Tea-garden community - Knowledge (XXG)

449: 487: 650:. Some of the names of the participants are Gajaram Kurmi, Pratap Gond, Shamburam Gond, Mohanchal Gond, Jagamohan Gond, Bidesh Kamar Lohar, Ansa Bhuyan, Radhu Munda, Gobin Tanti, Ramsai Turi, Bishnu Suku Majhi, Bongai Bauri, Durgi Bhumij, etc. Some of the freedom fighters who became martyrs are Christison Munda, Doyal Das Panika, Mongol Kurku, Tehlu Saora and Bankuru Saora. Christison Munda ignited a revolt across the tea garden regions of Rangapara in 1915 and was publicly hanged at Phulbari T.E (near Rangapara) by colonial authorities in 1916. Malati Mem, alias "Mangri" Oraon of Tezpur Ghogara TE (near Tezpur), became the first ever woman martyr of Assam in 1921. She was killed by colonial police while participating in the 458: 2185:

live with the basic facilities provided by the tea planters. The tea planters usually exploit the workers every possible way. Violence and agitation of labourers against the management is common, where the state machinery normally protects the tea-planters. Non-education, poverty, addiction of males to country-beer, poor standard of living, rising population and inadequate health facilities provided to them are the problems in their lives. There are instances when tea-planters do not even supply the life-saving drugs when workers are dying out of epidemics.

1368: 1398: 1388: 1408: 2224: 1358: 1378: 3163:. These sub-varieties emerged depending on the strength of a particular community in a given area. For instance, if the number of adivasis from the Munda community is higher in a particular garden or locality, the AS spoken in that area will have more Munda features. These sub-varieties in AS exist primarily because of the borrowing of the lexical words along with the phonological, morphological and syntactic features of their indigenous languages; in other words, their original mother tongue" ( 507:

people were recruited and sent to Assam in two batches via the Brahmaputra river route. During the journey 135 died and 103 absconded. Between 1 May 1863 and 1 May 1866, 84,915 labourers were recruited, but 30,000 had died by June 1866. From 1877 to 1929, 419,841 recruits entered Assam as indentured labourers, including 162,188 males, 119,582 females and 138,071 children. From 1938 to 1947, 158,706 recruits came to Assam. They were brought to Assam through three riverine routes, two along the

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a boy was flogged to death because he did not salute the European manager. The most notorious incident was a shooting in which a tea garden labourer was killed by the European planter of the Kharial Tea Estate of Cachar in 1921 after refusing to provide his daughter as a concubine to the planter for a night. Facing such atrocities, many tea garden labourers often become insane. Many such sufferers were confined in the jail set up at Tezpur in 1876 for insane people.

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offenses for which the workers could be flogged, subjected to physical torture and imprisoned under the provisions of this act. Flogging was common practice in the tea gardens. The then Chief Commissioner Assam Fuller commented on the condition of labourers, "...They were deprived of all their freedom and their derogatory conditions and atrocities remind one of the slaves running in Africa and the global slave trade."

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of children who could attend the lower primary schools, but only 29,361 children attended. It was just meagre 6%. From 1946–50, there were only four college students from tea gardens. The number of students who attended high schools, including M. E. schools, during this period was Jorhat – 29, Dibrugarh – 15, Golaghat – 22, Titabor – 04, Nagaon – 10, Lakhimpur – 12, Tezpur – 41 and Mangaldai – 05.

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Assam. However, the story behind the tea cultivation, plucking and processing of tea leaves in the plantations is one of exploitation and untold hardships for the tea labourers. These labourers are still living with the basic facilities provided by the tea planters or companies. Poor standard of living and lack of education and health facilities are the main problems of tea labourers.

36: 2154: 3176:"Navarangi (1965) states that NS, spoken in Chota Nagpur area, shares its linguistic features with languages of the Hindi speaking area like Bhojpuri, Magahi and others. In case of AS we have a different story. Assam has languages from five language families: Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic, Tibeto-Burman and Tai Kadai." ( 495:

for indentured labourers who broke their contracts, including flogging. It alleviated the scarcity of labourers on the plantation by recruiting from outside Assam through contracts. "Arakattis," or brokers, were appointed to recruit labour from outside the area. In 1870, the "Sardari System" was introduced to recruit labourers.

274:. The total population is estimated to be around 7 million, of which an estimated 4.5 million reside in residential quarters built inside 799 tea estates spread across tea-growing regions of Assam. Another 2.5 million reside in the nearby villages spread across those tea-growing regions. They speak multiple languages, including 2216:. This assistance of the government of Assam for an all-inclusive Medicare system is now available in 105 estates of its membership. The residents of the estates have benefited from the PPP mode as was decided by the government of Assam since 2007. Another unique direction that the ABITA took was its partnership with 2164:, Mandars, and Kartals are the traditional musical instruments used during the dance for music. Usually, the traditional dress of red-bordered white saris is adorned by female dancers along with jewellery and ornaments before performing the dance. Male dancers wear dhotis and kurtas with white turbans on their heads. 737:(NC Hills) areas of Assam also have a significant population of the community. They form nearly 11% and 6.2% of the total population in the Barak Valley region and BTR region respectively. According to the 1921 census, total population of tea garden community was 1,220,808, among whom the prominent groups were 654:. The names of these tea garden labourers never got any importance in the histography, but as Guha quoted, "It must be admitted that these Adivasis joined in the Indian Independence movement, not because of the Assamese middle class, the Congress or the Assamese non-state organizations, but in spite of them." 2289:". This has given rise to identity politics among these people and different political parties are banking on this issue to get votes for decades during elections. Now some of the tribes have started to demand ST status separately in order to fulfill the constitutional criteria designating "Scheduled Tribe". 2435:, many innocent Adivasi villagers lost their lives to militant attacks by NDFB(S). It all started on 21 December 2014, when two NDFB(S) cadre were killed in an encounter with security personnel. In retaliation, on 23 December 2014, 65 Tribal Adivasi villagers lost their lives in the simultaneous attacks by 682:

Kurukh, Bhumij and Munda people) were forcibly displaced by the British from the Chotanagpur region due to their rebellion against the British regime. They were dumped into Lower Assam regions of then-undivided Goalpara and undivided Darrang districts as a punishment for their uprising against the regime (

