692:(characters of category 11) or a single other character are replaced by a control-sequence token. In this sense, this stage is like lexical analysis, although it does not form numbers from digits. In the next stage, expandable control sequences (such as conditionals or defined macros) are replaced by their replacement text. The input for the third stage is then a stream of characters (including the ones with special meaning) and unexpandable control sequences (typically assignments and visual commands). Here, the characters get assembled into a paragraph, and TeX's paragraph breaking algorithm works by optimizing breakpoints over the whole paragraph. The fourth stage breaks the vertical list of lines and other material into pages.
1693:, further explores this problem of digitizing "brush trajectories". This term derives from the fact that Metafont describes characters as having been drawn by abstract brushes (and erasers). It is commonly believed that TeX is based on bitmap fonts but, in fact, these programs "know" nothing about the fonts that they are using other than their dimensions. It is the responsibility of the device driver to appropriately handle fonts of other types, including PostScript Type 1 and TrueType. Computer Modern (commonly known as "the TeX font") is freely available in Type 1 format, as are the AMS math fonts. Users of TeX systems that output directly to PDF, such as pdfTeX, XeTeX, or LuaTeX, generally never use Metafont output at all.
2034:", and he strongly encourages modifications or experimentations with this source code. However, since Knuth highly values the reproducibility of the output of all versions of TeX, any changed version must not be called TeX, or anything confusingly similar. To enforce this rule, any implementation of the system must pass a test suite called the TRIP test before being allowed to be called TeX. The question of license is somewhat confused by the statements included at the beginning of the TeX source code, which indicate that "all rights are reserved. Copying of this file is authorized only if ... you make absolutely no changes to your copy". This restriction should be interpreted as a prohibition to change the source code
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2236:(DANTE) is a large user group in Germany. The TeX Users Group was founded in 1980 for educational and scientific purposes, provides an organization for those who have an interest in typography and font design, and are users of the TeX typesetting system invented by Knuth. The TeX Users Group represents the interests of TeX users worldwide. The TeX Users Group publishes the
2074:. TeX allowed scientific papers in mathematical disciplines to be reduced to relatively small files that could be rendered client-side, allowing fully typeset scientific papers to be exchanged over the early Internet and emerging World Wide Web, even when sending large files was difficult. This paved the way for the creation of repositories of scientific papers such as
47:
655:. Numerous journals in these fields are produced using TeX or LaTeX, allowing authors to submit their raw manuscript written in TeX. While many publications in other fields, including dictionaries and legal publications, have been produced using TeX, it has not been as successful as in the more technical fields, as TeX was primarily designed to typeset mathematics.
762:
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1522:, etc.), etc., up to the subword of length 14, which is the word itself, including the markers. TeX will then look into its list of hyphenation patterns, and find subwords for which it has calculated the desirability of hyphenation at each position. In the case of our word, 11 such patterns can be matched, namely
577:. This is a reflection of the fact that TeX is now very stable, and only minor updates are anticipated. The current version of TeX is 3.141592653; it was last updated in 2021. The design was frozen after version 3.0, and no new feature or fundamental change will be added, so all newer versions will contain only
709:. These low-level commands are rarely used directly by users, and most functionality is provided by format files (predumped memory images of TeX after large macro collections have been loaded). Knuth's original default format, which adds about 600 commands, is Plain TeX. The most widely used format is
1192:
Since the primary goal of the TeX language is high-quality typesetting for publishers of books, Knuth gave a lot of attention to the spacing rules for mathematical formulae. He took three bodies of work that he considered to be standards of excellence for mathematical typography: the books typeset by
658:
When he designed TeX, Donald Knuth did not believe that a single typesetting system would fit everyone's needs; instead, he designed many hooks inside the program so that it would be possible to write extensions, and released the source code, hoping that the publishers would design versions tailoring
1757:
in TeX. The award per bug started at US$ 2.56 (one "hexadecimal dollar") and doubled every year until it was frozen at its current value of $ 327.68. Knuth has lost relatively little money as there have been very few bugs claimed. In addition, recipients have been known to frame their check as proof
1456:
If no suitable line break can be found for a line, the system will try to hyphenate a word. The original version of TeX used a hyphenation algorithm based on a set of rules for the removal of prefixes and suffixes of words, and for deciding if it should insert a break between the two consonants in a
1217:
mathematics journal. Knuth looked closely at these printed papers to sort out and look for a set of rules for spacing. While TeX provides some basic rules and the tools needed to specify proper spacing, the exact parameters depend on the font used to typeset the formula. For example, the spacing for
831:
ndependent format (DVI). A DVI file could then be either viewed on screen or converted to a suitable format for any of the various printers for which a device driver existed (printer support was generally not an operating system feature at the time that TeX was created). Knuth has said that there is
1701:
TeX documents are written and programmed using an unusual macro language. Broadly speaking, the running of this macro language involves expansion and execution stages which do not interact directly. Expansion includes both literal expansion of macro definitions as well as conditional branching, and
1229:
The typesetting of math in TeX is not without criticism, particularly with respect to technical details of the font metrics, which were designed in an era when significant attention was paid to storage requirements. This resulted in some "hacks" overloading some fields, which in turn required other
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is done by starting with a $ symbol, then entering a formula in TeX syntax, and closing again with another of the same symbol. Knuth explained in jest that he chose the dollar sign to indicate the beginning and end of mathematical mode in plain TeX because typesetting mathematics was traditionally
1246:
is easy to solve with a digital system such as TeX, which, provided that good points for line breaking have been defined, can automatically spread the spaces between words to fill in the line. The problem is thus to find the set of breakpoints that will give the most visually pleasing result. Many
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fixes. Even though Donald Knuth himself has suggested a few areas in which TeX could have been improved, he indicated that he firmly believes that having an unchanged system that will produce the same output now and in the future is more important than introducing new features. For this reason, he
