42:
definition of terms; classification of components; delineation of procedures; specification of dimensions, materials, performance, designs, or operations; measurement of quality and quantity in describing materials, processes, products, systems, services, or practices; test methods and sampling procedures; or descriptions of fit and measurements of size or strength.
670:
287:, or local company. Technical barriers arise when different groups come together, each with a large user base, doing some well established thing that between them is mutually incompatible. Establishing national/regional/international standards is one way of preventing or overcoming this problem. To further support this, the
483:
compared private food safety standards with "plugs and sockets", explaining the food sector is full of "confusion and complexity". Also, "the multiplicity of standards and assurance schemes has created a fragmented and inefficient supply chain structure imposing unnecessary costs on businesses that
530:
Private standards typically require a financial contribution in terms of an annual fee from the organizations who adopt the standard. Corporations are encouraged to join the board of governance of the standard owner which enables reciprocity. Meaning corporations have permission to exert influence
41:
is an established norm or requirement for a repeatable technical task which is applied to a common and repeated use of rules, conditions, guidelines or characteristics for products or related processes and production methods, and related management systems practices. A technical standard includes
299:
The existence of a published standard does not imply that it is always useful or correct. For example, if an item complies with a certain standard, there is not necessarily assurance that it is fit for any particular use. The people who use the item or service (engineers, trade unions, etc.) or
45:
It is usually a formal document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods, processes, and practices. In contrast, a custom, convention, company product, corporate standard, and so forth that becomes generally accepted and dominant is often called a
307:
Standards often get reviewed, revised and updated on a regular basis. It is critical that the most current version of a published standard be used or referenced. The originator or standard writing body often has the current versions listed on its web site.
282:
National/Regional/International standards is one way of overcoming technical barriers in inter-local or inter-regional commerce caused by differences among technical regulations and standards developed independently and separately by each local, local
531:
over the requirements in the standard, and in return the same corporations promote the standards in their supply chains which generates revenue and profit for the standard owner. Financial incentives with private standards can result in a
737:
442:. Not all technical standards are created equal. In the development of a technical standard, private standards adopt a non-consensus process in comparison to voluntary consensus standards. This is explained in the paper
171:
Industry standards, also referred to as private standards, which are standards developed in the private sector but not in the full consensus process, typically requiring a financial contribution.
1007:
978:
527:(PEFC) issued position statements defending their use of private standards in response to reports from The Institute for Multi-Stakeholder Initiative Integrity (MSI Integrity) and Greenpeace.
949:
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specify it (building codes, government, industry, etc.) have the responsibility to consider the available standards, specify the correct one, enforce compliance, and use the item correctly.
1247:
803:
524:
920:
729:
109:
describes a definitive procedure that produces a test result. It may involve making a careful personal observation or conducting a highly technical measurement. For example, a
1510:
172:
191:
Public documents on the internet, public library, etc. (Some technical standards may be found at a major central library or at the library of a good technical university)
95:
is an explicit set of requirements for an item, material, component, system or service. It is often used to formalize the technical aspects of a procurement agreement or
1451:
1154:
575:
473:(TBT), and unable to adhere to the TBT Committee's Six Principles for the development of international standards because private standards are non-consensus, the
271:
168:
Voluntary consensus standards, which are standards developed or adopted by voluntary consensus standards bodies, domestic (national), regional and international.
652:
1392:
1116:
890:
1539:(PDF). International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank and Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). Standards Chapter, pp. 45–68.
1335:
999:
970:
535:, where some private standards are created solely with the intent of generating money. BRCGS, as scheme owner of private standards, was acquired in 2016 by
1359:
MSI Integrity, Not Fit-for-Purpose: The Grand
Experiment of Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives in Corporate Accountability, Human Rights and Global Governance
1277:
941:
852:
770:
707:
590:
243:
457:(FAO) published a number of papers in relation to the proliferation of private food safety standards in the agri-food industry, mostly driven by
113:
of a material is often affected by the precise method of testing: any reference to the property should therefore reference the test method used.
580:
257:
1481:
1231:
99:. For example, there may be a specification for a turbine blade for a jet engine that defines the exact material and performance requirements.
