34:
drawing complicated shapes repeatedly. Various scales and the protractor are used to measure the lengths of lines and angles, allowing accurate scale drawing to be carried out. The compass is used to draw arcs and circles. A drawing board was used to hold the drawing media in place; later boards included drafting machines that sped the layout of straight lines and angles. Tools such as templates and lettering guides assisted in the drawing of repetitive elements such as circles, ellipses, schematic symbols and text. Other auxiliary tools were used for special drawing purposes or for functions related to the preparation and revision of drawings. The tools used for manual
312:-type technical pen, a marker pen that draws lines of consistent width (so-called steel marker pen). The pen has an ink container which contains a metal tube, inside which is a thin metal needle or wire, the soul. Ink is absorbed between the needle and the tube wall, preventing an excessive amount of ink from being released. The needle has a weight and by waving the pen back and forth the needle is released and the ink can run. Originally, the tank was filled from an ink bottle; newer pens sometimes alternatively use ink cartridges.
588:(flexible curves). A French curve is a drawing aid with many different smoothly-varying radiused curves on it; the manual drafter can fit the French curve to some known reference points and draw a smooth curved line between them. A spline is a flexible ruler, usually rubber or plastic coated with a metal "backbone", which can be smoothly shaped to follow a desired curve and allows drawing a smooth line between initial reference points. Sometimes a spline is temporarily held in position with small weights.
424:
of the drawing board. The accuracy of the arm type apparatus is better in the middle of the board, decreasing towards the edges, whereas a track machine has a constant accuracy over the whole board. The drawing head of a track-type drafting machine slides on bearings in a vertical rail, which in turn is moved along a horizontal, top-mounted rail. Both apparatus types have an adjustable drawing-head with rules attached to a protractor scale so that the angle of the rules may be adjusted.
267:
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119:
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227:
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157:-drawing pens appeared, improving the line quality and, especially, producing consistent line width. In addition to the Rapidograph stylus, a more traditional Grafos-type stylus was used for a long time, where different line widths were achieved by changing the pen nib. For instance in Finland Grafos was commonly used as a primary drawing tool still in the early 1970s.
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also its height can be adjustable. Smaller drawing boards are produced for table-top use. In the 18th and 19th centuries, drawing paper was dampened and then its edges glued to the drawing board. After drying the paper would be flat and smooth. The completed drawing was then cut free. Paper could also be secured to the drawing board with
508:
450:
also have these curves cut in the middle. French curves are used for drawing curves which cannot be drawn with compasses. A faint freehand curve is first drawn through the known points; the longest possible curve that coincides exactly with the freehand curve is then found out from the French curves.
568:
There are also specific templates to provide user with the most common symbols in use in different branches of designing. For example, the architect templates can be used to draw different sized doors with their "opening arcs", building and equipment symbols and furniture. The templates also provide
130:
was developed. The stylus had two curved metal pieces which were joined by a screw. Ink was trickled between the blades, from which it flowed evenly across the paper. The basic model was maintained for a long time, with minor modifications, until the 1930s when the German technical drawing pens came
423:
is a device which is mounted to the drawing board. It has rulers whose angles can be precisely adjusted with a controlling mechanism. There are two main types of apparatus: an arm-type parallelogram apparatus based on a hinged arm; and a track-type apparatus which moves on a rail mounted to the top
355:
is an essential tool. Paper will be attached and kept straight and still, so that the drawing can be done with accuracy. Generally, different kind of assistance rulers are used in drawing. The drawing board is usually mounted to a floor pedestal in which the board turns to a different position, and
427:
A drafting machine allows easy drawing of parallel lines over the paper. The adjustable angle between the rulers allows the lines to be drawn in varying accurate angles. Rulers may also be used as a support for separate special rulers and letter templates. The rules are replaceable and they can be
33:
may be used for measurement and layout of drawings, or to improve the consistency and speed of creation of standard drawing elements. Tools such as pens and pencils mark the drawing medium. Other tools such as straight edges, assist the operator in drawing straight lines, or assist the operator in
627:
