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from 1 to 4 years (by level; only level 2, 3 and 4 diplomas are considered formal "start qualifications" for successfully entering the labour market). The programmes can be attended in either of two pathways. One either involving a minimum of 20% of school time (apprenticeship pathway; BBL-BeroepsBegeleidende
Leerweg) or the other, involving a maximum of 80% schooltime (BOL -BeroepsOpleidende Leerweg). The remaining time in both cases is apprenticeship/work in a company. So in effect, students have a choice out of 32 trajectories, leading to over 600 professional qualifications. BBL-Apprentices usually receive a wage negotiated in collective agreements. Employers taking on these apprentices receive a subsidy in the form of a tax reduction on the wages of the apprentice. (WVA-Wet vermindering afdracht). Level 4 graduates of senior secondary VET may go directly to institutes for Higher Profession Education and Training (HBO-Hoger beroepsonderwijs), after which entering university is a possibility. This co-existence of upper secondary (MBO) and higher professional (HBO) education creates opportunities for further education and development, as well as a tension in the labour market because many vocations can be studied at various levels, and employers may prefer higher educated employees. The social partners participate actively in the development of policy. As of January 1, 2012 they formed a foundation for Co operation Vocational Education and Entrepreneurship (St. SBB – stichting Samenwerking Beroepsonderwijs Bedrijfsleven; www.s-bb.nl). Its responsibility is to advise the Minister on the development of the national vocational education and training system, based on the full consensus of the constituent members (the representative organisations of schools and of entrepreneurship and their centres of expertise). Special topics are Qualification & Examination, Apprenticeships (BPV-Beroepspraktijkvorming) and (labourmarket) Efficiency of VET. The Centres of Expertices are linked to the four vocational education programmes provided in senior secondary VET on the content of VET programmes and on trends and future skill needs. The Local County Vocational Training (MBO Raad www.mboraad.nl) represents the VET schools in this foundation and advise on the quality, operations and provision of VET.
1788:"There is also a perception, deriving from centuries of social stratification and selectivity in the status and provision of different kinds of education in England, that vocational education is inevitably more narrowly utilitarian, less influential and less important than its more academic cousin: advanced ('A') levels. This divide between the sectors of 'vocational' and 'higher' education, in many ways peculiarly English, is also reflected in higher education institutions and occupations (regarding academic credentials and some related provisions). These academic-vocational divisions in the 'English model', together with negative social and political perceptions, have to some extent stymied the debate regarding the significance and relevance of vocational education provision to learning, work and the economy" (Loo and Jameson, 2017, p. 1). The authors suggest that the divisions between further and higher education sectors in England be reconsidered. They (Loo and Jameson, 2017) call for an opening up of new pathways of "occupation-related" provisions that offer greater parity, progression and enhanced social mobility in vocational education across the academic levels of England's educational provision.
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in another setting. In particular, the recontextualization processes regarding content (relating to specifications of a programme), pedagogic (relating to teaching activities), occupational (relating to working activities), and work (relating to the systems and processes that are specific to a workplace or organisation). From the initial teaching and occupational dimensions, the final modified know-how of
Occupational Pedagogic Knowledge or Occupational Teachers' Capacities is formed via content recontextualization, pedagogic recontextualization, occupational recontextualization, and integrated applied recontextualization (IAR). There are also relevant concepts that offer insights to the application of teaching and occupational know-how. These include knowledgeable practice (Evans 2016), practice architecture (Kemmis and Green 2013), and Systems 1 and 2 (Kahneman 2012). For a detailed description of the theoretical framework, please refer to Chapter 4 in Teachers and Teaching in Vocational and Professional Education (Loo, 2018). The conceptual framework of the occupational pedagogy of teachers is illustrated on page 50 (Loo 2018).
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occupational where "basic" disciplinary or theoretical knowledge is used to provide occupational relevance to pedagogic and work-related areas 4. IAR process provides a critical understanding of how the modified teaching, occupational and work capacities are combined to inform the application of appropriate teaching strategies to specific pedagogic settings 5. users acquire the occupational capacities over the course duration, and they include abilities, capabilities, dispositions, experiences, judgement, knowledge, protocols, skill sets and techniques 6. deliverers require the relevant occupational experiences to teach on work-related programmes, and continuous professional development is needed for deliverers to maintain their ongoing professionalism in the two practice strands of teaching and work
1022:. there are all of the technical and vocational Majors. To achieve the goals, TVTO holds 3-18-month training courses for job seekers and employees in different sectors. Along with training programs, there are activities of research, construction, equipment and development of human resources, most importantly including: codifying training standards based on international codes, research, updating training standards, research in training programs, training aids, audiovisuals, setting up and equipping workshops of training centers, setting up new workshops, guilds’ skill testing ,determining the technical competence of applicants of private institutions, holding specialized conferences, issuing skill certificates for construction workers.
564:, the first formal apprenticeship and vocational training programs were offered free of charge across the country, eventually becoming the National Workers' University (Universidad Obrera Nacional) under the National Vocational Programs Law 13229, implemented on August 19, 1948. These programs were created and supported by the federal government and delivered by provincial governments at various technical colleges and regional universities as well as industrial centers; they were meant to deal with the lack of technical specialists in Argentina at a time of rapid industrialization expansion across the country. The degrees granted were that of technician and factory engineer in many specialties.
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pedagogy of teachers of work-related programmes. Especially, he investigates the complex issue of how teachers use their know-how in their delivery of work-related programmes. This complexity surrounds the need for these deliverers to have the disciplinary and wider elements relating to knowledge of the relevant work practices, which involves the learning of the type of know-how and its application in their work practices. The combination of these work know-how (e.g. knowledge, experiences, dispositions and values) are then used to enable them to deliver to the learners. These pedagogic activities rely on different types of knowledge and experiences – pedagogic and work-related.
773:(chambers of trade and industry). The system is very popular in modern Germany: in 2001, two-thirds of young people aged under 22 began an apprenticeship, and 78% of them completed it, meaning that approximately 51% of all young people under 22 have completed an apprenticeship. One in three companies offered apprenticeships in 2003; in 2004 the government signed a pledge with industrial unions that all companies except very small ones must take on apprentices. From 2010 to 2023, the number of young people starting dual vocational training, has fallen. In recent years, Germany has invested a great deal of money to keep young people in the school system as long as possible.
516:. In a letter to the Prussian king, he wrote: "There are undeniably certain kinds of knowledge that must be of a general nature and, more importantly, a certain cultivation of the mind and character that nobody can afford to be without. People obviously cannot be good craftworkers, merchants, soldiers or businessmen unless, regardless of their occupation, they are good, upstanding and – according to their condition – well-informed human beings and citizens. If this basis is laid through schooling, vocational skills are easily acquired later on, and a person is always free to move from one occupation to another, as so often happens in life." The philosopher
1596:. At this level, vocational education and training is mainly provided through the "dual system". Apprentices rotate between workplace, vocational school and industry training centers where they develop complementary practical skills relating to the occupation. They spend the biggest amount of time at the workplace emphasizing the importance of on-the-job training. Rotation can be organised in different ways – either by switching places during the week or by allocating entire weeks to one place and form of learning. The program can also start with most of the time devoted to in-school education and then gradually increase the share of in-company training.
1156:"Training for work" (formación para el trabajo) courses at ISCED 2 level are short training programmes, taking typically three to six months to complete. The curriculum includes 50% theory and 50% practice. After completing the programme, students may enter the labour market. This programme does not provide direct access to tertiary education. Those who complete lower secondary education may choose between two broad options of vocational upper secondary education at ISCED 3 level. Both programmes normally take three years to complete and offer a vocational degree as well as the baccalaureate, which is required for entry into tertiary education.
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junior colleges and in two-year programmes in polytechnic colleges leads to an
Industrial associate degree. Polytechnics also provide one-year programmes for craftsmen and master craftsmen and short programmes for employed workers. The requirements for admission to these institutions are in principle the same as those in the rest of tertiary sector (on the basis of the College Scholastic Aptitude Test) but candidates with vocational qualifications are given priority in the admission process. Junior colleges have expanded rapidly in response to demand and in 2006 enrolled around 27% of all tertiary students.
1141:, both federal and state governments are responsible for the administration of vocational education. Federal schools are funded by the federal budget, in addition to their own funding sources. The state governments are responsible for the management of decentralised institutions, such as the State Centres for Scientific and Technological Studies (CECyTE) and Institutes of Training for Work (ICAT). These institutions are funded 50% from the federal budget and 50% from the state budget. The state governments also manage and fund "decentralised institutions of the federation", such as CONALEP schools.
791:, Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) programs aim to equip individuals with the technical and professional skills they need to drive the country's socioeconomic and industrial development. Notably, these programs place a strong emphasis on preparing Ghanaians for self-employment, empowering them to become not just employees but also job creators. In Ghana, TVET programs are designed specifically to address the needs of young Ghanaians who have completed Junior High School eager to acquire practical skills for immediate employment. There are new TVET schools under the
362:
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12th grades) students are offered courses relevant to their specialisation. In some programmes, students may participate in workplace training through co-operation between schools and local employers. The government is now piloting
Vocational Meister Schools in which workplace training is an important part of the programme. Around half of all vocational high schools are private. Private and public schools operate according to similar rules; for example, they charge the same fees for high school education, with an exemption for poorer families.
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1475:
1219:
1038:(MOLSA) may avail themselves of the MENTA Program, which provides scholastic, emotional, and social support throughout their high school and college studies. This support helps students meet the scholastic challenges and demands of the vocational track and, via the program, strives to expand both the number of youth continuing through college Grades 13-14 and the percentage eligible for a diploma at the end of their studies. The program was formulated by JDC-Ashalim in cooperation with the HEZNEK organization, the
848:, vocational education is usually for post-secondary 6 students. The Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (IVE) provides training in nine different vocational fields, namely: applied science, business administration, child education and community services, construction, design, printing, textiles and clothing, hotel service and tourism studies, information technology, electrical and electronic engineering, and mechanical, manufacturing and industrial engineering.
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training programmes at upper-secondary level, and professional education and training (PET) programmes, which take place at tertiary B level. In 2007, more than half of the population aged 25–64 had a VET or PET qualification as their highest level of education. In addition, universities of applied sciences (Fachhochschulen) offer vocational education at tertiary A level. Pathways enable people to shift from one part of the education system to another.
622:, provides regulation of registered training organisations except in Victoria and Western Australia. A central concept of the VET system is "national recognition", whereby the assessments and awards of any one registered training organisation must be recognised by all others, and the decisions of any VET regulatory authority must be recognised by the all states and territories. This allows national portability of qualifications and units of competency.
