20:
295:, who conducted a steady activist role in the abolition of the newspaper stamp duty. Via the intermediate National Stamp Abolition Committee, by making the central organisational vehicle the new Association for Promoting the Repeal of Taxes on Knowledge (APRTOK, also called Society for the Repeal of the Taxes on Knowledge) he was able to involve
380:
in April 1861, just before the repeal of the paper duty, gave statistics on London newspapers: in 1830 there had been 64, of which three were for a working-class readership; in 1860 there were 177, eight being for the working classes. These numbers were attributed to John
Francis. Total weekly
340:, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, repealed the paper duties, but only after a false start in 1860, when the House of Lords rejected his bill, against conventions on financial issues. The following year Gladstone returned to the measure, consolidated into a
290:
The campaign against "taxes on knowledge" made further progress in the 1850s, after more fundamental
Chartist political agitation dropped back. The People's Charter Union of 1848 was set up primarily to oppose O'Connor. It had as treasurer
251:
wanted paper duty abolished, but saw reason in the newspaper duty to avoid a popular radical press. The short-lived
Association of Working Men to Procure a Cheap and Honest Press of early 1836 in effect became in a matter of months the
384:
Newspaper reading habits changed, towards purchase and reading at home. The older habits—the use of a reading room, club or newsroom with newspapers, the hire of a paper by the hour in a public house—began to fall away.
185:. On the other hand, the penalties for evasion of the duties were made more serious, and the definition of periodicals in the scope of the duty was broadened. The measures did not make for a cheap press or a free one.
352:
The repeal of "taxes on knowledge" was one factor in a number promoting an increase of publications in the United
Kingdom, in the second half of the 19th century. In brief, the British press took on a role as
275:. In line with O'Connor's views, the taxes on knowledge were marginal to the main thrust of a decade Chartist agitation, until the late 1840s. Varieties of Knowledge Chartism were displayed in the 1840s by
995:, Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies Vol. 9, No. 2 (Summer, 1977), pp. 161–187, at p. 176. Published by: The North American Conference on British Studies. DOI: 10.2307/4048406
188:
Figures for number of stamps issued for newspapers are: 1801 16,085,085; 1824 26,308,003; 1837 53,897,926; 1846 78,298,125. The year 1836 also saw the creation of the
Provincial Newspaper Society, a
120:
was levied on newspapers, and the first phase of the campaign was the distribution of newspapers that were unstamped, and therefore illegal. A central figure of this "war of the unstamped" was
38:, their advertising content, and the paper they were printed on. The paper tax was early identified as an issue: "A tax upon Paper, is a tax upon Knowledge" is a saying attributed to
1446:
130:, was launched in 1831. It tested the boundaries of the government's willingness to enforce the duty, recruiting hundreds of paper sellers and flaunting its illegal status. The
1471:
1481:
178:
318:
researched parliamentary questions for Milner Gibson, the Member of
Parliament who chaired the 1851 Select Committee on Newspaper Stamps, but who then fell foul of
105:). From 1819, "newspaper" was defined carefully, and the fiscal burden fell on all periodicals that were more frequently published than monthly, and priced below 6
1441:
169:
The "war of the unstamped" saw nearly 800 people imprisoned. In 1834 the stamp duty was abolished on pamphlets; and in 1836 newspaper duty was reduced to 1
271:, or gradualist approach to complete repeal of the taxes on knowledge and building of popular education. Their direction was forthrightly condemned by
1456:
1451:
85:
of 1819 was not very effective in controlling the circulation of news, but cramped the development of newspapers. It was aimed at the journalism of
161:
in 1836 attempted an account of the "taxes on knowledge" total, including amounts for taxation of paper and advertisements, and postal charges.
1419:
1349:
1322:
1295:
1268:
1238:
1109:
1016:
976:
949:
922:
862:
835:
775:
748:
721:
694:
616:
589:
529:
502:
475:
432:
131:
67:
1466:
1461:
253:
1376:
109:. It had a negative effect on the English provincial press, i.e. newspapers outside London; and drove out cheap political papers.
1181:
1148:
1067:
1034:
880:
793:
547:
215:
was a persistent campaigner against taxes affecting publications, as they stood in the later 1830s, including paper duty at 1½
1476:
82:
372:
was a weekly magazine, also set up in 1855, and which featured new authors. New provincial daily newspapers were also seen.
19:
336:
Advertisement duty was abolished in 1853, followed by newspaper stamp duty in 1855. The paper duty was removed in 1861.
211:
248:
182:
91:
244:
126:
101:
368:
276:
206:
55:
62:, aimed at editors and writers. The principle of taxing publications and pamphlets had been introduced by an
337:
292:
96:
669:
Taxes on
Knowledge. A financial and historical view of the taxes which impede the education of the people
652:
Taxes on
Knowledge. A financial and historical view of the taxes which impede the education of the people
341:
315:
740:
The
International Distribution of News: The Associated Press, Press Association, and Reuters, 1848–1947
328:. Milner Gibson commented that Garnett "was a free trader who did not like free trade in newspapers".