72:
often have more diverse input and usually develop voluntary standards: these might become mandatory if adopted by a government (i.e., through
1558:
1544:
1148:
1080:
1039:
884:
912:
291:
Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee published the "Six Principles" guiding members in the development of international standards.
1208:
795:
1536:
600:
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454:
687:
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Private
Standards in the United States and European Union Markets for Fruit and Vegetables: Implications for Developing Countries
1502:
1363:
349:
1443:
1306:
435:
1422:
323:: it emerges from situations in which all parties realize mutual gains, but only by making mutually consistent decisions.
466:
197:
Private documents owned by an organization or corporation, used and circulated as the owner determines necessary or useful
175:
define private standards as three categories; Consortia standards, Civil society standards and
Company-specific standards.
121:
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470:
462:
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301:
645:
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31:
60:, for example by a corporation, regulatory body, military, etc. Standards can also be developed by groups such as
1327:
828:
565:
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does not rule out the possibility that the actions of private standard-setting bodies may be subject to WTO law.
458:
120:
or procedure gives a set of instructions for performing operations or functions. For example, there are detailed
421:
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69:
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646:"Developing Operational Requirements: A Guide to the Cost-Effective and Efficient Communication of Needs"
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have no choice but to pass on to consumers". BSI provide examples of other sectors working with a single
404:
201:
1069:
The
Impacts of Private Food Safety Standards on the Food Chain and on Public Standard-Setting Processes
453:
published a literature review series with technical papers on the impacts of private standards and the
79:
The standardization process may be by edict or may involve the formal consensus of technical experts.
605:
320:
228:
143:
1473:
620:
390:
152:
730:"Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for Nuclear Power Plants Safety Guide"
516:(medical devices), which is adopted by the International Medical Device Regulators Forum (IMDRF).
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275:
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110:
65:
47:
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1270:"Collaborate, innovate and accelerate; how standards build consensus and facilitate trade"
832:
615:
312:
231:, it can adopt an existing standard or produce a new one. The main geographic levels are:
845:"Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations"
178:
Government standards, which are standards developed by the government for its own uses.
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1112:
Private Food Safety
Standards: Their Role in Food Safety Regulation and their Impact
367:
355:
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17:
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543:. This acquisition triggered substantial increases in BRCGS annual fees. In 2019,
131:
is general information or options that do not require a specific course of action.
1550:
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412:
105:
73:
61:
942:"Part II The Impacts of Private Standards on Producers in Developing Countries"
1230:
Thorstensen, Vera Helena; Weissinger, Reinhard; Xinhua, Sun (September 2015).
1243:
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316:
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508:(business continuity). Another example of a sector working with a single
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1232:"Private Standards—Implications for Trade, Development, and Governance"
544:
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434:
Private standards are developed by private entities such as companies,
384:
148:
1177:"Responsibility for Private Standards in the World Trade Organisation"
825:
548:
438:
or private sector multi-stakeholder initiatives, also referred to as
227:
When a geographically defined community must solve a community-wide
1537:
Ensuring
Quality to Gain Access to Global Markets: A Reform Toolkit
409:
Enable Credit card holder to pay a merchant for goods and services
378:
361:
673:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1140:
Private standards and certification in fisheries and aquaculture
913:"Part I The Impacts of Private Standards on Global Value Chains"
30:
This article is about technical standards. For other uses, see
1553:(2019). International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
474:
288:
1328:"PEFC response to Greenpeace report "Destruction: Certified""
1503:"KKR scores 3x return on sale of LGC to Cinven & Astorg"
155:, are commonly accepted measurements of physical quantities.
27:
Established norm or requirement to facilitate consistency
971:"Part III The Interplay of Public and Private Standards"
879:. International Organization for Standardization. 2010.
802:. United Nations Industrial Development Organization.
651:. US Department of Homeland Security. November 2008.
525:
469:(GFSI). With concerns around private standards and
56:A technical standard may be developed privately or
319:, a standard is useful if it is a solution to a
576:International Organization for Standardization
87:The primary types of technical standards are:
876:International standards and private standards
444:International standards and private standards
8:
211:Closed or controlled documents that contain
1391:. Greenpeace International. 10 March 2021.
1115:. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2010.
194:Published documents available for purchase
1000:"Part IV When do Private Standards work?"