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instead of directly compiling the Pascal code. Knuth has kept a very detailed log of all the bugs he has corrected and changes he has made in the program since 1982; as of 2021, the list contains 440 entries, not including the version modification that should be done after his death as the final
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language even at the expansion level. The system can be divided into four levels: in the first, characters are read from the input file and assigned a category code (sometimes called "catcode", for short). Combinations of a backslash (actually, any character of category zero) followed by letters
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The TeX software incorporates several aspects that were not available, or were of lower quality, in other typesetting programs at the time when TeX was released. Some of the innovations are based on interesting algorithms, and have led to several theses for Knuth's students. While some of these
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a) if necessary. These patterns find about 90% of the hyphens in the original dictionary; more importantly, they do not insert any spurious hyphen. In addition, a list of exceptions (words for which the patterns do not predict the correct hyphenation) are included with the Plain TeX format;
1274:, if two lines in a row are hyphenated, or if a very loose line is immediately followed by a very tight line. The algorithm will then find the breakpoints that will minimize the sum of squares of the badness (including penalties) of the resulting lines. If the paragraph contains
1156:
2038:. The copyright note at the beginning of tex.web (and mf.web) was changed in 2021 to explicitly state this. This interpretation is confirmed later in the source code when the TRIP test is mentioned ("If this program is changed, the resulting system should not be called 'TeX
1254:, where the breakpoints for each line are determined one after the other, and no breakpoint is changed after it has been chosen. Such a system is not able to define a breakpoint depending on the effect that it will have on the following lines. In comparison, the
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associated with each possible line break; the badness is increased if the spaces on the line must stretch or shrink too much to make the line the correct width. Penalties are added if a breakpoint is particularly undesirable: for example, if a word must be
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in 1983, to assign priorities to breakpoints in letter groups. A list of hyphenation patterns is first generated automatically from a corpus of hyphenated words (a list of 50,000 words). If TeX must find the acceptable hyphenation positions in the word
444:. This method, dating back to the 19th century, produced a "classic style" appreciated by Knuth. When the second edition was published, in 1976, the whole book had to be typeset again because the Monotype technology had been largely replaced by
459:
Knuth saw for the first time the output of a high-quality digital typesetting system, and became interested in digital typography. On 13 May 1977, he wrote a memo to himself describing the basic features of TeX. He planned to finish it on his
992:
556:. Despite his desire to keep the program stable, Knuth realised that 128 different characters for the text input were not enough to accommodate foreign languages; the main change in version 3.0 of TeX is thus the ability to work with
401:
TeX was designed with two main goals in mind: to allow anybody to produce high-quality books with minimal effort, and to provide a system that would give exactly the same results on all computers, at any point in time (together with the
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Knuth definitely wrote most of the code himself, at least for the
Metafont re-write, for which I have pesonal knowledge. However, some of his students (such as Michael Plass and John Hobby) did work on the algorithms used in TeX and
1365:). Further simplifications (for example, not testing extremely unlikely breakpoints such as a hyphenation in the first word of a paragraph, or very overfull lines) lead to an efficient algorithm whose running time is
659:
to their own needs. While such extensions have been created (including some by Knuth himself), most people have extended TeX only using macros and it has remained a system associated with technical typesetting.
683:-based language: many commands, including most user-defined ones, are expanded on the fly until only unexpandable tokens remain, which are then executed. Expansion itself is practically free from side effects.
700:
file ("DeVice
Independent") containing the final locations of all characters. This DVI file can then be printed directly given an appropriate printer driver, or it can be converted to other formats. Nowadays,
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Due to scammers finding scanned copies of his checks on the internet and using them to try to drain his bank account, Knuth no longer sends out real checks, but those who submit bug reports can get credit at
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The TeX system has precise knowledge of the sizes of all characters and symbols, and using this information, it computes the optimal arrangement of letters per line and lines per page. It then produces a
1076:
725:
and provides many more user-friendly commands, which can be altered by journals to fit with their house style. Most of the features of AMS-TeX can be used in LaTeX by using the "AMS packages" (e.g.,
1425:(lines that appear alone on a page while the rest of the paragraph is on the following or preceding page). However, in general, a thesis by Michael Plass shows how the page-breaking problem can be
5104:
2066:
It is possible to use TeX for automatic generation of sophisticated layout for XML data. The differences in syntax between the two description languages can be overcome with the help of
717:, which incorporates document styles for books, letters, slides, etc., and adds support for referencing and automatic numbering of sections and equations. Another widely used format,
1851:, a Unicode-aware extension to TeX that includes a Lua runtime with extensive hooks into the underlying TeX routines and algorithms. Most TeX extensions are available for free from
604:(see below), other programmers are allowed (and explicitly encouraged) to improve the system, but are required to use another name to distribute the modified TeX, meaning that the
1835:
for bibliographies (distributed with LaTeX); pdfTeX, a TeX-compatible engine which can directly produce PDF output (as well as continuing to support the original DVI output);
1817:
1008:(mathematics presented centered on a new line) is similar but uses $ $ instead of a single $ symbol. For example, the above with the quadratic formula in display math:
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for plain TeX files. By default, everything that follows a percent sign on a line is a comment, ignored by TeX. Running TeX on this file (for example, by typing
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nothing inherent in TeX that requires DVI as the output format, and later versions of TeX, notably pdfTeX, XeTeX and LuaTeX, all support output directly to
3622:
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subset in order to ensure readability and portability. For example, TeX does all of its dynamic allocation itself from fixed-size arrays and uses only
1972:
that offers a different approach to configurability and features. Free downloadable binaries are provided for
Windows, Linux, macOS, OS/2, and FreeBSD.