311:
307:
362:
324:
303:
272:
448:
1312:
121:
1411:
The Dawn of the Cheap Press in
Victorian Britain: The End of the 'Taxes on Knowledge', 1849-1869
1101:
The Dawn of the Cheap Press in Victorian Britain: The End of the 'Taxes on Knowledge', 1849-1869
941:
The Dawn of the Cheap Press in Victorian Britain: The End of the 'Taxes on Knowledge', 1849-1869
686:
The Dawn of the Cheap Press in Victorian Britain: The End of the 'Taxes on Knowledge', 1849-1869
138:
background, with the British Association for Promoting Co-operative Knowledge founded in 1829.
1415:
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1392:
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1318:
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492:
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1039:
885:
798:
684:
552:
465:
319:
58:
actively discouraged certain sections of the press, with prosecutions, including those for
146:
86:
59:
51:
1287:
Juvenile Nation: Youth, Emotions and the Making of the Modern British Citizen, 1880-1914
376:
296:
260:
192:
later called the Newspaper Society, which came to oppose further fiscal reform, as did
63:
39:
1435:
1368:
The Reading Lesson: The Threat of Mass Literacy in Nineteenth Century British Fiction
1125:
280:
158:
142:
381:
circulation (i.e. issues, rather than readers) had risen from 399,747 to 2,284,600.
220:
1198:
1165:
1084:
1051:
897:
810:
564:
467:
The 21st Century Journalism Handbook: Essential Skills for the Modern Journalist
1190:
1157:
1076:
1043:
889:
802:
556:
993:
Samuel Smiles and the Origins of "Self-Help": Reform and the New Enlightenment
354:
299:. Cobden had already publicised in 1848 his wish to remove some of the taxes.
117:
1230:
Victorian Infidels: The Origins of the British Secularist Movement, 1791-1866
581:
Word Crimes: Blasphemy, Culture, and Literature in Nineteenth-Century England
284:
194:
35:
450:
The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
366:. It was launched in 1855, a penny paper, one of many that appeared. The
635:
The History of Co-operation in England: Its Literature and Its Advocates
521:
Dictionary of Nineteenth-century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland
344:, the first such: the Lords chose not to reject the Budget as a whole.
135:
360:
The first paper to derive a clear benefit from the fiscal changes was
231:. Advertising duty had been cut in 1833: before that it had stood at 3
31:
16:
Slogan advocating for improving access to information and the press
1008:
Independent Spirits: Spiritualism and English Plebeians, 1850-1910
34:
defining an extended British campaign against duties and taxes on
18:
464:
Tim Holmes; Sara Hadwin; Glyn Mottershead (19 September 2014).
968:
Popular Education and Socialization in the Nineteenth Century
854:
The Oxford Companion to Charles Dickens: Anniversary Edition
149:
from 1830 to 1834, that newspapers should be available for 1
50:
The "taxes on knowledge" were at their peak in 1815, as the
914:
Popular Radicalism: The Working Class Experience 1780-1880
608:
English Education and the Radicals (RLE Edu L): 1780-1850
306:
as "a twelve years' agitation". Secretary of APRTOK was
1126:"William Edwin Adams: 'Memoirs of a Social Atom' (12)"
134:
took up the attack on "taxes on knowledge"; it had an
23:
Meeting for the Repeal of the Taxes on Knowledge, 1851
141:
The Whig government of the time faced the opinion of
416:
414:
1011:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 310 note 17.
302:The successful drive for reform was recognised by
737:Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb (24 February 2014).
713:The Cambridge Companion to the Victorian Novel
638:. J. B. Lippincott & Company. p. 125.
584:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 82–3.
46:Administration of Lord Liverpool and the press
716:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–7.
491:Michael O'Neill; Madeleine Callaghan (2013).
8:
1447:1861 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1233:. Manchester University Press. p. 261.
1185:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1152:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1071:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1038:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
884:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
797:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
551:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
421:Sally Ledger; Holly Furneaux (2 June 2011).
223:, and advertisement duty at a flat rate of 1
1472:History of mass media in the United Kingdom
1314:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History
1146:Matthew, H. C. G. "Gibson, Thomas Milner".
743:. Cambridge University Press. p. 102.
494:The Oxford Handbook of Percy Bysshe Shelley
427:. Cambridge University Press. p. 110.
202:Continuing campaign and Knowledge Chartism
1482:History of taxation in the United Kingdom
1371:. Indiana University Press. p. 148.
791:Schmidt, Barbara Quinn. "Francis, John".
1032:Taylor, Miles. "Collet, Collet Dobson".
1394:Bookseller: The Organ of the Book Trade
1317:. Oxford University Press. p. 79.
1182:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1149:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1068:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1035:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
881:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
878:Mitchell, Rosemary. "Knight, Charles".
794:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
548:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
545:Wiener, Joel H. "Hetherington, Henry".
394:
1344:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 143.
770:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 374.
404:Edinburgh Review, Or, Critical Journal
407:. A. and C. Black. 1836. p. 126.