Sandwich-paper-like, thin translucent sheet of paper. Manufactured in different strengths, the surface may be slightly polished. This paper also wrinkles upon wetting. Suitable for pencil and felt tipped pens, and with limitations for technical pens. An eraser can be used for pencil lines. Ink is
491:
is a scaled, three-edged ruler which has six different scales marked to its sides. A typical combination for building details is 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:25, 1:75 and 1:125. There are separate rulers for zoning work as well as for inch units. Today scale rulers are made of plastic, formerly they were
164:
almost completely ousted drawing by hand. Technical design has changed from drawing by hand to producing computer-aided design drawings, where drawings are no longer "drawn", but are built from a virtually-produced model. Drawings are not necessarily produced in hard copy at all, and if they are
114:
have been used to measure and draw angles and arcs of a circle accurately since about the 13th century, although mathematics and science demanded more detailed drawing instruments. The adjustable corner ruler was developed in the 17th century, but a feasible screw-tightened version not until the
560:
Letter templates are used for drawing text, including digits and letter characters. Diagrams are usually of a standard letter shape and size to conform to standards of encodings (e.g. DIN or ANSI). For example, in
Finland the series used is 1.8 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.5 mm, 5.0 mm and
393:
which uses the edge of the drawing board as a support. It is used with the drafting board to draw horizontal lines and to align other drawing instruments. Wooden, metal, or plastic triangles with 30° and 60° angles or with two 45° angles are used to speed drawing of lines at these commonly used
576:
is a piece of clear plastic with cut-out shapes and/or curves for use mainly by primary and secondary school students. Such templates often also include length and angle measurements. In
Australia, where geometry templates are common school equipment, known brands include Mathomat and MathAid.
211:
with a standard lead thickness. The usual line widths are 0.35 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.7 mm and 1.0 mm. Hardness varies usually from HB to 2H. Softer lead gives a better contrast, but harder lead gives a more accurate line. Bad contrast of the lead line in general is problematic when
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402:
which is permanently attached to the drawing board. It has a set of cables and pulleys to allow it to be positioned anywhere on the drawing surface while still remaining parallel to the bottom of the board. The drafting machine replaces the T-square and triangles.
564:
For drawing circles and circle-arcs, circle templates which contain a set of suitably-sized holes are used. Templates are also available for other geometric shapes such as squares and for drawing ellipses, as well as many specialized varieties for other purposes.
93:. In ancient Greece, evidence has been found of the use of styli and metal chisels, scale rulers and triangle rulers. Excavations in Pompeii have found a bronze tool kit used by the Romans, which contained triangle rulers, compasses and a ruler to use with a pen.
199:
368:
to secure paper to the board, including the sophisticated use of individualized adhesive dots from a dispensing roll. Some drawing boards are magnetized, allowing paper to be held down by long steel strips. Boards used for overlay drafting or
657:
Polished sandwich paper-like, translucent thick paper, which comes in different strengths. Wrinkles upon wetting. Suitable for both graphite pencils and technical pens. An eraser or sharp scraper tool is used for corrections.
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472:. It is used for drawing lines and connecting points. Rulers come in two types according to the design of their edge. A ruler with a straight edge can be used with lead pencils and felt pens, whereas when a
717:
decals can speed the production of repetitive drawing elements such as borders, title blocks, line types, shading, and symbols. They were frequently used in the production of schematic drawings, maps, and
543:, has the pivot point and pen holder joined by a trammel bar, useful when drawing very large radius arcs. Often a circle template is used instead of a compass when predefined circle sizes are required.
195:
343:. Separate styli are used for tracing paper and plastic, because plastic requires a harder pen tip. To function well they require regular maintenance, the finest marker pens in particular.
619:
Silk-paper-like translucent drafting paper that wrinkles when wetted. It is primarily suitable for pencils and felt tip pens. Pencil marks can be corrected to some extent with an eraser.
740:
Many copies of technical drawings may be required in the construction of a project. Reproductions must be accurate as to size and shape, but for many purposes need not be permanent. The
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535:
are used for drawing circles or arc segments of circles. One form has two straight legs joined by a hinge; one leg has a sharp pivot point and the other has a holder for a
876:
300:
in 1893. The article dealt with a new kind of vertical drawing apparatus. The board was equipped with a lift mechanism, improving the ergonomy when doing large drawings.