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Music is an important component of the community. Their music is usually collectively performed for a variety of occasions like weddings, festivals, the arrival of seasons, ushering-in of new life, and harvests. The community is rich in a variety of music and dances. Through the folk music and dance,

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In addition to this, the tea garden manager might abuse the workers physically. A tea garden manager in Darrang district caught a boy in an attempt at burglary, and he was beaten to death. His dead body was subsequently found with marks that showed that he had been cruelly beaten. In Cachar district,

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The tea garden labourers suffered under legal bondage. Their lives were governed by the Workmen's Breach of Contract Act (Act 3 of 1859). Under this act employees were liable to prosecution, and even imprisonment, for breach of contract. Inertia, refusal to work and desertion were likewise punishable

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The wages paid to labourers were very low. This forced the whole of family members to work in the tea garden. From 1865–1881 men labourers were paid only ₹5 per month and women ₹4 per month. The situation remained the same up to 1900. It was only by an Act of 1901 that wages increased to ₹5.5 for men

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etc. Labourers were brought in ships, in conditions that were far lower than required for the transport of animals. Steamers were overcrowded with recruits and it was highly unhygienic. These conditions led to the spread of cholera among the labourers which led to the death of many among them in the

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About one million labourers are dependent on Assam's tea industry and almost all of them are the descendants of those who were brought to Assam as labourers by East India Company, mostly from Jharkhand and Orissa. The sacrifice, toil and hard work of these labourers gave shape to the tea industry of

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Since the majority of the community are still labourers, they live in labour lines built inside tea-estates and established by tea planters. These estates are located in remote areas and this contributes to the backwardness and exploitation of them by the tea planters. The labourers in a way have to

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remarks, "Illiterate, ignorant, unorganised and isolated from their homes as they were, the plantation workers were weak and powerless against the planters." Still, several times they tried to protest against the atrocities of the planters and estate managers: for example, protest of 1884 in Bowalia

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The government of Assam has a full fledged "Tea-tribes welfare department" for looking after the socio-economic welfare of the community. There also exist an Adivasi Development Council and Tea & Ex-Tea Garden Tribes Development Council to look after specific development needs of the community.

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A report published by a European DPI in 1917–18 stated that as many as 2 lakh children of school-going age were in the tea gardens of Assam, but not even 2% turned up for primary education. The numbers of the schools and students' enrolment were in papers and files only. In 1950 there were 5,00,416

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Thousands of labourers died annually due to the lack of availability of health care. The gardens did not appoint any doctors. Though the colonial government tried to make tea gardens appoint European medical officers and send health reports to the government regularly, tea gardens failed to comply.

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In these barracks, each tea garden labourer had barely twenty-five square feet of area for their personal use. Many of the tea gardens insisted on a morning muster of the labours. They were not allowed to remain absent in their duty for a single day even when they were unwell. The labourers did not

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were inhuman. Arakattis resorted to several fraudulent practices and physical force. From 15 December 1859 to 21 November 1861, the Assam Company brought the first batch of 2,272 recruits from outside. Out of 2,272 recruits, 250 died on the way to Assam. From 2 April 1861 to 25 February 1862, 2,569

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In 1841 the first attempt was made by the Assam Company to recruit labourers. In this attempt, 652 people were forcibly recruited, but due to an outbreak of cholera, most of them died. Those who survived fled. In 1859 the Workmen's Breach of Contract Act was passed, which instituted harsh penalties

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In October–November 2010, thousands of Tribals, including women and children, were forcefully evicted by the Forest Department of Assam without prior notice from the Lungsung forest area under Haltugaon Forest division in Kokrajhar district of Assam due to illegal encroachment of forest lands. The

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The persecution of the community is mainly political and ethnic in nature. They are increasingly becoming the victims of a volatile social and political situation in Assam. The violence upon the community has risen following the rise of ethnic nationalism and related militancy across the state and

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The Tea garden communities of Assam are undergoing a language shift due to different socio-cultural and linguistic environments compared to their native states. Various groups within the tea garden community are shifting to a lingua franca language, Sadri, while others are transitioning to Bengali

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In the 19th century, the British found Assam suitable for tea cultivation and wanted to increase their revenue by planting tea plantations, so they brought labourers from different parts of the country to clear large tracts of forest and make tea gardens. Tea garden workers were brought to the tea

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Adivasi/tribal languages such as Santali, Mundari, Kurukh, Kharia and Gondi. The president of Adivasi Sahitya Sabha of Assam opposed the use of Sadri or Bagania language in schools by claiming it as an artificial language and opposed the term Tea-tribe by claiming it as self-created nomenclature.

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They live in almost every district of Assam, but their density varies according to the number of tea plantations in different regions of Assam. They are more numerous in Upper Assam and Central Assam than Lower Assam. Some were not brought for tea garden labour. Many tribes (most notably Santhal,

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The tea planters never encouraged education to garden labourers as it would prevent them from physical labor or encourage protest against exploitation. Even after Indian independence, the amount spent on tea garden education in the first five-year plan was just 0.26 million (2.6 lakhs), i.e., not

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A tripartite Adivasi Peace Accord signed between the Central Ministry of Home Affairs, the government of Assam and 8 armed cease fire Adivasi rebel groups on 15 September 2022 guaranteed the formation of a Adivasi Welfare and Development Council with headquarters at Guwahati along with a special

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In July 2021, Kudmali Sahitya Sabha of Assam opposed the imposition of Sadri language in primary school for tea-tribes and demand inclusion of the Kurmali language in the school curriculum. In July 2021, Adivasi Sahitya Sabha of Assam urged the education minister of Assam, Ronuj Pegu, to promote

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An ethno-linguistic minority, the population of the community is primarily rural in nature and estimated to be around 7 million (70 lakhs), or nearly 20% of Assam's total population. Different political parties appeal to them during election seasons in Assam as their demographic numbers always

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were revolting against expanding British control, and the scarcity of cheap labour to work in the expanding tea industry of Assam led the British authorities to recruit primarily Tribals and some backward-class Hindus as indentured labourers to work in Assam's tea gardens. Thousands of people

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Though in 2018 the wages of tea garden workers improved considerably to ₹167 by the government of Assam, it is still well below the ₹350 demanded by the workers. The wages of tea garden labourers are revised every few years through agreements between the Consultative Committee of Plantation

2453:. Nearly 0.3 million people from both Adivasi and Bodo community got internally displaced due to retaliatory violence after the attacks. It led to widespread public protests across different parts of Assam in which again three tribal Adivasi protesters lost their lives in police firing in 1993:

Festivals are an important part of their lives and are generally deeply connected to their religion and their culture. They celebrate many festivals during different seasons. Almost every major Hindu festival is celebrated by the community, with Christians celebrating Christian festivals.