132:National Union of the Working Classes
74:.). The duty had risen over time to 4
7:
1442:1712 establishments in Great Britain
518:Laurel Brake; Marysa Demoor (2009).
42:(1741–1809), a Scottish headmaster.
1338:James Eli Adams (17 January 2012).
1284:Stephanie Olsen (16 January 2014).
767:A Companion to 19th-Century Britain
1214:Guardian; biography of a newspaper
14:
1408:Martin Hewitt (5 December 2013).
1397:. J. Whitaker. 1861. p. 215.
1341:A History of Victorian Literature
1098:Martin Hewitt (5 December 2013).
938:Martin Hewitt (5 December 2013).
851:Paul Schlicke (3 November 2011).
710:Deirdre David (18 October 2012).
683:Martin Hewitt (5 December 2013).
1457:19th century in economic history
1452:18th century in economic history
1065:Lee, Matthew. "Moore, Richard".
830:. Scarecrow Press. p. 272.
764:Chris Williams (15 April 2008).
287:(opposition to medical jargon).
254:London Working Men's Association
524:. Academia Press. p. 454.
453:. C. Knight. 1839. p. 195.
332:End of the "taxes on knowledge"
1414:. A&C Black. p. 124.
824:Ross Eaman (12 October 2009).
632:George Jacob Holyoake (1875).
310:. The President from 1850 was
83:Newspaper and Stamp Duties Act
1:
1311:Joel Mokyr (13 August 2003).
1290:. A&C Black. p. 21.
1104:. A&C Black. p. 16.
944:. A&C Black. p. 15.
605:Harold Silver (16 May 2012).
578:Joss Marsh (15 August 1998).
1365:Patrick Brantlinger (1998).
1199:UK public library membership
1166:UK public library membership
1085:UK public library membership
1052:UK public library membership
965:W P McCann (15 April 2013).
911:D. G. Wright (6 June 2014).
898:UK public library membership
811:UK public library membership
689:. A&C Black. p. 5.
565:UK public library membership
857:. OUP Oxford. p. 407.
249:Library of Useful Knowledge
183:Chancellor of the Exchequer
1498:
1467:19th century in mass media
1462:18th century in mass media
1263:. Routledge. p. 130.
1179:Hewitt, M. "Watts, John".
672:. Charles Ely. p. 49.
655:. Charles Ely. p. 37.
497:. OUP Oxford. p. 90.
424:Charles Dickens in Context
1260:Money's Fiscal Dictionary
971:. Routledge. p. 84.
917:. Routledge. p. 99.
611:. Routledge. p. 62.
827:The A to Z of Journalism
470:. Routledge. p. 8.
279:(the "Barker Library"),
113:The War of the Unstamped
56:Liverpool administration
1216:. Collins. p. 126.
239:; paper duty had been 3
127:The Poor Man's Guardian
124:. His unstamped paper,
1191:10.1093/ref:odnb/28890
1158:10.1093/ref:odnb/10637
1077:10.1093/ref:odnb/19145
1044:10.1093/ref:odnb/42336
890:10.1093/ref:odnb/15716
803:10.1093/ref:odnb/10075
666:John Crawfurd (1836).
649:John Crawfurd (1836).
557:10.1093/ref:odnb/13136
263:advocated, within the
97:Thomas Jonathan Wooler
24:
1477:History of newspapers
1227:Edward Royle (1974).
1212:David Ayerst (1971).
1005:Logie Barrow (1986).
247:the publisher of the
243:. per pound to 1837.
89:, the Hunt brothers (
22:
312:Thomas Milner Gibson
308:Collet Dobson Collet
66:, at the level of a
363:The Daily Telegraph
342:Budget Finance Bill
325:Manchester Guardian
304:William Edwin Adams
1255:L.G. Chiozza Money
991:T. H. E. Travers,
269:Knowledge Chartism
179:Thomas Spring Rice
122:Henry Hetherington
28:Taxes on knowledge
25:
1421:978-1-4725-1456-1
1351:978-0-470-67239-6
1324:978-0-19-510507-0
1297:978-1-4725-1009-9
1270:978-1-317-29533-4
1257:(17 March 2016).
1240:978-0-7190-0557-2
1197:(Subscription or
1164:(Subscription or
1111:978-1-4725-1456-1
1083:(Subscription or
1050:(Subscription or
1018:978-0-7100-9883-2
978:978-1-135-03102-2
951:978-1-4725-1456-1
924:978-1-317-87065-4
896:(Subscription or
864:978-0-19-964018-8
837:978-0-8108-7067-3
809:(Subscription or
777:978-1-4051-4309-7
750:978-1-107-72939-1
723:978-1-107-00513-6
696:978-1-4725-1456-1
618:978-1-136-46121-7
591:978-0-226-50691-3
563:(Subscription or
531:978-90-382-1340-8
504:978-0-19-955836-0
477:978-1-317-86477-6
434:978-0-521-88700-7
338:William Gladstone
283:(self-help), and
265:Chartist movement
259:Hetherington and
190:trade association
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87:William Cobbett
60:seditious libel
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