
8:
4302:"Chronology for Crimean Russians in Ukraine"
4041:"Chronology for Crimean Russians in Ukraine"
3391:Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond (1959).
2166:Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
2162:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
2103:Crimean Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic
1783:style. It was designed by Russian architect
1779:businessman Baron Pavel von Steingel in the
4583:. Cambridge University Press. p. 100.
3842:The Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
2568:In the post-war years, Crimea thrived as a
1954:December 1917 – January 1918
1019:marks the location of this historic event.
885:of one of the Legions stationed in Charax.
474:, assumed to correspond to a late phase of
429:during this time was generally occupied by
6190:
6161:
6157:
6123:
6037:
5921:
5689:
5675:
5667:
4286:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3343:. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 167.
3143:"Early human fossils unearthed in Ukraine"
2889:federal subjects of the Russian Federation
2792:government in Crimea, which organized the
1622:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire
1599:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire
1452:List of Mongol and Tatar attacks in Europe
1415:Crimean Tatars introduced the practice of
1306:Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands
846:, before becoming a client kingdom of the
5373:International Journal of Maritime History
4185:
3542:
3117:
3107:
3058:
3048:
2988:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2946:Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast
2660:Learn how and when to remove this message
2215:, but both were ultimately unsuccessful.
2010:November 1918 – April 1919
1993:25 June – 25 November 1918
1116:Mongol invasion and later medieval period
4662:
4660:
4322:Calamur, Krishnadev (27 February 2014).
4236:
3629:. Leiden and Boston: Brill. p. 17.
2816:and Russian agreements safeguarding the
2636:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2588:and in the oblast's landlocked capital,
2424:occupation forces and formed pro-German
2273:and later awarded the honorary title of
1920:
1499:, a people of Jewish descent practising
1325:Crimea in the middle of the 15th century
819:Fragment of a marble relief depicting a
378:Bone and tool from the Buran-Kaya caves.
5590:(Dec 2011), Vol. 64 Issue 4, pp437–452.
4407:Russians in the Former Soviet Republics
3918:Gale Encyclopedia of World History: War
3450:. Penguin Books, Limited. p. 210.
2978:
2211:. There were two attempts to establish
2072:Government of White movement's General
1967:19 March – 30 April 1918
1410:tributary princes of the Ottoman Empire
417:, along with the northern coast of the
277:until 1944. The ASSR was downgraded to
5878:Supreme Council of Crimea (until 2014)
4546:De Carbonnel, Alissa (13 March 2014).
4279:
4197:
869:. The Roman colony was protected by a
857:. The Charax colony was founded under
362:supporting reunification. Russia then
283:ethnic cleansing of the Crimean Tatars
161:long series of conquests and invasions
5888:Prime Minister of Crimea (until 2014)
5548:Housing, Land, and Property in Crimea
4498:from the original on 11 February 2021
3868:The Slavonic and East European Review
2780:. At the same time Russian president
1224:Trebizond's Perateia soon became the
995:, was taken in 988 CE. A year later,
877:; it also hosted a detachment of the
695:Greek city-states began establishing
610:tribes. Their center was the city of
200:frequent raids into Russia for slaves
7:
4879:from the original on October 1, 2015
4875:. Pew Research Center. May 8, 2014.
4365:BBC News. Retrieved 30 December 2015
4066:The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
3763:, Brooklyn College, 1979, pp. 25–43.
3425:Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum.
3141:Carpenter, Jennifer (20 June 2011).
2942:Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast
2535:On 19 February 1954, the oblast was
2049:February – April 1920
957:to defend against incursions by the
421:in general, Crimea was an important
349:occupying strategic points in Crimea
175:, which marked the beginning of the
5445:(MIT Press. 1997). pp. 83–137.
4966:Verbyany, Volodymyr (1 June 2014).
4258:(in Russian). Moscow. p. 242.
3339:Tsetskhladze, Gocha R, ed. (2001).
2839:According to survey carried out by
2676:Crimea's southernmost point is the
2170:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
1860:Crimea during the Russian Civil War
1156:Khan Uzbek Mosque 1314, Staryi Krym
5898:Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People
5801:Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689
5649:Historical footage of Crimea, 1918
4409:. C. Hurst & Co. p. 194.
4106:International Committee for Crimea
2416:'s Soviet government as a form of
2036:2 April – June 1919
672:were the first to name the region
358:from Ukraine following a disputed
347:culminating in pro-Russian forces
25:
5893:Council of Ministers (until 2014)
5288:. old fashioned and anti-Russian.
5251:. Durham: Duke University Press.
5237:Bibliography of Ukrainian history
4348:Ragozin, Leonid (16 March 2019).
4140:The Holocaust in the Soviet Union
3472:"Another New England — in Crimea"
2891:, and the Russian Prime Minister
2744:Russia invaded and annexed Crimea
2392:Deportation of the Crimean Tatars
2386:Deportation of the Crimean Tatars
2204:, and their independent culture.
2180:'s repressions of the 1930s. The
2032:Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic
1963:Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic
861:with the intention of protecting
775:Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus
147:(1204–1461), and the independent
6326:
6325:
5906:
5858:President of Crimea (historical)
4162:The Crimea. A Very Short History
2768:that ousted Ukrainian president
2618:
2604:Independent Ukraine (since 1991)
2013:Anti-Bolshevik government under
1543:In 1774, the Ottoman Empire was
1488:, although it shows substantial
1332:
1318:
1176:began its western sweep through
614:on the outskirts of present-day
205:In 1774, the Ottoman Empire was
5413:. University of Toronto Press.
5183:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
5126:Dooley, Brian (25 March 2022).
4824:. 28 March 2014. Archived from
4516:Simon Shuster (10 March 2014).
4482:Weaver, Courtney (2015-03-15).
4142:". U of Nebraska Press, p.211,
3795:Journal of Early Modern History
3625:Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz (2011).
3497:Review (Fernand Braudel Center)
3394:A history of Greece to 322 B.C.
3206:10.1179/0093469013Z.00000000042
2830:United Nations General Assembly
2694:dissolution of the Soviet Union
2168:. The Russian SFSR founded the
2094:(until 20 February 1921), then
1753:besieged the city of Sevastopol
1566:signed in June 1774 forced the
1417:raids into Eastern Slavic lands
1278:(present-day Feodosiya) in the
302:dissolution of the Soviet Union
177:Christianization of Kievan Rus'
5831:1944 Crimean Tatar deportation
5452:(Yale University Press, 2017).