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Forest department burnt down hundreds of houses in 59 villages in the Lungsung forest area during the eviction drive and perpetrated various atrocities on the Adivasi villagers, mostly Santhals and Oraons. About 1200 to 1400 families, comprising over 7000 persons, were rendered homeless.

2220:. An intervention which started in 2000 through the Education, Creche Development & Nutrition Programme, later expanded and diversified into a more structured intervention to promote health, nutrition, sanitation and child rights amongst the tea workers population. 573:

and ₹4.5 for women. Children's wages remained the same. These rates of pay compared extremely unfavourably with other manual work available: in the early 1880s an unskilled railway construction labourer earned ₹12 to 16 per month (3 times more than tea garden labour).

2597:"Statement (District-Wise) showing number of Tea-Gardens with details regarding total area acquired as Ceiling Surplus and Encroachment of Ceiling Surplus Land by the Tea-Gardens | DIRECTORATE OF LAND REQUISITION ACQUISITION & REFORMS | Government Of Assam, India" 2484:

The Munda and Mundari languages are linguistically considered the same, with Munda being a subgroup of the Austroasiatic language family and Mundari being a spoken language within that subgroup. However, in Assam, the term "Munda language" is primarily used by the

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The medium of instruction had also created problems in the tea gardens. Different tribes and castes had their own language and literature in the school owing largely to their original places. In tea gardens, three languages were primarily spoken by the labours:

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According to S.D. Pando, one of the three members of a panel set up by the Assam government to write an ethnographic report on the community, among the 96 ethnic groups who are officially listed as Tea-tribes in Assam, nearly 40 are recognised as "Tribals" or

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variant and has several sub-varieties that arise due to dominant linguistic groups, differing in their phonological, morphological, and syntactic features. Nagpuri Sadri, on the other hand, exhibits linguistic features from the Bihari group of languages like

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Most of the gardens didn't have hospitals to treat labourers in ill health. Most of the gardens appointed some trained physicians, called LMP (Learned Medical Practitioners), only after 1889, when Berry White Medical School was set up at Barbari, Dibrugarh.

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due to decades of continuous exploitation by tea estate management and neglect on the part of the government. Though the younger generations are better-educated and are becoming professionals in various fields, there are not many of those in the community.

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militants armed with AK 47/56 series weapons in the three districts of Sonitpur, Kokrajhar and Chirang in one of the worst massacres in the history of Northeast India. Among the dead were 18 children and 21 women. In retaliation, the Adivasis killed three

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8 Adivasi students lost their lives in police firing at Paneri in Udalguri district on 25 July 2003 when they were blocking the national highway during the 12 hour Assam Bandh by All Adivasi Students Association of Assam (AASAA) demanding Scheduled Tribes

2305:(OBC) in states outside Assam like Jharkhand and Odisha. The population of these 50 "non-tribals" ethnic groups is less than two lakhs (200,000), according to government estimates compared to the substantially higher population of the 40 "tribal" groups. 363:

and others. According to the Lokur Committee (1965) they formed around 20 lakh. They have been demanding Scheduled Tribe status in Assam, but the tribal organization of Assam is against it, which has resulted in several clashes between them and deaths.

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and Assamese to varying degrees. Among the tribal groups, languages such as Ho, Gondi, Kui, Bhumij, and Korwa are experiencing significant decreases in the number of speakers from 1931 to 2011, with percentage changes ranging from -65.4% to -95.4%.

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in Assam get ₹167 as a daily wage, but including statutory and non-statutory benefits and other benefits, their daily wage is around ₹214 per day. They also get housing facilities from the tea garden management and avail free medical benefits.

2385:(NDFB) militants initiated ethnic cleansings against the Adivasi population in Kokrajhar. Hundreds of people from both communities were victims of those ethnic clashes. Thousands of people were made homeless in the clashes of 1996 and 1998. 2652:"For socio-economic, socio-political and other socio-cultural reasons, most of the adivasis of Assam have opted for AS as their first language. Besides, the lingua franca provides one linguistic identity to the various adivasi groups." ( 1926:

Hindus worship different deities during different seasons of a year. Most (if not all) of the Hindus are animistic in nature and worship tribal and tantra-related gods. The influence of mainstream Vedic Hinduism is minimal and animistic

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As cited, ₹167 as a daily wage for tea garden workers did not fulfill the provisions of the Minimum Wage Act, 1948, as it is below the Assam government's prescribed minimum wage for organized workers (₹290). Wages in the tea gardens of

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In November 2007, five individuals lost their lives and at least 250 were injured when a rally demanding Scheduled Tribe status by All Adivasi Students Association of Assam (AASAA) turned violent between the participants and locals in

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The ancient tribal religion Sarnaism is also deeply rooted among a sizeable section of tea garden workers. They believe in a universal supreme God and worship him/her in different names like Marangburu, Mahadeo, and Singboga.

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The issue of wage is another issue gripping the majority members of this community. They are demanding an increase in daily wages of tea garden workers of the state from the existing daily wage of ₹167 ($ 2.1) to ₹350 ($ 5).

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are even more meagre (₹115 per day). Also, according to the Plantation Labour Act, 1951, and the Minimum Wage Act, 1948, costs associated with housing, medical and electricity could not be included as part of minimum wages.

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in Phuloguri village. Further, during the clash, another 14 were killed. The total death toll reached 85. Both communities burned houses and damaged properties at different parts of the state. The violence also spread to

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The Hindi language includes Sadri/Nagpuri, Bhojpuri, Khortha, Chhattisgarhi, Kurmali, and various other languages, all of which have notable speakers in Assam and are classified within the Hindi language group by the

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They are very religious-minded people and love to worship nature. Many trees are considered sacred and are worshipped. Nearly every village has religious temples and sacred ground (jaher than) for community worship.

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The literacy rate of the community is one of the lowest in Assam, particularly among girls and women. Due to this, girls are extremely vulnerable to sexual exploitation and early marriages are prevalent among them.