612:
project was developed after 1991, primarily to enhance TeX's multilingual typesetting abilities. Knuth created "unofficial" modified versions, such as
4180:
327:, and packages which provide extra typesetting functionality – built around the original TeX language. TeX is a popular means of typesetting complex
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2172:. Knuth instructs that it be typeset with the "E" below the baseline and reduced spacing between the letters. This is done, as Knuth mentions in his
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is a partial-WYSIWYG, online editor that provides a cloud-based solution to TeX along with additional features in real-time collaborative editing.
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675:. Almost all of TeX's syntactic properties can be changed on the fly, which makes TeX input hard to parse by anything but TeX itself. TeX is a
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discoveries have now been incorporated into other typesetting programs, others, such as the rules for mathematical spacing, are still unique.
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the possible breakpoints in a paragraph, and finds the combination of line breaks that will produce the most globally pleasing arrangement.
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Metafont, not strictly part of TeX, is a font description system which allows the designer to describe characters algorithmically. It uses
1778:
and all the necessary fonts, documents formats, and utilities needed to use the typesetting system. On UNIX-compatible systems, including
2177:
2055:
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because of the added complication of placing figures. TeX's line-breaking algorithm has been adopted by several other programs, such as
1417:
is the width of a line. A similar algorithm is used to determine the best way to break paragraphs across two pages, in order to avoid
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1151:{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\text{The quadratic formula is}}\\\displaystyle {\frac {-b\pm {\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}}}{2a}}\end{matrix}}}
1828:, the GNU documentation processing system. TeX has been the official typesetting package for the GNU operating system since 1984.
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The definition of a macro not only includes a list of commands but also the syntax of the call. It differs with most widely used
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is a special marker to indicate the beginning or end of the word. The list of subwords includes all the subwords of length 1 (
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The TeX macro language has been used to write larger document production systems, most notably including LaTeX and ConTeXt.
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of the new book on 30 March 1977, he found them inferior. Disappointed, Knuth set out to design his own typesetting system.
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1948:(for Windows) are similar tools and provide an integrated development environment (IDE) for working with LaTeX or TeX. For
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execution involves such tasks as setting variables/registers and the actual typesetting process of adding glyphs to boxes.
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in a fairly standard way to generate the actual characters to be displayed, but Knuth devotes substantial attention to the
586:, at which point all remaining bugs will become features. Likewise, versions of Metafont after 2.0 asymptotically approach
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and first released in 1978. The term now refers to the system of extensions – which includes software programs called TeX
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programming language, following intense lobbying by Guy Steele. In 1989, Donald Knuth released new versions of TeX and
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a), with low indicative numbers (either odd or even), which can then be superseded by more specific patterns (such as
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is often used, which bypasses DVI generation altogether. The base TeX system understands about 300 commands, called
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567:, where updates have been indicated by adding an extra digit at the end of the decimal, so that the version number
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has stated that the "absolutely final change (to be made after my death)" will be to change the version number to
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The formula is printed in a way a person would write by hand, or typeset the equation. In a document, entering
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Gaudeul, Alexia (27 March 2006). "Do Open Source
Developers Respond to Competition?: The (La)TeX Case Study".
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In several technical fields such as computer science, mathematics, engineering and physics, TeX has become a
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TeX82, a new version of TeX rewritten from scratch, was published in 1982. Among other changes, the original
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1163:(The examples here are not actually rendered with TeX; spacing, character sizes, and all else may differ.)
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during the summer of 1978, when Knuth was developing his first version of TeX. When Steele returned to the
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2180:(developed by Honeywell Information Systems). Fans like to proliferate names from the word "TeX"—such as
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and cross-linked documentation typeset in TeX from the same original file. The language used is called
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inputs, allowing 256 different characters in the text input. TeX3.0 was released on March 15, 1990.
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Notable entities in the TeX community include the TeX Users Group (TUG), which currently publishes
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4186:. It is provided only as an example and its use to prepare a book like The TeXbook is not allowed.
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fonts has been precisely fine-tuned over the years and is now set; but when other fonts, such as
987:{\displaystyle {\hbox{The quadratic formula is }}\textstyle {-b\pm {\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}} \over 2a}}
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1473:(which is possible most of the time). TeX82 introduced a new hyphenation algorithm, designed by
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Donald Knuth has indicated several times that the source code of TeX has been placed into the "
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line-breaking algorithm used by TeX and developed by Donald Knuth and
Michael Plass considers
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TeX provides a different text syntax specifically for mathematical formulas. For example, the
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is the Pure Qt equivalent of Kile, with a user interface that is nearly the same as Kile's.
