326:"There are, o monks, some ascetics and Brahmins who speak thus and are of such opinion: 'Whatever a particular person experiences, whether pleasant or painful, or neither pleasant nor painful, all this has its cause in what was previously done. For this reason, the elimination of previous deeds through penance and the non-performing of new deeds is tantamount to non-inflow in the future. From the non flow in the future, there is destruction of deeds. From the destruction of deeds, there is destruction of pain. From the destruction of pain, there is destruction of feeling; from the destruction of feeling, all pain will become erased. Thus say, o monks, those free of bonds .
558:
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38:
1052:). An illustrative list of thirteen permissible ascetic practices for Buddhists, attributed to Buddha are, according to Buswell and Lopez: wearing clothes made from discarded clothing; wearing only three robes; alms seeking; not begging food only at those houses that provide good food, but also begging at homes that do not; eating daily once, in one sitting; not eating
6741:
2852:
8321:
6733:
5525:
1057:
a sitting position without ever lying down. In other
Buddhist texts, the list varies, and in some cases allowed ascetic practices for monks include wearing only clothes made from coarse hemp or wool. Ascetic practices were suggested particularly for those Buddhist monks who were found to be greedy or of deluded character.
1150:
Lowitz, L., & Datta, R. (2004). Sacred
Sanskrit Words: For Yoga, Chant, and Meditation. Stone Bridge Press, Inc.; see Tapas or tapasya in Sanskrit means, the conditioning of the body through the proper kinds and amounts of diet, rest, bodily training, meditation, etc., to bring it to the greatest
577:
is interpreted as austerities and asceticism; however, this is frequently inadequate because it fails to reflect the context implied, which is of sexual heat or warmth that incubates the birth of life. The idea of linking austerity, exertion, fatigue and self-renunciation to the ancient idea of heat,
147:
relate to the heat necessary for biological birth. Its conceptual origin is traced to the natural wait, motherly warmth and physical "brooding" provided by birds such as a hen upon her eggs - a process that is essential to hatching and birth. The Vedic scholars used mother nature's example to explain
1056:
food, but only what one gathered in a bowl after begging; refusing more food; dwelling in a forest; dwelling at the root of a tree; dwelling in open air with tent made from one's own robe; dwelling in cremation ground; dwelling anywhere and being satisfied with it; repeatedly sleeping only in
398:
In the
Mahayana tradition, asceticism with esoteric and mystical meanings became an accepted practice, such as in the Tendai and Shingon schools of Japanese Buddhism. These Japanese practices included penance, austerities, ablutions under a waterfall, and rituals to purify oneself. Japanese records
898:
was a central concept as a means of salvation. According to Arthur Basham, the
Ajivikas believed in the most rigorous ascetic practices in public. They believed in not harming anything and not being a cause of hurt to any living creature or substance, so they ate refuse, waste products, went deep
578:
brooding and inner devotion, comes from the observed labor every mother puts in caring for its embryo and delivering her baby, regardless of the life form. The concept and reference to 'egg hatching' is replaced in
Sanskrit texts written in later centuries, with simply 'brooding' or 'incubation'.
1022:
in
Jainism as asceticism, some as penance. Further, the opening varies: "ascetics and Brahmins", or "contemplatives and Brahmins", or "recluses and Brahmins", with former meaning those who seek salvation but do not preach, the latter meaning those who seek salvation and also preach. See: Piotr
819:
include fasting, tolerating hardships inflicted by other people or animals, tolerating all discomfort from weather by nakedness or near nakedness and the lack of any possessions, lack of shelter, walking and wandering alone without fearing anything and without hurting anyone. The internal
728:(bare minimum living, sacrifice of comfort). Oldenberg notes that Brahmana scripture suggests that the Brahmachari should carry tapas to the very tip of his existence, which includes not cutting his hair, nail and beard. Thus, during this process of spiritual rebirth and
628:
and the texts of the goddess tradition of
Hinduism, the term is equivalent to a devotion with intense self-discipline, believed to yield special inner powers. In contemporary usage, any practice that includes hardship and requires perseverance ā such as fasting during
933:
practices of
Ajivikas, as well as other information about them is primarily from the Buddhist and Jain texts; scholars question whether the description of Ajivikas has been fairly and completely summarized in these, or are these polemic misrepresentations.
443:
means "meditation" or "reasoned moral self discipline" or both in
Buddhism. According to Bailey and Mabbett, these Buddhist ideas are similar to those found in the Brahmanical (Vedic) tradition, wherein there is a great deal of overlap in the concepts of
545:
is important, but not sufficient for spiritual practice. Later Hindu scholars introduce a discussion of āfalse asceticā, as one who go through the mechanics of tapas, without meditating on the nature of
662:(virtuous practices), and describes it in several sections such as 2.32, 2.43 and 4.1. The term includes self-discipline, meditation, simple and austere living or any means of inner self-purification.
493:, for example, suggests that those who engage in ritualistic offerings to gods and priests will fail in their spiritual practice while those who engage in tapas and self-examination will succeed. The
87:
are widely used to expound several spiritual concepts that develop through heat or inner energy, such as meditation, any process to reach special observations and insights, the spiritual ecstasy of a
477:. Atharva Veda verse 11.5.3 compares the process of spiritual rebirth of a student in care of his or her teacher, with the gestation process during the biological birth of a baby in a mother's womb.
761:
is a central concept in
Jainism. It refers to the spiritual practice of body mortification, penance, and austerities, in order to burn away past karma and stop producing new karma, thereby reaching
589:
recommended for a woman who wishes to win or compel a man's love is, 'Love's consuming longing, this passion this yearning, which the gods have poured, into the waters of life, I kindle for thee (
68:
and self-discipline; and in the different traditions within Hinduism it means a spectrum of practices ranging from asceticism, 'inner cleansing' to self-discipline by meditation practices. The
99:
derivative meaning "a practitioner of austerities, an ascetic"), even warmth of sexual intimacy. In certain contexts, the term means penance, pious activity, as well as severe meditation.
670:
text and other Hindu texts on Yoga, states Benjamin Smith, is that which is "a means for perfection of the body and the organs through the lessening of impurities" and a foundation for a
383:. These ascetic Buddhist monks are also found in Myanmar, and as in Thailand, they are known to pursue their own version of Buddhism, resisting the hierarchical institutionalized
3616:
1916:
1807:
H. Lommel (1955), Wiedergeburt aus Embryonalem Zustand in der Symbolic des Altindische Rituals, in Tod, Auferstehung, Weltordnung, ed. C. Hentze; Origo, Zurich, Switzerland
124:(ą¤¤ą¤Ŗą„) meaning "to heat, to give out warmth, to shine, to burn". The term evolves to also mean "to suffer, to mortify the body, undergo penance" in order to "burn away past
3006:
601:, to explain the feelings and inner energy that leads to sexual intercourse. Agnicayana, Satapatha Brahmana and other ancient texts similarly use the root of the word
316:. These ancient Buddhist texts are significant in their claims of the existence of Jain Brahmins and ascetics, along with their karma doctrine and reasons for their
4759:
2309:
361:
as a means of liberation, while many Jainism scholars have in turn strongly criticized Dharmakirti opinion and analysis, explaining why their approach to ascetic
2976:
391:
practices were a part of the Buddhist tradition in Sri Lanka by the 3rd century BCE, and this tradition continued through the medieval era in parallel to
3084:
1391:(1914), The Veda of the Black Yajus School Entitled Taittiriya Saihitd, 2 vols., Harvard University Press; Also: H. Oldenberg (1964), The Grihya Sutras,
1079:
Cort, J. E. (2002). Singing the glory of asceticism: devotion of asceticism in Jainism. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 70(4), pages 719-742
208:(neuter gender), literally "produced by heat", refers to a personal endeavor of discipline, undertaken to achieve a goal. One who undertakes tapas is a
1027:, volume 18, number 4, pages 46-47 with footnotes 52-58; Padmanabh S. Jaini (2001), Collected Papers on Buddhist Studies, Motilal Banarsidass, page 123
2841:
407:. Other practices include the extreme ascetic practices of eating only pine needles, resins, seeds and ultimately self-mummification, while alive, or
5514:
5351:
4803:
4535:
849:(external austerities): fasting, abstinences, restraint in begging alms, renunciation of delicacies, self-mortification, retreat from the world.
6666:
5006:
2986:
1998:
C. Blair (1961), Heat in the Rig Veda and Atharva Veda, American Oriental Society Publication, no. 45, Harvard University Press, pages 101-103
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was a part of Buddhist practice in its early days, wherein body-mortification was an option for the Buddhist monk in his spiritual practice.