5438:(Yale University Press, 2017).
5326:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.)
5296:Journal of Borderlands Studies
5282:Barker, W. Burckhardt (1855).
5069:Hurska, Alla (29 March 2021).
4853:. United Nations. 1 April 2014
4632:(in Ukrainian). 15 March 2014.
4159:M. Clement Hall (March 2014).
3427:"The Corpus of Crimean Gothic"
3397:Clarendon Press. p. 109.
2938:full-scale invasion of Ukraine
2760:2014 Crimean status referendum
2735:of the relatively pro-Russian
2517:1954 transfer to Ukrainian SSR
2485:on 30 June 1945. A process of
2428:. On 26 June of the same year
1980:May – June 1918
1891:made their last stand against
1482:Kipchak or Northwestern branch
1385:towns in the Crimea. In 1462,
788:The "Chersonesus Tauricus" of
738:expanded to Crimea as part of
1:
6049:Autonomous Republic of Crimea
5853:Autonomous Republic of Crimea
5725:Autonomous Republic of Crimea
5601:Neilson, Mrs. Andrew (1855).
5462:. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.
5308:10.1080/08865655.2015.1066699
5043:McHugh, Jess (15 July 2015).
3994:, 1999, hardcover, page 100,
3939:William Henry Beable (1919),
3828:. Brill Archive. p. 288.
3606:"The Tatar Khanate of Crimea"
3303:. Cambridge University Press.
3275:Strabo. Geographica. 7. 4. 2.
3256:www.encyclopediaofukraine.com
2934:offensive on Southern Ukraine
2924:Crimea attacks (2022–present)
2717:Autonomous Republic of Crimea
2680:on the northern shore of the
2610:History of Crimea (1991–2014)
2316:(general district of Crimea)
1854:Russian Civil War (1917–1922)
1671:after travelling through the
999:accepted the hand of Emperor
997:Grand Prince Vladimir of Kiev
583:, who eventually established
310:Autonomous Republic of Crimea
61:
5836:Renaming of Crimean toponyms
5049:International Business Times
3580:. p. 27. Archived from
3523:Emerging Infectious Diseases
3447:A Short History of Byzantium
3444:John Julius Norwich (2013).
3297:Minns, Ellis Hovell (1913).
3194:Journal of Field Archaeology
3171:. Rutgers University Press.
3109:10.1371/journal.pone.0020834
2209:Jewish settlements in Crimea
1998:Maciej (Suleyman) Sulkiewicz
1814:There were large numbers of
1160:The overseas territories of
918:
792:, shown on a map printed in
472:Yamna or "pit grave" culture
71:The recorded history of the
6069:2014 parliamentary election
5720:Republic of Crimea (Russia)
3945:Russian Gazetteer and Guide
3676:University of Toronto Press
3499:29, no. 3 (2006): 271–283.
3167:Hoffecker, John F. (2002).
2918:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2860:Republic of Crimea (Russia)
2542:Ukraine's union with Russia
2110:Autonomous republic of the
2090:Bolshevik government under
2006:Crimean Regional Government
1989:Crimean Regional Government
1870:Crimean Regional Government
1868:A 25-ruble banknote of the
1775:. It was built in 1912 for
1665:published his seminal work
1339:The Crimean Khanate in 1600
1294:Crimean Khanate (1443–1783)
476:Proto-Indo-European culture
453:Black Sea deluge hypothesis
231:incorporation of the Crimea
6368:
5863:2003 Tuzla Island conflict
5846:Crimean Tatar repatriation
5385:10.1177/084387140501700110
5234:
5081:(50). Jamestown Foundation
4436:November 28, 2020, at the
3958:Gellately, Robert (2007).
3845:. Macmillan. p. 258.
3826:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
3807:10.1163/157006507780385125
2921:
2857:
2753:
2607:
2520:
2389:
2234:
2164:on 18 October 1921 as the
2160:Crimea became part of the
2136:Crimea in the Soviet Union
2133:
2065:Government of South Russia
1937:
1905:massacres of the Civil War
1877:Russian Revolution of 1917
1857:
1701:
1619:
1596:
1593:Russian Empire (1783–1917)
1536:
1449:
1423:), in which they captured
1303:
1297:
1209:(via Italian, from Turkic
1119:
1024:Norman Conquest of England
941:, built on the site where
922:
804:
751:King of Cimmerian Bosporus
664:Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea
661:
637:
494:
28:
6323:
6160:
6126:
6040:
5924:
5904:
5873:2014 annexation by Russia
5811:1783 annexation by Russia
5705:
5613:Albrecht, Stefan (2013).
5342:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
5243:Allworth, Edward (1998).
5020:Sputnik (11 April 2014).
4630:Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine
4604:Ilya Somin (6 May 2014).
4363:Crimea profile – Overview
3914:"Crimean War (1853–1856)"
3839:Sebag Montefiore (2000).
2794:Crimean status referendum
2487:de-Tatarization of Crimea
2461:and acquire territory in
2396:De-Tatarization of Crimea
2213:Jewish autonomy in Crimea
2117:
2109:
2106:
2101:
1957:Crimean Tatar government
1950:Crimean People's Republic
1803:, and other parts of the
1251:(present-day Balaklava),
1172:died in 1222, before the
945:is believed to have been
711:. In the 5th century BC,
509:The Scythian treasure of
399:anatomically modern human
181:Mongol invasion of Europe
100:
88:
6105:Crimean Federal District
5841:1954 transfer to Ukraine
5456:Rywkin, Michael (1994).
5448:Pleshakov, Constantine.
4822:China Central Television
4624:
4165:. Lulu.com. p. 52.
4102:"Famine in Crimea, 1931"
3992:Harvard University Press
3789:Mikhail Kizilov (2007).