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installations. It is also used for many other typesetting tasks, especially in the form of
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TeX is usually provided in the form of an easy-to-install bundle of TeX itself along with
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1230:"hacks". On an aesthetics level, the rendering of radicals has also been criticized. The
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has various built-in and third-party packages with support for TeX, the major one being
1642:. This system based on subwords allows the definition of very general patterns (such as
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of macros takes no memory, and if-then-else constructs are available. This makes TeX a
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which was designed and written by computer scientist and
Stanford University professor
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2014:
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635:. Many thousands of books have been published using TeX, including books published by
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font specification largely borrows from TeX, but has some new features/enhancements.
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2657: prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the
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592:(currently at 2.7182818), and a similar change will be applied after Knuth's death.
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1226:, were used by Knuth for the first time, new spacing parameters had to be defined.
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488:(ITS) operating system. The first version of TeX, called TeX78, was written in the
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4252:———; Plass, Michael F (1981), "Breaking Paragraphs into Lines",
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2070:. In the context of XML publication, TeX can thus be considered an alternative to
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for TeX. This was rejected because at the time "TEX" (all caps) was registered by
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distribution (enhanced by proTeXt) and the
Microsoft Windows version of TeX Live.
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possible breakpoints, the number of situations that must be evaluated naively is
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Donald Knuth discusses developing the software for TEX at Xerox PARC 2/21/1980
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provides mathematical TeX typesetting, but the code needs to be surrounded by
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for its internal calculations. As a result, TeX has been ported to almost all
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O'Connell, Heath (2002). "Physicists
Thriving with Paperless Publishing".
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2006:, iMath and TexMaths extensions can provide mathematical TeX typesetting.
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Bigelow, Charles; Day, Donald (1983). "The future of TeX and METAFONT".
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4804:
4574:
4564:
4029:
3949:, Computers and Typesetting, vol. B, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley,
2741:
TeX Unbound: LaTeX & TeX Strategies for Fonts, Graphics, & More
2322:
2259:
2241:
2218:
2122:
1937:
1906:
1886:
1882:
1840:
1825:
1797:
distribution was the de facto standard on UNIX-compatible systems.) On
746:
718:
672:
391:
367:
3364:"High-Quality Editing and Display of Mathematical Text in Office 2007"
3105:
1482:, for example, it will consider all the subwords of the extended word
5349:
5049:
4945:
4828:
4715:
4705:
4642:
4637:
4614:
2472:"Per Bothner (attendee at TeX Project meetings) discusses authorship"
2274:
2139:
2130:
1979:
1848:
1832:
1831:
Numerous extensions and companion programs for TeX exist, among them
1802:
1271:
702:
493:
5009:
3971:
by Fadi P. Deek, James A. M. McHugh "Public domain", page 227 (2008)
3754:
3702:
3226:
Syropoulos, Apostolos; Tsolomitis, Antonis; Sofroniou, Nick (2003),
2208:
2144:), Greek for both "art" and "craft", which is also the root word of
1995:, possible plugins include Vim-LaTeX Suite, Automatic TeX and TeX-9.
1724:
The original source code for the current TeX software is written in
4237:, Lecture notes, Center for the Study of Language and Information,
3391:
3346:
2846:
2819:
2797:
1909:
document processor which runs on a variety of platforms including:
123:
5593:
5462:
5450:
5445:
5172:
4773:
4647:
4579:
4353:
4344:
contains extensive documentation about the algorithms used in TeX.
4096:
2278:
2207:
2075:
2067:
1925:
1912:
1890:
1836:
1794:
1786:
1779:
1741:
1470:
1458:
1179:
766:
760:
710:
557:
497:
387:
379:
4476:
4378:
3646:
2425:
still remains as the default formatter of the UNIX documentation.
1713:, in that the body of a macro gets tokenized at definition time.
5980:
5939:
5928:
4969:
4858:
4793:
4218:
4183:
4129:"25 Years of TeX and METAFONT: Looking Back and Looking Forward"
3560:
3557:
List of updates to the TeX82 listing published in
September 1982
3166:
2349:
1953:
1852:
1447:
449:
407:
383:
5809:
5805:
5086:
4901:
4518:
4487:
5975:
4974:
4897:
4384:
4337:
4070:
2358:, for help displaying mathematical formulae in Knowledge (XXG)
2118:
1949:
1902:
1808:
Several document processing systems are based on TeX, notably
1725:
1634:. Finally, the acceptable positions are those indicated by an
1441:
517:
481:
152:
2134:
331:; it has been noted as one of the most sophisticated digital
2492:. Beijing; Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly Media, 2007, pp. 235.
4427:(reference) (2nd ed.), American Mathematical Society,
2824:, NTG journal MAPS (1990), 489. Reprinted as chapter 30 of
2446:
2157:
2098:
2095:
2086:
The name TeX is intended by its developer to be pronounced
572:
288:
285:
786:% marks the end of the file; not shown in the final output
2648:
2258:
four times per year. Other user groups include DK-TUG in
1590:
c. For each position in the word, TeX will calculate the
1325:, the complexity of the algorithm can be brought down to
508:
For later versions of TeX, Knuth invented the concept of
468:" (ready to use) until 1989, more than ten years later.
4514:
4470:
3340:"Math typesetting in TEX: The good, the bad, the ugly"
1242:
In comparison with manual typesetting, the problem of
1081:
933:
927:
4225:, it contains plenty of human-readable documentation.
2873:"Mixing Right-to-Left Texts with Left-to-Right Texts"
2362:
2176:, to distinguish TeX from other system names such as
2160:
1758:
that they found a bug in TeX rather than cashing it.
1403:
1371:
1331:
1300:
1280:
1093:
1079:
925:
422:, which made it accessible to a wide range of users.