1155:
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6671:
3169:
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practice. A mention of the ascetic practices of Ajivikas is found in Chinese and Japanese Buddhist literature, where they are spelled as
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4793:
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1468:
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1337:
Walter O. Kaelber (May, 1976), Tapas, Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda, History of Religions, Vol. 15, No. 4, pages 343, 358
1036:
The optional ascetic practices are not mentioned in the Buddhist Vinaya texts, but listed in some Sila texts, where they are called
855:(internal austerities): penance, respect to elders, service to others, study, meditation, abandonment of the body in one's thoughts.
8324:
3232:
1825:
Walter O. Kaelber (May, 1976), Tapas, Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda, History of Religions, Vol. 15, No. 4, pages 355-356
1379:
Walter O. Kaelber (May, 1976), Tapas, Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda, History of Religions, Vol. 15, No. 4, pages 349-350
2327:
Walter O. Kaelber (May, 1976), Tapas, Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda, History of Religions, Vol. 15, No. 4, page 357-360
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1989:
Walter O. Kaelber (May, 1976), Tapas, Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda, History of Religions, Vol. 15, No. 4, pages 347
929:
religion, just like Buddhism and Jainism, and these competed with each other. Most of the Ajivika texts have not survived. The
2354:
Walter O. Kaelber (May, 1976), Tapas, Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda, History of Religions, Vol. 15, No. 4, page 362
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is to help focus the Brahmachari on meditation, observation of reality, reflection and spiritual rebirth. Brahmacharya and
8164:
6589:
5328:
5026:
4709:
3001:
2834:
894:
was another ancient Indian religion which survived through about 13th-century CE, but became extinct thereafter, in which
1463:
Randall Collins (2000), The sociology of philosophies: a global theory of intellectual change, Harvard University Press,
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Meditation and achievement of lucid knowledge is declared essential to self-realization in ancient scriptures. Texts by
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1151:
possible state of creative power. It involves practicing the art of controlling materialistic desires to attain moksha.
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6452:
6411:
4602:
4511:
4407:
4341:
3981:
3626:
3139:
3034:
2461:
Harmless Souls: Karmic Bondage and Religious Change in Early Jainism with Special Reference to UmÄsvÄti and Kundakunda
557:
399:
from the 12th century record stories of monks undertaking severe asceticism, while records suggest that 19th century
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3016:
2179:
Helaine Selin (Editor), Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures,
736:
observed by a Brahmachari may include silence, fasting, seclusion, chastity, as well other activities. The goal of
379:
as ascetic wandering and forest or crematory dwelling monks, with austere practices, and these came to be known as
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in Buddhism and Jainism is found in Devadaha Sutta. The translations vary with scholars, with some translating
650:
495:
6976:
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7905:
7765:
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6204:
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5383:
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4694:
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4161:
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1938:
1388:
624:
school of Hinduism, the term means self-training and virtuous living in a sense similar to Buddhism. In the
581:
In ancient literature of Hinduism dedicated to love, desire, lust, seduction and sex, the root of the word
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8201:
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7134:
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4644:
4595:
4436:
4384:
4379:
4141:
3859:
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1900:
1888:
828:(action). The list of internal and external austerities in Jainism vary with the text and tradition, with
403:
monks woke up at midnight or 2:00 AM daily, and performed ascetic water purification rituals as a part of
550:. Tapas is an element of spiritual path, state Indian texts. The concept is extensively mentioned in the
52:: ą¤¤ą¤Ŗą¤øą„, romanized: tapas) is a variety of austere spiritual meditation practices in Indian religions. In
8380:
8270:
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368:
According to Hajime Nakamura and other scholars, some scriptures of early Buddhism suggest that ascetic
72:
practice often involves solitude and is a part of monastic practices that are believed to be a means to
28:
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5841:
4014:
605:
to symbolize emotions, biological stages and a mother's effort from conception to the birth of a baby.
108:
6943:
4531:
3671:
1367:
H. Oertel, "The Jaiminiya-Upanisad Brahmana," Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 16 (1896)
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are interrelated, with the student life expected to be simple and austere, dedicated to the learning.
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2933:
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284:
3202:
3129:
1816:
M. Bloomfield (1964), Hymns of the Atharva Veda, Sacred Books of the East, Motilal Banarsidas, Delhi
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among Jaina monks, both internal and external, is believed to be essential for spiritual growth and
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8030:
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3492:
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3242:
3042:
2898:
2878:
2345:
J. Gonda (1965), Change and Continuity in Indian Religion, Mouton & Co., The Hague, Netherlands
1843:
David Carpenter, Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Editor: Knut Jacobsen (2010), Volume II, Brill,
489:
228:. Agni is considered an agent of heat, of sexual energy, of incubation; Agni is considered a great
164:
8310:
7319:
5090:
616:
has the sense of ascetic mortification in a sense similar to other Indian religions, while in the
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7159:
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6854:
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6488:
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1904:
1152:
7309:
910:, including sleeping on a bed of thorns and other forms of self-mortification. The Jainism text
375:
In the Theravada tradition of Thailand, a monastic practice emerged in the 12th-century who did
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6825:
3207:
2250:
2156:
2040:
1237:
573:
According to Walter Kaelber, and others, in certain translations of ancient Sanskrit documents
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2127:
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2100:
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2046:
1980:
P. Deussen (1966), The Philosophy of the Upanishads, Dover Publications, New York, pages 62-71
1961:
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621:
504:
400:
136:
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2720:
Ashram spirituality: A Search Into the Christian Ashram Movement Against Its Hindu Background
1955:
1867:
CR Prasad, Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Editor: Knut Jacobsen (2010), Volume II, Brill,
1358:
H. Oldenberg, Die Weltanschauung der Brahmana-Texts, Gottingen: Bandenhƶck und Ruprecht, 1919
8045:
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7846:
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830:
436:
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3134:
2675:
Paul Dundas (2002), The Jains (The Library of Religious Beliefs and Practices), Routledge,
1328:
M. Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964), page 410
914:
claims that the Ajivikas performed severe penances and self-mortification as part of their
8314:
8179:
8132:
8114:
8064:
7998:
7980:
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Self-Mummified Buddhas in Japan. An Aspect of the Shugen-DĆ“ ("Mountain Asceticism") Sect
926:
313:
256:
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7272:
7149:
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195:). In the JÄiminiya-Upanisad BrÄhmaÅa, life perpetuates itself and creates progeny by
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Because It Gives Me Peace of Mind: Ritual Fasts in the Religious Lives of Hindu Women
2151:
Because It Gives Me Peace of Mind: Ritual Fasts in the Religious Lives of Hindu Women
724:(philanthropic social work, sacrifice of income), silence (sacrifice of speech), and
684:
617:
562:
409:
5251:
4156:
4034:
3390:
3385:
2016:
A. L. Basham (1959), The Wonder That Was India, Grove Press, New York; pages 247-251
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1917:
Upanishad Vakya Kosha - A Concordance of the Principal Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita
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and stop new Karmas from being created, ones that lead to the cycle of rebirths in
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M. Eliade, Rites and Symbols of Initiation, Harper and Row, New York, pages 53-57
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5266:
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5095:
4236:
4221:
4004:
3812:
3740:
3520:
3350:
3252:
3099:
2971:
872:
789:
538:
354:
168:
6686:
5476:
3410:
569:, and symbolizes the heat and patience necessary to recreate and incubate life.
96:
8025:
7993:
7938:
7795:
7504:
7341:
7314:
7294:
7096:
6894:
6869:
6559:
6535:
6196:
6158:
6044:
5911:
5906:
5864:
5725:
5645:
5211:
5169:
5045:
4851:
4776:
4390:
4374:
4336:
4316:
4231:
4211:
4186:
4094:
4029:
4009:
3755:
3686:
3557:
3440:
3345:
3295:
3227:
2953:
2943:
2916:
2813:
2798:
Walter O. Kaelber, History of Religions, 1976, The University of Chicago Press
1171:
981:
963:
725:
280:
252:
65:
57:
37:
3525:
2007:
W. D. Whitney (1950), Atharva Veda Samhita, 2 vols., Harvard University Press
1410:. Vol. 58ā59. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 1978. p. 153.
906:, claims that the Ajivikas perform severe ascetic practices as part of their
8144:
7933:
7883:
7856:
7805:
7770:
7760:
7712:
7611:
7579:
7524:
7421:
7376:
7050:
6500:
6163:
6118:
6087:
6039:
6024:
5779:
5749:
5572:
5549:
5186:
5159:
4326:
4201:
3913:
3829:
3706:
3596:
3569:
3562:
3482:
3445:
3212:
3177:
3144:
3119:
3074:
2295:
1928:
M. Winternitz (1959), A History of Indian Literature, University of Calcutta
1522:. Routledge. pp. 149-150 with footnote 289 for the original mentioning
667:
484:
387:
structure of monasteries in Buddhism. Textual evidence suggests that ascetic
329:
148:
and extend this concept to the hatching of knowledge and spiritual rebirth.