194:
666:
Translucent plastic film, which is usually of gray or a light khaki shade. Common types are 0.05, 0.07 and 0.10 mm thick. These films are also used in
1305:
935:
Mathematical
Instruments: Their Construction, Adjustment, Testing and Use: Comprising Drawing, Measuring, Optical, Surveying, and Astronomical Instruments
146:
and George Adams) generally made drawing tools for themselves. Industrial production of technical drawing instruments started in 1853, when
Englishman
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needed they are printed automatically by a computer program. Hand-drawn designs however are still widely used in the draft design stage.
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View of a drafting table: the old way of producing architectural and engineering drawings. On the top of the board is a parallel ruler.
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photocopying, but new scanning copy techniques have improved the final result. Paper or plastic surfaces require their own lead types.
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made of bronze, like the one displayed in showcase 25 in the
Nuragic department of the National Archeological Museum G. A. Sanna in
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was used especially in lettering larger size document annotations, or when consistency of lettering was especially required.
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150:(1829–1909) founded a technical manufacturing company in London. Even then, however, most tools were still made by hand.
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processes. Where the volume of drawings reproduced justifies the cost of the machine, a large format photocopier using
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was formerly used for technical drawings. It was durable and held up to handling, but it was difficult to use in modern
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and polymer inks. India ink is used on paper and drafting film plastics. The most commonly used India ink is a
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523:. This image comes from the Lexikon der gesamten Technik (dictionary of technology) from 1904 by Otto Lueger
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A parallel ruler-equipped drawing board. Drawing from an article published in a
Norwegian technical journal
96:
Although a variety of styli were developed in ancient times and were still being used in the 18th century,
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7.0 mm. Except for the very biggest ones, the templates are only suitable for technical pen drawing.
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Templates contain pre-dimensioned holes in the right scale to accurately draw a symbol or sign.
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496:. A pocket-sized version is also available, with scales printed on flexible plastic strips.
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316:
874:
Higgott, Gordon (1 March 1990). "Review: Drawing
Instruments, 1580–1980 by Maya Hambly".
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process was first used for mechanical reproduction of drawings. Drawing offices may use
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939:. Weale's scientific & technical series. Crosby, Lockwood and Co. pp. 1–2.
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In the 17th century, a stylus that could draw a line with a specific width called a
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were generally used as the main drawing tool. Styli were also used in the form of
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have been displaced by the advent of computer-aided drawing, drafting and design (
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Drawing apparatus has evolved from a drawing board mounted parallel ruler and a
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Finally, a neat continuous curve is drawn with the aid of the French curves.
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In most cases, the final drawings are drawn with ink, on either plastic or
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The ancient
Egyptians are known to have used wooden corner rulers. Ancient
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807: – Means of projecting three-dimensional objects in two dimensions
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Two methods of drawing smooth curves in manual drafting are the use of
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or peg bars to ensure alignment of multiple layers of drawing media.
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In the 1930s the equipment available expanded: drawing apparatus and
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is used the edge must be grooved to prevent the spread of the ink.
27:
Tools and instruments used for accurate and precise manual drafting
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801: – Method for visually representing three-dimensional objects
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The ship's steam machinery installation drawing for the iron-clad
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Rapidograph stylus parts. The head can be further disassembled.
675:
1012:
Lehtinen, Marja; Grönros, Eija-Riitta; Oy, Kielikone (2004).
774: – Technical drawing of a building (or building project)
178:
Traditional and typical styli used for technical drawing are
1162:
van der Does, Jan; van
Haaften, Adriaa; Kegel, Rudi (1999).
756:
can reproduce drawings at lower cost than re-plotting them.
272:
Rapidograph styli of different widths: 0.35, 1.4 and 0.7 mm.
602:
A perspective machine is an instrument designed to create
398:
is also in use. An alternative to the T-square is the
315:
Each line width has its own stylus. The line width is
722:
artwork, for example. Dry transfer lettering such as
1055:
Jefferis, Alan; Madsen, David A. (6 December 2004).
991:. Vol. 19–20. Arkose Press. 1890. p. 107.
782:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
795: – Constructing a product by means of computer
260:
A disassembled Grafos and nibs of different widths.
160:Equipment changed radically during the 1990s, when
932:
877:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
415:Right-handed parallelogram machine with a ballast.