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combined with the long-term programs offered by the Indian technical institutes (ITIs) complement each other under the larger framework. Credit equivalency, transnational standards, quality assurance and standards are being managed by the
Ministry through the National Skill Development Agency (an autonomous body under the Ministry) in close partnership with industry-led sector-specific bodies (Sector Skill Councils) and various line ministries.
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vocational school programme some students opt for a third year in the "general" programme as an alternative to an apprenticeship. Both apprenticeship and a third year of practical training in school lead to the same vocational qualifications. Upper secondary VET graduates may go directly to
Vocational Technical Colleges, while those who wish to enter university need to take a supplementary year of education.
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800:
learning environment while simultaneously preparing graduates with the practical skills they need to hit the ground running in the industrial market. By providing technical knowledge and vocational skills in areas like agriculture, industry, commerce, science, and technology, vocational and technical programs at the tertiary level act as a catalyst for national development in these crucial sectors.
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to the nine vocational education programmes provided in upper secondary education and advise on the content of VET programmes and on trends and future skill needs. The
National Curriculum groups assist in deciding the contents of the vocational training within the specific occupations. The Local County Vocational Training Committees advise on the quality, provision of VET and career guidance.
350:
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Bernstein 1996; Smeby 1996) such as psychology and sociology (e.g. learning theories) for the education field. Teaching knowledge may be explicit or tacit (Shulman 1987; Polanyi 1966; Nonaka and
Takeuchi 1995; Verloop et al. 2001; Loughran et al. 2003; Collins 2010), and may include a teacher's wider life experiences (Clandinin 1985) and occupational or work-related practices (Loo 2012).
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total teaching time in both vocational and academic programmes) include
English, artistic activities, physical education and health, mathematics, natural science, social studies, Swedish or Swedish as a second language, and religious studies. In addition to the core subjects, students pursue optional courses, subjects which are specific to each programme and a special project.
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43:
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861:(school leaving certificate). These schools combine general education with some specific subjects, referred to as pre-vocational education and career orientation. At that point many students enrol in a post-secondary VET programme often at the same institution a vocational qualification, although they may also seek entry to tertiary education.
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includes knowledge of procedures, skills (e.g. interpersonal and intrapersonal ones which are usually tacit), techniques, transversal abilities, project management abilities, personal capabilities and occupational capacity/awareness (Eraut 2004; Winch 2014). This knowledge base is a wider spectrum than a pedagogic one.
1352:. It is an equivalent to a technical college in English-speaking countries. Admission to Post-secondary School in Poland is contingent upon the completion of secondary education. Post-secondary vocational schools offer professional training programs lasting to 2.5 years, including mandatory completion of
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training in agriculture, industry, services, culture, and art. TVTO has headquarters in the capital city of Tehran, an instructor training center(ITC) in Karaj city, 31 provincial head offices, 641 public training centers, 4710 public workshops, and over 12000 private institutions across the country.
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Finally, this investigation has implications for teachers, managers and policymakers of occupational courses. For teachers, these include insights of the sources and types of knowledge that are acquired, recontextualized and applied for teaching and working in the related occupational areas. Managers
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Knowledge concerning occupational practices (i.e. non-teaching) also requires a base of disciplinary or theoretical know-how that may be explicit and a process of application to specific work contexts and the environment it operates in (Bernstein 1996; Loo 2012). This occupational knowledge base also
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vocational education and training system (VET) is regarded by many international experts as the strongest in Europe. It is the mainstream upper secondary program serving 65-70% of Swiss young people. It results in one of the lowest youth unemployment rates in Europe. Managers and the staff take pride
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A 1992 school reform extended vocational upper secondary programmes by one year, aligning them with three years of general upper secondary education, increasing their general education content, and making core subjects compulsory in all programmes. The core subjects (which occupy around one-third of
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Education and training is the responsibility of member states, but the single
European labour market makes some cooperation on education imperative, including on vocational education and training. The 'Copenhagen process', based on the open method of cooperation between Member States, was launched in
1556:
Nearly all of those leaving compulsory schooling immediately enter upper secondary schools, and most complete their upper secondary education in three years. Upper secondary education is divided into 13 vocationally oriented and 4 academic national programmes. Slightly more than half of all students
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Training courses are provided by many institutions island wide. All training providers (public and private) must obtain institutional registration and course accreditation from the Tertiary and Vocational Education Commission (TVEC).In order to obtain registration institutions must satisfy specific
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and 86 community colleges under the Ministry of Higher Education; 10 MARA Advanced Skills Colleges, 13 MARA Skills Institutes, 286 GIATMARAs under Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA) and 15 National Youth Skills Institutes under Ministry of Youth and Sports. The first vocational institute in Malaysia is the
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95% of junior college students are in private institutions. Fees charged by private colleges are approximately twice those of public institutions. Polytechnic colleges are state-run institutions under the responsibility of the Ministry of Labour; government funding keeps student fees much lower than
1094:
Vocational high schools offer programmes in five fields: agriculture, technology/engineering, commerce/business, maritime/fishery, and home economics. In principle, all students in the first year of high school (10th grade) follow a common national curriculum, In the second and third years (11th and
856:
Normally at the end of elementary school (at age 14) students are directed to one of three types of upper secondary education: one academic track (gymnasium) and two vocational tracks. Vocational secondary schools (szakgimnázium) provide four years of general education and also prepare students for
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The observations from this investigation include (Loo 2018): 1. there are programme pathways to occupational work 2. occupational pathways are more direct for work-related provisions at higher academic levels than those at the TVET level 3. two strands of practices exist at the outset: teaching and
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These two forms of knowledge – pedagogic and occupational – may be applied through the processes of recontextualization (Bernstein 1996; van Oers 1998; Barnett 2006, Evans et al. 2010, Loo 2012, 2014). The knowledge forms can be changed through selecting, relocating and refocusing aspects when used
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Besides the three- or four-year VET programme with Federal VET Diploma, there is also the option of two-year vocational education and training VET programme with Federal VET Certificate for adolescents with lower learning performance. Switzerland draws a distinction between vocational education and
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social development of Sri Lanka. The NVQ framework consists of seven levels of instruction. NVQ levels 1 to 4 are for craftsmen designation and successful candidates are issued with National certificates. NVQ levels 5 and 6 are Diploma level, whereas Level 7 is for degree equivalent qualification.
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The social partners participate actively in the development of policy. The National Council for Vocational Education and Training advises the Minister on the development of the national vocational education and training system. The Advisory Councils for Vocational Education and Training are linked
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Nearly all those leaving lower secondary school enter upper secondary education, and around half follow one of nine vocational programmes. These programmes typically involve two years in school followed by two years of apprenticeship in a company. The first year provides general education alongside
1173:
Nearly all of those leaving lower secondary school enter upper secondary (vocational) education (Middelbaar BeroepsOnderwijs, MBO), and around 50% of them follow one of four vocational programmes; technology, economics, agricultural, personal/social services & health care. These programmes vary
1098:
The number of students in vocational high schools has decreased, from about half of students in 1995 down to about one-quarter today. To make vocational high schools more attractive, in April 2007 the Korean government changed the name of vocational high schools into professional high schools. With
864:
Vocational training schools (szakiskola) initially provide two years of general education, combined with some pre-vocational education and career orientation, they then choose an occupation, and then receive two or three years of vocational education and training focusing on that occupation—such as
795:
Policy under the auspices of the Government of Ghana set up to increase access and to purposely train students in pure technical skills. This is geared towards immediate job placement, this focus on hands-on learning and skill development sets Technical Vocational Institutes and Polytechnics apart
598:
However some secondary schools do offer school-based apprenticeships and traineeships for students in years 10, 11 and 12. There were 24 Technical Colleges in Australia but now only 5 independent Trade Colleges remain with three in Queensland; one in Townsville (Tec-NQ), one in Brisbane (Australian
461:
Historically, almost all vocational education took place in the classroom or on the job site, with students learning trade skills and trade theory from accredited instructors or established professionals. However, in recent years, online vocational education has grown in popularity, making learning
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Loo (2018) uses the term, technical and vocational education and training (TVET) by UNESCO (2012) as in the section below, to offer a more rational term than "vocational" in England, and to reach out to like-minded users in the global educational community. He offers insights into the study of the
1782:
They are similar to higher apprenticeships, but differ in that they provide an opportunity to gain a full bachelor's (Level 6) or master's degree (Level 7). The courses are designed in partnership with employers, with part-time study taking place at a university. They can take between four and six
1775:
Apprentices work towards work-based learning qualifications such as a Level 4 and 5 Competence Qualification, Functional Skills and, in some cases, a knowledge-based qualification such as a Foundation Degree. They can take between four and five years to complete, depending on the level at which an
1287:
Apprentices receive a wage negotiated in collective agreements ranging between 30% and 80% of the wage of a qualified worker; the percentage increase over the apprenticeship period. Employers taking on apprentices receive a subsidy, equivalent to the cost of one year in school. After the two years
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Ghana's Technical Universities, an upgrade of Polytechnics, have received a major boost with the introduction of state-of-the-art laboratories. These labs are equipped with industry-standard training systems, prioritizing a hands-on approach to education. This focus fosters a dynamic teaching and
614:
Australia's apprenticeship system includes both apprenticeships in "traditional" trades and "traineeships" in other more service-oriented occupations. Both involve a legal contract between the employer and the apprentice or trainee and provide a combination of school-based and workplace training.