6740:
4959:
3795:
3649:
3415:
3197:
3066:
3058:
1127:
Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
1095:
Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
179:- sages of spiritual insights. The Atharva Veda suggests all the gods were
5705:
3721:
824:
include words and inner thoughts (intent) that resonate with the external
8189:
8008:
8003:
7893:
7830:
7810:
7641:
7477:
7304:
7277:
7244:
7186:
7086:
7081:
7055:
7018:
6980:
6864:
6736:
6574:
6569:
6082:
6056:
5789:
5316:
5271:
5216:
5181:
5085:
4744:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4291:
4276:
4256:
4191:
4109:
4099:
4074:
4069:
3969:
3730:
3601:
3589:
3500:
3237:
3159:
2856:
2275:
1257:
A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and philologically arranged
985:
891:
868:
815:
in Jainism include internal practices and external austerities. External
801:
210:
202:
61:
49:
8090:
7943:
7861:
7851:
7626:
7616:
7589:
7584:
7574:
7529:
7514:
7509:
7289:
7234:
7219:
7211:
7178:
7045:
6948:
6923:
6899:
6884:
6798:
6788:
5923:
5699:
5694:
5665:
5528:
5221:
5164:
5149:
4296:
4286:
4261:
4136:
4131:
4089:
4059:
3991:
3957:
3908:
3844:
3785:
3780:
3676:
3634:
3537:
3375:
3325:
3112:
2938:
2801:
2795:
2026:
1732:
1375:
1373:
1316:
1220:
968:
860:
785:
712:
is enabled by the state of brahmacharya. This state sometimes includes
547:
160:
53:
5524:
5492:
899:
into forests, mountains or isolated caves to live their austere life.
8127:
8122:
8100:
7913:
7866:
7825:
7707:
7697:
7636:
7544:
7487:
7482:
7336:
7023:
6859:
6845:
6830:
6579:
6077:
5817:
5684:
5650:
5301:
5286:
5122:
4984:
4964:
4739:
4401:
4281:
4271:
4206:
3834:
3790:
3775:
3765:
3735:
3716:
3659:
3542:
3310:
3182:
2926:
2921:
2402:. Jain Publishing Company. pp. 169ā174, 178-198 with footnotes.
1153:
Yoga, Meditation on Om, Tapas, and Turiya in the principal Upanishads
976:
947:
700:
659:
625:
586:
452:
is rooted in the inner "mystic heat" themes of the Indian religions.
420:
Elsewhere, in mainstream Buddhism, over time the meaning of the word
309:
73:
17:
2814:
Yoga, Meditation on Om, Tapas and Turiya in the Principal Upanishads
2336:
H. Oldenberg (1894), Religion des Veda, Hertz, Berlin, page 427-428
1735:, History of Religions, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 1962), pages 222-242
1647:
Forest Recollections: Wandering Monks in Twentieth-Century Thailand
8018:
8013:
7717:
7687:
7621:
7601:
7539:
7519:
7492:
7331:
7033:
6933:
6879:
6835:
6813:
6214:
6191:
5660:
5441:
5276:
5134:
5100:
5080:
5050:
4979:
4396:
4241:
4119:
4114:
4084:
4039:
3886:
3881:
3760:
3465:
3290:
3257:
3247:
951:
630:
556:
551:
176:
125:
112:
80:
36:
2749:
History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas, a Vanished Indian Religion
2523:
Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini
2431:
Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini
2399:
Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini
2367:
Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini
1283:
Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini
867:
implies a control on desires, and is a form a self purification.
8059:
7988:
7970:
7918:
7702:
7646:
7606:
7566:
7549:
7534:
7499:
6928:
6840:
5311:
4104:
3770:
3267:
777:
practices vary between the different traditions within Jainism.
671:
499:
states that realization of self requires a search for truth and
474:
216:
88:
6704:
5496:
2823:
1957:
The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction
175:
is described as the process that led to the spiritual birth of
6732:
4969:
3505:
2577:. International School of Dravidian Linguistics. p. 176.
1563:
Harmony and Strife: Contemporary Perspectives, East & West
1193:
Benjamin R Smith (2008). Mark Singleton and Jean Byrne (ed.).
1778:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 152 with footnote 44.
1395:, 2 vols., Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi; see 1.7.25.1, 7.1.1.28
34:
Variety of spiritual meditation practices in Indian religions
2608:
2606:
2434:. Jain Publishing Company. pp. 205ā210 with footnotes.
2042:
An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies
1236:
Monier William's Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 2nd Ed. 1899,
788:
school emphasizes "knowledge only, no practices", while the
6793:
2123:
Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas
704:(incubation of a student in a field of knowledge) requires
694:
in the Hindu traditions is part of a stage of life, called
439:, it does not mean "asceticism or mortification". The term
1960:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 71ā72, 59ā61, 77ā78.
1566:. Chinese University Press. pp. 99 with footnote 25.
1023:
Balcerowicz (2015) ibid; Piya Tan (2005), Devadaha Sutta,
514:
as a means to attain spiritual knowledge and realization:
1748:
Rethinking Japan: Social sciences, ideology & thought
612:
are found in various Hindu texts. In some ancient texts,
561:
Agni, the fire deity, is common at Hindu rituals such as
435:
appears extensively in Buddhist literature where, states
159:
is found in many ancient Hindu scriptures, including the
2635:
2633:
2526:. Jain Publishing Company. p. 182 with footnote 3.
448:, Yoga, meditation and gnosis (knowledge), yet the term
1745:
Adriana Boscaro; Franco Gatti; Massimo Raveri (1990).
340:, early Buddhist text, Translated by Piotr Balcerowicz
251:
Before he reached his enlightenment, the Buddha tried
2029:, History of Religions, Vol. 15, No. 4, pages 346-349
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
349:
practices is also confirmed by Jainism texts such as
279:). Post-enlightenment, the Buddhist doctrines of the
2217:
Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice
1492:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 73 with footnote 2.
1489:
Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes
1407:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
1319:, History of Religions, Vol. 15, No. 4, page 344-345
796:
and the means of reaching moksha. Another Jain text
792:
emphasize "practices only, no knowledge" as part of
8113:
8078:
7904:
7839:
7746:
7673:
7666:
7565:
7468:
7459:
7367:
7253:
7210:
7177:
7095:
7069:
7032:
7011:
7002:
6994:
6910:
6779:
6770:
6634:
6598:
6481:
6420:
6384:
6314:
6232:
6225:
6177:
6101:
6065:
6015:
5942:
5857:
5803:
5748:
5739:
5563:
5535:
5412:
5327:
5242:
4940:
4842:
4725:
4422:
4350:
4177:
4050:
3990:
3625:
3491:
3431:
3276:
3168:
3098:
2952:
2897:
1617:Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013).
1590:Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013).
1437:Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013).
1196:
Yoga in the Modern World: Contemporary Perspectives
784:, a commentary by Pujyapada, claims that the Hindu
424:evolved, wherein ascetic penance was forsaken, and
187:), and all earthly life was created from the sun's
2768:
2453:
2451:
2242:
2148:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1585:
1583:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1426:. Indian Archaeological Society. 1996. p. 67.
1249:
1247:
1245:
585:is commonly used. For example, in Atharva Veda, a
300:, attributes the ascetic self-mortification style
2515:
2513:
1511:
1509:
1221:"Tapas", Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda
1087:
1085:
473:as symbolism for spiritual rebirth begins in the
1650:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 1ā2, 37.
1596:. Princeton University Press. pp. 255ā256.
1519:Early Asceticism in India: ÄjÄ«vikism and Jainism
290:The Buddha, in multiple Buddhist texts, such as
259:religions (Jainism), and this is referred to as
255:(self-mortification) of the type found in other
2796:Tapas, Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda
2364:Colette Caillat (2003). Olle Qvarnstrƶm (ed.).
2249:. State University of New York Press. pp.
2155:. State University of New York Press. pp.
2027:Tapas, Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda
1949:
1947:
1623:. Princeton University Press. p. 22, 910.
1317:Tapas, Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda
516:
322:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2391:
2389:
2387:
1286:. Jain Publishing Company. pp. 206, 212.
1075:
1073:
83:literature of Hinduism, fusion words based on
27:"Tapasya" redirects here. For other uses, see
6716:
5508:
2835:
2816:, Ira Israel and Barbara Holdrege, 1999, UCSB
2093:John Stratton Hawley; Donna M. Wulff (1998).
2039:Orlando O. EspĆn; James B. Nickoloff (2007).
1560:Shuxian Liu; Robert Elliott Allinson (1988).
239:refers to a male ascetic or meditator, while
8:
3617:Basic points unifying TheravÄda and MahÄyÄna
2810:, Anthony Murdock, 1983, McMaster University
2520:Peter Flugel (2003). Olle Qvarnstrƶm (ed.).
2396:Peter Flugel (2003). Olle Qvarnstrƶm (ed.).
2323:
2321:
2319:
1919:G.A. Jacob, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 395-397
1891:Robert Hume, Oxford University Press, p. 374
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1443:. Princeton University Press. p. 894.