3264:
Bigelow, Charles; Day, Donald (1983). "Chapter 32".
3252:
Knuth, Donald E (1996), "Questions and
Answers II",
3028:
Bigelow, Charles; Day, Donald (1983). "Chapter 32".
3016:
Knuth, Donald E (1996), "Questions and Answers II",
2965:
Bigelow, Charles; Day, Donald (1983). "Chapter 31".
2490:
Fonts & Encodings (Translated by P. Scott Horne)
2285:; the user groups jointly maintain a complete list.
2154:
2092:
1893:. It uses Knuth's fonts and can generate TeX output.
382:, the previously favored formatting system, in most
282:
6043:
5989:
5966:
5938:
5903:
5843:
5712:
5560:
5527:
5256:
5196:
5123:
5035:
5017:
4936:
4821:
4786:
4741:
4698:
4691:
4656:
4630:
4623:
4552:
4279:Bigelow, Charles; Day, Donald (1983). "Chapter 3".
4198:, Computers and Typesetting, vol. B, Reading,
3580:, available on CTAN, last modified in January 2003.
3324:(1989), pp. 31–36, 342. Reprinted as chapter 18 of
2953:Knuth, Donald E (1996), "Questions and Answers I",
2890:Bigelow, Charles; Day, Donald (1983). "Chapter 4".
2110:The letters of the name are meant to represent the
600:Since the source code of TeX is essentially in the
464:
in 1978, but as it happened, the language was not "
261:
243:
231:
219:
198:
186:
174:
162:
148:
113:
87:
65:
53:
4230:
4191:
4149:
3942:
1728:, a mixture of documentation written in TeX and a
1409:
1389:
1353:
1313:
1286:
1150:
986:
452:were no longer available. When Knuth received the
2866:
2864:
1889:scientific text editor, inspired by both TeX and
1594:obtained among all matching patterns, yielding en
203:
4510:https://archive.org/details/xerox-parc-tapes-v49
2591:"Commemorative lecture of the Kyoto Prize, 1996"
1812:, which uses TeX as a backend for printing from
3414:Computer Typesetting: Experiments and Prospects
1265:Formally, the algorithm defines a value called
563:Since version 3, TeX has used an idiosyncratic
297:
5887:Things a Computer Scientist Rarely Talks About
4013:, Ch. 1: The Name of the Game, p. 1.
1921:(newer versions require Windows 2000 or later)
1663:additional ones can be specified by the user.
616:, which allows a user to mix texts written in
5821:
5098:
4913:
4530:
2647:This article is based on material taken from
1638:number, yielding the acceptable hyphenations
8:
5574:
3190:, p. 127, Ch. 16: Typing Math Formulas.
3159:"What are the AMS packages (amsmath, etc.)?"
1184:Mathematical text typeset using TeX and the
819:, representing the content of the page in a
480:that autumn, he rewrote TeX's input/output (
436:was published in 1968, it was typeset using
214:
39:
4071:"The Communications of the TeX Users Group"
2281:, NTG in the Netherlands and UK-TUG in the
1789:, TeX is distributed as part of the larger
536:was replaced by a new algorithm written by
5828:
5814:
5806:
5105:
5091:
5083:
4920:
4906:
4898:
4695:
4627:
4537:
4523:
4515:
3449:
2671:
765:A sample page produced using TeX with the
137:
38:
4387:thesis), Department of Computer Science,
3994:
3504:Core GNU utilities (GNU coreutils) manual
1855:, the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network.
1402:
1370:
1342:
1330:
1305:
1299:
1279:
1112:
1106:
1094:
1084:
1080:
1078:
952:
946:
934:
926:
924:
6086:Potrzebie system of weights and measures
5780:Free and open-source software portal
3439:http://svn.tug.org/interviews/plass.html
2871:Knuth, Donald E; MacKay, Pierre (1987),
2234:Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX
1988:. A notable extension is LaTeX Workshop
1839:, a TeX-compatible engine that supports
1744:program to convert the source code into
733:) and the "AMS document classes" (e.g.,
94:TeX Live 2024 / 13 March 2024
6019:Robinson–Schensted–Knuth correspondence
5795:List of free software Unicode typefaces
4035:(1986), 101. Reprinted as chapter 6 of
3673:"Knuth: Recent News – Financial Fiasco"
2724:(1990), 12. Reprinted as chapter 29 of
2438:
2403:
2369:
2336:– a TeX reimplementation (discontinued)
2308:Comparison of document markup languages
1207:dating from around 1910; and a copy of
430:When the first paper volume of Knuth's
4481:(questions and answers), StackExchange
4312:
4302:
3903:
3893:
3863:Bigelow, Charles; Day, Donald (1983).
3819:
3809:
3297:
3287:
3061:
3051:
2998:
2988:
2923:
2913:
2540:
2529:
2245:three times per year; DANTE publishes
2148:. English speakers often pronounce it
1793:distribution. (Prior to TeX Live, the
213:
3528:
3516:
3187:
3129:
2940:
2784:
2782:
2228:, covering a wide range of topics in
2036:as long as the file is called tex.web
478:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7:
4377:Liang, Franklin Mark (August 1983),
4213:. The full source code of TeX; also
2713:The New Versions of TeX and METAFONT
2654:Free On-line Dictionary of Computing
2046:tried in the early 1980s to claim a
815:) will create an output file called
520:and produces programs in DEC PDP-10
3592:"Knuth: Frequently Asked Questions"
3268:. Vol. 249. pp. 620–624.