3578:The Jamestown Foundation
3341:North Pontic Archaeology
2963:Crimean ASSR (1991–1992)
2778:new Ukrainian government
2684:, currently used by the
2329:Alfred Eduard Frauenfeld
2125:Soviet Union (1922–1991)
2045:South Russian Government
1747:Following action in the
1734:declining Ottoman Empire
1655:Novorossiysk Governorate
1638:On 28 December 1783 the
1564:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
1539:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
1239:In the 13th century the
1226:Principality of Theodoro
1217:, the city now known as
1187:. In the summer of 1238
1122:Principality of Theodoro
1013:into the Christian world
719:founded the sea port of
318:city with special status
316:being administered as a
247:changed hands many times
223:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
149:Principality of Theodoro
75:, historically known as
31:Taurida (disambiguation)
5748:Crimea in the Roman era
5637:excerpt and text search
3612:March 23, 2016, at the
3377:Encyclopædia Britannica
3319:Encyclopædia Britannica
2707:was reorganized as the
2523:1954 transfer of Crimea
2118:Soviet era (1921–1991)
2082:revolutionary committee
1749:Danubian Principalities
1712:and an alliance of the
1691:The Siege of Sevastopol
1603:Novorossiya Governorate
1274:army besieging Genoese
1202:from 1239 to 1441. The
1134:Mongol invasion of Rus'
900:(4th–8th century), the
850:in the 1st century BC.
823:, 3rd century BC, from
807:Crimea in the Roman era
364:formally annexed Crimea
190:, and in the 1440s the
56:, deer, bull, club and
6172:Crimean Premier League
6019:Urban-type settlements
5868:2014 status referendum
5826:Crimea in World War II
5609:; complete text online
5566:Williams, Brian Glyn.
4923:The German Law Journal
4741:"Annexation of Crimea"
4210:Polian, Pavel (2004).
4138:Yitzhak Arad (2009). "
4061:"Crimea: Introduction"
3924:. 2008. Archived from
3535:10.3201/eid0809.010536
3094:(6). plosone: e20834.
3050:10.1073/pnas.191384498
2876:
2725:Soviet Black Sea Fleet
2698:Ukrainian independence
2689:
2532:
2481:(province) within the
2309:
2157:
2145:
1872:
1788:
1694:
1635:
1478:Crimean Tatar language
1236:intervention of 1475.
1170:Alexios I of Trebizond
1157:
1149:
968:It became a center of
950:
839:
797:
692:
659:
523:
514:
379:
326:Soviet Black Sea Fleet
68:
41:
6299:Ukrainian Catholicism
5979:Pontic–Caspian steppe
5563:, recent developments
5106:Foreign Policy Center
5075:Eurasia Daily Monitor
4374:Mark Clarence Walke,
2867:
2818:territorial integrity
2798:Crimea's independence
2675:
2530:
2418:collective punishment
2302:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2287:
2267:Operation Trappenjagd
2235:Further information:
2154:"Red Ukraine" warship
2151:
2143:
2039:Bolshevik government
1970:Bolshevik government
1867:
1766:
1681:
1629:
1450:Further information:
1304:Further information:
1155:
1141:
1120:Further information:
1017:Chersonesus Cathedral
1007:in marriage, and was
939:Chersonesus Cathedral
936:
923:Further information:
818:
787:
686:
651:
638:Further information:
587:in Crimea during the
538:to the south and the
520:
508:
458:The beginning of the
377:
356:declared independence
127:which was annexed by
47:
39:
6081:Legislative Assembly
5459:Moscow's Lost Empire
5407:Magocsi, Paul Robert
5356:. Hurst Publishers.
4387:Roman Szporluk, ed.
4078:Jeffrey Veidlinger,
2885:Russian Constitution
2810:many other countries
2629:factual accuracy is
2576:, particularly from
2561:The construction of
2374:The Crimean port of
2152:Stalin on board the
1290:to Western Europe.
1026:, a large number of
981:Sviatoslav I of Kiev
707:were established by
513:, in eastern Crimea.
446:Late Glacial Maximum
415:Last Glacial Maximum
413:culture. During the
295:Treaty of Pereyaslav
5796:Genoese–Mongol Wars
5786:Empire of Trebizond
5545:UN-HABITAT (2007).
5369:Kizilov, Mikhail B.
5352:Kent, Neil (2016).
4610:The Washington Post
3732:blacksea-crimea.com
3567:Brian Glyn Williams
3517:Wheelis M. (2002).
3232:www.chersonesos.org
3100:2011PLoSO...620834P
3041:2001PNAS...9810972H
3035:(19): 10972–10977.
2900:North Crimean Canal
2841:Pew Research Center
2731:in 2010. After the
2574:satellite countries
2570:tourist destination
2563:North Crimean Canal
2455:plan to gain access
2320:(and sub-district)
2277:after the war. The
2237:Taurida Subdistrict
2220:Famine of 1921–1922
1738:Orthodox Christians
1726:Kingdom of Sardinia
1668:The Crimean Sonnets
1659:Taurida Governorate
1611:Taurida Governorate
1549:Catherine the Great
1533:Independent Khanate
1523:Dmytro Vyshnevetsky
1495:A small enclave of
1126:Empire of Trebizond
622:River and northern
491:Tauri and Scythians
427:East European Plain
342:Ukrainian president
275:occupied by Germany
211:Catherine the Great
145:Empire of Trebizond
6141:Crimean Trolleybus
6045:Republic of Crimea
5492:Sasse, Gwendolyn.
5403:(E.J. Brill. 1996)
5333:3.1 (2002): 3-25.
5159:. 17 December 2020
5132:Human Rights First
4745:UaWarExplained.com
4446:. 19 February 2014
4084:2018-11-16 at the
3670:Ukraine: A History
3587:on 21 October 2013
3000:10.1002/ajpa.20833
2968:Kizil-Koba culture
2877:
2848:self-determination
2750:Russian annexation
2709:Republic of Crimea
2690:
2533:
2314:Generalbezirk Krim
2310:
2263:Isthmus of Perekop
2158:
2146:
1873:
1789:
1695:
1688:panoramic painting
1636:
1616:Russian annexation
1511:Cossack incursions
1480:forms part of the
1158:
1150:
1049:The Crimean steppe
951:
943:Vladimir the Great
919:Rus' and Byzantium
840:
798:
769:, was invested by
693:
660:
524:
515:
451:Proponents of the
384:Middle Paleolithic
380:
353:Republic of Crimea
306:Republic of Crimea
253:'s anti-Bolshevik
169:Vladimir the Great
131:and then became a
101:Χερσόνησος Ταυρική
89:Ταυρική or Ταυρικά
69:
42:
6352:History of Crimea
6339:
6338:
6319:
6318:
6294:Roman Catholicism
6275:
6274:
6180:
6179:
6149:
6148:
6113:
6112:
6027:
6026:
5964:Crimean Mountains
5624:978-3-88467-197-9
5419:978-0-7727-5110-2
5354:Crimea: A History
5322:Cordova, Carlos.