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But Adivasi students' organisation AASAA has demanded an extension of the area of the Adivasi Development Council to all parts of Assam, as it is currently operational in only sixth scheduled areas of the state.

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enjoy any personal freedom at all, and were even forbidden to meet labourers working at other tea gardens. Prior permission from the manager of the tea gardens was necessary for the marriage of the labourers.

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They are people of various ethno-linguistic origins from different regions of eastern India composed of dozens of tribes and castes with varying population demographics. The list of tribes and castes are:

2235:. Assam produces 55% of India's total production of tea. It is a labour-intensive industry and highly dependent on a large workforce. It is the only sector where the majority of the workers are female. 477:

in several phases from the mid-nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century from the tribal heartland of central-eastern India as indentured labourers. During the 1840s, tribal people throughout the

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Literacy level among the community is only 46%, one of the lowest against Assam's 72% overall literacy rate as tea garden management and other vested interests hinder in their educational development.

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development package of Rs.1000 crores for socio-economic and educational upliftment of Adivasi communities with focused infrastructure development in Adivasi inhabiting villages/tea gardens of Assam.

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However, increasing conversions into Christianity have led many of them into adopting Christianity and many churches have been built as a result. Nearly one million are now Christians in the state.

757:(39,739). In the 1951 estimate, their population stood at 1,583,457, forming around 20 percent of the state population. Apart from those prominent tribal groups, other notable communities were 2413:

districts have lost their lives during violence arising out of the Assam-Arunachal Pradesh border dispute from 1992 to 2014 due to attacks by armed miscreants from the Arunachal Pradesh side.

1496:, hence it is often called Assam Sadri or Bagania bhasa. However, with a steady rise in literacy levels, newer generations of those multilingual ethnic groups are becoming fluent in standard 2424:

in the district of Golaghat due to alleged attacks by armed Naga miscreants supported by NSCN militants. At least 10,000 people were displaced, mostly Adivasis, following the attacks in

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In addition to emigrant labourers, tea planters also forced labourers to increase the birth rate, so that each garden could garner enough labour force. Abortion was strictly prohibited.

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was used and outside the tea gardens the Assamese language was used as a medium of communication. Therefore Narayan Ghatowar, a prominent intellectual of the community, advocated that

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recruited as labourers died of diseases during the journey to Assam, and hundreds who tried to flee were killed by the British authorities as punishment for breaching their contracts.

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for the labourers and these were overcrowded. "Coolie" was a term used by tea garden authorities to denote labourers, and is now considered to be a derogatory term by the community.

486: 2899: 2261:(ST) status, which is being denied to them in Assam although in other states of India their counterparts fully enjoy that status. The community is composed of many large tribes like 3853: 2667: 2319:

approved The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Amendment) Bill 2019 in Cabinet to accord "Scheduled Tribe" status to at least 36 tribes of this community and tabled it in

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Southern states of India have been successful in increasing the daily wages of tea garden workers while maintaining the industry profitable. The daily wage is ₹310 ($ 5) in

3217: 2924: 2830: 3835: 3652: 2457:. Widespread condemnation happened across the nation against the massacre. As a result, the Indian Army launched "Operation All Out" to hunt down the NDFB(S) militants. 3697: 2966: 2359:

It is estimated that 10 lakhs (1 million) labourers, including casual workers working in over 850 tea gardens, are deprived of their right of minimum wages in Assam.

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ethnic groups, and the terms are loosely interchangeable. Consequently, census classifications treat them as two distinct languages based on enumerated responses.

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violent arising out of border disputes of Assam with other states. There were two ethnic clashes between Bodo and Adivasi during the 1990s at the height of the

3539:"Talk of ST status for Assam's 'tea tribes' may give BJP fillip in election year, but real benefits miles away at ground zero Elections on the GO, Firstpost" 2639:"Sadri as spoken in Assam has been labeled as Assam Sadri to distinguish it from the Sadri spoken in Chota Nagpur Plateau, better known as Nagpuria Sadri." ( 4083: 3556: 3735: 246:

during the 1860-90s in multiple phases to work in tea gardens. They are primarily found in districts with a large concentration of tea estates, such as

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Numerous agitations and movements have been organised and are ongoing demanding ST status, and the most infamous of them was the Beltola incident of

4059: 3263:"Work life experience of Adivasi (indigenous) workers in Tea Plantation Industry on conflict-ridden areas in India: A qualitative study in Assam" 651: 635:

Though the community remained oppressed as plantation labourers, they still had the anti-colonial anti-British attitude alive in their mindset.

3715: 4028: 4007: 3986: 3913: 3892: 3496: 3432: 3314: 3115: 2782: 2436: 2382: 1869: 734: 399: 49: 3147:"(I)n Assam, there are sub-varieties within AS. In different areas of Assam, Sadri speakers refer to the link language by different names: 3205: 2623: 3510: 1476:, etc., making it often considered a dialect of Bhojpuri. Meanwhile, the Assam Sadri sub-varieties are influenced by languages that are 3755: 3382: 3134: 148: 86: 3962: 3616: 3048: 1895: 425: 185: 119: 63: 3669: 2297:(ST) in other parts of India, while the "non-tribals" among the Tea-garden community distributed in 50 groups are categorized as 718: 3086:. North-East India Council for Social Science Research. Sacred Heart Theological College (Shillong, India): Vendrame Institute. 4123: 4118: 4108: 4098: 3524: 2118:

It has become famous among the community although traditionally different ethnic groups and tribes have different folk dances.

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Tea Tribes are lagging behind in the Process of Urbanization : A Study on Selected Tea Gardens of Jorhat District, Assam

3396: 1873: 403: 218:(OBC). They are the descendants of peoples from multiple tribal and caste groups brought by the British colonial planters as 3191: 2959: 2739: 329:

status in other states of India and living mainly in the village areas other than tea gardens, prefers to call themselves "

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Tea Garden Labourers of North East India: A Multidimensional Study on the Adivasis of the Tea Gardens of North East India

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Tea garden labourers of north east India: a multidimensional study on the Adivasis of the tea gardens of north east India

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Note: Bedia, Odia, Saora, Santali, kurukh, Munda, Gowala, Teli etc all Tea-garden communities together makes nearly 6%.