220:, is central to many Hindu rituals such as
171:(4.34.1, 6.61.1, 11.1.26). In these texts,
135:The meaning of the word evolves in ancient
64:, it denotes spiritual practices including
7670:
7465:
7038:
7008:
6776:
6723:
6709:
6701:
6229:
5745:
5515:
5501:
5493:
2842:
2828:
2820:
2428:S Fujinaga (2003). Olle Qvarnstrƶm (ed.).
2308:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1280:S Fujinaga (2003). Olle Qvarnstrƶm (ed.).
879:for twelve years, after which he attained
428:meant meditative and spiritual practices.
357:strongly criticizes the Jaina practice of
308:), wherein such practices annihilate past
199:, a process that starts with sexual heat.
2496:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 48ā49.
2464:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 196ā197.
773:(moksha, liberation). The details of the
2802:Tapas and Purification in Early Hinduism
2370:. Jain Publishing Company. p. 113.
2126:. Temple University Press. p. 151.
2069:Exploring Alterity in a Globalized World
4804:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
2804:, Walter O. Kaelber, Numen, 1979, BRILL
2775:, Bhopal (M.P.): Jnanodaya Vidyapeeth,
1937:F. Edgerton (1944), The Bhagavad Gita,
1907:, Harvard University Press, pp. 402-404
1354:
1352:
1260:. Clarendon Press, Oxford. p. 363.
1069:
1007:
5007:List of Buddhist architecture in China
2663:
2651:
2639:
2624:
2612:
2597:
2301:
1863:
1861:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1119:
1117:
1115:
946:- meditation and study of religion in
808:includes several kinds of meditation.
469:is in the Vedic texts. The concept of
60:(austerities, body mortification); in
41:Tapasya - Jain meditation in progress.
2277:Light on the Yoga SÅ«tras of PataƱjali
902:One of the Buddhist canonical texts,
597:) is homologized with the concept of
7:
2558:
2546:
2099:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 327.
1620:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
1593:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
1440:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
287:did not include ascetic practices.
8320:
1941:, vol. 39, Harvard University Press
155:, and compound words from the root
143:, and compound words from the root
109:DhyÄna in Hinduism Ā§ Agnihotra
4794:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
2493:Jainism: A Guide for the Perplexed
2045:. Liturgical Press. p. 1356.
593:), by the law of Varuna.' Desire (
523:and by a perpetually chaste life.
519:By Truth can this Self be grasped,
510:also emphasizes the importance of
151:Some of the earliest reference of
25:
2746:Basham, Arthur Llewellyn (1951).
2203:. Puį¹e: ÄnandÄÅrama. p. 102.
1772:Greg Bailey; Ian Mabbett (2003).
1014:A similar discussion contrasting
128:" and liberate oneself. The term
8319:
8309:
8300:
8299:
8288:
6993:
6739:
6731:
6685:
5523:
5475:
5465:
5464:
5022:Thai temple art and architecture
4767:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
3007:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
2873:
2860:
2850:
1708:Encyclopedia of Monasticism: A-L
883:(liberating supreme knowledge).
698:. The Vedic literature suggests
8289:
2874:
2722:. Satprakashan Sanchar Kendra.
2241:Anne Mackenzie Pearson (1996).
2147:Anne Mackenzie Pearson (1996).
2025:Walter O. Kaelber (May, 1976),
1775:The Sociology of Early Buddhism
1315:Walter O. Kaelber (May, 1976),
8214:Relations with other religions
6621:List of Digambar Jain ascetics
5012:Japanese Buddhist architecture
4814:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
3894:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
3085:Places where the Buddha stayed
1098:. Routledge. pp. 44, 58.
765:(liberating oneself). Ascetic
720:(fasting, sacrifice of food),
214:. The fire deity in Hinduism,
139:. The earliest discussions of
1:
5027:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
1711:. Routledge. pp. 90ā91.
804:, in chapter 9, asserts that
565:. Agni is considered a great
521:by Tapas, by Right Knowledge,
8346:Hindu philosophical concepts
4784:Buddhism and the Roman world
4760:Decline of Buddhism in India
4755:History of Buddhism in India
2855: Topics in
2697:. I. B. Tauris. p. 44.
1705:William M. Johnston (2000).
1124:Richard F. Gombrich (2006).
1092:Richard F. Gombrich (2006).
942:Modern practitioners pursue
320:practices in ancient times:
132:means "warmth, heat, fire".
8371:Jain philosophical concepts
5706:
3982:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
3722:
1548:Devadaha Sutta: At Devadaha
1546:Thanissaro Bhikkhu (2005),
8402:
8386:Sanskrit words and phrases
4932:The unanswerable questions
2666:, pp. 10ā11, 65, 278.
2274:Iyengar, B. K. S. (2002).
2072:. Routledge. p. 118.
1751:. Routledge. p. 250.
1516:Piotr Balcerowicz (2015).
1199:. Routledge. p. 144.
751:
395:style monastic tradition.
338:Cula Dukkha Kkhandha Sutta
106:
26:
8286:
7041:
6991:
6749:
6682:
5460:
5017:Buddhist temples in Korea
3580:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
3483:Three planes of existence
3090:Buddha in world religions
2869:
2767:Jain, Shanti Lal (1998),
2220:. ABC-CLIO. p. 359.
2120:Cornelia Dimmitt (2012).
1677:. Routledge. p. 83.
1130:. Routledge. p. 62.
1025:Living Word of the Buddha
76:(liberation, salvation).
7358:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
4799:Persecution of Buddhists
4020:Four stages of awakening
3401:Three marks of existence
2987:Physical characteristics
2096:Devī: Goddesses of India
1486:Hajime Nakamura (1980).
1393:Sacred Books of the East
1254:Monier Williams (1872).
1172:Sanskrit-English phrases
465:The earliest mention of
7437:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
6585:Jain terms and concepts
6205:Digambar Jain Mahasabha
4162:Ten principal disciples
3045:(aunt, adoptive mother)
2752:. Motilal Banarsidass.
2718:Pattathu, Paul (1997).
2214:Robin Rinehart (2004).
2066:Christoph Wulf (2016).
1939:Harvard Oriental Series
1219:Kaelber, W. O. (1976).
674:pursuit of perfection.
353:. The Buddhist scholar
7412:Eighteen Greater Texts
4872:Buddhism and democracy
4385:Tibetan Buddhist canon
4380:Chinese Buddhist canon
3612:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
3607:Early Buddhist schools
2654:, pp. 3ā7, 27ā29.
2574:Jainism in South India
2458:W. J. Johnson (1995).
570:
554:, and the Upanishads.
535:
343:
324:The Blessed One said,
304:practices to Jainism (
42:
8165:Hindu gurus and sants
7417:Eighteen Lesser Texts
6616:List of Jain ascetics
6421:Dynasties and empires
6210:Vishwa Jain Sangathan
4882:Eight Consciousnesses
2992:Life of Buddha in art
2693:Jeffrey Long (2009).
2571:P. M. Joseph (1997).
2280:. London. p. 6.
2197:ÄgÄÅe, K. S. (1904).
1644:K Tiyavanich (1997).
996:Tapas (Jain religion)
641:Yoga and brahmacharya
560:
496:ÅvetÄÅvatara Upaniį¹£ad
483:is also found in the
120:is based on the root
103:Etymology and meaning
40:
8155:Anti-Hindu sentiment
6611:List of Jain temples
5359:East Asian religions
4789:Buddhism in the West
4360:Early Buddhist texts
3975:Four Right Exertions
3441:Ten spiritual realms
2934:Noble Eightfold Path
2490:Sherry Fohr (2015).
2200:PÄtaƱjalayogasÅ«trÄį¹i
1731:Ichiro Hori (1962),
1671:John Powers (2015).
1346:Atharva Veda, 8.1.10
1225:History of Religions
836:Uttaradhyayana Sutra
285:Noble Eightfold Path
8261:Hinduism by country
7427:Iraiyanar Akapporul
7387:TirumurukÄį¹į¹uppaį¹ai
6692:Religion portal
6626:Topics List (index)
5917:Mahamastakabhisheka
5482:Religion portal
5229:Temple of the Tooth
5108:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
4147:UpÄsaka and UpÄsikÄ
3640:BodhipakkhiyÄdhammÄ
3423:Two truths doctrine
3243:Mahapajapati Gotamī
3043:Mahapajapati Gotamī
2615:, pp. 109ā110.
2600:, pp. 109ā111.
1954:Carl Olson (2007).
1901:A Vedic concordance
1176:tapas, tapa and tap
1042:sbyang pa'i yan lag
688:comes under tapas.