4590:978-1-009-05991-6
4443:Ukrayinska Pravda
4416:978-1-85065-206-9
4250:Bekirova, Gulnara
4223:978-963-9241-68-8
4172:978-1-304-97576-8
3973:978-1-4000-4005-6
3928:on 16 April 2015.
3685:978-0-8020-8390-6
3636:978-90-04-19190-7
3457:978-0-241-95305-1
3404:978-0-19-814260-7
3350:978-90-04-12041-9
2814:international law
2770:Viktor Yanukovych
2705:Crimean peninsula
2670:
2669:
2662:
2592:. Populations of
2473:Post-World War II
2406:forcibly deported
2365:Crimean offensive
2298:Winston Churchill
2245:Crimean offensive
2122:
2121:
1881:Russian Civil War
1759:Late Imperial era
1440:Russo-Turkish War
1399:Gedik Ahmed Pasha
1358:(a descendant of
1241:Republic of Genoa
1043:eastern Christian
1035:Republic of Genoa
732:Achaemenid Empire
612:Scythian Neapolis
532:Crimean Mountains
480:Kurgan hypothesis
403:Crimean Mountains
345:Viktor Yanukovych
243:Russian Civil War
93:Tauric Chersonese
73:Crimean Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
6359:
6329:
6328:
6191:
6162:
6158:
6124:
6038:
5922:
5910:
5758:Bosporan Kingdom
5710:Political status
5691:
5684:
5677:
5668:
5628:
5608:
5584:Kizilov, Mikhail
5562:
5541:
5489:
5434:O'Neill, Kelly.
5424:Milner, Thomas.
5399:Kirimli, Hakan.
5396:
5349:
5319:
5289:
5278:
5250:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5204:
5198:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5157:Euromaidan Press
5149:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4852:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4797:Business Insider
4788:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4664:
4655:
4654:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4560:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4530:
4528:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4487:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4453:
4447:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4398:
4392:
4385:
4379:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4285:
4277:
4246:
4240:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4189:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4156:
4150:
4136:
4127:
4126:
4115:
4109:
4099:
4093:
4076:
4070:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4018:. Archived from
4012:
4006:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3786:
3780:
3770:
3764:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3738:on April 4, 2007
3734:. Archived from
3724:
3707:
3698:Mike Bennighof,
3696:
3690:
3689:
3673:
3660:
3641:
3640:
3622:
3616:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3575:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3546:
3514:
3508:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3369:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3294:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3111:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3062:
3052:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2983:
2930:Russian-occupied
2723:partitioned the
2665:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2645:
2642:reliably sourced
2622:
2621:
2614:
2447:ethnic cleansing
2380:Yalta Conference
2357:Einsatzgruppe 11
2333:Reichskommissare
2326:Generalkommissar
2294:Yalta Conference
2259:Crimean campaign
2241:Crimean campaign
2194:Greek literature
2192:were closed and
2186:collectivisation
2096:Mikhail Poliakov
1921:
1824:Crimean Karaites
1527:Zaporozhian Sich
1497:Crimean Karaites
1486:Turkic languages
1336:
1322:
1185:Mongol invasions
1174:Mongol invasions
1106:Bosporan Kingdom
955:Theme of Cherson
879:Legio XI Claudia
844:Bosporan Kingdom
837:Bosporan Kingdom
811:Bosporan Kingdom
717:Heraclea Pontica
644:Bosporan Kingdom
634:Greek settlement
324:partitioned the
171:was baptised at
143:(341–1204), the
141:Byzantine Empire
125:Bosporan Kingdom
111:near modern day
102:
90:
66:
63:
21:
6367:
6366:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6315:
6271:
6240:
6176:
6145:
6109:
6100:Black Sea Fleet
6023:
5993:
5974:Perekop Isthmus
5911:
5902:
5806:Crimean Khanate
5753:Cherson (theme)
5729:
5701:
5695:
5645:
5625:
5612:
5600:
5597:
5595:Primary sources
5580:
5559:
5544:
5514:10.2307/2697641
5499:
5470:
5455:
5428:Longman, 1855.
5367:
5339:
5292:
5281:
5259:
5242:
5239:
5233:
5231:Further reading
5228:
5218:
5216:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5194:
5190:
5185:. 13 July 2018.
5177:
5176:
5172:
5162:
5160:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5136:
5134:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5110:
5108:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5084:
5082:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5053:
5051:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5027:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5004:
5002:
5001:. 29 March 2014
4991:
4990:
4986:
4976:
4974:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4950:
4948:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4905:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4882:
4880:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4831:
4829:
4828:on 4 March 2018
4816:
4815:
4811:
4801:
4799:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4775:
4773:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4750:
4748:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4721:. 14 March 2018
4711:
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4526:
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4515:
4514:
4510:
4501:
4499:
4491:Financial Times
4481:
4480:
4476:
4466:
4464:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4438:Wayback Machine
4428:
4424:
4417:
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4395:
4386:
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4173:
4158:
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4117:
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4100:
4096:
4086:Wayback Machine
4077:
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3787:
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3771:
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3755:
3751:
3741:
3739:
3726:
3725:
3710:
3704:Avalanche Press
3697:
3693:
3686:
3664:Subtelny, Orest
3662:
3661:
3644:
3637:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3614:Wayback Machine
3604:
3600:
3590:
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3020:
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2985:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2954:
2926:
2920:
2893:Dmitry Medvedev
2862:
2856:
2762:
2754:Main articles:
2752:
2713:1991 referendum
2666:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2635:
2627:This section's
2623:
2619:
2612:
2606:
2556:Black Sea Fleet
2525:
2519:
2475:
2398:
2388:
2363:The successful
2247:
2233:
2138:
2132:
2127:
2015:Crimean Karaite
1976:Ukrainian State
1911:, organized by
1889:General Wrangel
1862:
1856:
1785:Leonid Sherwood
1761:
1730:Duchy of Nassau
1706:
1700:
1663:Adam Mickiewicz
1624:
1618:
1613:
1595:
1541:
1535:
1513:
1454:
1448:
1352:Crimean Khanate
1344:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1312:
1302:
1300:Crimean Khanate
1296:
1230:Genoese Gazaria
1136:
1118:
1051:
931:
925:Cherson (theme)
921:
916:
904:(8th century).