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is an important dance form that is performed during the Karam festival by boys and girls alike. Other folk dances are

1454: 3811: 1858: 388: 3038: 2685: 2402:, the state capital of Assam. A teenage tribal girl and a woman were molested in the daylight during the violence. 1877: 1862: 407: 392: 2189: 160: 55: 90: 4103: 3239: 2997:

Sharma Thakur, G. C. (2006). "The tea and ex-tea garden tribes of Assam – a profile". In Hazarika, N.A. (ed.).

2596: 2428:, Golaghat district. A border dispute between Assam and Nagaland is cited as one of the reasons for the attack. 457: 1489: 1485: 1367: 4073: 2986:(Press release). Ministry of Tribal Affairs. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 31 August 2012. 2561: 2464:, one of the worst hooch tragedies of India in the districts of Jorhat and Golaghat on 21–25 February 2019. 2223: 2074:

they try to convey their perspective on social issues and define their daily lifestyles and their history.

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also have notable speakers. Among these, Sadri is predominantly spoken as a first language and serves as a

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In August 2014, at least 10 Tribal villagers lost their lives and several were injured near Uriamghat and

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The report of the advisory committee on the revision of the list of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

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There have also been demands for the formation of an autonomous satellite council for Adivasis in Assam.

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After the journey, their life in the tea gardens was also difficult. Planters made barracks known as the

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has been instrumental in improving the lives of tea garden labourers. Reputed Tea Associations such as

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among the multilingual ethnic groups. However, Sadri spoken in Assam slightly differs from the native

1779: 1683: 1477: 1464: 303: 215: 3684:"Adivasi council, armed cadre rehab — what Modi govt's peace pact with Assam rebel outfits promises" 3653:"Centre approves ST status to Koch-Rajbongshis, Tea tribes, Tai Ahoms, Morans, Motoks, and Chutiyas" 3414: 3358: 2213: 2209: 2201: 1481: 283: 263: 211: 3854:"Death toll in Assam militant attacks rises to 48 with recovery of more bodies - Times of India ►" 3333: 2774: 3936: 3740: 3720: 3598: 3018: 2410: 2364: 1124: 714: 271: 2900:"Assam Govt Reserves 3% Seats In Govt Jobs For Tea Tribes, Know Why This Is A Historic Decision" 1344: 202:

is a term for a multiethnic, multicultural group of tea garden workers and their descendants in

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to improve the lives of the tea garden labourers. The ABITA has embarked on a partnership with

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is also steadily gaining footholds among a section of the Hindu population of the community.

1417:

According to the 2011 census, the prominent languages spoken by the tea garden community are

17: 3928: 3270: 2770: 2298: 2294: 2285:

and dozen others who are being denied Scheduled Tribe status. These tribal call themselves "

2002: 1731: 1618: 1586: 1538: 1505: 1438: 1422: 1418: 1332: 671: 616: 608: 315: 291: 287: 2983: 2095:' is a famous folk dance form among the community. This dance is a folk dance prevalent in 4063: 3836:"Stench of ethnic cleansing - Relief camps fill up as boundary dispute toll rises to four" 2702: 2363:

Associations (CCPA) and the Assam Chah Mazdoor Sangha (ACMS). Tea garden labourers of the

2258: 2110: 1965: 1795: 1715: 1699: 1667: 1634: 1473: 1442: 1434: 1348: 722: 702: 612: 334: 326: 299: 295: 267: 1964:

are among the major tribes who have been mostly converted by the Christian missionaries.

3698:"Central Government signed peace agreement with tribals and tea garden workers in Assam" 2502:

The language speakers in 1931 also include some adjacent areas of modern Assam, such as

2145: 1985: 3736:"4 Adivasi students dead, 8 hurt in police firing | Kolkata News - Times of India" 2266: 2232: 1811: 1763: 1602: 1517: 1450: 1275: 1135: 838: 620: 319: 311: 243: 239: 4068: 3905:

One Hundred Years of Servitude: Political Economy of Tea Plantations in Colonial Assam

3576:"Making of Tea Tribes in Assam: Colonial Exploitation and Assertion of Adivasi Rights" 3262: 701:, due to the high density of tea gardens and plantations in this region. Districts of 4092: 3940: 3602: 2762: 2490: 2282: 2270: 2139: 2022: 1969: 1957: 1949: 1909: 1651: 1459: 1430: 1426: 1297: 1283: 1254: 1238: 1205: 1193: 1157: 1048: 974: 933: 895: 890: 877: 834: 770: 766: 762: 754: 746: 639: 360: 352: 348: 279: 275: 3635:"12-hr bandh seeking ST status for Adivasis cripples western Assam - Times of India" 4078: 2486: 2345: 2274: 2262: 2135: 2038: 2006: 1920: 1322: 1307: 1264: 1168: 1140: 1119: 1097: 1087: 1071: 982: 925: 750: 742: 738: 726: 344: 231: 101: 4084:

PATHETIC PLIGHT OF THE TEA TRIBES IN COLONIAL ASSAM (1826-1947A.D): A BRIEF STUDY

97: 4039: 4018: 3997: 3976: 3903: 3882: 3716:"Eight students killed in Assam police firing | India News - Times of India" 3105: 3064: 2831:"ATTSA demands inclusion of all 112 tea tribes in Assam ST list - Times of India" 2575: 2445: 2441: 2328: 2123: 2119: 2104: 2054: 1938: 1847: 1747: 1327: 1259: 957: 912: 863: 798: 794: 782: 694: 687: 512: 508: 377: 247: 235: 3069:. Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society. 1990. p. 54. 2511: 2454: 2320: 2312:

on 24 November 2007, where public rape and killings occurred in the daylight.