676:Yama, niyama, asana
193:tapasah sambabhũvur
165:Shatapatha Brahmana
6590:Sexual differences
5404:Western philosophy
5002:Dzong architecture
4824:Vipassana movement
4819:Buddhist modernism
4247:Emperor Wen of Sui
4015:PratyekabuddhayÄna
3948:Threefold Training
3750:Vipassana movement
3466:Hungry Ghost realm
3286:AvidyÄ (Ignorance)
3233:Puį¹į¹a MantÄnÄ«putta
2982:Great Renunciation
2977:Eight Great Events
2859:
2187:, see Yoga article
1905:Maurice Bloomfield
1674:The Buddhist World
1158:2013-09-08 at the
875:undertook ascetic
571:
503:(meditation). The
490:ChÄndogya Upaniį¹£ad
167:(5.3 - 5.17), and
43:
8333:
8332:
8109:
8108:
7662:
7661:
7455:
7454:
7369:Sangam literature
7325:YÄjƱavalkya Smį¹ti
7173:
7172:
6989:
6988:
6698:
6697:
6380:
6379:
6159:Hampa Nagarajaiah
6052:Auspicious dreams
5980:Bhaktamara Stotra
5853:
5852:
5490:
5489:
5128:Om mani padme hum
4834:Women in Buddhism
4750:Buddhist councils
4620:Western countries
4408:MadhyamakÄlaį¹kÄra
4169:Shaolin Monastery
3746:Samatha-vipassanÄ
3356:PratÄ«tyasamutpÄda
3160:Metteyya/Maitreya
3078:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3030:
2907:Four Noble Truths
2759:978-81-208-1204-8
2729:978-81-85428-58-1
2704:978-1-84511-626-2
2584:978-81-85692-23-4
2533:978-0-89581-956-7
2503:978-1-4742-2756-8
2471:978-81-208-1309-0
2441:978-0-89581-956-7
2409:978-0-89581-956-7
2377:978-0-89581-956-7
2260:978-0-7914-3037-8
2227:978-1-57607-905-8
2185:978-94-017-1418-1
2166:978-0-7914-3037-8
2133:978-1-4399-0464-0
2106:978-81-208-1491-2
2079:978-1-317-33113-1
2052:978-0-8146-5856-7
1967:978-0-8135-4068-9
1889:Mundaka Upanishad
1875:, see Article on
1873:978-90-04-17893-9
1851:, see Article on
1849:978-90-04-17893-9
1785:978-1-139-43890-2
1758:978-0-904404-79-1
1718:978-1-57958-090-2
1684:978-1-317-42017-0
1657:978-0-8248-1781-7
1630:978-1-4008-4805-8
1603:978-1-4008-4805-8
1573:978-962-201-412-1
1533:978-1-317-53853-0
1499:978-81-208-0272-8
1450:978-1-4008-4805-8
1293:978-0-89581-956-7
1206:978-1-134-05520-3
1137:978-1-134-21718-2
1105:978-1-134-21718-2
608:Both meanings of
401:Nichiren Buddhist
137:Indian literature
16:(Redirected from
8393:
8366:Hindu asceticism
8323:
8322:
8313:
8303:
8302:
8292:
8291:
8202:Pilgrimage sites
7956:Ganesh Chaturthi
7671:
7466:
7447:Vedarthasamgraha
7442:Vinayagar Agaval
7407:Five Great Epics
7382:Divya Prabandham
7295:Minor Upanishads
7039:
7009:
6997:
6996:
6777:
6743:
6735:
6725:
6718:
6711:
6702:
6690:
6689:
6652:Monks & nuns
6549:Statue of Ahimsa
6506:PaƱca-Parameį¹£į¹hi
6230:
6144:Champat Rai Jain
5987:Tattvartha Sutra
5746:
5709:
5527:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5494:
5480:
5479:
5468:
5467:
5307:Sacred languages
5155:Maya Devi Temple
5118:Mahabodhi Temple
4922:Secular Buddhism
4887:Engaged Buddhism
3727:
3575:Tibetan Buddhism
3526:Vietnamese Thiį»n
3125:MahÄsthÄmaprÄpta
3076:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3028:
2877:
2876:
2864:
2854:
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2808:Tapas in Rigveda
2785:
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2763:
2734:
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2690:
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2084:
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2063:
2057:
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2036:
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2023:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1951:
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1227:, 15(4), 343-386
1217:
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1179:
1169:
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1142:
1141:
1121:
1110:
1109:
1089:
1080:
1077:
1058:
1034:
1028:
1012:
925:Ajivikas were a
904:Nanguttha Jataka
853:Abhyantara Tapas
831:Tattvartha Sutra
798:Tattvartha Sutra
533:
530:Muį¹įøaka Upaniį¹£ad
437:Richard Gombrich
365:is appropriate.
341:
21:
8401:
8400:
8396:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8391:
8390:
8336:
8335:
8334:
8329:
8296:
8282:
8105:
8074:
8065:Vasant Panchami
7999:Pahela Baishakh
7981:Makar Sankranti
7900:
7835:
7742:
7658:
7561:
7451:
7432:Abhirami Antati
7402:Kamba Ramayanam
7363:
7249:
7206:
7169:
7091:
7065:
7028:
6998:
6985:
6969:Vishishtadvaita
6906:
6766:
6745:
6729:
6699:
6694:
6684:
6678:
6630:
6594:
6543:Panch Kalyanaka
6477:
6416:
6412:Non-creationism
6376:
6310:
6221:
6173:
6154:Jeffery D. Long
6149:Padmanabh Jaini
6134:Virchand Gandhi
6114:Colette Caillat
6097:
6061:
6011:
5938:
5849:
5799:
5735:
5622:Heavenly beings
5559:
5531:
5521:
5491:
5486:
5474:
5456:
5408:
5323:
5238:
4975:Ordination hall
4936:
4838:
4809:Buddhist crisis
4721:
4418:
4370:Mahayana sutras
4346:
4342:ThĆch Nhįŗ„t Hįŗ”nh
4173:
4046:
3986:
3936:Bodhisattva vow
3621:
3487:
3427:
3386:Taį¹hÄ (Craving)
3321:Five hindrances
3272:
3164:
3094:
2948:
2893:
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2011:
2006:
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1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1953:
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1927:
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1911:
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1160:Wayback Machine
1149:
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1004:
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940:
938:Modern practice
912:Sthananga Sutra
889:
840:Bhagavati Sutra
782:Sarvarthasiddhi
756:
754:Jain meditation
750:
643:
534:
528:
525:
522:
520:
463:
458:
351:Uttarajjhyayana
342:
336:
327:
325:
293:Majjhima Nikaya
249:
115:
105:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8399:
8397:
8389:
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8119:
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8110:
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8098:
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8023:
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8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7952:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7931:
7929:Raksha Bandhan
7926:
7921:
7916:
7910:
7908:
7902:
7901:
7899:
7898:
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7891:
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7823:
7818:
7813:
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7798:
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7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7752:
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7744:
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7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
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7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
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7660:
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7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7496:
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7490:
7485:
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7463:
7457:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7449:
7444:
7439:
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7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7373:
7371:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7328:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7286:
7285:
7280:
7270:
7265:
7259:
7257:
7251:
7250:
7248:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7216:
7214:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7204:
7199:
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7183:
7181:
7175:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7140:Shvetashvatara
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7115:Brihadaranyaka
7112:
7107:
7101:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7073:
7071:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7042:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7026:
7021:
7015:
7013:
7012:Classification
7006:
7000:
6999:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6983:
6974:
6973:
6972:
6965:
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6936:
6931:
6926:
6916:
6914:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6822:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6785:
6783:
6774:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6756:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6720:
6713:
6705:
6696:
6695:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6545:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6497:
6496:
6485:
6483:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6367:Southeast Asia
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6318:
6316:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6281:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6238:
6236:
6227:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6201:Organisations
6199:
6194:
6189:
6183:
6181:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6169:Jinendra Varni
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6139:Hermann Jacobi
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6073:Digambara monk
6069:
6067:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6042:
6032:
6027:
6021:
6019:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6007:Uttaradhyayana
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5977:
5975:Namokar Mantra
5969:
5964:
5962:Shatkhandagama
5959:
5957:Pravachanasara
5954:
5948:
5946:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5867:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5809:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5768:Kashtha Sangha
5765:
5763:Balatkara Gana
5754:
5752:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5658:
5648:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5607:Jain cosmology
5604:
5603:
5602:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5569:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5541:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5529:Jainism topics
5522:
5520:
5519:
5512:
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5497:
5488:
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5093:
5088:
5083:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5039:Greco-Buddhist
5031:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4990:Burmese pagoda
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4946:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
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4909:
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4859:
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4826:
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4816:
4811:
4806:
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4791:
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4780:
4779:
4772:Greco-Buddhism
4769:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4731:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4720:
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4707:
4705:United Kingdom
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4650:Czech Republic
4647:
4642:
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4459:
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4449:
4444:
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4434:
4428:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4414:Abhidharmadīpa
4411:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4332:B. R. Ambedkar
4329:
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4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
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4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4252:Songtsen Gampo
4249:
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4229:
4224:
4219:
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4209:
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4199:
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3996:
3994:
3988:
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3978:
3977:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
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3933:
3931:Eight precepts
3928:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3891:
3890:
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3793:
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3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3719:
3709:
3704:
3702:Five Strengths
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
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3669:
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3652:
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3473:
3468:
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3458:
3453:
3443:
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3435:
3429:
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3413:
3408:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3341:Mental factors
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3193:MahamoggallÄna
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3108:AvalokiteÅvara
3104:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3072:
3064:
3056:
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3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
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2924:
2919:
2909:
2903:
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2895:
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2881:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2791:
2790:External links
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2771:ABC of Jainism
2764:
2758:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2710:
2703:
2685:
2681:978-0415266055
2668:
2656:
2644:
2642:, p. 112.