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is served by 11 Industry Training Organisations (ITO). The unique element is that ITOs purchase training as well as set standards and aggregate industry opinion about skills in the labour market. Industry Training, as organised by ITOs, has expanded from apprenticeships to a more true lifelong
625:
A crucial feature of the training package (which accounts for about 60% of publicly funded training and almost all apprenticeship training) is that the content of the vocational qualifications is theoretically defined by industry and not by government or training providers. A Training Package is
1795:
The theoretical framework uses, initially, a dual professionalism concept to review the literature sources of knowledge concerning the occupational pedagogy of teachers. From a pedagogic delineation of knowledge, teaching knowledge may include knowledge of the relevant disciplines (Becher 1994;
1539:
Vocational training from Agricultural subjects to ICT related subjects are available in Sri Lanka. In 2005 the Ministry of Vocational and Technical Training (MVTT) introduced the National Vocational Qualifications (NVQ) framework which was an important milestone for the education, economic and
1102:
Most vocational high school students continue into tertiary education; in 2007 43% transferred to junior colleges and 25% to university. At tertiary level, vocational education and training is provided in junior colleges (two- and three-year programmes) and at polytechnic colleges. Education at
904:
The National Skills Qualifications Framework (NSQF) is a competency-based framework that organizes all qualifications according to a series of levels of knowledge, skills and aptitude. These levels, graded from one to ten, are defined in terms of learning outcomes which the learner must possess
1807:
The analysed empirical data is discussed in the separate sections of TVET, higher and professional education courses, five case studies of fashion and textiles, airline industry, dental hygiene, clinical training in emergency medicine and doctors, and a comparison chapter. These chapters offer
1547:
Government Ministries and Agencies involved in Vocational Training are The Ministry of Vocational and Technical Training (MVTT), The Tertiary and Vocational Education Commission (TVEC), The National Apprentice and Industrial Training Authority (NAITA), The Department of Technical Education and
941:
The involvement of the private sector in various aspects of skill development has enhanced access, quality, and innovative financing models leading to sustainable skill development organizations on the ground. The short-term skill development programs (largely offered by private organizations)
629:
The National Centre for Vocational Education Research or NCVER is a not-for-profit company owned by the federal, state and territory ministries responsible for training. It is responsible for collecting, managing, analysing, evaluating and communicating research and statistics about vocational
1159:
The title "technical professional – baccalaureate" (profesional técnico — bachiller) is offered by various subsystems though one subsystem (CONALEP) includes two thirds of the students. The programme involves 35% general subjects and 65% vocational subjects. Students are required to
1148:
The upper secondary vocational education system in Mexico includes over a dozen subsystems (administrative units within the Upper Secondary Education Undersecretariat of the Ministry of Public Education, responsible for vocational programmes) which differ from each other to varying degrees in
982:
is mostly presented by TVTO which is the most pervasive skill training body in Iran, which attempts to meet the skill needs of the labor market and also updates the skills of employees with the latest technologies. It functions as the provider and executor of informal technical and vocational
973:, an instructor training center, 552 Learning Center and over 11700 free technical and vocational schools. In order to achieve the latest science and technology news and to comply with international standards, the organization always tried to expand international relations, including with the
1204:
has been changing over time. In the 1970's, the Nigerian educational system was 6-5-4. This changed as time passed, between 1980 and 2005, it was changed to 6-3-3-4. 2008 saw another educational system review to 9-3-4 system of education. All these reviews are shown in the National Policy on
730:
The education in vocational school is free, and students from low-income families are eligible for a state student grant. The curriculum is primarily vocational, and the academic part of the curriculum is adapted to the needs of a given course. The vocational schools are mostly maintained by
1564:
Vocational programmes include 15 weeks of workplace training (Arbetsplatsförlagt lärande – APL) over the three-year period. Schools are responsible for arranging workplace training and verifying its quality. Most municipalities have advisory bodies: programme councils (programmråd) and
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and the International Organization for Vocational Training in other countries. In this regard, the organization, regardless of the interpretation of the overall organizational structure, carries out its activities only in the field of education, with the support of the research field.
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are now offering specialised bachelor's degrees in specific areas not being adequately provided by universities. Such applied courses include equine studies, winemaking and viticulture, aquaculture, information technology, music, illustration, culinary management and many more.
395:. Vocational education can also be seen as that type of education given to an individual to prepare that individual to be gainfully employed or self employed with requisite skill. Vocational education is known by a variety of names, depending on the country concerned, including
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The programme awarding the "technological baccalaureate" (bachillerato tecnológico) and the title "professional technician" (técnico professional) is offered by various subsystems. It includes more general and less vocational education: 60% general subjects and 40% vocational
1119:. There are numerous vocational education centres here including vocational schools (high schools to train skilled students), technic schools (high schools to train future engineers) and vocational colleges all of them under the Ministry of Education. Then there are 33
1816:
need to empathise with the deliverers and support their professional needs, and policymakers need to acknowledge the complexities of teaching in occupational programmes and that the curriculum, professional staff and institution are adequately supported (Loo 2018).
1144:
Compulsory education (including primary and lower secondary education) finishes at the age of 15 and about half of those aged 15-to-19 are enrolled full-time or part-time in education. All programmes at upper secondary level require the payment of a tuition fee.
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content, administration, and target group. The large number of school types and corresponding administrative units within the Ministry of Public Education makes the institutional landscape of vocational education and training complex by international standards.
916:. Articulating the need for such a Ministry, the Prime Minister said, "A separate Ministry, which will look after promoting entrepreneurship and skill development, would be created. Even developed countries have accorded priority to promoting skilled manpower".
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established in 1964 under the Manpower Department. Other institutes under the same department including 8 Advanced Technology Training Centres, one Centre for Instructor and Advanced Skill Training, one Japan-Malaysia Technical Institute and the other 21 ITIs.
1050:, and create for themselves a picture of the future. At the same time, the findings suggested that program better clarify the target population, improve the supports for transition to college, and more clearly define the scope of the coordinators' role.
567:
Currently, vocational education programs are delivered by public and private learning organizations, supported by the Argentine Ministry of Labour and Ministry of Education. The leading providers of technical and vocational education in the country are the
1557:
follow vocational programmes. All programmes offer broad general education and basic eligibility to continue studies at the post-secondary level. In addition, there are local programmes specially designed to meet local needs and "individual" programmes.
905:
regardless of whether they are obtained through formal, non-formal or informal learning. NSQF in India was notified on 27 December 2013. All other frameworks, including the NVEQF (National Vocational Educational Qualification Framework) released by the
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2002 in order to help make vocational education and training better and more attractive to learners throughout Europe. The process is based on mutually agreed priorities that are reviewed periodically. Much of the activity is monitored by Cedefop, the
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learning situation with, for example, over 10% of trainees aged 50 or over. Moreover, much of the training is generic. This challenges the prevailing idea of vocational education and the standard layperson view that it focuses on apprenticeships.
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system. They are two-year schools that many students study at after finishing high school (although it is not always required that students graduate from high school). Some have a wide range of majors, others only a few majors. Some examples are
945:
India has bilateral collaboration with governments including those of the UK, Australia, Germany, Canada, and the UAE, with the intention of implementing globally acceptable standards and providing the Indian workforce with overseas job mobility.
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vocational councils (yrkesråd) composed of employers' and employees' representatives from the locality. The councils advise schools on matters such as provision of workplace training courses, equipment purchase and training of supervisors in APL.
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There is strong support, particularly in northern Europe, for a shift of resources from university education to vocational training. This is due to the perception that an oversupply of university graduates in many fields of study has aggravated
969:, which was formed from the merger of three educational institutions in 1980 in order to provide technical and vocational education. In addition to the central headquarters, this organization has 31 general administrations in provinces of
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but a vocational qualification at the end of a successfully completed programme. Demand for vocational training, both from the labour market and among students, has declined while it has increased for upper secondary schools delivering the
477:
began to emphasize on the role of education in preparing learners effectively for the world of work. This school of thought, termed "new vocationalism", placed the skills needs of industry at the centre of discussions on the purpose of
1808:
critical understandings of how pedagogic and occupational know-how are acquired and applied in highly contextualized pedagogic and occupational contexts culminating in the use of teaching strategies/approaches in teaching sessions.
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may choose vocational high schools after completing the 8-year-long compulsory primary and secondary education. Vocational high school graduates may pursue two year-long polytechnics or may continue with a related tertiary degree.
823:
only, except at times when it is rarely offered a course for non-adult students. The duration of study is two-and-a-half academic years full-time, 2 ½ years. 4 semesters in-school education and 1 semester being known as curricular
937:
The Ministry works with various central ministries and departments and the State government in implementing the NSQF across all Government funded projects, based on a five-year implementation schedule for complete convergence.
1046:(and subsequently, MOLSA), and by education networks operating schools. A 2016-17 formative evaluation of MENTA found that the program was successful in helping students complete their matriculation, strengthen their sense of
1033:
offers a post-high school college education system for technical occupations and engineering, aimed at high-school graduates of technological tracks. Students demonstrating technological potential in schools supervised by the
1956:
1663:
544:
was one of the first countries in Latin America to run apprenticeship and vocational programs. From 1903 to 1909 basic programs were delivered at main cities. The entity charged with delivering these programs was the
713:(high school), which is an institution preparing students for tertiary education, or to a vocational school. Both forms of secondary education last three years, and give a formal qualification to enter university or
832:, both involve a legal contract between the employer and the student-trainee on the job placement and provide a combination of school-based training and workplace practicum. Public IEKs are government-funded with
1347:
vocational programmes for the technical occupations are the part of the public system of post-secondary academic education. Post-secondary vocational school (post-secondary technical school) in Poland is known as
2980:
1769:
Apprentices work towards work-based learning such as a Level 3 Competence Qualification, Functional Skills and, in most cases, a relevant knowledge-based qualification. They can take four years to complete.
1934:
3080:
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680:
615:
Apprenticeships typically last three to four years, traineeships only one to two years. Apprentices and trainees receive a wage which increases as they progress through the training scheme.
2298:
1763:
Apprentices work towards work-based learning qualifications such as a Level 2 Competence Qualification, Functional Skills and, in most cases, a relevant knowledge-based qualification.
1544:
criteria: infrastructure, basic services, tools and equipment, quality of instruction and staff, based on curriculum and syllabus, and quality of management and monitoring systems.
979:
466:
400:
52:
3608:
Loo, S. & Jameson, J. (Eds.) (2017 pub. 23rd Aug. 2016) Vocationalism in Further and Higher Education: Policy, programmes and pedagogy. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge Ltd.
3329:
1035:
3304:
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level. Apprenticeships are increasingly recognised as the gold standard for work-based training. There are four levels of apprenticeship available for those aged 16 and over:
1639:, the most populous city in Turkey, offers year long free vocational programs in a wide range of topics through ISMEK, an umbrella organization formed under the municipality.
966:
3684:
Achilles, C. M.; Lintz, M.N.; and Wayson, W.W. "Observations on Building Public Confidence in Education." EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION AND POLICY ANALYSIS 11 no. 3 (1989): 275–284.
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various trade skills and soft skills from established professionals easier than ever for students, even those who may live far away from a traditional vocational school.