789: – Visual artwork on two-dimensional surface
643:for reproduction, and shrinking was a concern.
364:. More recent practice is to use self-adhesive
468:used in technical drawing are usually made of
1306:
694:Drawing inks can be divided into two groups:
446:are made of wood, plastic or celluloid. Some
8:
1106:Engineering Drawing Plane and Solid Geometry
519:Various curved templates, commonly known as
319:: In Finland, the most commonly used set is
825:
823:
821:
1313:
1299:
1291:
1146:The New and Complete American Encyclopedia
830:Hartenberg, Richard S. (16 January 2019).
1264:Kliphardt, Raymond A. (22 January 2019).
869:
867:
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863:
861:
859:
780: – copying of architectural drawings
394:angles. A continuously adjustable 0–90°
203:Video of a 1930s dotted-line drawing pen
886:The Society of Architectural Historians
817:
670:. The most commonly used materials are
222:
1024:Institute for the Languages of Finland
844:from the original on 12 November 2021
7:
1278:from the original on 14 October 2021
569:the symbols for thermal insulation.
628:difficult to erase without damage.
1059:(5th ed.). Cengage Learning.
1020:Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish
25:
1057:Architectural Drafting and Design
1251:
277:
265:
253:
241:
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64:Hand drawing for the facade of
236:, already in use in the 1600s.
1:
1108:. Charotar Publishing House.
539:or pencil. Another form, the
1364:Coordinate-measuring machine
1170:. Publicatieburo Bouwkunde.
1104:Bhatt, N. D. (16 May 2010).
207:Pencils in use are usually
1681:
1203:] (in Finnish). WSOY.
931:Heather, John Fry (1884).
733:
650:
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122:Holding a ruling-pen, 1901
1567:
1329:
1231:Machine Drawing 1 & 2
1227:Koneenpiirustus 1 & 2
778:Architectural reprography
428:for example scale-rules.
308:. The pen is generally a
1608:Machine and metalworking
1225:Pere, Aimo (in Finnish)
1193:Heikkilä, Matti (2001).
1148:, John Low, 1810, p. 441
1015:Kielitoimiston sanakirja
1660:Technical drawing tools
1618:Measuring and alignment
1271:Encyclopedia Britannica
1166:Presentation techniques
1144:"Perspective Machine",
837:Encyclopedia Britannica
805:Orthographic projection
18:Technical drawing tools
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1196:Tekniset piirustukset
989:The American Engineer
793:Computer-aided design
772:Architectural drawing
720:printed circuit board
702:mixture of water and
674:, and sometimes also
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162:computer-aided design
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63:
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1583:Cutting and abrasive
1419:Laser measuring tool
1260:at Wikimedia Commons
1022:] (in Finnish).
799:Isometric projection
592:Perspective machines
511:Rulers and templates
483:An architect's scale
1324:and alignment tools
1258:Drawing instruments
598:Perspective machine
134:Artists (including
1529:Thread pitch gauge
1354:Combination square
1201:Technical drawings
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209:mechanical pencils
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1655:Technical drawing
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1334:Architect's scale
1256:Media related to
623:Thick draft paper
610:Drawing materials
574:geometry template
553:Geometry template
375:registration pins
200:
136:Leonardo da Vinci
36:technical drawing
16:(Redirected from
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1414:Laser line level
1379:Engineer's scale
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1539:Vernier scale
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1434:Measuring rod
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680:polycarbonate
677:
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647:Tracing paper
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582:French curves
578:
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537:technical pen
534:
527:
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521:French curves
517:
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497:
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474:technical pen
471:
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454:
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444:French curves
439:French curves
438:
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429:
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367:
366:drafting tape
363:
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353:drawing board
346:
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306:tracing paper
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169:Drawing tools
168:
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144:Nicholas Bion
141:
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62:
55:
54:
47:
43:
41:
37:
32:
19:
1519:Tape measure
1504:Straightedge
1494:Steel square
1489:Spirit level
1484:Speed square
1459:Radius gauge
1424:Lesbian rule
1394:French curve
1384:Feeler gauge
1339:Beam compass
1280:. Retrieved
1269:
1230:
1226:
1200:
1195:
1165:
1145:
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1056:
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1019:
1014:
1007:
988:
983:
973:– via
934:
926:
881:
875:
846:. Retrieved
835:
739:
730:Reproduction
715:Dry transfer
713:
710:Dry transfer
704:carbon black
693:
668:photocopying
665:
662:Tracing tube
656:
635:
626:
618:
601:
586:flat splines
579:
571:
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563:
559:
556:
541:beam compass
531:
486:
464:
442:
430:
426:
418:
400:parallel bar
391:straightedge
384:
373:may include
358:drawing pins
350:
341:0.70 mm
337:0.50 mm
333:0.35 mm
329:0.25 mm
325:0.18 mm
321:0.13 mm
317:standardized
314:
303:
297:
206:
177:
159:
152:
133:
125:
110:
95:
76:
52:
30:
29:
1633:Woodworking
1409:Laser level
1389:Flat spline
888:: 111–112.