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and Bharatiya Cha Parishad (BCP) have been working with organizations such as

2046: 2018: 2014: 998: 3791: 3594: 3282: 3107:

Socio-economic and Political Problems of Tea Garden Workers: A Study of Assam

2936: 3343: 3091: 3000:

Bulletin of the Assam institute of research for tribals and scheduled castes

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in a village near Behali in Sonitpur district and set fire to the houses of

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Newly immigrated tea garden workers at work in colonial Assam (c. 1907–1913)

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Tea Plantation Workers of Assam and the Indian National Movement, 1921-1947

3525:"JACTA demands autonomous council for tea tribes, Adivasis - Sentinelassam" 3368: 159:

by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the

3297:"How Assam's Tea Gardens Are Rooted In The Abuse And Torture Of Labourers" 2558:"Tea Tribes Community | Tea Tribes | Government of Assam, India" 3978:

The Tea Labourers of North East India: An Anthropo-historical Perspective

3081: 3040:

The Tea Labourers of North East India: An Anthropo-historical Perspective

2624:"Assam: ATTSA demand for ST status to tea tribes community, writes to CM" 2507: 2406: 2399: 2378: 2309: 1953: 1928: 1916: 1912: 1082: 698: 3575: 3433:"73 tea tribes not included in ST list, says Assam Chah Mazdoor Sangha" 2691:(Report). Department of Social Security, Govt of India. pp. 18–19. 2425: 2421: 2286: 2127: 2092: 2085: 2034: 1243: 1058: 818: 814: 706: 542: 530: 330: 3932: 2763:"Demand of 'Tea Tribes' for Scheduled Tribe Status in Assam: A Review" 2460:

At least 168 people, mostly tea workers, including women, died in the

2257:

Tribals among the community have been fighting for decades to receive

3218:"Imposing Sadri language as mother tongue in primary schools opposed" 2353: 2217: 2197: 2131: 2100: 2058: 2050: 2042: 2026: 2010: 1961: 1312: 1185: 1066: 1053: 944: 885: 826: 822: 806: 802: 778: 758: 526: 499: 227: 4041:

The Ex-tea Garden Labour Population in Assam: A Socio-economic Study

3274: 490:

Map showing the recruiting district of tea garden community of Assam

3137:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 4069:

Village Planning has lifesaving impact for the Tea Tribes in Assam

3557:"Congress, BJP Woo Assam's Tea-Tribes in the Race for Swing Votes" 2668:"Battleground Assam : No party can take Adivasis for granted" 2278: 2222: 2173: 2152: 2144: 2109: 1984: 1570: 1497: 1343: 1317: 1302: 1221: 1213: 1108: 1092: 1020: 1009: 987: 952: 830: 810: 790: 786: 693:

The community dominates the districts of a significant portion of

661: 646:

Numbers of people from the community actively participated in the

503: 485: 474: 356: 339: 203: 3497:"Submit list for land pattas to tea community: Assam CM to AASAA" 3335:

Impact of Tea Plantation Industry on the Life of Tribal Labourers

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Impact of tea industry on the life of the tribals of West Bengal

2925:"ATTSA demands inclusion of all 112 tea tribes in Assam ST list" 2161: 2077: 1998: 920: 855: 774: 3415:"Indian tea plantation owners shoot at workers demanding bonus" 2814:. Assam Institute of Research for Tribals and Scheduled Castes. 2172:

They are one of the most backward and exploited communities in

325:

A sizeable section of the community, particularly those having

1841: 371: 131: 70: 29: 3511:"Assam: Adivasis stage protest at Hojai demanding ST status" 3471: 2767:

Troubled Diversity: The Political Process in Northeast India

2489:

ethnic group, while "Mundari" is used by both the Munda and

627:

be imparted in the schools only by teachers who knew Sadri.

3446: 2331:

on the last day of the budget session due to lack of time.

4017:

Roy, Dutta; Karotemprel, Sebastian; Datta-Ray, B. (1990).

2738:

Sarmah, Jayanta Krishna; Hazarika, Joyjit (5 June 2015).

2960:"Estimated Population by Castes, 5. Assam – Census 1951" 1908:

The majority of the population of the community follows

2635: 2633: 156: 3240:"Introduction of Adivasi languages in School demanded" 1972:

are the major denominations among Adivasi Christians.

3925:

Argument selection in Sadani/Sadri as spoken in Assam

3756:"Dispur rally runs amok Curfew, bandh choke Guwahati" 2808:

Socio Economic Development of the Tea Tribes of Assam

343:. Many tea garden community members are tribals like 4074:

Tribal Turmoil (Including a history of exploitation)