3032:. Vol. 249. pp. 616–617.
1944:(for Linux, macOS and Windows) and
667:TeX commands commonly start with a
608:can still evolve. For example, the
4297:10.1038/scientificamerican0883-106
4283:. Vol. 249. pp. 67–155.
3969:Open Source: Technology and Policy
3888:10.1038/scientificamerican0883-106
3804:10.1038/scientificamerican0883-106
3500:"4.1 fmt: Reformat paragraph text"
3282:10.1038/scientificamerican0883-106
3046:10.1038/scientificamerican0883-106
2983:10.1038/scientificamerican0883-106
2908:10.1038/scientificamerican0883-106
2352:– a program for viewing .dvi files
1321:. However, by using the method of
25:
6004:Knuth–Bendix completion algorithm
5228:GNU Lesser General Public License
4380:Word Hy-phen-a-tion by Com-put-er
4254:Software: Practice and Experience
3711:from the original on 8 March 2024
2325:- TeX on Web pages via JavaScript
2318:List of document markup languages
2178:TEX, the Text EXecutive processor
1968:is an open-source fork (2009) of
1871:editors designed to work with TeX
300:), stylized within the system as
5773:
5008:
3317:Typesetting Concrete Mathematics
2384:
2372:
2150:
2088:
1753:to people who find and report a
512:, a way of producing compilable
278:
45:
5852:The Art of Computer Programming
4445:Modern TeX and Its Applications
4356:: A Document Preparation System
2129:, as TeX is an abbreviation of
1247:line-breaking algorithms use a
1199:The Art of Computer Programming
741:). This is then referred to as
618:left-to-right and right-to-left
486:Incompatible Timesharing System
433:The Art of Computer Programming
4229:——— (1999),
4190:——— (1986),
4177:source code of the book in TeX
3874:. Vol. 249. p. 560.
3790:. Vol. 249. p. 572.
3621:Kara Platoni (May–June 2006).
3477:: 103–10, 2000, archived from
3229:Digital Typography Using LaTeX
2969:. Vol. 249. p. 598.
2894:. Vol. 249. p. 106.
2821:The future of TeX and METAFONT
2106:, with the final consonant of
1384:
1375:
1348:
1335:
929:The quadratic formula is
850:(which is the solution of the
378:. It has long since displaced
1:
5790:List of open source typefaces
5785:Open-source Unicode typefaces
4331:(source code), archived from
4025:The TeX Logo in Various Fonts
3165:. 27 May 2018. Archived from
2845:. 24 May 2018. Archived from
2796:. 27 May 2018. Archived from
2379:Free and open-source software
2168:, like the first syllable of
2044:American Mathematical Society
1689:displays. Another thesis, by
1238:Hyphenation and justification
723:American Mathematical Society
6009:Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm
5233:LaTeX Project Public License
4179:(and a needed set of macros
4148:Knuth, Donald Ervin (1984),
3839:"Computers and Typesettings"
2790:"What is the future of TeX?"
2693:(1996), 38–49. Reprinted as
2447:"TeX Live - TeX Users Group"
2192:(competent TeX programmer),
2140:
1770:Distributions and extensions
1749:change in TeX. Knuth offers
504:WEB and literate programming
6137:Macro programming languages
6117:Desktop publishing software
6024:Trabb Pardo–Knuth algorithm
3541:"Appendix H: Hyphenation",
3412:Barnett, Michael P (1965),
2744:. Oxford University Press.
249:; 46 years ago
71:; 46 years ago
6168:
5219:GNU General Public License
3206:, MIT Press, p. 349,
2695:Questions and Answers, III
2135:
2082:Pronunciation and spelling
2058:" text processing system.
1862:
1670:
1004:supposed to be expensive.
811:, or by calling it from a
713:, originally developed by
641:Cambridge University Press
29:
6066:Knuth's up-arrow notation
6035:Knuth's Simpath algorithm
5866:Computers and Typesetting
5770:
5214:Creative Commons licenses
5058:
5006:
4882:
4358:(2nd ed.), Reading,
4182:) is available online on
4158:Computers and Typesetting
4127:Beebe, Nelson HF (2004),
3677:Stanford Computer Science
3596:Stanford Computer Science
2356:Help:Displaying a formula
1865:Comparison of TeX editors
1210:Indagationes Mathematicae
1195:Addison-Wesley Publishing
1024:The quadratic formula is
870:The quadratic formula is
490:SAIL programming language
109:
83:
44:
4495:25 February 2021 at the
4160:, vol. A, Reading,
3941:Knuth, Donald E (1986),
3837:Knuth, Donald E (1986),
3671:Knuth, Donald E (2008).
3232:, Springer, p. 93,
2839:"TeX Engine development"
2184:(user of TeX software),
1764:The Bank of San Serriffe
1354:{\displaystyle O(n^{2})}
1197:house (the publisher of
1086:The quadratic formula is
1022:
868:
813:graphical user interface
809:command-line interpreter
791:This might be in a file
779:
745:. Other formats include
565:version numbering system
233:Internet media type
193:Permissive free software
5859:The Complexity of Songs
4864:TeX Directory Structure
4624:Alternative TeX engines
4442:Vulis, Michael (1992),
4396:Salomon, David (1995),
4325:———,
3200:Slater, Robert (1989),
2686:Knuth meets NTG members
2661:, version 1.3 or later.