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1504:
1248:
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1698:
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The states and territories are responsible for providing funding for government subsidised delivery in their jurisdiction and the Commonwealth Government, through the
2604:
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1588:
in their young apprentices. Several Swiss CEOs of big multinational companies and government members have started their own careers as VET-apprentices, for example
769:) was passed in 1969 which regulated and unified the vocational training system and codified the shared responsibility of the state, the unions, associations and
336:
1312:
system. These schools combine general education with some specific subjects, referred to as pre-vocational education and career orientation. After nine years of
520:
criticized discrepancies between Humboldt's ideals and the contemporary European education policy, which narrowly understands education as a preparation for the
6183:
6058:
1741:
1125:
3696:
Kincheloe, Joe L. Toil and Trouble: Good Work, Smart Workers, and the Integration of Academic and Vocational Education. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. (1995)
3284:
1018:. The university has more than 176 schools and colleges across the country, and with more than 180 thousand students, it is one of the largest universities in
2392:
1375:
and analysts, computer network specialists, and hardware specialists. In the field of electronics, it includes training for electronic circuit designers and
354:
1335:
After completing secondary education, one can enter to the universities. It is also possible for a student to choose both Técnico and Científico schooling.
3227:
5015:
3072:
3718:
Sharpe, D. "Image Control: Teachers and Staff Have the Power to Shape Positive Thinking." VOCATIONAL EDUCATION JOURNAL 68, no. 1 (January 1993): 26–27.
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4855:
1825:
1726:
886:
749:
It is also possible for a student to choose both lukio and vocational schooling. The education in such cases lasts usually from three to four years.
3699:
Kincheloe, Joe L. How Do We Tell the Workers? The Socio-Economic Foundations of Work and Vocational Education. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. (1999)
3637:
2342:
1548:
Training (DTET), University of Vocational Technology(UoVT), The Vocational Training Authority (VTA) and the National Youth Services Council (NYSC).
501:
and courses, often developed in collaboration with industry, and an increase in the variety of work-based learning routes on offer to young people.
3709:
O'Connor, P.J., and Trussell, S.T. "The Marketing of Vocational Education." VOCATIONAL EDUCATION JOURNAL 62, no. 8 (November–December 1987): 31–32.
3422:
6108:
5459:
2695:
2083:
633:
The boundaries between vocational education and tertiary education are becoming more blurred. A number of vocational training providers such as
6498:
4875:
3570:
3481:
3035:"Vocational education and the binary higher education system in the Netherlands: higher education symbiosis or vocational education dichotomy?"
1902:
931:
919:
As a continuation of its efforts to harmonize and consolidate skill development activities across the country, the Government launched the 1st
906:
3280:
Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional. "La Formación Profesional Actual En El Sistema Educativo." TodoFP, Gobierno De España, 2019,
707:, vocational education belongs to secondary education. After the nine-year comprehensive school, almost all students choose to go to either a
5434:
2292:
2268:
2051:
1740:
were introduced to provide "quality training on a work-based (educational) route". Numbers of apprentices have grown in recent years and the
546:
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3209:
1751:
In the UK some higher engineering-technician positions that require 4–5 years' apprenticeship require academic study to HNC / HND or higher
5692:
2882:
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Development Mission (NSDM) on 15 July 2015. Also launched on the day was the National Policy for Skill Development & Entrepreneurship.
634:
585:
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5479:
3833:
3321:
2016:
1152:
Vocational education and training provided under the Upper Secondary Education Undersecretariat includes three main types of programme:
608:
497:
and adults needed to secure employment in industry. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the introduction and expansion of new vocational
5100:
3618:
https://www.routledge.com/Vocationalism-in-Further-and-Higher-Education-Policy-Programmes-and-Pedagogy/Loo-Jameson/p/book/9781138947047
1690:, but by 1975 only 0.5% of British senior pupils were in technical schools, compared to two-thirds of the equivalent German age group.
6048:
3363:
2637:
1205:
Education. Due to the type of education Nigeria inherited from her colonial masters, education in the 1960's were more book oriented.
1010:
across the country. The main objective of this University, training technicians in the majors technical. 4/5 of majors are belongs to
594:
vocational education and training is mostly post-secondary and provided through the vocational education and training (VET) system by
329:
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Ries, E. "To 'V' or Not to 'V': for Many the Word 'Vocational' Doesn't Work." TECHNIQUES 72, no. 8 (November–December 1997): 32–36.
1099:
the change of the name the government also facilitated the entry of vocational high school graduates to colleges and universities.
1359:
Post-secondary educational programs focus on practical and technical skills required for the work in specific industries, such as
626:
endorsed by the Australian Industry and Skills Committee before it can be used by RTOs to deliver Nationally Accredited Training.
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5958:
3263:
2363:
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1854:
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4129:
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1918:
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404:
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Brodhead, C. W. "Image 2000: A Vision for Vocational Education." VOCATIONAL EDUCATION JOURNAL 66, no. 1 (January 1991): 22–25.
2527:
6068:
5890:
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4890:
3185:
2183:
1356:
at enterprises. The completion of Post-secondary vocational school in Poland results in the awarding of a technical diploma.
1039:
204:
6158:
3724:
Silberman, H.F. "Improving the Status of High School Vocational Education." EDUCATIONAL HORIZONS 65, no. 1 (Fall 1986): 5–9.
3727:
Tuttle, F.T. "Let's Get Serious about Image-Building." VOCATIONAL EDUCATION JOURNAL 62, no. 8 (November–December 1987): 11.
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Polytechnics, Private Training Establishments, Wananga and others also deliver vocational training, amongst other areas.
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1231:
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3874:
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1869:
5126:
3693:
Buzzell, C.H. "Let Our Image Reflect Our Pride." VOCATIONAL EDUCATION JOURNAL 62, no. 8 (November–December 1987): 10.
3628:
Loo, S. (2018) Teachers and Teaching in Vocational and Professional Education. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge Ltd.
3155:
Okolocha; Comfort, Chimezie (Dec 2012). "Vocational Technical education in Nigeria: Challenges and the way forward".
3011:
1662:
The system of vocational education in the UK initially developed independently of the state, with bodies such as the
1497:
1491:
1483:
1241:
1235:
1227:
1189:
One source for information in New Zealand is the Industry Training Federation. Another is the Ministry of Education.
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3599:
World Class Apprenticeships. The Government's strategy for the future of Apprenticeships in England. DIUS/DCSF, 2008
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2835:"مرجبی مدیر مرکز فنی حرفه ای لوشان_ آموزش های مهارتی حلقه مفقوده اشتغال و کارآفرینی در کشور ماست _ شکوفه های زیتون"
1683:
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894:
638:
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and Industry Training Packages which define the competency standards for the different vocational qualifications.
607:, and private providers in a national training framework consisting of the Australian Quality Training Framework,
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5165:
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https://www.routledge.com/Teachers-and-Teaching-in-Vocational-and-Professional-Education/Loo/p/book/9781138056978
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1913:
732:
224:
199:
61:
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is an institution of vocational learning in Guelph, Ontario, Canada, considered one of the first in the country.
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4365:
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3749:
Profiles of national vocational education systems compiled from a variety of national and international sources
2482:"Upgrading polytechnics to technical universities in Ghana and its future outcomes: a document review approach"
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31:
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introductory knowledge of the vocational area. During the second year, courses become more trade-specific.
1120:
450:
365:
305:
300:
133:
113:
5915:
5847:
5469:
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Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional. "Preguntas Frecuentes." TodoFP, Gobierno De España, 2019,
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1940:
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those charged by other tertiary institutions. Around 5% of students are enrolled in polytechnic colleges.
816:(senior high school) graduates and is provided by public or private Schools of Higher Vocational Training
517:
128:
118:
103:
3414:
2334:
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4900:
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4845:
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4214:
4119:
4089:
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1931: – Institution of higher education and sometimes research that grants professional academic degrees
1928:
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1007:
777:
688:
446:
265:
219:
184:
5885:
4453:
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Banach, Banach, and Cassidy. THE ABC COMPLETE BOOK OF SCHOOL MARKETING. Ray Township, MI: Author, 1996.
2244:
1324:(High School). Both forms of secondary education last three years, and are usually located in the same
525:
2207:
549:(Spanish: Unión General de Trabajadores; abbreviated UGT), an Argentine national labor confederation.
6460:
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6415:
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6008:
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3715:
Ries, A., and Trout, J. THE 22 IMMUTABLE LAWS OF MARKETING. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1993.
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Reeves, Diane Lindsey CAREER ACADEMY TOOLKIT. Raleigh, North Carolina: Bright Futures Press, 2006.
1309:
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890:
720:
158:
5554:
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3302:
http://todofp.es/sobre-fp/informacion-general/formacion-profesional-dual/preguntas-frecuentes.html
2265:
666:. But it became less effective with the transition of the economies of post-Soviet countries to a
552:
The massive development of vocational education in Argentina took place during the period between
433:
system. At the post-secondary level, vocational education is often provided by highly specialized
6540:
6425:
6265:
6255:
6245:
6235:
6093:
6018:
5804:
5729:
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5530:
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4940:
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4885:
4825:
4520:
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4159:
4109:
4059:
4004:
3949:
3861:
3819:
3379:
1978:
1671:
715:
418:
270:
214:
209:
189:
98:
93:
2745:
2666:
796:
from traditional universities, preparing graduates to hit the ground running in the workforce.
723:
personnel training), the entrance requirements of vocational schools include completion of the
6450:
6346:
6298:
6220:
5988:
5369:
5334:
5289:
5284:
5193:
5060:
4970:
4860:
4698:
4510:
4492:
4370:
4340:
4313:
4303:
4293:
4288:
4257:
4189:
4179:
4164:
4124:
3932:
3915:
3629:
3609:
3359:
3054:
2501:
2435:"List of free TVET Schools | Commission for Technical and Vocational Educational and Training"
2121:
2047:
1990:
1896:
1848:
1710:
1702:
1675:
442:
434:
422:
411:
369:
229:
163:
143:
122:
3793:
2008:
1367:, construction. In the field of information technology, such education includes training for
4770:
4686:
4627:
4390:
4385:
4355:
4242:
4237:
4199:
4104:
4079:
3984:
3046:
2930:"تکنسین ماهر بیشتر از دکتر بیکار برای جامعه ارزش دارد/طرح تبادل دانشجو با دانشگاه فنی برلین"
2904:
2493:
2113:
1878:
1752:
1706:
1667:
1376:
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1011:
995:
521:
479:
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414:
is a type of educational institution specifically designed to provide vocational education.
310:
153:
148:
138:
3754:
3073:"Dutch vocational education in a nutshell | Education | Expatica the Netherlands"
2857:"نیازسنجی آموزش_های فنی و حرفه_ای مرتبط با زیست_فناوری در سازمان آموزش فنی و حرفه_ای ایران"
2629:
1729:. However, youth training was marginalised as the proportion of young people staying on in
4443:
4350:
4345:
4227:
4222:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4114:
4074:
3733:
3721:
Shields, C.J. "How to Market Vocational Education." CURRICULUM REVIEW (November 1989): 3-5
3702:
Lauglo, Jon; Maclean, Rupert (Eds.) "Vocationalisation of Secondary Education Revisited".