832:"hand tool"
736:Reprography
641:whiteprints
604:perspective
489:scale ruler
470:polystyrene
461:Scale ruler
448:set squares
310:Rapidograph
155:Rapidograph
112:Protractors
66:Ennis House
1665:Hand tools
1649:Categories
1534:Try square
1524:Theodolite
1469:Set square
1454:Protractor
1444:Micrometer
1439:Meterstick
1349:Chalk line
1282:11 January
1266:"drafting"
1083:1023838948
1075:2004022040
848:11 January
813:References
767:Pantograph
754:xerography
750:whiteprint
672:polyesters
651:See also:
606:drawings.
551:See also:
433:pantograph
396:protractor
234:ruling pen
128:ruling pen
1449:Plumb-bob
1322:Measuring
1186:840364117
1132:32444127M
1124:764615066
1042:937162846
971:32907144M
963:222119838
910:0037-9808
902:2150-5926
742:blueprint
700:colloidal
696:India ink
547:Templates
533:Compasses
371:animation
108:pencils.
87:compasses
1588:Forestry
1578:Cleaning
1514:T-square
1344:Calipers
1276:Archived
1219:58364771
1091:8368905M
955:05025600
842:Archived
760:See also
724:Letraset
494:hardwood
492:made of
387:T-square
381:T-square
362:C-clamps
360:or even
83:Sardinia
1613:Masonry
1603:Kitchen
1554:Wiggler
1499:Stencil
1474:Skirret
1359:Compass
787:Drawing
528:Compass
180:pencils
115:1920s.
91:Sassari
73:History
1623:Mining
1593:Garden
1509:Square
1237:
1217:
1207:
1184:
1174:
1130:
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1089:
1081:
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1040:
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995:
969:
961:
953:
943:
918:990507
916:
908:
900:
653:Vellum
466:Rulers
455:Rulers
174:Pencil
98:quills
68:, 1969
56:, 1865
1628:Power
1464:Ruler
1199:[
1018:[
914:JSTOR
898:eISSN
884:(1).
746:diazo
684:Mylar
632:Cloth
389:is a
106:ebony
102:ivory
85:used
53:Texas
1598:Hand
1544:Vise
1284:2022
1235:ISBN
1215:OCLC
1205:ISBN
1182:OCLC
1172:ISBN
1120:OCLC
1110:ISBN
1079:OCLC
1071:LCCN
1061:ISBN
1038:OCLC
1028:ISBN
993:ISBN
959:OCLC
951:LCCN
941:ISBN
906:ISSN
850:2022
690:Inks
584:and
351:The
339:and
182:and
138:and
51:CSS
40:CADD
1404:Jig
890:doi
748:or
678:or
676:PVC
104:or
81:in
42:).
1651::
1274:.
1268:.
1213:.
1180:.
1128:OL
1126:.
1118:.
1087:OL
1085:.
1077:.
1069:.
1036:.
1026:.
967:OL
965:.
957:.
949:.
912:.
904:.
896:.
882:49
880:.
858:^
840:.
834:.
820:^
706:.
686:.
572:A
487:A
419:A
385:A
335:,
331:,
327:,
323:,
186:.
142:,
1314:e
1307:t
1300:v
1286:.
1229:(
1221:.
1188:.
1134:.
1093:.
1044:.
1001:.
977:.
920:.
892::
852:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