539:who were owned by private equity company
1066:Henson, Spencer; Humphrey, John (2009).
591:List of technical standard organisations
331:
734:International Atomic Energy Association
688:TAPPI standards development regulations
637:
244:Telecommunications Industry Association
124:for operation of a nuclear power plant.
1513:from the original on 21 September 2021
1454:from the original on 21 September 2021
1211:from the original on February 20, 2023
581:List of international common standards
776:from the original on 19 December 2017
547:was sold to private equity companies
268:International standards organizations
164:Technical standards are defined as:
7:
1551:Good Standardization Practices (GSP)
1395:from the original on 22 October 2021
1338:from the original on 17 October 2021
1006:. International Trade Centre (ITC).
977:. International Trade Centre (ITC).
948:. International Trade Centre (ITC).
919:. International Trade Centre (ITC).
855:from the original on 25 October 2021
368:Screw thread standard specifications
138:is formally established terminology.
893:from the original on 6 October 2021
806:from the original on 9 October 2021
658:from the original on 8 October 2021
200:Documents publicly available under
826:SAE International copyright policy
710:from the original on 22 April 2017
601:Specification (technical standard)
500:(occupational health and safety),
187:Technical standards may exist as:
25:
1305:. Fairtrade International. 2020.
740:from the original on 28 June 2018
455:Food and Agriculture Organization
668:
254:Regional standards organizations
240:National standards organizations
1484:from the original on 2023-04-21
1474:"BRC service fee increase 2022"
1425:from the original on 2023-05-03
1366:from the original on 2021-10-17
1309:from the original on 2021-10-17
1280:from the original on 2021-10-01
1250:from the original on 2023-05-30
1157:from the original on 2021-09-29
1119:from the original on 2021-09-29
1092:from the original on 2021-10-08
1048:from the original on 2021-09-29
1010:from the original on 2023-01-29
981:from the original on 2023-02-01
952:from the original on 2023-02-09
923:from the original on 2023-01-30
358:interchange, stock gains, etc.
436:non-governmental organizations
387:, suppliers interchange, etc.
1:
1175:McMahon, Joe (May 16, 2022).
467:Global Food Safety Initiative
430:Private Standards (consortia)
304:of suitability is necessary.
122:standard operating procedures
1362:. MSI Integrity. July 2020.
851:. World Trade Organization.
760:"CIRCULAR NO. A-119 Revised"
397:Drug standard specifications
1535:Kellermann, Martin (2019).
626:World Standards Cooperation
504:(information security) and
471:technical barriers to trade
463:multistakeholder governance
440:multistakeholder governance
76:), business contract, etc.
1609:
1137:Washington, Sally (2011).
586:List of computer standards
451:International Trade Centre
29:
700:"Standard Specifications"
566:Harmonization (standards)
1593:Technical specifications
1385:"Destruction: Certified"
422:Technical specifications
1588:Technical communication
1509:. Private Equity News.
1334:. PEFC. 11 March 2021.
541:Kohlberg Kravis Roberts
521:Fairtrade International
405:payment cards companies
375:Pharmaceutical industry
252:: see standards of the
70:Standards organizations
1028:Dankers, Cora (2007).
611:Standards organization
571:International Standard
510:international standard
486:international standard
459:standard harmonization
403:Banks and specialized
285:standards organisation
264:International standard
217:classified information
93:standard specification
385:medical prescriptions
202:intellectual property
1444:"LGC acquires BRCGS"
1189:10.2139/ssrn.4111149
606:Standard (metrology)
321:coordination problem
229:coordination problem
796:"Private standards"
769:. The White House.
621:World Standards Day
350:Mechanical industry
153:applied mathematics
136:standard definition
18:Technical standards
1299:"Fit for purpose?"
1236:The E15 Initiative
831:2012-11-12 at the
533:perverse incentive
276:ASTM International
66:trade associations
39:technical standard
1559:978-92-67-10986-2
1545:978-1-4648-1372-6
1150:978-92-5-106730-7
1082:978-92-5-106430-6
1041:978-92-5-105779-7
886:978-92-67-10518-5
596:Software standard
561:De facto standard
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250:Regional standard
236:National standard
223:Geographic levels
118:standard practice
111:physical property
16:(Redirected from
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