2629:
2627:, p. 110.
2617:
2602:
2590:
2583:
2563:
2551:
2539:
2532:
2509:
2502:
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2470:
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2189:
2172:
2165:
2139:
2132:
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2105:
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2078:
2058:
2051:
2031:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1966:
1943:
1930:
1921:
1909:
1893:
1881:
1857:
1827:
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1505:
1498:
1473:
1469:978-0674001879
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988:
979:
966:
959:
956:
939:
936:
888:
885:
857:
856:
850:
780:The Jain text
752:Main article:
749:
746:
658:as one of the
642:
639:
526:
517:
462:
459:
457:
454:
345:These ascetic
334:
298:Devadaha Sutta
248:
245:
104:
101:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8398:
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8379:
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8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8356:Yoga concepts
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8326:
8318:
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8312:
8308:
8306:
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8269:
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8267:
8266:Hindu temples
8264:
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8170:Hindu studies
8168:
8166:
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8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8140:Denominations
8138:
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8125:
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7954:
7950:
7949:Vijayadashami
7947:
7945:
7942:
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7937:
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7769:
7767:
7766:Simantonayana
7764:
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7380:
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7375:
7374:
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7370:
7366:
7360:
7359:
7355:
7353:
7352:Yoga Vasistha
7350:
7348:
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7338:
7335:
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7288:
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7281:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7263:Bhagavad Gita
7261:
7260:
7258:
7256:
7252:
7246:
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7209:
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7202:Sthapatyaveda
7200:
7198:
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7193:
7190:
7188:
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7176:
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6619:
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6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6606:List of Jains
6604:
6603:
6601:
6597:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
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6551:
6550:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6531:Jain calendar
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
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6502:
6499:
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6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6383:
6373:
6372:United States
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6307:
6306:Uttar Pradesh
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6224:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6109:Nalini Balbir
6107:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5887:Vegetarianism
5885:
5883:
5880:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5710:
5708:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5605:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5518:
5513:
5511:
5506:
5504:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5471:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5244:Miscellaneous
5241:
5235:
5234:Vegetarianism
5232:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5056:Buddha in art
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4710:United States
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4267:Padmasambhava
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4179:Major figures
4176:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4125:Western tulku
4123:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:Five precepts
3924:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3904:Dhamma vicaya
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3672:BuddhÄbhiį¹£eka
3670:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:Enlightenment
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:Dhamma theory
3304:
3302:
3301:Buddha-nature
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Samantabhadra
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2686:
2683:, pages 28-30
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2567:
2564:
2561:, p. 51.
2560:
2555:
2552:
2549:, p. 44.
2548:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2360:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2287:0-00-714516-0
2283:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1565:
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681:
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615:
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591:tam te tapÄmi
588:
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8381:Hindu ethics
8276:Architecture
7879:Brahmacharya
7821:Samavartanam
7786:Annaprashana
7727:
7652:
7555:
7356:
7310:DharmaÅÄstra
7300:Arthashastra
7135:Maitrayaniya
6967:
6960:
6953:
6875:Brahmacharya
6547:
6526:Samavasarana
6516:ÅalÄkÄpuruį¹£a
6124:John E. Cort
6035:Ashtamangala
6030:Siddhachakra
5967:Kasayapahuda
5934:Pratikramana
5928:
5842:SthÄnakavÄsÄ«
5600:AnekÄntavÄda
5596:Jaina logic
5590:Kevala JƱÄna
5585:Epistemology
5422:Bodhisattvas
5342:Christianity
5337:BahĆ”Ź¼Ć Faith
5202:Dharmachakra
5192:Prayer wheel
5182:Prayer beads
4950:Architecture
4829:969 Movement
4613:Saudi Arabia
4591:Central Asia
4584:South Africa
4406:
4389:
4322:Panchen Lama
4227:BuddhapÄlita
3823:Satipatthana
3818:Mindful Yoga
3731:Recollection
3645:Brahmavihara
3516:Japanese Zen
3511:Chinese Chan
3471:Animal realm
3278:Key concepts
3100:Bodhisattvas
2912:Three Jewels
2782:81-7628-0003
2770:
2748:
2719:
2713:
2694:
2688:
2671:
2659:
2647:
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2115:
2095:
2088:
2068:
2061:
2041:
2034:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1956:
1933:
1924:
1912:
1896:
1884:
1879:, pp 724-729
1876:
1855:, pp 865-869
1852:
1821:
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1049:
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1044:, Japanese:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1010:
973:Brahmacharya
943:
941:
930:
924:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
901:
895:
890:
881:Kevala Jnana
876:
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858:
852:
846:
839:
835:
829:
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821:
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805:
797:
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790:Vaisheshikas
781:
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766:
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741:
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733:
729:
721:
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696:brahmacharya
691:
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633:ā is called
613:
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417:) in Japan.
414:
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209:
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169:Atharva Veda
163:(10.154.5),
156:
152:
150:
144:
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134:
129:
121:
117:
116:
92:
84:
78:
69:
45:
44:
8376:Jain ethics
8325:WikiProject
8197:Persecution
8185:Nationalism
8175:Iconography
8055:Ratha Yatra
7966:Janmashtami
7961:Rama Navami
7889:Vanaprastha
7840:Varnashrama
7816:Ritushuddhi
7801:Vidyarambha
7791:Chudakarana
7781:Nishkramana
7756:Garbhadhana
7397:Thirukkural
7392:Thiruppugal
7320:NÄradasmį¹ti
7283:Mahabharata
7061:Atharvaveda
6939:Vaisheshika
6826:Puruį¹£Ärthas
6468:Rashtrakuta
6385:Jainism and
6284:Maharashtra
6242:Bundelkhand
6129:Paul Dundas
6002:Kalpa SÅ«tra
5997:Aptamimamsa
5882:Monasticism
5813:Murtipujaka
5795:Kanji Panth
5775:Taran Panth
5758:Mula Sangha
5612:Siddhashila
5545:Tirthankara
5267:Dharma talk
5096:Asalha Puja
4892:Eschatology
4695:Switzerland
4675:New Zealand
4603:Middle East
4512:Philippines
4432:Afghanistan
4237:Bodhidharma
4222:Buddhaghosa
4142:Householder
4052:Monasticism
4005:Bodhisattva
3860:Prostration
3813:Mindfulness
3741:Anapanasati
3724:Kammaį¹į¹hÄna
3521:Korean Seon
3461:Asura realm
3456:Human realm
3396:Ten Fetters
3351:Parinirvana
3253:Uppalavanna
3218:MahÄkaccana
3203:MahÄkassapa
3135:Kį¹£itigarbha
3130:ÄkÄÅagarbha
3027:SuddhodÄna
2972:Four sights
2899:Foundations
2664:Basham 1951
2652:Basham 1951
2640:Basham 1951
2625:Basham 1951
2613:Basham 1951
2598:Basham 1951
1389:A. B. Keith
1048:, Chinese:
873:Tirthankara
871:, the 24th
847:Bahya Tapas
539:Adi Sankara
355:Dharmakirti
267:, Chinese:
56:, it means
8361:Asceticism
8351:Meditation
8340:Categories
8026:Kumbh Mela
7994:Gudi Padwa
7939:Durga Puja
7924:Shivaratri
7796:Karnavedha
7776:Namakarana
7738:Tirthatana
7505:Dattatreya
7342:Subhashita
7315:Manusmriti
7192:Dhanurveda
7125:Taittiriya
7110:Kaushitaki
7097:Upanishads
6870:Aparigraha
6772:Philosophy
6647:Literature
6536:Samvatsari
6301:Tamil Nadu
6226:Jainism in
6045:Nandavarta
5992:SamayasÄra
5944:Literature
5912:Kshamavani
5907:Paryushana
5870:Meditation
5865:Sallekhana
5805:ÅvetÄmbara
5726:Ratnatraya
5646:Gunasthana
5565:Philosophy
5384:Psychology
5364:Gnosticism
5352:Comparison
5347:Influences
5329:Comparison
5212:Bhavacakra
5170:Kushinagar
5145:Pilgrimage
5091:MÄgha PÅ«jÄ
5046:Bodhi Tree
4862:Buddhology
4852:Abhidharma
4844:Philosophy
4777:Menander I
4645:Costa Rica
4596:Uzbekistan
4437:Bangladesh
4391:Dhammapada
4375:Pali Canon
4337:Ajahn Chah
4317:Dalai Lama
4217:KumÄrajÄ«va
4212:Vasubandhu
4187:The Buddha
4095:Zen master
4030:Sakadagami
4010:Buddhahood
3941:Pratimokį¹£a
3756:Shikantaza
3712:Meditation
3687:Deity yoga
3558:Madhyamaka
3451:Deva realm
3346:Mindstream
3296:Bodhicitta
3208:Aį¹
gulimÄla
3075:Devadatta
3051:YaÅodharÄ
2954:The Buddha
2944:Middle Way
1550:, M ii.214
1471:, page 204
1423:PurÄtattva
1178:on page 28
1174:, France;
1065:References
1050:toutouxing
1040:(Tibetan:
982:Satyagraha
964:Ataptatanu
726:asceticism
651:Yoga SÅ«tra
532:, 3.1.5-6,
485:Upanishads
281:Middle Way
275:, Korean:
263:(Tibetan:
253:asceticism
107:See also:
66:meditation
58:asceticism
8249:Theosophy
8180:Mythology
8160:Criticism
8128:Etymology
8086:SvÄdhyÄya
7985:New Year
7934:Navaratri
7906:Festivals
7884:Grihastha
7857:Kshatriya
7831:Antyeshti
7806:Upanayana
7771:Jatakarma
7761:Pumsavana
7748:Sanskaras
7713:Naivedhya
7667:Practices
7612:Mahavidya
7580:Saraswati
7567:Goddesses
7525:Kartikeya
7422:Athichudi
7377:Tirumurai
7230:VyÄkaraį¹a
7197:Natyaveda
7145:Chandogya
7070:Divisions
7051:Yajurveda
6565:Sculpture
6501:Ekendriya
6362:Singapore
6347:Hong Kong
6327:Australia
6296:Rajasthan
6267:Karnataka
6179:Community
6164:Bal Patil
6119:Chandabai
6088:Pattavali
6040:Shrivatsa
6025:Jain flag
5902:Festivals
5858:Practices
5846:Terapanth
5833:Tristutik
5823:Kharatara
5785:Terapanth
5780:Bispanthi
5750:Digambara
5573:Five Vows
5550:Ganadhara
5452:Festivals
5432:Buddhists
5394:Theosophy
5197:Symbolism
5187:Hama yumi
5160:Bodh Gaya
4927:Socialism
4902:Evolution
4877:Economics
4715:Venezuela
4630:Australia
4625:Argentina
4549:Sri Lanka
4544:Singapore
4462:Indonesia
4424:Countries
4365:Tripiį¹aka
4327:Ajahn Mun
4202:Nagarjuna
4197:AÅvaghoį¹£a
4080:AnagÄrika
4075:ÅrÄmaį¹erÄ«
4070:ÅrÄmaį¹era
4065:Bhikkhunī
4025:SotÄpanna
3914:Passaddhi
3855:Offerings
3830:Nekkhamma
3707:Iddhipada
3627:Practices
3597:Theravada
3570:Vajrayana
3563:Yogachara
3533:Pure Land
3446:Six Paths
3433:Cosmology
3213:Anuruddha
3188:SÄriputta
3178:Kaundinya
3170:Disciples
3145:VajrapÄį¹i
2997:Footprint
2962:TathÄgata
2559:Jain 1998
2547:Jain 1998
2304:cite book
1162:, Chicago
920:Ashibikas
842:stating:
680:pranayama
668:Patanjali
648:, in his
646:PataƱjali
541:suggests
431:The word
332:, you...
330:Niganthas
306:Niganthas
265:dka' thub
241:tapasvinī
235:The word
8305:Category
8256:Glossary
8224:Buddhism
8190:Hindutva
8150:Calendar
8031:Haridwar
8009:Vaisakhi
8004:Puthandu
7894:Sannyasa
7811:Keshanta
7642:Shashthi
7478:Trimurti
7305:Nitisara
7278:Ramayana
7273:Itihasas
7245:Jyotisha
7187:Ayurveda
7179:Upavedas
7160:Mandukya
7105:Aitareya
7087:Aranyaka
7082:Brahmana
7056:Samaveda
6981:Charvaka
6781:Concepts
6762:Timeline
6754:Glossary
6737:Hinduism
6657:Scholars
6635:Navboxes
6494:Timeline
6443:Ikshvaku
6428:Chalukya
6397:Hinduism
6392:Buddhism
6357:Pakistan
6315:Overseas
6102:Scholars
6083:Kshullak
6066:Ascetics
6057:Swastika
5875:SÄmÄyika
5790:Yapaniya
5741:Branches
5470:Category
5399:Violence
5369:Hinduism
5317:Sanskrit
5272:Hinayana
5257:AmitÄbha
5217:Swastika
5086:Uposatha
5076:Holidays
5061:Calendar
4907:Humanism
4745:Kanishka
4735:Timeline
4559:Thailand
4527:Kalmykia
4522:Buryatia
4507:Pakistan
4492:Mongolia
4487:Maldives
4482:Malaysia
4447:Cambodia
4312:Shamarpa
4307:Nichiren
4257:Xuanzang
4192:Nagasena
4110:Rinpoche
3840:PÄramitÄ
3682:Devotion
3602:Navayana
3590:Dzogchen
3553:Nichiren
3501:Mahayana
3493:Branches
3371:Saį¹
khÄra
3120:MaƱjuÅrÄ«
3077:(cousin)
3069:(cousin)
3037:(mother)
3029:(father)
3017:Miracles
2967:Birthday
2884:Glossary
2857:Buddhism
2296:51315708
1156:Archived
1038:Dhutanga
986:Gandhism
958:See also
892:Ajivikas
887:Ajivikas
869:Mahavira
802:Umaswati
716:such as
654:, lists
620:and the
567:tapasvin
563:weddings
527:ā
507:Upaniį¹£ad
505:Mundaka
456:Hinduism
335:ā
247:Buddhism
230:tapasvin
211:Tapasvin
203:Sanskrit
161:Åig Veda
62:Buddhism
50:Sanskrit
8294:Outline