875:Legio I Italica
813:
805:Main articles:
803:
666:
646:
636:
503:
495:Main articles:
493:
488:
372:
334:Crimea's status
261:. In 1921, the
192:Crimean Khanate
64:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6365:
6363:
6355:
6354:
6344:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6285:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6236:Crimea Germans
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6211:Crimean Tatars
6208:
6203:
6197:
6195:
6188:
6182:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6168:
6166:
6155:
6151:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6136:Crimean Bridge
6133:
6127:
6121:
6115:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6083:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6041:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6009:
6003:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5984:Southern Coast
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5791:Genoese Crimea
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5755:
5745:
5739:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700: articles
5696:
5694:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5655:
5644:
5643:External links
5641:
5640:
5639:
5631:Wood, Evelyn.
5629:
5623:
5610:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5579:
5578:Historiography
5576:
5575:
5574:
5564:
5557:
5551:. UN-HABITAT.
5542:
5497:
5490:
5468:
5453:
5446:
5439:
5432:
5422:
5404:
5397:
5379:(1): 211–235.
5365:
5350:
5337:
5327:
5320:
5302:(2): 127–139.
5290:
5279:
5257:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5213:abcnews.go.com
5207:Blann, Susie.
5199:
5188:
5170:
5144:
5118:
5092:
5061:
5035:
5012:
4984:
4958:
4936:
4913:
4890:
4864:
4839:
4809:
4783:
4772:. 11 July 2014
4757:
4732:
4704:
4674:. 9 March 2015
4656:
4635:
4615:
4596:
4589:
4569:
4538:
4508:
4474:
4463:. 8 March 2015
4448:
4422:
4415:
4393:
4380:
4367:
4355:
4340:
4314:
4293:
4264:
4241:
4229:
4222:
4202:
4190:
4188:, p. 127.
4186:Bezverkha 2017
4178:
4171:
4151:
4128:
4110:
4094:
4092:, 7 March 2014
4071:
4053:
4032:
4007:
4004:The Red Terror
3979:
3972:
3966:. p. 72.
3950:
3931:
3905:
3885:
3858:
3851:
3831:
3812:
3781:
3765:
3749:
3708:
3700:"Soldier Khan"
3691:
3684:
3642:
3635:
3617:
3598:
3558:
3509:
3488:
3463:
3456:
3436:
3433:on 2007-03-02.
3417:
3403:
3383:
3372:Chisholm, Hugh
3367:"Crimea"
3356:
3349:
3331:
3306:
3289:
3279:
3267:
3243:
3219:
3200:(2): 120–128.
3184:
3178:978-0813529929
3177:
3159:
3133:
3074:
3013:
2994:(1): 106–112.
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2953:
2950:
2922:Main article:
2919:
2916:
2858:Main article:
2855:
2852:
2786:Russian troops
2782:Vladimir Putin
2774:demonstrations
2766:events in Kyiv
2751:
2748:
2702:ethnic Russian
2678:Cape of Sarych
2668:
2667:
2626:
2624:
2617:
2608:Main article:
2605:
2602:
2521:Main article:
2518:
2515:
2474:
2471:
2402:Crimean Tatars
2387:
2384:
2318:und Teilbezirk
2232:
2229:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2085:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2054:White movement
2052:Government of
2050:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2011:
2008:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1875:Following the
1858:Main article:
1855:
1852:
1809:Crimean Tatars
1805:Ottoman Empire
1769:Swallow's Nest
1760:
1757:
1722:Ottoman Empire
1718:British Empire
1710:Russian Empire
1702:Main article:
1699:
1696:
1651:Taurida Oblast
1632:Russian Empire
1620:Main article:
1617:
1614:
1607:Taurida Oblast
1594:
1591:
1537:Main article:
1534:
1531:
1512:
1509:
1462:Turkic peoples
1458:Crimean Tatars
1447:
1444:
1379:Dniester River
1338:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1298:Main article:
1295:
1292:
1280:siege of Kaffa
1265:series of wars
1178:Volga Bulgaria
1117:
1114:
1057:, such as the
1050:
1047:
1022:Following the
959:Rus' Khaganate
920:
917:
915:
912:
908:Crimean Gothic
892:(AD 250), the
855:Charax, Crimea
802:
799:
761:, the king of
759:Mithridates VI
670:ancient Greeks
662:Main article:
635:
632:
589:Archaic Period
545:in the north.
492:
489:
487:
484:
371:
368:
300:Following the
249:and was where
196:Ottoman Empire
133:client kingdom
105:Greek colonies
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6364:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6334:
6333:
6322:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6278:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6252:Crimean Tatar
6250:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6226:Pontic Greeks
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6183:
6173:
6170:
6169:
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6159:
6156:
6152:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6092:
6091:2017 election
6089:
6088:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6064:State Council
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6030:
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6017:
6015:
6014:
6010:
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6004:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5990:
5987:
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5967:
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5958:
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5953:
5950:
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5909:
5899:
5896:
5894:
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5883:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5821:Soviet period
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5776:Crimean Goths
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5732:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5699:
5692:
5687:
5685:
5680:
5678:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5653:filmportal.de
5650:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5620:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5589:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5570:(Brill 2001)
5569:
5565:
5560:
5558:9789211319200
5554:
5550:
5549:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5502:Slavic Review
5498:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5469:9781315287713
5465:
5461:
5460:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5362:9781849044639
5359:
5355:
5351:
5348:(2): 135–143.