3129: 3127: 2142:tribe, which are performed on different occasions. 521:were used to carry the bonded labours. Some of the 333:" and are known by that term in Assam, whereas the 3315:"Healthcare gaps ail tea gardens - Times of India" 2088:are some of the musical instruments used by them. 3135:"C-16: Population by mother tongue, Assam - 2011" 3006:. Vol. 1. Issue. XVI. Guwahati. p. 20. 2315:On 8 January 2019, the central government led by 2084:, Madars, Kartals, Tamaks, Nagaras, Nishans, and 3421:. December 18, 2017 – via www.reuters.com. 2965:. Office of the Registrar General, India. 1954. 2874:"C -16 C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Assam" 2849:"C -16 C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Assam" 2480: 2478: 1997:Major festivals celebrated by the community are 3780:"'Assam, Arunachal can resolve border dispute'" 3357:Das, Amal Ku.; Banarjee, Hemendra Nath (1964). 3332:Das Gupta, Pranab Kumar; Khan, Iar Ali (1983). 2954: 2952: 2618: 2616: 322:, serves as lingua franca among the community. 3951:Empire's Garden: Assam and the Making of India 3617:"Govt cautious in ST exercise to avoid cases" 3338:. Memo. 57. Anthropological Survey of India. 2984:"Central list of OBCs for the state of Assam" 2740:"Politics of Scheduled Tribe Status in Assam" 2576:"CENTRAL LIST OF OBCs FOR THE STATE OF ASSAM" 631:Participation in Indian independence movement 8: 2769:. Delhi: Oxford Academic. pp. 104–121. 2227:A woman picking tea in a Tea garden of Assam 3080:Karotemprel, S; Datta-Ray, B, eds. (1990). 2194:Assam Branch Indian Tea Association (ABITA) 1876:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 406:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3023:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2231:The tea industry is a crucial part of the 1514: 100:. Please do not remove this message until 3583:Journal of Adivasi and Indigenous Studies 2775:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199453337.003.0006 1923:account for about 15% of the population. 1896:Learn how and when to remove this message 1402:Distribution of Mundari (including Munda) 643:T.E., Strike of Helem T.E. in 1921, etc. 498:Conditions of recruitment of labour from 426:Learn how and when to remove this message 186:Learn how and when to remove this message 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 1989:Karam Festival in North Lakhimpur, Assam 666:Tea Garden workers in a tea garden near 603:even ten paise per tea garden labourer. 96:Relevant discussion may be found on the 3682:Bhardwaj, Ananya (September 15, 2022). 3013:from the original on 25 September 2023. 2536: 2474: 594:State of education during colonial rule 585:Health conditions during colonial times 3397:"Assam rally to assert indigenous tag" 3016: 2544: 318:. Assam Sadri, distinguished from the 2825: 2823: 2821: 2383:National Democratic Front of Boroland 735:North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council 206:. They are officially referred to as 7: 3786:. Press Trust of India. 2018-02-27. 2206:National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) 1874:adding citations to reliable sources 404:adding citations to reliable sources 3177: 3164: 3110:. Mittal Publications. 2006-01-01. 2653: 2640: 2405:Many living in the border areas of 27:Multicultural group in Assam, India 4002:. Indian Publishers Distributors. 3574:Das, Nava Kishor (February 2016). 3363:. Tribal Welfare Department, GoI. 2972:from the original on 8 March 2024. 2721:"Tea tag blurs ST status:Adivasis" 1931:dominates in religious practices. 25: 3927:(PhD thesis). Tezpur University. 2253:Demand for Scheduled Tribe status 45:This article has multiple issues. 2703:"The story of Adivasis in Assam" 1846: 1406: 1396: 1386: 1376: 1366: 1356: 719:Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council 456: 447: 376: 222:from the regions of present-day 136: 75: 34: 1351:languages of Assam, 2011 census 849:Notified tea garden communities 53:or discuss these issues on the 4044:. B.R. Publishing Corporation. 3812:"Bandh over eviction in Assam" 3199:. Vol. III. Assam. Part. 2761:Sharma, Dhruba Pratim (2015). 2327:but failed to make it through 2212:promoted and partnered by the 1: 3999:Identity of Adivasis in Assam 3996:Pulloppillil, Thomas (1999). 3672:Frontline–Sep.26–Oct.09, 1998 3220:. sentinelassam. 21 July 2021 3043:. Mittal Publications. 2009. 2765:. In Goswami, Sandhya (ed.). 2744:Economic and Political Weekly 2462:2019 Assam alcohol poisonings 809:(15,213), Jalandha (13,535), 793:(31,794), Khadiyal (31,324), 678:influence politics in Assam. 18:Tea-garden community of Assam 2433:December 2014 Assam violence 1232:Other tea garden communities 731:Bodoland Territorial Council 648:Indian independence movement 4057:List of tea garden at Assam 3902:Behal, Rana Partap (2014). 3261:Das, Diganta (2020-09-22). 3242:. pressresder. 21 July 2021 2379:Bodoland statehood movement 554:Under British colonial rule 102:conditions to do so are met 4140: 3975:Sengupta, Sarthak (2009). 3476:Government Of Assam, India 3451:Government Of Assam, India 2138:tribe and Kharia dance of 4038:Phukan, Umananda (1984). 3957:. Duke University Press. 3267:Journal of Public Affairs 3203:– Table. p. 213–250. 2323:. The bill passed in the 2190:Assam Chah Mazdoor Sangha 2168:Socio-economic conditions 690:Rebellion of 1899–1900). 335:Scheduled Tribes of Assam 151:toward certain viewpoints 3948:Sharma, Jayeeta (2011). 1372:Distribution of Bhojpuri 652:non-cooperation movement 525:in the Brahmaputra were 3981:. Mittal Publications. 2805:Begum, Farzana (2017). 1392:Distribution of Santali 4124:Ethnic groups in Assam 4119:Other Backward Classes 4109:Social groups of Assam 4099:Ethnic groups in India 4023:. Vendrame Institute. 3840:www.telegraphindia.com 3816:www.telegraphindia.com 3760:www.telegraphindia.com 3621:www.telegraphindia.com 3401:www.telegraphindia.com 2335:Increase in wage issue 2317:Bharatiya Janata Party 2303:Other Backward classes 2228: 2158: 2150: 2115: 1990: 1412:Distribution of Kurukh 1352: 674: 541:in Surma (Barak) were 491: 439:Immigration into Assam 216:Other Backward Classes 4114:Tea industry in Assam 4062:26 March 2024 at the 3881:Nath, Bikash (2016). 3704:. September 16, 2022. 3193:Census of India, 1931 3190:Mullan, C.S. (1932). 2226: 2156: 2148: 2113: 1988: 1533:Percentage of Change 1362:Distribution of Sadri 1347: 665: 489: 480:Chota Nagpur Division 3066:Religion and Society 1870:improve this section 1382:Distribution of Odia 400:improve this section 220:indentured labourers 200:Tea-garden community 3923:Dey, Lucky (2011). 3545:. 21 February 2019. 3527:. 21 December 2017. 3499:. 24 December 2019. 3435:. January 17, 2019. 2837:. 16 February 2019. 2709:. 15 November 2016. 2564:on 25 October 2022. 2372:Human rights issues 2214:government of Assam 2210:government of India 2202:Government of Assam 2114:Jhumur dance troupe 1520: 212:government of Assam 157:improve the article 89:of this article is 3858:The Times of India 3741:The Times of India 3721:The Times of India 3670:Bloodshed in Assam 3641:. 19 January 2019. 3639:The Times of India 3513:. 3 February 2020. 3319:The Times of India 2929:The Times of India 2835:The Times of India 2601:dlrar.assam.gov.in 2365:Brahmaputra Valley 2229: 2159: 2151: 2134:, Kurukh dance of 2116: 1991: 1515: 1353: 715:Charaideo district 675: 492: 4030:978-81-85408-00-2 4009:978-81-7341-080-2 3988:978-81-8324-306-3 3915:978-93-82381-43-3 3894:978-93-84092-17-7 3117:978-81-8324-098-7 2784:978-0-19-945333-7 2504:Arunachal Pradesh 2451:Udalguri district 1906: 1905: 1898: 1826: 1825: 733:(BTC) areas, and 711:Golaghat district 686:of the 1850s and 684:Santhal rebellion 436: 435: 428: 196: 195: 188: 178: 177: 130: 129: 122: 68: 16:(Redirected from 4131: 4045: 4034: 4013: 3992: 3968: 3956: 3944: 3919: 3908:. Tulika Books. 3898: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3822: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3766: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3580: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3563:. 12 April 2016. 3553: 3547: 3546: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3483: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3458: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3321:. 27 April 2017. 