8244:Sikhism
8239:Judaism
8234:Jainism
8115:Related
8091:Namaste
7944:Ramlila
7874:Ashrama
7862:Vaishya
7852:Brahmin
7675:Worship
7627:Rukmini
7617:Matrika
7590:Parvati
7585:Lakshmi
7575:Tridevi
7530:Krishna
7515:Hanuman
7510:Ganesha
7461:Deities
7347:Tantras
7337:Stotras
7290:Puranas
7235:Nirukta
7225:Chandas
7220:Shiksha
7212:Vedanga
7165:Prashna
7155:Mundaka
7077:Samhita
7046:Rigveda
6977:NÄstika
6962:Advaita
6949:Vedanta
6944:MÄ«mÄį¹sÄ
6924:Samkhya
6912:Schools
6900:Akrodha
6819:Saį¹sÄra
6799:Ishvara
6789:Brahman
6667:America
6662:Temples
6511:Pratima
6489:History
6482:Related
6473:Santara
6453:Kalinga
6448:Kadamba
6438:Hoysala
6407:Sikhism
6332:Belgium
6262:Haryana
6257:Gujarat
6187:ÅrÄvaka
6093:Acharya
6017:Symbols
5971:Mantra
5924:Upadhan
5897:Rituals
5892:Fasting
5731:Kashaya
5721:Saį¹sÄra
5700:Nirjara
5695:Samvara
5666:Pudgala
5555:Arihant
5447:Temples
5427:Buddhas
5389:Science
5379:Judaism
5374:Jainism
5292:Lineage
5252:AbhijƱÄ
5222:Thangka
5165:Sarnath
5150:Lumbini
5071:Funeral
5066:Cuisine
4942:Culture
4917:Reality
4867:Creator
4857:Atomism
4727:History
4700:Ukraine
4660:Germany
4579:Senegal
4569:Vietnam
4497:Myanmar
4297:Shinran
4287:Karmapa
4262:Shandao
4232:DignÄga
4157:ÅrÄvaka
4137:Donchee
4132:Kappiya
4090:Sayadaw
4060:Bhikkhu
4035:AnÄgÄmi
3992:Nirvana
3958:Samadhi
3845:Paritta
3786:Tonglen
3781:Mandala
3736:Smarana
3717:Mantras
3665:Upekkha
3635:Bhavana
3585:Shingon
3538:Tiantai
3391:TathÄtÄ
3381:ÅÅ«nyatÄ
3376:Skandha
3366:Saį¹sÄra
3361:Rebirth
3336:Kleshas
3326:Indriya
3228:Subhūti
3113:Guanyin
3067:Änanda
3059:RÄhula
2939:Nirvana
2879:Outline
2740:Sources
2695:Jainism
1877:Brahman
1046:zudagyo
969:Nirvana
950:across
948:ashrams
927:Åramaį¹a
861:Jainism
786:Samkhya
771:kevalya
748:Jainism
742:tapasya
666:in the
660:Niyamas
626:Puranas
548:Brahman
461:History
381:Thudong
314:Saį¹sÄra
277:kohaeng
257:Åramaį¹a
237:tapasvi
206:tapasyÄ
185:tapojÄs
183:-born (
79:In the
54:Jainism
8315:Portal
8219:BahĆ”Ź¼Ć
8123:Hindus
8101:Tilaka
8070:Others
8046:Ujjain
8041:Prayag
8036:Nashik
7976:Pongal
7914:Diwali
7867:Shudra
7826:Vivaha
7733:DhyÄna
7708:Bhajan
7698:Bhakti
7683:Temple
7637:Shakti
7545:Varuna
7488:Vishnu
7483:Brahma
7332:Sutras
7268:Agamas
7024:Smriti
6955:Dvaita
6920:Ästika
6865:Asteya
6860:Ahimsa
6846:Moksha
6831:Dharma
6744:topics
6672:Bengal
6580:Nigoda
6555:Temple
6521:Tirtha
6463:Pandya
6458:Maurya
6342:Europe
6337:Canada
6322:Africa
6289:Mumbai
6279:Kerala
6078:Aryika
5818:Gaccha
5690:Bandha
5685:Asrava
5680:Tattva
5671:Dharma
5651:Dravya
5639:Causes
5617:Naraka
5578:Ahimsa
5442:Sutras
5437:Suttas
5302:Siddhi
5287:Koliya
5262:BrahmÄ
5177:Poetry
5123:Mantra
5113:Kasaya
4985:Pagoda
4965:Kyaung
4960:VihÄra
4955:Temple
4897:Ethics
4740:Ashoka
4690:Sweden
4685:Poland
4680:Norway
4670:Mexico
4655:France
4640:Canada
4635:Brazil
4574:Africa
4554:Taiwan
4517:Russia
4442:Bhutan
4402:Vinaya
4282:Naropa
4272:Saraha
4207:Asanga
3963:PrajƱÄ
3872:Refuge
3835:Nianfo
3796:Tertƶn
3791:Tantra
3776:Ganana
3766:Tukdam
3692:DhyÄna
3660:Mudita
3655:Karuį¹Ä
3548:Risshū
3543:Huayan
3476:Naraka
3416:AnattÄ
3411:Dukkha
3406:Anicca
3311:Dharma
3263:Channa
3198:Änanda
3183:Assaji
3150:Skanda
3053:(wife)
3022:Family
3002:Relics
2927:Sangha
2922:Dharma
2917:Buddha
2779:
2756:
2726:
2701:
2679:
2581:
2530:
2500:
2468:
2438:
2406:
2374:
2294:
2284:
2257:
2224:
2183:
2163:
2130:
2103:
2076:
2049:
1964:
1871:
1847:
1782:
1755:
1715:
1681:
1654:
1627:
1600:
1570:
1530:
1496:
1467:
1447:
1290:
1203:
1134:
1102:
1054:sangha
977:Moksha
763:siddha
732:, the
708:, and
672:yogi's
587:mantra
487:. The
393:sangha
385:sangha
310:Karmas
269:kuxing
111:, and
97:vį¹ddhi
93:TÄpasa
74:moksha
8229:Islam
8207:India
8096:Bindi
8079:Other
8019:Ugadi
8014:Vishu
7847:Varna
7728:Tapas
7718:Yajna
7688:Murti
7622:Radha
7602:Durga
7597:Bhumi
7540:Surya
7520:Indra
7493:Shiva
7255:Other
7240:Kalpa
7130:Katha
7034:Vedas
7019:Åruti
7004:Texts
6934:Nyaya
6890:Damah
6880:Satya
6836:Artha
6814:Karma
6804:Atman
6758:Index
6599:Lists
6560:Stupa
6433:Ganga
6402:Islam
6352:Japan
6272:North
6247:Delhi
6234:India
6215:JAINA
6197:Tamil
6192:Sarak
5952:Agama
5929:Tapas
5716:Death
5707:Mokį¹£a
5661:Ajiva
5634:Types
5629:Karma
5414:Lists
5282:Kalpa
5277:Iddhi
5140:Music
5135:Mudra
5101:Vassa
5081:Vesak
5051:Budai
4997:Candi
4980:Stupa
4912:Logic
4665:Italy
4564:Tibet
4502:Nepal
4472:Korea
4467:Japan
4457:India
4452:China
4397:Sutra
4352:Texts
4302:DÅgen
4292:HÅnen
4277:AtiÅa
4242:Zhiyi
4152:Achar
4120:Tulku
4115:Geshe
4100:RÅshi
4085:Ajahn
4040:Arhat
4000:Bodhi
3970:VÄ«rya
3887:Sacca
3882:Satya
3877:SÄdhu
3865:Music
3808:Merit
3801:Terma
3761:Zazen
3697:Faith
3650:MettÄ
3331:Karma
3291:Bardo
3258:Asita
3248:Khema
3238:UpÄli
3223:Nanda
3061:(son)
3035:MÄyÄ
3012:Films
2889:Index
2253:ā68.
1853:Tapas
1524:Tapas
1238:Tapas
1020:Tapas
1016:Tapas
1002:Notes
952:India
944:Tapas
931:Tapas
916:Tapas
908:Tapas
896:Tapas
877:Tapas
865:Tapas
826:Tapas
822:Tapas
817:Tapas
813:Tapas
806:Tapas
800:, by
794:Tapas
775:Tapas
767:Tapas
759:Tapas
738:tapas
734:tapas
730:diksa
718:vrata
714:tapas
710:tapas
706:tapas
701:diksa
692:Tapas
682:from
664:Tapas
656:TÄpas
635:Tapas
631:Vrata
614:Tapas
610:Tapas
603:Tapas
599:Tapas
583:Tapas
575:Tapas
552:Vedas
543:Tapas
512:Tapas
501:Tapas
481:Tapas
475:Vedas
471:Tapas
467:Tapas
450:Tapas
446:Tapas
441:Tapas
433:Tapas
426:Tapas
422:Tapas
415:miira
405:Tapas
389:Tapas
377:Tapas
370:Tapas
363:Tapas
359:Tapas
347:Tapas
318:Tapas
302:Tapas
273:kugyo
261:Tapas
222:yajna
197:tapas
189:tapas
181:tapas
173:tapas
153:tapas
141:tapas
130:Tapas
126:karma
118:Tapas
113:Yajna
89:yogin
85:tapas
81:Vedas
70:Tapas
46:Tapas
18:Tavam
8271:List
8133:List
8060:Teej
7989:Bihu
7971:Onam
7919:Holi
7723:Homa
7703:Japa
7693:Puja
7653:more
7647:Sita
7632:Sati
7607:Kali
7556:more
7550:Vayu
7535:Rama
7500:Agni
7470:Gods
7150:Kena
7120:Isha
6929:Yoga
6895:DayÄ
6885:DÄna
6855:Niti
6841:Kama
6809:Maya
6642:Gods
5828:Tapa
5656:JÄ«va
5537:Gods
5312:PÄįø·i
5297:MÄra
5207:Flag
4608:Iran
4532:Tuva
4477:Laos
4105:Lama
3953:ÅÄ«la
3921:ÅÄ«la
3909:PÄ«ti
3899:Sati
3850:Puja
3771:Koan
3677:DÄna
3268:Yasa
3155:TÄrÄ
2777:ISBN
2754:ISBN
2724:ISBN
2699:ISBN
2677:ISBN
2579:ISBN
2528:ISBN
2498:ISBN
2466:ISBN
2436:ISBN
2404:ISBN
2372:ISBN
2310:link
2292:OCLC
2282:ISBN
2255:ISBN
2222:ISBN
2181:ISBN
2161:ISBN
2128:ISBN
2101:ISBN
2074:ISBN
2047:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1845:ISBN
1780:ISBN
1753:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1679:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1598:ISBN
1568:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1465:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1132:ISBN
1100:ISBN
991:Soma
838:and
811:The
722:sram
678:and
622:Yoga
595:kÄma
296:and
283:and
226:homa
224:and
217:Agni
177:į¹į¹£is
29:Tapa
8145:Law
6575:Law
6570:Art
6252:Goa
5034:Art
4970:Wat
3506:Zen
859:In
328:"O
157:tap
145:tap
122:Tap
95:(a
91:or
8342::
6979::
6922::
6794:Om
4536:ru
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1351:^
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