5347:
5343:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5258:9780822319948
5254:
5249:
5248:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5230:
5214:
5210:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5192:
5189:
5184:
5180:
5174:
5171:
5158:
5154:
5148:
5145:
5133:
5129:
5122:
5119:
5107:
5103:
5096:
5093:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5065:
5062:
5050:
5046:
5039:
5036:
5024:. RIA Novosti
5023:
5016:
5013:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4988:
4985:
4973:
4969:
4962:
4959:
4946:
4940:
4937:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4917:
4914:
4901:
4894:
4891:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4865:
4849:
4843:
4840:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4813:
4810:
4798:
4794:
4787:
4784:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4758:
4746:
4742:
4736:
4733:
4720:
4719:
4718:Government.no
4714:
4708:
4705:
4693:
4689:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4639:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4619:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4597:
4592:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4523:
4519:
4512:
4509:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4486:
4478:
4475:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4356:
4352:. Al Jazeera.
4351:
4344:
4341:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4315:
4303:
4297:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4265:9785851670572
4261:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4239:, p. 14.
4238:
4237:Allworth 1998
4233:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4206:
4203:
4200:, p. 67.
4199:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4119:John Erickson
4114:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4054:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4022:on 2022-06-25
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:. Chapter 4:
4001:
4000:0-674-07608-7
3997:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3874:(88): 17–41.
3873:
3869:
3862:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3835:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3822:H. A. R. Gibb
3816:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3750:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3706:. April 2014.
3705:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3599:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3440:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3418:
3406:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3332:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3293:
3290:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3268:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3160:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3017:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2979:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2904:Dnieper river
2901:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2881:Russian ruble
2874:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2796:and declared
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2700:the majority
2699:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2664:
2661:
2653:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2529:
2524:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2426:Tatar Legions
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:Joseph Stalin
2411:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2306:Joseph Stalin
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:Joseph Stalin
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2150:
2142:
2137:
2129:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:Pyotr Wrangel
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:Anton Denikin
2055:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:Nestor Makhno
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:Baltic German
1774:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:French Empire
1711:
1705:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1684:Franz Roubaud
1680:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1657:, with a new
1656:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1640:Sublime Porte
1633:
1628:
1623:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1568:Sublime Porte
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:In 1553–1554
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:Crimean Goths
1463:
1459:
1453:
1446:Tatar society
1445:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1406:Meñli I Giray
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1335:
1321:
1311:
1310:Crimean Goths
1307:
1301:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1075:Crimean Goths
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:steppe nomads
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
966:
964:
960:
956:
948:
944:
940:
935:
930:
926:
913:
911:
909:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
812:
808:
800:
795:
791:
786:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
740:his campaigns
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
690:
685:
681:
679:
675:
671:
665:
658:
654:
650:
645:
641:
633:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
541:
537:
533:
529:
519:
512:
507:
502:
498:
490:
485:
483:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
461:
456:
454:
449:
447:
443:
442:interstadials
439:
435:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
376:
369:
367:
365:
361:
357:
354:
350:
346:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
291:Ukrainian SSR
288:
284:
280:
276:
273:, Crimea was
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
232:
228:
227:Sublime Porte
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
179:. During the
178:
174:
170:
167:whose prince
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
98:
94:
86:
82:
78:
74:
65: 300 BC
59:
55:
51:
46:
38:
32:
27:
19:
6330:
6289:Christianity
6186:Demographics
6054:Constitution
6011:
5999:Subdivisions
5969:Kerch Strait
5743:Greek Crimea
5734:
5632:
5614:
5603:
5587:
5567:
5547:
5505:
5501:
5493:
5458:
5449:
5442:
5435:
5425:
5410:
5400:
5376:
5372:
5353:
5345:
5341:
5330:
5323:
5299:
5295:
5284:
5246:
5217:. Retrieved
5212:
5202:
5191:
5182:
5173:
5161:. Retrieved
5156:
5147:
5135:. Retrieved
5131:
5121:
5109:. Retrieved
5105:
5095:
5083:. Retrieved
5078:
5074:
5064:
5052:. Retrieved
5048:
5038:
5026:. Retrieved
5015:
5003:. Retrieved
4996:
4987:
4975:. Retrieved
4971:
4961:
4949:. Retrieved
4939:
4922:
4916:
4904:. Retrieved
4893:
4881:. Retrieved
4867:
4855:. Retrieved
4842:
4830:. Retrieved
4826:the original
4812:
4800:. Retrieved
4796:
4786:
4776:22 September
4774:. Retrieved
4770:The Diplomat
4760:
4749:. Retrieved
4747:. 2022-03-29
4744:
4735:
4723:. Retrieved
4716:
4707:
4695:. Retrieved
4691:
4676:. Retrieved
4671:
4648:
4638:
4629:
4618:
4609:
4599:
4579:
4572:
4564:
4557:. Retrieved
4551:
4541:
4532:
4525:. Retrieved
4521:
4511:
4500:. Retrieved
4489:
4477:
4465:. Retrieved
4460:
4451:
4441:
4425:
4406:
4396:
4388:
4383:
4375:
4370:
4358:
4343:
4333:27 September
4331:. Retrieved
4327:
4317:
4307:10 September
4305:. Retrieved
4296:
4254:
4244:
4232:
4212:
4205:
4193:
4181:
4161:
4154:
4139:
4122:
4113:
4105:
4097:
4089:
4074:
4064:
4056:
4044:. Retrieved
4035:
4024:. Retrieved
4020:the original
4010:
4003:
3987:
3982:
3959:
3953:
3944:
3934:
3926:the original
3921:
3917:
3908:
3897:. Retrieved
3888:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3841:
3834:
3825:
3815:
3801:(1–2): 2–7.
3798:
3794:
3784:
3776:
3768:
3760:
3752:
3740:. Retrieved
3736:the original
3731:
3703:
3694:
3669:
3626:
3620:
3601:
3589:. Retrieved
3582:the original
3561:
3529:(9): 971–5.
3526:
3522:
3512:
3496:
3491:
3480:. Retrieved
3478:. 2015-05-24
3475:
3466:
3446:
3439:
3431:the original
3420:
3408:. Retrieved
3393:
3386:
3375:
3359:
3340:
3334:
3322:. Retrieved
3318:
3309:
3299:
3292:
3282:
3270:
3259:. Retrieved
3255:
3246:
3235:. Retrieved
3231:
3222:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3168:
3162:
3150:. Retrieved
3136:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3032:
3026:
3016:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2927:
2897:
2878:
2875:, 1 May 2019
2850:of peoples.