2411:Unregistered media type
2222:and formerly published
1869:There are a variety of
1824:publishing system, and
1740:, usually by using the
649:Oxford University Press
376:quantitative psychology
5894:Selected papers series
5575:
4266:10.1002/spe.4380111102
4221:. Being written using
3450:Knuth & Plass 1981
3106:"CTAN: Package pdftex"
3081:"Lists in TeX's Mouth"
3079:Jeffrey, Alan (1990),
2672:Knuth & Plass 1981
2560:"Less brief biography"
2539:Cite journal requires
2334:New Typesetting System
2295:List of TeX extensions
2213:
2212:TeX Users Group's logo
1734:fixed-point arithmetic
1510:, etc.), of length 2 (
1411:
1391:
1355:
1315:
1288:
1189:
1152:
988:
770:
623:in the same document.
542:fixed-point arithmetic
338:TeX is widely used in
96:; 6 months ago
6076:Quater-imaginary base
5589:Atkinson Hyperlegible
5243:SIL Open Font License
4503:TeX for the Impatient
4097:"All TeX User Groups"
4050:"The Jargon File—TeX"
2738:Hoenig, Alan (1998).
2626:Knuth, Donald Ervin,
2564:Don Knuth's Home Page
2248:Die TeXnische Komödie
2232:relevant to TeX. The
2211:
1956:provides such an IDE.
1707:lexical preprocessors
1412:
1392:
1390:{\displaystyle O(nw)}
1356:
1316:
1314:{\displaystyle 2^{n}}
1289:
1183:
1153:
989:
764:
721:, is produced by the
671:and are grouped with
534:hyphenation algorithm
438:hot metal typesetting
329:mathematical formulae
6142:Typesetting software
6030:Dijkstra's algorithm
5968:Literate programming
5873:Concrete Mathematics
5577:Antykwa Półtawskiego
5114:Free and open-source
5045:Scientific WorkPlace
4398:The Advanced TeXbook
4342:on 27 September 2011
4223:literate programming
3724:Automatic TeX plugin
3623:"Love at First Byte"
3203:Portraits in Silicon
2488:Yannis Haralambous.
1928:(using a non-native
1457:pattern of the form
1401:
1369:
1329:
1298:
1278:
1176:Mathematical spacing
1077:
923:
840:Mathematical example
510:literate programming
410:description and the
266:Document file format
32:Tex (disambiguation)
30:For other uses, see
5999:Knuth's Algorithm X
5248:Ubuntu Font Licence
4812:The PracTeX Journal
4423:Spivak, MD (1990),
4406:1995adte.book.....S
4389:Stanford University
4289:1983SciAm.249b.106B
3880:1983SciAm.249b.106B
3796:1983SciAm.249b.106B
3683:on 29 November 2019
3506:, GNU Project, 2016
3352:on 20 January 2022.
3274:1983SciAm.249b.106B
3147:(source code), CTAN
3038:1983SciAm.249b.106B
2975:1983SciAm.249b.106B
2900:1983SciAm.249b.106B
2508:10.2139/ssrn.908946
2225:The PracTeX Journal
1323:dynamic programming
1006:Display mathematics
805:tex myfile.tex
775:Hello world program
484:) to run under the
448:, and the original
216:
41:
6122:Digital typography
6056:Knuth reward check
6028:Generalization of
5747:Greek Font Society
5223:GPL font exception
4486:Eijkhout, Victor.
4362:: Addison-Wesley,
4281:Digital Typography
4233:Digital Typography
4202:: Addison-Wesley,
4164:: Addison-Wesley,
4037:Digital Typography
3872:Digital Typography
3788:Digital Typography
3481:on 22 January 2009
3326:Digital Typography
3266:Digital Typography
3030:Digital Typography
2967:Digital Typography
2892:Digital Typography
2826:Digital Typography
2726:Digital Typography
2699:Digital Typography
2636:on 12 January 2015
2607:on 27 January 2018
2570:on 5 December 2016
2230:digital typography
2214:
2188:(TeX programmer),
1986:Visual Studio Code
1435:desktop publishing
1407:
1387:
1351:
1311:
1284:
1190:
1148:
1146:
1143:
984:
983:
931:
852:quadratic equation
771:
663:Typesetting system
540:. TeX82 also uses
500:operating system.
472:happened to be at
238:application/x-tex
221:Filename extension
27:Typesetting system
6132:Free TeX software
6094:
6093:
5803:
5802:
5762:SIL International
5367:Ghostscript fonts
5276:Bitstream Charter
5080:
5079:
4895:
4894:
4782:
4781:
4687:
4686:
4103:. TeX Users Group
4077:. TeX Users Group
4022:Knuth, Donald E.
4009:Knuth, Donald E.
3756:TexMaths Homepage
3628:Stanford Magazine
3590:Knuth, Donald E.
3572:Knuth, Donald E.
3555:Knuth, Donald E.
3545:, pp. 449–55
3463:"Donald E. Knuth"
3314:Knuth, Donald E.
2818:Knuth, Donald E.
2751:978-0-19-509686-6
2720:(1989), 325–328;
2710:Knuth, Donald E.
2683:Knuth, Donald E.
2589:Knuth, Donald E.
2558:Knuth, Donald E.