3644:
3308:
3288:
3245:
2984:
2978:
MENTA – Support Program for Technical and Practical Engineering Students: Evaluation Study
2272:
1737:
1635:
Municipalities in Turkey also offer vocational training. The metropolitan municipality of
820:
692:
483:
280:
168:
3751:- UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training
3704:
Series: Technical and Vocational Education and Training: Issues, Concerns and Prospects
6529:
4570:
4463:
4283:
2104:
Günther, Karl-Heinz (1988). "Profiles of educators: Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835)".
1679:
1589:
1578:
1444:
There are typically two courses imparted until graduation. Each titulation is called a
833:
792:
667:
430:
1386:, the academic program of a post-secondary school in Poland is classified as ISCED 4.
6565:
5548:
4645:
4247:
4184:
4049:
3922:
3669:
2605:"Govt to create Ministry for entrepreneurship & skill development: Narendra Modi"
2041:
1863:
1694:
1620:, 38% of 15-year-old students attend vocational study programmes that are offered by
1047:
561:
295:
3004:"OECD Policy Reviews of Vocational Education and Training (VET) - Learning for Jobs"
897:. To harmonize the variations and multiplicity in terms of standards and costs, the
493:
General education systems had not been effective in developing the skills that many
4543:
4335:
3665:
2519:
1438:
1364:
762:
695:. At the same time, employers are experiencing a shortage of skilled tradespeople.
655:
654:
The largest and the most unified system of vocational education was created in the
557:
487:
388:
17:
3174:
3050:
2548:
2434:
2318:
2172:
1857: – Philosophical viewpoint about the nature of knowledge; theory of knowledge
3761:
3748:
3443:
3282:
http://todofp.es/sobre-fp/informacion-general/sistema-educativo-fp/fp-actual.html
2856:
1697:
have made attempts to promote and expand vocational education. In the 1970s, the
482:. TVET and skills development were viewed as an important component in promoting
5558:
4325:
3778:
2933:
2459:
1979:"Technical and Vocational Education, a Tool for National Development in Nigeria"
1890:
1783:
years to complete, depending on the level of the course, and the level of entry.
1584:
1182:
920:
553:
494:
349:
290:
260:
2724:
2583:
2497:
738:
After completing secondary education, one can enter higher vocational schools (
4448:
4298:
3532:
1937: – Closed-circuit television network in aiding elementary school teaching
1907:
1368:
1353:
829:
498:
474:
392:
3058:
2878:
2505:
2481:
2140:
2125:
1994:
1413:, vocational education is divided into 3 stages as of 2014. They're known as
4536:
4458:
4099:
3842:
2958:[Academic courses and vocational] (in Persian). Daneshnameh.roshd.ir
2908:
2798:
2414:"THE TECHNICAL, VOCATIONAL AND SKILL TRAINING - Ministry of Education Ghana"
2364:"Berufsausbildungsgesetz - Bundesrecht konsolidiert, Fassung vom 29.06.2018"
1910: – The process of learning a new or upgrading an old skill set or trade
1399:
845:
825:
591:
560:, with the large influx of immigrants from Europe. During the presidency of
541:
380:
4473:
3730:"What Do People Think of Us?" TECHNIQUES 72, no. 6 (September 1997): 14–15.
3246:"Praktyczna nauka zawodu - Ministerstwo Edukacji Narodowej - Portal Gov.pl"
2080:"Education and character: The classical curriculum of Wilhelm von Humboldt"
4468:
3003:
1659:. The initial idea was thought of in 1901, and the school opened in 1907.
719:, i.e., Finnish polytechnics. In certain fields (e.g., the police school,
3974:
3802:
2145:
1899: – Education related to the practice of being a medical practitioner
1636:
1301:
1116:
727:, thus causing the students to complete their secondary education twice.
663:
513:
3509:
1744:
has stated its intention to make apprenticeships a "mainstream" part of
1450:, heavily specialized depending on its related professional discipline.
817:
4169:
3703:
2277:
2117:
1957:
Commonwealth Register of Institutions and Courses for Overseas Students
1831:
1745:
1429:, which can be started after 2º Bachillerato, or after graduating from
1201:
1079:
934:) are carried out under the Ministry, through the Skill India Mission.
758:
704:
603:) and one in Adelaide and Perth. This system encompasses both public,
384:
3755:
Choosing a Career or Vocational School - U.S. Federal Trade Commission
2480:
Bentum-Micah, Geoffrey; Cai, Lianyu; Kyei-Nuamah, David (2024-05-01).
3797:
3537:
Dictionary of National Biography – William Ford Robinson Stanley
3130:
1609:
1344:
1325:
1138:
1030:
813:
809:
1115:
Skills training are no longer depicted as second-class education in
3671:
Taking a whole of government approach to skills development
3380:"Gold Standard: The Swiss Vocational Education and Training System"
2834:
1845: – Training in farming, natural resources, and land management
1349:
2173:"Learning for Jobs OECD review of Australian vocational education"
1410:
1058:
927:
788:
470:
360:
348:
3358:. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
2975:
Ruth Baruj-Kovarsky, Ori Figura-Rosenzweig, and Dalia Ben Rabi.
2630:"National Policy for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 2015"
3558:
Does Education Matter? Myths about Education and Economic Growth
2659:"National Policy on Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 2015"
2294:
Europeans back funding vocational training over higher education
1617:
1019:
970:
956:
604:
6394:
6196:
5944:
5571:
5191:
4799:
4788:
4490:
3853:
3815:
3264:"KRÓTKA INFORMACJA O POLSKIM SYSTEMIE EDUKACJI | Eurydice"
1935:
Washington County Closed-Circuit Educational Television Project
473:
development worldwide. From the late 1980s onwards a number of
3805:
By Charles H. Ham, published in 1900 by American Book Company.
3102:"Industry Training and Apprenticeships | ITF New Zealand"
1593:
1468:
1212:
36:
3803:
Mind and Hand: Manual Training the Chief Factor in Education.
2549:"OECD review of vocational education and training in Hungary"
1421:, which can be started after 4º ESO or after graduating from
3811:
3175:"OECD review of vocational education and training in Norway"
2236:
1713:
colleges in the United Kingdom. In the 1980s and 1990s, the
926:
Today all skill development efforts through the Government (
2215:
2043:
Taking a whole of government approach to skills development
1316:(Primary School), the student can choose to go to either a
619:
30:"Career education" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1950:
681:
European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training
3539:. Second Supplement. Vol. III (NEIL-YOUNG). London:
812:, vocational education and training (VET) is usually for
3668:
work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from
3101:
2688:"Vocational Training in India - A skill Based Education"
1433:. University can then be accessed after graduating from
912:
In November 2014 the new Government in India formed the
3228:"Organisation of post-secondary non-tertiary education"
2879:"Iran Technical & Vocational Training Organization"
1923:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1887: – Type of institution offering tertiary education
1874:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1859:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
27:
Studies that prepare a person for a specific occupation
1461:, although not all Vocational Schools may feature it.
1062:
403:(technical and vocational education and training) and
53:
TVET (technical and vocational education and training)
2883:
Iran Technical & Vocational Training Organization
1943: – efforts to broaden access to higher education
3444:"Learning for Jobs OECD review of Switzerland, 2009"
1945:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1893: – Abilities for adaptive and positive behavior
967:
Ministry of Cooperatives, Labour, and Social Welfare
6474:
6401:
6307:
6284:
6203:
6077:
5951:
5924:
5876:
5838:
5580:
5498:
5458:
5200:
5114:
5089:
4808:
4436:
4266:
4213:
4035:
3888:
3860:
2237:"National Centre for Vocational Education Research"
2141:"Bologna-Prozess: Die Chance zum Kompromiss ist da"
2988:. Jerusalem: Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute (2018).
2721:Ministry of Skill Development And Entrepreneurship
2663:Ministry of Skill Development And Entrepreneurship
2580:Ministry of Skill Development And Entrepreneurship
1384:International Standard Classification of Education
930:) and through the Public Private Partnership arm (
914:Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
528:", to describe vocational training, and Humboldt.
2998:
2996:
2994:
2576:"National Skills Qualifications Framework (NSQF)"
2339:Federal Ministry of Education and Research - BMBF
1670:setting examinations for technical subjects. The
1921: – Vocational education system in Australia
1496:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1240:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
572:(Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, UTN) and the
2460:"Free SHS Policy - Ministry of Education Ghana"
2319:https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED586835.pdf
1866: – Traits enabling a person to be employed
1036:Ministry of Labor, Social Affairs, and Services
885:historically has been a subject handled by the
383:that prepares people for a skilled craft as an
3039:Journal of Vocational Education & Training
2335:"The German Vocational Training System - BMBF"
965:is one of the organizations affiliated to the
959:Technical and Vocational Training Organization
836:, and it can be attended without tuition fee.
3827:
1742:Department for Children, Schools and Families
1453:Spanish vocational education also features a
1126:Industrial Training Institute of Kuala Lumpur
524:, and argued that we need to decide between "
465:Trends have emerged in the implementation of
330:
8:
6500:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
3664: This article incorporates text from a
512:'s educational model goes beyond vocational
355:John F. Ross Collegiate Vocational Institute
3356:Vocational education and training in Sweden
1851: – Process within NGOs and non-profits
1006:) includes higher education that runs all
417:Vocational education can take place at the
6391:
6193:
5941:
5568:
5188:
4796:
4785:
4716:
4711:
4682:
4677:
4641:
4636:
4623:
4618:
4584:
4579:
4566:
4561:
4532:
4527:
4501:
4487:
3850:
3834:
3820:
3812:
3033:van Houten, Maarten Matheus (2018-01-02).
2813:"معرفی سازمان آموزش فنی و حرفه ای - تبیان"
1727:General National Vocational Qualifications
1655:) which was designed, built and set up by
599:Trade College) and one on the Gold Coast (
576:(Universidad Nacional de las Artes, UNA).
453:(formerly called polytechnic institutes).
337:
323:
75:
2322:Secondary Vocational Education in Finland
1826:Vocational education in the United States
1699:Business And Technology Education Council
1527:Learn how and when to remove this message
1271:Learn how and when to remove this message
1160:complete 360 hours of practical training.
2746:"Overseas migration patterns from India"
2139:Nida-Rümelin, Julian (29 October 2009).