2845:
2838:
2834:a resolution
2808:Ukraine and
2807:
2776:against the
2763:
2691:
2686:Russian Navy
2656:
2647:
2628:
2578:East Germany
2567:
2560:
2546:
2534:
2491:Bakhchysarai
2483:Russian SFSR
2476:
2467:
2452:
2399:
2373:
2369:Soviet Union
2362:
2355:
2352:Yitzhak Arad
2348:Crimean Jews
2345:
2325:
2324:by the Nazi
2321:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2251:World War II
2248:
2231:World War II
2217:
2206:
2159:
2112:Russian SFSR
2025:Solomon Krym
2018:
1946:(1917–1921)
1927:Jurisdiction
1917:
1874:
1813:
1792:
1790:
1746:
1742:
1707:
1690:
1666:
1648:
1637:
1580:
1576:
1574:influence.
1561:
1557:Russian army
1553:Ottoman navy
1542:
1514:
1494:
1455:
1437:
1414:
1403:
1372:
1368:Bakhchisaray
1360:Genghis Khan
1356:Hacı I Giray
1345:
1272:Golden Horde
1270:In 1346 the
1269:
1259:(Kerch) and
1238:
1223:
1215:Golden Horde
1210:
1205:
1200:Golden Horde
1197:Turco-Mongol
1182:
1159:
1145:fortress of
1130:Golden Horde
1103:
1052:
1032:
1021:
978:
967:
952:
906:
887:
852:
848:Roman Empire
841:
825:Panticapaeum
801:Roman Empire
767:Pharnaces II
748:
746:in 513 BCE.
742:against the
730:The Persian
729:
705:Panticapaeum
694:
673:
667:
605:
578:
547:
525:
469:
465:Chalcolithic
457:
450:
396:
381:
299:
271:World War II
267:Russian SFSR
263:Crimean ASSR
240:
219:Russian army
215:Ottoman navy
204:
188:Golden Horde
92:
80:
76:
70:
26:
5929:Arabat Spit
5816:Crimean War
5508:(1): 1–22.
4198:Rywkin 1994
4046:8 September
2936:during the
2650:August 2024
2552:closed city
2537:transferred
2459:Dardanelles
2378:hosted the
2296:in Crimea:
2255:Third Reich
2130:Interbellum
2056:'s General
1828:Belarusians
1704:Crimean War
1698:Crimean War
1429:Tatar raids
1421:Wild Fields
1389:recognized
1288:Black Death
1219:Staryi Krym
1110:Kievan Rus'
993:Chersonesus
989:Kievan Rus'
970:slave trade
914:Middle Ages
896:(376), the
863:Chersonesos
723:(in modern
721:Chersonesos
653:Chersonesos
566:Greek myths
550:Geographica
431:periglacial
388:Neanderthal
287:transferred
241:During the
236:Crimean War
225:forced the
165:Kievan Rus'
155:and by the
109:Chersonesos
91:), and the
50:Chersonesus
6206:Ukrainians
6076:Sevastopol
5934:Arabat Bay
5715:Sevastopol
5235:See also:
5219:17 October
5215:. ABC News
4751:2022-03-29
4502:2022-01-23
4461:Yahoo News
4148:080322270X
4026:2023-02-08
3899:2018-07-08
3852:0312278152
3482:2024-01-20
3261:2019-02-06
3252:"Taurians"
3237:2019-02-06
2873:Simferopol
2871:parade in
2740:Yanukovych
2711:, after a
2594:Ukrainians
2590:Simferopol
2586:Sevastopol
2548:Sevastopol
2443:Uzbekistan
2390:See also:
2198:capitalist
2134:See also:
2084:government
2080:Bolshevik
1940:Revolution
1909:Red Terror
1885:White Army
1848:Bulgarians
1842:and Roma.
1781:Neo-Gothic
1728:, and the
1682:Detail of
1597:See also:
1505:Çufut Qale
1071:Sarmatians
1063:Cimmerians
1003:'s sister
985:Tmutarakan
949:in 989 CE.
929:Tmutarakan
871:vexillatio
725:Sevastopol
676:after the
657:Sevastopol
655:in modern
640:Spartocids
616:Simferopol
411:Gravettian
407:Simferopol
370:Prehistory
360:referendum
314:Sevastopol
259:Red Terror
255:White Army
173:Sevastopol
113:Sevastopol
48:Coin from
6267:Ukrainian
6245:Languages
6231:Krymchaks
6216:Armenians
5944:Black Sea
5917:Geography
5538:159492185
5486:476453248
5393:162235937
5316:148535821
5275:610947243
4972:Bloomberg
4902:. Reuters
4282:cite book
4274:605030537
3773:"Slavery"
3742:March 28,
3728:"History"
3507:. pp. 271
3476:Big Think
3214:128493730
2912:conquered
2910:, Russia
2854:Aftermath
2826:sanctions
2746:in 2014.
2737:president
2733:overthrow
2692:With the
2682:Black Sea
2638:talk page
2479:an oblast
2434:Bulgarian
2292:" at the
2290:Big Three
2275:Hero City
2224:Holodomor
1944:Civil War
1836:Armenians
1820:Krymchaks
1673:Black Sea
1255:(Sudak),
1245:Venetians
1189:Batu Khan
1180:in 1223.
1162:Trebizond
1067:Scythians
867:Scythians
859:Vespasian
796:, c. 1770
790:Antiquity
773:with the
744:Scythians
709:Milesians
701:Theodosia
570:Iphigenia
562:Scythians
558:Herodotus
543:Scythians
501:Scythians
486:Antiquity
460:Neolithic
419:Black Sea
405:(east of
332:in 2010.
320:. A 1997
279:an oblast
269:. During
245:, Crimea
153:Venetians
117:Scythians
6346:Category
6332:Category
6281:Religion
6257:Krymchak
6221:Karaites
6201:Russians
6086:Governor
6033:Politics
5939:Azov Sea
5882:Chairman
5781:Kipchaks
5766:Akatziri
5530:18727221
5478:93029308
5409:(2014).