2000:Apache OpenOffice
1919:Microsoft Windows
1881:text editor is a
1799:Microsoft Windows
1738:operating systems
1640:en-cy-clo-pe-di-a
1410:{\displaystyle w}
1287:{\displaystyle n}
1161:
1160:
1141:
1130:
1087:
997:
996:
981:
970:
930:
848:quadratic formula
777:in plain TeX is:
633:de facto standard
496:under Stanford's
356:political science
271:
270:
212:
211:
16:(Redirected from
6159:
6152:Markup languages
5830:
5823:
5816:
5807:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5689:Squarish Sans CT
5679:Open Baskerville
5580:
5478:Source Han Serif
5258:Operating system
5107:
5100:
5093:
5084:
5012:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4899:
4696:
4628:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4516:
4482:
4471:TeX Users' Group
4458:
4437:
4418:
4391:
4372:
4343:
4341:
4320:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4300:
4276:
4247:
4236:
4212:
4197:
4194:TeX: The Program
4174:
4155:
4143:
4133:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4046:
4040:
4020:
4014:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3948:
3945:TeX: The Program
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3891:
3869:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3843:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3807:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3679:. Archived from
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3647:"History of TeX"
3643:
3637:
3636:
3631:. Archived from
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3598:. Archived from
3587:
3581:
3574:Appendix to the
3570:
3564:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3396:
3388:
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3381:
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3368:
3367:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3345:. Archived from
3344:
3335:
3329:
3312:
3306:
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4425:The Joy of TeX
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3378:"LineServices"
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2015:Math extension
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6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6051:Dancing Links
6049:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6014:Knuth shuffle
6012:
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5425:
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5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5387:Hershey fonts
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5325:Courier Prime
5323:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5298:Cascadia Code
5296:
5294:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5262:corporate and
5259:
5255:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
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5176:
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5166:
5164:
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5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:and libraries
5122:
5118:
5115:
5108:
5103:
5101:
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5088:
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4717:
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4713:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4692:Distributions
4690:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
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4479:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4457:
4455:0-8493-4431-X
4451:
4448:, CRC Press,
4447:
4446:
4440:
4436:
4434:0-8218-2997-1
4430:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4415:0-387-94556-3
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4375:
4371:
4369:0-201-52983-1
4365:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4339:
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4330:
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4323:
4318:
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4286:
4282:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4244:1-57586-010-4
4240:
4235:
4234:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4211:
4209:0-201-13437-3
4205:
4201:
4196:
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4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4173:
4171:0-201-13448-9
4167:
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3970:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3956:0-201-13437-3
3952:
3947:
3946:
3937:
3934:
3930:(source code)
3926:
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3914:
3909:
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3889:
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3782:
3779:
3775:, SourceForge
3774:
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3583:
3579:
3577:
3576:Errors of TeX
3569:
3566:
3562:
3558:
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3525:
3522:
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3510:
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3480:
3476:
3472:
3469:(interview),
3468:
3464:
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3241:
3239:9780387952178
3235:
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3215:
3213:9780262691314
3209:
3205:
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3012:
3009:
3004:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2943:, p. 10.
2942:
2937:
2934:
2929:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2881:
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2707:
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2700:
2696:
2692:
2689:, NTG: MAPS.
2688:
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2673:
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2665:
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2656:
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2643:
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2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2032:public domain
2025:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1940:(for macOS),
1939:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1917:
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1911:
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1679:BĂ©zier curves
1674:
1666:
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1641:
1637:
1593:
1592:maximum value
1521:
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1244:justification
1237:
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1232:OpenType math
1227:
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844:
839:
837:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
802:
798:
794:
781:Hello, World
778:
776:
768:
763:
757:How it is run
756:
754:
752:
748:
744:
724:
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712:
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686:
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654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
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626:
624:
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619:
615:
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602:public domain
596:Public domain
595:
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503:
501:
499:
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487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
457:
455:
454:galley proofs
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
434:
425:
423:
421:
420:free software
417:
413:
409:
406:language for
405:
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389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
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345:
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333:typographical
330:
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92:
90:
86:
82:
68:
64:
61:
58:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
6127:Donald Knuth
5912:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5850:
5844:Publications
5837:Donald Knuth
5757:Google Fonts
5752:Font Library
5742:Font Awesome
5722:Donald Knuth
5694:Theano Didot
5684:OpenDyslexic
5547:Railway Sans
5488:Source Serif
5372:GNU FreeFont
5264:professional
5209:BSD licenses
5177:
5069:
5062:
4985:TeXnicCenter
4928:
4810:
4803:
4589:
4545:
4502:
4489:TeX by Topic
4488:
4477:
4444:
4424:
4400:, Springer,
4397:
4379:
4352:
4333:the original
4327:
4280:
4257:
4253:
4232:
4193:
4151:
4139:
4135:
4105:. Retrieved
4100:
4091:
4079:. Retrieved
4074:
4065:
4053:. Retrieved
4044:
4036:
4032:
4024:
4018:
4010:
4005:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3964:
3944:
3936:
3923:
3916:
3871:
3865:"Chapter 28"
3858:
3849:
3845:
3832:
3787:
3781:
3771:
3765:
3755:
3749:
3739:
3733:
3727:, Launch pad
3723:
3717:
3703:
3697:
3685:. Retrieved
3681:the original
3676:
3666:
3654:. Retrieved
3650:
3641:
3633:the original
3626:
3616:
3604:. Retrieved
3600:the original
3595:
3585:
3575:
3568:
3551:
3542:
3536:
3524:
3519:, p. 3.
3512:
3503:
3494:
3483:, retrieved
3479:the original
3470:
3466:
3457:
3445:
3433:
3413:
3407:
3398:
3386:
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