1983:Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences
1647:The first "Trades School" in the UK was
660:professional`no-tehnicheskoye uchilische
3552:
3550:
1969:
1780:Degree and professional apprenticeships
1435:Formación profesional de Grado Superior
1427:Formación profesional de Grado Superior
1200:The educational system or structure of
975:International Labour Organization (ILO)
899:National Skills Qualification Framework
865:bricklayer. Students do not obtain the
570:National Technological University (UTN)
252:
176:
85:
78:
2281:July 24, 2002. Accessed August 3, 2008
2208:"Australian Industry Skills Committee"
2082:. Washington, DC: Schiller Institute.
1903:Policy development for skills and TVET
932:National Skill Development Corporation
445:, colleges of further education (UK),
3349:
3347:
2153:from the original on 20 February 2016
1977:Lawal, Abdulrahaman W. (2013-09-03).
574:National University of the Arts (UNA)
7:
3734:Asian Academy of Film and Television
2035:
2033:
1431:Formación profesional de Grado Medio
1419:Formación profesional de Grado Medio
586:National Training System (Australia)
368:vocational education exhibit at the
6546:
3415:"Vocational education and training"
1437:, without the need to pass through
1304:, vocational education is known as
999:
988:Technical and Vocational University
620:Australian Quality Skills Authority
609:Australian Qualifications Framework
407:(technical and further education).
3571:"Education and Training 1991-1997"
3210:"Szkolnictwo średnie i policealne"
1761:Intermediate-level apprenticeships
1723:National Vocational Qualifications
1417:, which can be started in 3º ESO;
650:Commonwealth of Independent States
596:registered training organisations.
25:
3332:from the original on 4 March 2016
3014:from the original on 7 March 2018
2956:"رشته های دانشگاهی فنی و حرفه ای"
2905:"آشنایی با دانشگاه فنی و حرفهای"
2777:"سازمان فنی و حرفه ای کشور - رشد"
1579:Apprenticeship § Switzerland
895:various state-level organizations
601:Australian Industry Trade College
6545:
6536:
6535:
6523:
6059:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5553:
5544:
5543:
5101:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4871:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4765:
3659:
2301:from the original on 7 July 2017
2009:"Career and Technical Education"
1855:Constructivism (learning theory)
1473:
1217:
1061:vocational schools are known as
909:, stand superseded by the NSQF.
486:in general and addressing youth
429:level and can interact with the
41:
3487:from the original on 2016-03-04
3425:from the original on 2018-04-28
3396:from the original on 2019-04-11
3250:Ministerstwo Edukacji Narodowej
3191:from the original on 2008-12-07
3137:from the original on 2015-02-06
3112:from the original on 2016-02-06
3083:from the original on 2014-07-08
2758:from the original on 2017-08-29
2698:from the original on 2018-06-29
2640:from the original on 2018-06-29
2530:from the original on 2018-06-29
2374:from the original on 2018-06-29
2345:from the original on 2018-06-29
2291:Matthews, David (3 June 2017),
2247:from the original on 2018-06-29
2189:from the original on 2015-09-24
2086:from the original on 2018-06-29
2060:from the original on 2020-08-08
2019:from the original on 2019-08-07
1919:Technical and Further Education
1649:Stanley Technical Trades School
928:Directorate General of Training
901:was launched in December 2013.
819:. The IEK course offerings are
6216:Federated States of Micronesia
5511:British Indian Ocean Territory
2266:TAFE gears up to offer degrees
1881: – School for young women
1767:Advanced-level apprenticeships
630:education and training (VET).
397:career and technical education
1:
3763:"Education, Industrial"
3051:10.1080/13636820.2017.1394359
2717:"Sector Skill Councils (SSC)"
2393:"Fact-sheet Duale Ausbildung"
1396:Professional technical school
1008:technical/vocational colleges
6184:United States Virgin Islands
3780:"Education, Technical"
3777:Babcock, Kendric C. (1920).
3760:Babcock, Kendric C. (1920).
3354:Kuczera, Malgorzata (2019).
3157:Business Management Dynamics
1653:Harris Academy South Norwood
1482:This sub-section includes a
1423:Formación profesional Básica
1415:Formación profesional Básica
1226:This sub-section includes a
1004:Danushgah-e Feni-ye Herfehai
883:Vocational training in India
828:or on-the-job placement or
771:Industrie- und Handelskammer
5946:Education in North America
3322:"humanitarian-srilanka.org"
3232:eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu
3214:eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu
1872: – Academic discipline
1870:Family and consumer science
1684:secondary technical schools
1069:. They are part of Japan's
1063:
366:Oregon Agricultural College
50:It has been suggested that
6598:
6396:Education in South America
3706:, Vol. 1. Springer. (2005)
3674:, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.
2692:Vocational Training Center
2498:10.1007/s10734-023-01076-y
2297:, Times Higher Education,
1829:
1823:
1572:
1459:Formación Profesional Dual
1393:
775:
583:
67:Proposed since April 2024.
29:
6517:
6159:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
5539:
4795:
4784:
4760:
4714:
4680:
4639:
4621:
4582:
4564:
4530:
4506:Early childhood education
4499:
4486:
3849:
3326:Humanitarian-srilanka.org
1914:School-to-work transition
1736:In 1994, publicly funded
1616:According to a survey by
1320:(Vocational School) or a
6367:Northern Mariana Islands
6179:Turks and Caicos Islands
5260:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4856:Central African Republic
3575:Youth Policies in the UK
2078:Wertz, Marianna (2005).
1717:Government promoted the
1709:awards, particularly to
1688:secondary modern schools
1575:Education in Switzerland
1314:Educación Escolar Básica
757:Vocational education in
451:institutes of technology
32:Professional development
6332:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
5521:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3531:Owen, W.B. (1912). Sir
2936:Online. 2 November 2015
2885:Online. 23 January 2023
1885:Institute of technology
1511:more precise citations.
1373:database administrators
1322:Bachillerato Científico
1255:more precise citations.
767:Berufsausbildungsgesetz
447:vocational universities
306:Participant observation
301:Multivariate statistics
134:International education
6109:British Virgin Islands
5623:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3786:Encyclopedia Americana
3769:Encyclopedia Americana
1941:Widening participation
1843:Agricultural education
1773:Higher apprenticeships
1738:Modern Apprenticeships
1701:was founded to confer
1630:technical high schools
1361:information technology
547:General Workers' Union
399:, or acronyms such as
373:
358:
6310:and other territories
6049:Saint Kitts and Nevis
5016:São Tomé and Príncipe
4876:Republic of the Congo
3541:Smith, Elder & Co
3471:"Turkey 2012 results"
1929:Vocational university
1748:'s education system.
1719:Youth Training Scheme
1674:made provision for a
1455:Dual education system
1040:Ministry of Education
1000:دانشگاه فنی و حرفهای
778:Dual education system
776:Further information:
689:graduate unemployment
635:Melbourne Polytechnic
364:
352:
266:Conversation analysis
6572:Vocational education
6198:Education in Oceania
5574:Education in Europe
5435:United Arab Emirates
4802:Education in Africa
4025:Instructional design
3794:Vocational education
3133:. Education Counts.
1622:Anatolian vocational
1507:this sub-section by
1318:Bachillerato Técnico
1306:Bachillerato Técnico
1251:this sub-section by
510:Wilhelm von Humboldt
377:Vocational education
286:Factorial experiment
80:Educational research
60:into this article. (
6064:Trinidad and Tobago
5959:Antigua and Barbuda
5839:States with limited
5462:limited recognition
5091:States with limited
4790:Education by region
4516:Secondary education
4428:Teaching philosophy
4331:Pedagogical pattern
4274:21st century skills
4253:Religious education
3896:Aims and objectives
3581:on January 11, 2008
3543:. pp. 393–394.
2799:"Iran TVTO History"
2520:"Home << IVE"
1776:apprentice enrolls.
1731:full-time education
1695:British Governments
1626:Anatolian technical
1310:secondary education
1308:and is part of the
1076:computer technology
1044:Ministry of Economy
1014:and 1/5 belongs to
746:) or universities.
721:air traffic control
518:Julian Nida-Rümelin
505:Opinions and models
159:Religious education
18:Technical Education
6582:Tertiary education
6577:Educational stages
6530:Schools portal
5999:Dominican Republic
5194:Education in Asia
4521:Tertiary education
4459:Learning resources
3950:Education sciences
3643:2017-10-27 at the
3506:"Ismek.ibb.gov.tr"
3307:2019-07-27 at the
3287:2019-07-27 at the
2983:2019-08-05 at the
2609:The Indian Express
2271:2012-10-26 at the
2118:10.1007/BF02192965
1693:Successive recent
1672:Education Act 1944
1484:list of references
1228:list of references
891:central ministries
887:Ministry of Labour
740:ammattikorkeakoulu
716:ammattikorkeakoulu
443:community colleges
374:
359:
271:Discourse analysis
177:Curricular domains
99:Education sciences
94:Curriculum studies
6559:
6558:
6513:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6481:other territories
6390:
6389:
6382:Wallis and Futuna
6327:Clipperton Island
6285:Associated states
6192:
6191:
6081:other territories
5940:
5939:
5567:
5566:
5504:other territories
5187:
5186:
5118:other territories
4891:Equatorial Guinea
4780:
4779:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4659:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4511:Primary education
4482:
4481:
4371:Dialogic learning
4341:Teacher retention
4294:Critical thinking
4289:Class arrangement
4258:Special education
3933:Standardized test
3916:Course evaluation
2324:, August 28, 2018
2264:Scott, Rebecca. "
2053:978-92-3-100282-3
1897:Medical education
1849:Capacity building
1753:City & Guilds
1711:further education
1676:Tripartite System
1668:City & Guilds
1537:
1536:
1529:
1382:According to the
1350:Szkoła Policealna
1281:
1280:
1273:
1016:Bachelor's degree
439:technical schools
423:further education
412:vocational school
370:Oregon State Fair
347:
346:
164:Teacher education
144:Special education
139:School counseling
74:
73:
69:
16:(Redirected from
6589:
6549:
6548:
6539:
6538:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6501:
6489:Falkland Islands
6403:Sovereign states
6392:
6372:Pitcairn Islands
6342:French Polynesia
6322:Christmas Island
6251:Papua New Guinea
6231:Marshall Islands
6204:Sovereign states
6194:
6149:Saint Barthélemy
6079:Dependencies and
5952:Sovereign states
5942:
5877:Dependencies and
5581:Sovereign states
5569:
5557:
5547:
5546:
5516:Christmas Island
5202:Sovereign states
5189:
5179:
5178:(United Kingdom)
5174:Tristan da Cunha
5170:Ascension Island
5162:
5149:
5140:
5116:Dependencies and
4809:Sovereign states
4797:
4786:
4769:
4717:
4712:
4687:Higher education
4683:
4678:
4642:
4637:
4628:Secondary school
4624:
4619:
4585:
4580:
4567:
4562:
4533:
4528:
4502:
4488:
4416:Student-centered
4401:Phenomenon-based
4391:Peer instruction
4356:Blended learning
4279:Bloom's taxonomy
4243:Gifted education
4238:Education reform
4070:Computer science
3851:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3813:
3790:
3782:
3773:
3765:
3663:
3647:
3626:
3620:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3577:. Archived from
3567:
3561:
3560:London: Penguin.