5267:97019110
5163:23 March
5137:17 April
5111:17 April
5085:17 April
5054:14 April
4998:BBC News
4877:Archived
4857:24 April
4725:28 March
4697:10 March
4672:BBC News
4496:Archived
4467:24 March
4434:Archived
4391:. p. 174
4378:, p. 107
4252:(2005).
4121:(1975).
4082:Archived
3824:(1954).
3666:(2000).
3610:Archived
3591:30 March
3569:(2013).
3553:12194776
3505:40241665
3410:8 August
3324:30 March
3128:21698105
3088:PLOS ONE
3069:11535837
3008:18357583
2958:Akatziri
2952:See also
2790:Aksyonov
2772:sparked
2729:extended
2631:disputed
2598:Russians
2495:Dzhankoy
2430:Armenian
2408:in the "
2337:Romanian
2279:Red Army
2271:besieged
2222:and the
2092:Béla Kun
1938:Russian
1933:Details
1913:Béla Kun
1901:Istanbul
1897:Red Army
1895:and the
1816:Russians
1801:Anatolia
1793:en masse
1644:Bulgakov
1587:Mariupol
1555:and the
1545:defeated
1468:and the
1395:Ottomans
1364:Qırq Yer
1193:Mordovia
1166:Perateia
1095:Kipchaks
1009:baptized
1001:Basil II
963:Khazaria
947:baptized
736:Darius I
697:colonies
608:Scythian
601:Scilurus
585:colonies
528:Iron Age
351:and the
330:extended
217:and the
207:defeated
157:Genovese
6306:Judaism
6262:Russian
6194:Peoples
6154:Society
6131:Tourism
6119:Economy
5957:Vyalova
5771:Khazars
5735:History
5635:(2005)
5522:2697641
4931:2627417
4906:8 March
4883:May 19,
4832:8 March
4802:8 March
4692:Reuters
4678:9 March
4650:Reuters
4559:8 March
4553:Reuters
4527:8 March
3880:4205010
3544:2732530
3374:(ed.).
3315:"Tauri"
3152:21 June
3119:3117838
3096:Bibcode
3037:Bibcode
2869:May Day
2803:nuclear
2503:Alushta
2457:to the
2341:Italian
2322:Taurien
2249:During
2023:member
2017:former
2004:Second
1924:Country
1844:Germans
1797:Dobruja
1675:Coast.
1572:Russian
1517:Cossack
1501:Karaism
1484:of the
1474:Khazars
1470:Genoese
1383:Genoese
1377:to the
1253:Soldaia
1249:Cembalo
1234:Ottoman
1143:Genoese
1099:Mongols
1091:Khazars
1083:Bulgars
1028:English
902:Khazars
898:Bulgars
883:legatus
873:of the
829:Taurica
713:Dorians
674:Taurica
620:Dnieper
574:Orestes
511:Kul-Oba
478:in the
340:of the
338:removal
289:to the
251:Wrangel
115:, with
81:Taurica
54:Artemis
18:Taurida
6165:Sports
6013:Raions
6007:Cities
5989:Syvash
5952:Marble
5948:Caves
5698:Crimea
5621:
5572:online
5555:
5536:
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5496:(2007)
5484:
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5430:online
5417:
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5314:
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5028:29 May
5005:29 May
4977:29 May
4951:29 May
4947:. TASS
4929:
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2828:. The
2721:treaty
2550:was a
2509:, and
2507:Alupka
2463:Turkey
2410:Sürgün
2243:, and
2202:Greece
2200:state
2182:Greeks
1987:First
1930:Period
1840:Greeks
1838:, and
1724:, the
1720:, the
1716:, the
1693:(1904)
1609:, and
1583:pogrom
1520:Hetman
1507:area.
1425:slaves
1391:Polish
1354:under
1346:After
1284:plague
1257:Cherco
1206:Crimea
1132:, and
1039:Venice
833:Crimea
794:London
779:Romans
771:Pompey
763:Pontus
755:Athens
734:under
624:Crimea
597:piracy
581:Greeks
554:Strabo
540:Iranic
534:, the
526:Early
438:steppe
423:refuge
322:treaty
304:, the
185:Mongol
129:Pontus
77:Tauris
58:quiver
6311:Islam
5534:S2CID
5518:JSTOR
5389:S2CID
5312:S2CID
4851:(PDF)
3964:Knopf
3876:JSTOR
3585:(PDF)
3574:(PDF)
3501:JSTOR
3370:. In
3210:S2CID
3060:58583
2974:Notes
2582:Kerch
2438:Greek
2404:were
2376:Yalta
2288:The "
2190:Greek
2020:Kadet
1832:Turks
1773:Yalta
1490:Oghuz
1433:Kaffa
1419:(the
1387:Kaffa
1375:Kuban
1348:Timur
1276:Kaffa
1261:Caffa
1211:Qirim
1204:name
1147:Caffa
1079:Alans
1059:Tauri
974:Slavs
890:Goths
715:from
678:Tauri
628:Goths
593:Roman
536:Tauri
497:Tauri
434:loess
121:Tauri
97:Greek
85:Greek
52:with
6059:Head
5619:ISBN
5553:ISBN
5526:PMID
5482:OCLC
5474:LCCN
5464:ISBN
5415:ISBN
5358:ISBN
5271:OCLC
5263:LCCN
5253:ISBN
5221:2022
5165:2021
5139:2022
5113:2022
5087:2022
5056:2016
5030:2016
5007:2016
4979:2016
4953:2016
4927:SSRN
4908:2015
4885:2014
4859:2014
4834:2015
4804:2015
4778:2021
4727:2019
4699:2015
4680:2015
4585:ISBN
4561:2015
4529:2015
4522:Time
4469:2015
4411:ISBN
4335:2017
4309:2021
4288:link
4270:OCLC
4260:ISBN
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4167:ISBN
4144:ISBN
4090:UCSJ
4048:2021
3996:ISBN
3968:ISBN
3847:ISBN
3820:Sir
3744:2007
3680:ISBN
3631:ISBN
3593:2015
3549:PMID
3452:ISBN
3412:2013
3399:ISBN
3345:ISBN
3326:2014
3173:ISBN
3154:2011
3124:PMID
3065:PMID
3028:PNAS
3004:PMID
2944:and
2908:2022
2764:The
2758:and
2696:and
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2436:and
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