3556:Wolf, A. (2002)
3554:
3545:
3544:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3512:on June 14, 2012
3508:. Archived from
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3486:
3475:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3448:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3395:
3384:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3351:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3318:
3312:
3298:
3292:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3190:
3179:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3098:
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3091:
3089:
3088:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3000:
2989:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2809:
2803:
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2795:
2789:
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2786:
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2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2723:. Archived from
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2665:. Archived from
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2582:. Archived from
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2553:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2492:(5): 1509–1528.
2486:Higher Education
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2410:
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2397:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
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2353:
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2331:
2325:
2316:
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2309:
2308:
2306:
2288:
2282:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2214:. Archived from
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2177:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1974:
1946:
1924:
1879:Finishing school
1875:
1860:
1707:higher education
1532:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1498:inline citations
1477:
1476:
1469:
1377:microelectronics
1276:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1242:inline citations
1221:
1220:
1213:
1071:higher education
1068:
1012:Associate degree
1001:
761:is based on the
480:public education
427:higher education
339:
332:
325:
195:Computer science
154:Female education
149:Gifted education
76:
65:
45:
44:
37:
21:
6597:
6596:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6586:
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6555:
6524:
6522:
6505:
6499:
6482:
6480:
6470:
6397:
6386:
6309:
6303:
6286:
6280:
6261:Solomon Islands
6199:
6188:
6082:
6080:
6073:
5947:
5936:
5920:
5878:
5872:
5858:Northern Cyprus
5840:
5834:
5755:North Macedonia
5576:
5563:
5535:
5503:
5494:
5475:Northern Cyprus
5461:
5454:
5196:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5160:
5147:
5138:
5119:
5117:
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5094:
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4611:
4602:
4594:
4589:
4573:
4554:
4546:
4539:
4495:
4478:
4432:
4351:Active learning
4346:Teaching method
4321:Learning theory
4262:
4228:Autodidacticism
4223:Adult education
4209:
4150:Performing arts
4031:
3938:Teacher quality
3928:Standards-based
3884:
3856:
3845:
3840:
3809:
3776:
3759:
3745:
3681:
3679:Further reading
3656:
3651:
3650:
3645:Wayback Machine
3627:
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3352:
3345:
3335:
3333:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3309:Wayback Machine
3299:
3295:
3289:Wayback Machine
3279:
3275:
3268:eurydice.org.pl
3262:
3261:
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2759:
2755:
2748:
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2743:
2739:
2730:
2728:
2727:on Dec 19, 2017
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2103:
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2077:
2076:
2072:
2063:
2061:
2054:
2040:UNESCO (2018).
2039:
2038:
2031:
2022:
2020:
2015:. 15 May 2013.
2007:
2006:
2002:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1944:
1922:
1873:
1858:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1786:
1680:grammar schools
1657:William Stanley
1645:
1606:
1581:
1571:
1554:
1533:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1502:
1488:related reading
1478:
1474:
1467:
1407:
1402:
1394:Main articles:
1392:
1363:, electronics,
1341:
1298:
1277:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1246:
1232:related reading
1222:
1218:
1211:
1198:
1180:
1171:
1135:
1113:
1092:
1056:
1028:
952:
907:Ministry of HRD
880:
854:
842:
821:adult education
806:
785:
780:
755:
701:
693:underemployment
676:
652:
588:
582:
539:
534:
507:
490:in particular.
484:economic growth
459:
391:, or work as a
343:
281:Factor analysis
225:Performing arts
200:Early childhood
169:Teaching method
70:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6595:
6593:
6585:
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6485:
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6463:
6458:
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6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6407:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6395:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6362:Norfolk Island
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6317:American Samoa
6313:
6311:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6290:
6288:
6287:of New Zealand
6282:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
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6243:
6238:
6233:
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6207:
6205:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6190:
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6187:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6169:Sint Eustatius
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6114:Cayman Islands
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6085:
6083:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6066:
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6036:
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6016:
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5971:
5966:
5961:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5948:
5945:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5932:European Union
5928:
5926:
5925:Other entities
5922:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5882:
5880:
5879:other entities
5874:
5873:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5844:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5830:United Kingdom
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
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5695:
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5655:
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5645:
5643:Czech Republic
5640:
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5615:
5610:
5605:
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5206:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5163:
5150:
5141:
5127:Canary Islands
5123:
5122:
5120:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5097:
5095:
5090:
5087:
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5078:
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5018:
5013:
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4908:
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4778:
4777:
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4773:
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4758:
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4753:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4725:
4715:
4708:
4707:
4696:
4691:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4640:
4633:
4632:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4583:
4576:
4575:
4571:Primary school
4565:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4541:
4531:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4500:
4497:
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4456:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4431:
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4425:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4284:Cognitive load
4281:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
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4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4041:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3955:Evidence-based
3952:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3889:By perspective
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3847:
3846:
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3831:
3824:
3816:
3807:
3806:
3800:
3791:
3774:
3757:
3752:
3744:
3743:External links
3741:
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3601:
3592:
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3497:
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3435:
3406:
3371:
3365:978-9264313064
3364:
3343:
3313:
3311:. (In Spanish)
3293:
3273:
3255:
3237:
3219:
3201:
3166:
3147:
3122:
3093:
3064:
3045:(1): 130–147.
3025:
2990:
2968:
2947:
2921:
2896:
2870:
2848:
2826:
2804:
2790:
2768:
2737:
2708:
2694:. 2018-05-01.
2679:
2669:on Jul 7, 2018
2650:
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2384:
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2326:
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2283:
2257:
2228:
2199:
2164:
2131:
2112:(1): 127–136.
2096:
2070:
2052:
2029:
2013:edglossary.org
2000:
1968:
1967:
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1962:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1888:
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1876:
1867:
1861:
1852:
1846:
1838:
1835:
1824:Main article:
1821:
1818:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1764:
1757:
1644:
1643:United Kingdom
1641:
1605:
1602:
1590:Sergio Ermotti
1570:
1567:
1553:
1550:
1535:
1534:
1492:external links
1481:
1479:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1406:
1403:
1391:
1388:
1340:
1337:
1297:
1294:
1279:
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1236:external links
1225:
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841:
838:
834:free education
805:
802:
793:Free education
784:
781:
754:
751:
733:municipalities
700:
697:
675:
674:European Union
672:
668:market economy
651:
648:
584:Main article:
581:
578:
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535:
533:
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458:
455:
431:apprenticeship
419:post-secondary
345:
344:
342:
341:
334:
327:
319:
316:
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298:
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276:Evidence-based
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235:Social science
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6495:
6494:French Guiana
6492:
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6357:New Caledonia
6355:
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6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6337:Easter Island
6335:
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6323:
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6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6076:
6070:
6069:United States
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5950:
5943:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5923:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5891:Faroe Islands
5889:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5875:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5863:South Ossetia
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5837:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5715:Liechtenstein
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5570:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5550:
5542:
5541:
5538:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5485:South Ossetia
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5457:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5190:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5145:
5142:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5113:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5088:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4931:Guinea-Bissau
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4798:
4794:
4787:
4783:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4734:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4721:Undergraduate
4719:
4718:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4676:
4657:
4651:
4647:
4646:Middle school
4644:
4643:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4617:
4598:
4592:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4560:
4550:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4411:Project-based
4409:
4407:
4406:Problem-based
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4366:Demonstration
4364:
4362:
4361:Contemplative
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:Homeschooling
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4095:Environmental
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4020:Instructional
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:Psychometrics
3921:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3825:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3634:9781138056978
3631:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3614:9781138947047
3611:
3605:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3524:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3452:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3148:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2972:
2969:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2935:
2931:
2925:
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2910:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2858:
2852:
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2836:
2830:
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2814:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2778:
2772:
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2754:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2586:on 2018-06-29
2585:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2557:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2373:
2370:(in German).
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2218:on 2018-06-29
2217:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2152:
2149:(in German).
2148:
2147:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1951:Vocational IT
1949:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1864:Employability
1862:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1820:United States
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1728:
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1712:
1708:
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1700:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
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1654:
1650:
1642:
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1638:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1528:
1520:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1379:specialists.
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1272:
1264:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1048:self-efficacy
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
989:
984:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
958:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
933:
929:
924:
922:
917:
915:
910:
908:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
877:
875:
873:
868:
862:
860:
851:
849:
847:
839:
837:
835:
831:
827:
822:
818:
815:
811:
803:
801:
797:
794:
790:
782:
779:
774:
772:
768:
765:. A law (the
764:
760:
752:
750:
747:
745:
741:
736:
734:
728:
726:
722:
718:
717:
712:
711:
706:
698:
696:
694:
690:
684:
682:
673:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
649:
647:
644:
640:
636:
631:
627:
623:
621:
616:
612:
610:
606:
602:
597:
593:
587:
579:
577:
575:
571:
565:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
543:
536:
531:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
504:
502:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
476:
472:
468:
463:
456:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:trade schools
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
387:, trade as a
386:
382:
378:
371:
367:
363:
356:
351:
340:
335:
333:
328:
326:
321:
320:
318:
317:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
296:Meta-analysis
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
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226:
223:
221:
218:
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213:
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208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
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191:
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6154:Saint Martin
5868:Transnistria
5500:Dependencies
5430:Turkmenistan
5395:Saudi Arabia
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5137:
5041:South Africa
5031:Sierra Leone
4836:Burkina Faso
4728:Postgraduate
4693:
4544:Kindergarten
4396:Personalized
4376:Experiential
4336:Teacher look
4204:
4045:Agricultural
3901:Anthropology
3808:
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3670:
3666:free content
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3077:Expatica.com
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2611:. 2014-06-14
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2439:ctvet.gov.gh
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522:labor market
508:
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488:unemployment
464:
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389:tradesperson
376:
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6551:WikiProject
6241:New Zealand
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6054:Saint Lucia
6004:El Salvador
5906:Isle of Man
5841:recognition
5815:Switzerland
5750:Netherlands
5559:Asia portal
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5320:South Korea
5315:North Korea
5210:Afghanistan
5093:recognition
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1253:introducing
1183:New Zealand
1178:New Zealand
1169:Netherlands
1090:South Korea
963:I.R.T.V.T.O
921:Skill India
554:World War I
495:adolescents
475:governments
291:Focus group
261:Case method
220:Mathematics
205:Engineering
86:Disciplines
6566:Categories
6139:Montserrat
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6129:Guadeloupe
5984:Costa Rica
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5745:Montenegro
5725:Luxembourg
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5608:Azerbaijan
5440:Uzbekistan
5415:Tajikistan
5330:Kyrgyzstan
5310:Kazakhstan
5230:Bangladesh
5220:Azerbaijan
5148:(Portugal)
5106:Somaliland
5026:Seychelles
4991:Mozambique
4976:Mauritania
4961:Madagascar
4916:The Gambia
4851:Cape Verde
4704:Continuing
4694:Vocational
4299:Curriculum
4233:Democratic
4205:Vocational
4195:Technology
4155:Philosophy
4037:By subject
4015:Technology
3995:Psychology
3980:Philosophy
3970:Leadership
3911:Evaluation
3906:Assessment
3533:Sidney Lee
3491:2016-02-06
3456:2016-02-06
3429:2018-07-21
3400:2018-07-21
3336:5 February
3195:2016-02-06
3141:2016-02-06
3116:2016-02-06
3106:Itf.org.nz
3087:2016-02-06
3018:5 February
2962:2014-06-08
2940:2 November
2915:2015-09-29
2889:23 January
2863:19 October
2841:19 October
2819:19 October
2783:19 October
2762:2018-06-29
2731:2023-05-24
2702:2018-06-29
2673:2023-05-24
2644:2018-06-29
2634:pib.nic.in
2615:2023-05-24
2590:2018-06-29
2561:2016-02-06
2534:2018-06-29
2524:ive.edu.hk
2466:2024-06-11
2445:2024-06-11
2420:2024-06-11
2378:2018-06-29
2349:2018-06-29
2251:2018-06-29
2222:2018-06-29
2193:2016-02-06
2090:2018-06-29
2064:2020-03-03
2046:. UNESCO.
2023:2019-08-07
1964:References
1908:Retraining
1830:See also:
1573:See also:
830:internship
562:Juan Perón
532:By country
393:technician
245:Vocational
240:Technology
129:Technology
119:Psychology
114:Philosophy
104:Evaluation
6466:Venezuela
6411:Argentina
6211:Australia
6124:Greenland
6039:Nicaragua
6014:Guatemala
5896:Gibraltar
5720:Lithuania
5526:Hong Kong
5480:Palestine
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5400:Singapore
5280:Indonesia
4981:Mauritius
4537:Preschool
4437:Wikimedia
4175:Religious
4100:Euthenics
4085:Economics
4065:Chemistry
4055:Bilingual
4010:Sociology
3965:Inclusion
3945:Economics
3843:Education
3059:1363-6820
2909:Hamshahri
2506:1573-174X
2126:0033-1538
2106:Prospects
1995:2039-2117
1989:(8): 85.
1592:, CEO of
1465:Sri Lanka
1400:Tekhnikum
1164:subjects.
846:Hong Kong
840:Hong Kong
826:practicum
658:with the
592:Australia
580:Australia
542:Argentina
537:Argentina
499:curricula
381:education
6541:Category
6456:Suriname
6446:Paraguay
6431:Colombia
6226:Kiribati
6089:Anguilla
6024:Honduras
5994:Dominica
5969:Barbados
5916:Svalbard
5901:Guernsey
5848:Abkhazia
5800:Slovenia
5795:Slovakia
5770:Portugal
5628:Bulgaria
5549:Category
5470:Abkhazia
5420:Thailand
5375:Pakistan
5355:Mongolia
5350:Maldives
5345:Malaysia
5245:Cambodia
5172: /
5168: /
5161:(France)
5155: /
5133: /
5129: /
5081:Zimbabwe
5056:Tanzania
4906:Ethiopia
4901:Eswatini
4881:Djibouti
4846:Cameroon
4831:Botswana
4421:Socratic
4381:Feedback
4267:Concepts
4160:Physical
4130:Military
4110:Language
4060:Business
4000:Research
3990:Politics
3975:Pedagogy
3870:Glossary
3855:Overview
3641:Archived
3516:June 15,
3482:Archived
3478:Oecd.org
3451:Oecd.org
3423:Archived
3419:educa.ch
3391:Archived
3387:ncee.org
3330:Archived
3305:Archived
3285:Archived
3186:Archived
3182:Oecd.org
3163:: 01–98.
3135:Archived
3110:Archived
3081:Archived
3012:Archived
3008:Oecd.org
2981:Archived
2753:Archived
2696:Archived
2638:Archived
2556:Oecd.org
2528:Archived
2372:Archived
2343:Archived
2299:archived
2269:Archived
2245:Archived
2184:Archived
2180:Oecd.org
2151:Archived
2146:Die Zeit
2084:Archived
2058:Archived
2017:Archived
1837:See also
1637:Istanbul
1517:May 2023
1302:Paraguay
1296:Paraguay
1261:May 2023
1117:Malaysia
1111:Malaysia
1059:Japanese
889:, other
872:maturata
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859:maturata
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514:training
457:Overview
215:Literacy
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190:Business
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6416:Bolivia
6377:Tokelau
6276:Vanuatu
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6029:Jamaica
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5668:Georgia
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5653:Estonia
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5633:Croatia
5618:Belgium
5613:Belarus
5603:Austria
5598:Armenia
5593:Andorra
5588:Albania
5445:Vietnam
5360:Myanmar
5340:Lebanon
5270:Georgia
5225:Bahrain
5215:Armenia
5157:Réunion
5153:Mayotte
5144:Madeira
5139:(Spain)
5135:Melilla
5066:Tunisia
5036:Somalia
5021:Senegal
5006:Nigeria
4996:Namibia
4986:Morocco
4951:Liberia
4946:Lesotho
4896:Eritrea
4866:Comoros
4841:Burundi
4816:Algeria
4724:→
4699:Further
4654:→
4649:→
4631:→
4595:→
4590:→
4574:→
4547:→
4540:→
4386:Passive
4309:Studies
4190:Teacher
4180:Science
4170:Reading
4165:Physics
4140:Nursing
4125:Medical
3960:History
3880:Outline
3862:General
3654:Sources
3585:June 8,
3535:(ed.).
2400:bmwi.de
2278:The Age
1953:(India)
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1746:England
1703:further
1505:improve
1330:Colegio
1328:called
1249:improve
1202:Nigeria
1196:Nigeria
1084:English
1080:fashion
996:Persian
852:Hungary
759:Germany
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705:Finland
699:Finland
385:artisan
253:Methods
230:Science
121: (
109:History
62:Discuss
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6044:Panama
6034:Mexico
5979:Canada
5974:Belize
5911:Jersey
5853:Kosovo
5820:Turkey
5810:Sweden
5790:Serbia
5780:Russia
5765:Poland
5760:Norway
5740:Monaco
5710:Latvia
5678:Greece
5663:France
5638:Cyprus
5490:Taiwan
5425:Turkey
5390:Russia
5325:Kuwait
5305:Jordan
5295:Israel
5255:Cyprus
5240:Brunei
5235:Bhutan
5176:
5159:
5146:
5076:Zambia
5071:Uganda
5011:Rwanda
4966:Malawi
4926:Guinea
4821:Angola
4771:Portal
4731:
4690:
4593:Junior
4588:Infant
4493:Stages
4469:Quotes
4454:Images
4314:Theory
4304:Hidden
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3057:
2911:Online
2504:
2305:3 June
2124:
2050:
1993:
1628:, and
1610:Turkey
1604:Turkey
1552:Sweden
1457:named
1425:; and
1390:Russia
1345:Poland
1339:Poland
1326:campus
1209:Norway
1139:Mexico
1133:Mexico
1082:, and
1042:, the
1031:Israel
1026:Israel
814:lyceum
810:Greece
804:Greece
471:skills
449:, and
372:, 1922
311:Reform
123:school
58:merged
6426:Chile
6266:Tonga
6256:Samoa
6246:Palau
6236:Nauru
6094:Aruba
6019:Haiti
5886:Åland
5805:Spain
5730:Malta
5700:Italy
5531:Macau
5450:Yemen
5410:Syria
5385:Qatar
5365:Nepal
5300:Japan
5275:India
5265:Egypt
5250:China
5131:Ceuta
5051:Sudan
5001:Niger
4956:Libya
4941:Kenya
4921:Ghana
4911:Gabon
4886:Egypt
4826:Benin
4474:Texts
4444:Books
4145:Peace
4135:Music
4115:Legal
4075:Death
3875:Index
3485:(PDF)
3474:(PDF)
3447:(PDF)
3394:(PDF)
3383:(PDF)
3189:(PDF)
3178:(PDF)
2756:(PDF)
2749:(PDF)
2552:(PDF)
2396:(PDF)
2187:(PDF)
2176:(PDF)
1651:(now
1585:Swiss
1490:, or
1447:Ciclo
1411:Spain
1405:Spain
1234:, or
1054:Japan
878:India
789:Ghana
783:Ghana
742:, or
725:lukio
710:lukio
425:, or
6451:Peru
6347:Guam
6299:Niue
6221:Fiji
6164:Saba
5989:Cuba
5370:Oman
5335:Laos
5290:Iraq
5285:Iran
5061:Togo
4971:Mali
4861:Chad
4464:News
3630:ISBN
3610:ISBN
3587:2008
3518:2012
3360:ISBN
3338:2016
3055:ISSN
3020:2016
2942:2015
2891:2023
2865:2020
2843:2020
2821:2020
2785:2020
2502:ISSN
2307:2017
2159:2015
2122:ISSN
2048:ISBN
1991:ISSN
1947:(UK)
1725:and
1705:and
1686:and
1666:and
1618:OECD
1583:The
1577:and
1398:and
1020:Iran
986:The
980:TVET
971:Iran
957:Iran
954:The
950:Iran
893:and
857:the
691:and
662:and
641:and
605:TAFE
556:and
469:and
467:TVET
405:TAFE
401:TVET
353:The
185:Arts
6479:and
5502:and
4185:Sex
4050:Art
3796:at
3047:doi
2494:doi
2368:RIS
2114:doi
1678:of
1664:RSA
1594:UBS
1409:In
1343:In
1300:In
1137:In
994:) (
992:TVU
844:In
808:In
787:In
744:AMK
703:In
643:WAI
639:BHI
590:In
379:is
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