3311: 3305: 3304: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3214: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3187: 3181: 3174: 3168: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3022: 3014: 3012: 3005: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2964: 2956: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2943: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2911: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2827: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2663: 2657: 2650: 2644: 2637: 2628: 2627: 2620: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2607: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2580: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2560:. Archived from 2554: 2548: 2541: 2525: 2521: 2515: 2500: 2494: 2482: 2299:Scheduled castes 2295:Scheduled Tribes 2003:Karam (festival) 1901: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1850: 1842: 1521: 1437:. Additionally, 1413: 1410: 1403: 1400: 1393: 1390: 1383: 1380: 1373: 1370: 1363: 1360: 672:Darrang district 638:Noted historian 511:and one via the 460: 451: 431: 424: 420: 417: 411: 380: 372: 214:and notified as 191: 184: 173: 170: 164: 140: 139: 132: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 79: 78: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4104:Tribes of Assam 4089: 4088: 4064:Wayback Machine 4053: 4048: 4037: 4031: 4016: 4010: 3995: 3989: 3974: 3965: 3954: 3947: 3922: 3916: 3901: 3895: 3887:. Ratna Sagar. 3880: 3876: 3871: 3862: 3860: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3820: 3818: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3796: 3794: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3764: 3762: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3744:. 25 July 2003. 3734: 3733: 3729: 3724:. 26 July 2003. 3714: 3713: 3709: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3578: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3481: 3479: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3456: 3454: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3303:. May 23, 2016. 3295: 3294: 3290: 3275:10.1002/pa.2446 3260: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3196: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3175: 3171: 3146: 3142: 3133: 3132: 3125: 3118: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3015: 3010: 3003: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2950: 2941: 2939: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2909: 2907: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2882: 2880: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2857: 2855: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2829: 2828: 2819: 2811: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2725:Telegraph India 2719: 2718: 2714: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2666:Mitra, Naresh. 2665: 2664: 2660: 2651: 2647: 2638: 2631: 2622: 2621: 2614: 2605: 2603: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2528: 2522: 2518: 2501: 2497: 2483: 2476: 2471: 2374: 2337: 2259:Scheduled Tribe 2255: 2170: 2071: 2069:Music and dance 1983: 1978: 1902: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1867: 1851: 1840: 1831: 1530:Speaker in 2011 1527:Speaker in 1931 1415: 1414: 1411: 1404: 1401: 1394: 1391: 1384: 1381: 1374: 1371: 1364: 1361: 1342: 1337: 1228: 1226: 723:Dhubri district 703:North Lakhimpur 660: 633: 619:. But commonly 596: 587: 556: 539:Debarken Depots 523:Debarken Depots 519:Debarken Depots 473:plantations of 470: 469: 468: 467: 463: 462: 461: 453: 452: 441: 432: 421: 415: 412: 397: 381: 370: 327:Scheduled Tribe 282:, Assam Sadri, 192: 181: 180: 179: 174: 168: 165: 154: 141: 137: 126: 115: 109: 106: 95: 80: 76: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4137: 4135: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4091: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4052: 4051:External links 4049: 4047: 4046: 4035: 4029: 4014: 4008: 3993: 3987: 3972: 3963: 3945: 3920: 3914: 3899: 3893: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3869: 3845: 3827: 3803: 3771: 3747: 3727: 3707: 3702:Jagranjosh.com 3689: 3674: 3662: 3644: 3626: 3608: 3566: 3548: 3530: 3516: 3502: 3488: 3463: 3438: 3424: 3406: 3388: 3374: 3349: 3324: 3306: 3301:HuffPost India 3288: 3253: 3231: 3209: 3182: 3169: 3140: 3123: 3116: 3097: 3072: 3056: 3049: 3030: 2989: 2975: 2948: 2931:. 2019-02-16. 2916: 2891: 2865: 2840: 2817: 2797: 2783: 2753: 2730: 2712: 2694: 2677: 2672:Economic Times 2658: 2645: 2629: 2612: 2588: 2567: 2549: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2516: 2495: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2465: 2458: 2429: 2418: 2414: 2403: 2395: 2373: 2370: 2336: 2333: 2254: 2251: 2233:Indian economy 2169: 2166: 2157:Santhali dance 2070: 2067: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1904: 1903: 1854: 1852: 1845: 1839: 1836: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1518:language shift 1405: 1395: 1385: 1375: 1365: 1355: 1354: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1281: 1278: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1241: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1216: 1211: 1208: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1191: 1188: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1007: 1004: 1001: 996: 993: 990: 985: 980: 977: 972: 969: 966: 963: 960: 955: 950: 947: 942: 939: 936: 931: 928: 923: 918: 915: 910: 907: 904: 901: 898: 893: 888: 883: 880: 875: 872: 869: 866: 861: 858: 852: 851: 850: 837:(10,664), and 753:(50,960), and 721:(KAAC) areas, 659: 656: 632: 629: 595: 592: 586: 583: 555: 552: 533:, Kokilamukh, 465: 464: 455: 454: 446: 445: 444: 443: 442: 440: 437: 434: 433: 384: 382: 375: 369: 366: 320:Sadri language 244:colonial Assam 240:Andhra Pradesh 194: 193: 176: 175: 169:September 2023 144: 142: 135: 128: 127: 110:September 2023 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4136: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4042: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4022: 4021: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3973: 3971: 3966: 3964:9780822350491 3960: 3953: 3952: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3907: 3906: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3873: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3772: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3685: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3570: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3361: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3328: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3254: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3219: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3202: 3195: 3194: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3141: 3136: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3101: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3076: 3073: 3068: 3067: 3060: 3057: 3052: 3050:9788183243063 3046: 3042: 3041: 3034: 3031: 3026: 3020: 3009: 3002: 3001: 2993: 2990: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2968: 2961: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2879: 2878:census.gov.in 2875: 2869: 2866: 2854: 2853:census.gov.in 2850: 2844: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2809: 2801: 2798: 2786: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2757: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2734: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2584: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2531: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2225: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2126:, Sambalpuri 2125: 2121: 2112: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1987: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1970:Protestantism 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1930: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1900: 1897: 1889: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1855:This section 1853: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1837: 1835: 1828: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1490:Tibeto-Burman 1487: 1486:Austroasiatic 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1465:Chota Nagpuri 1462: 1461: 1460:lingua franca 1456: 1452: 1448: 1447:Chhattisgarhi 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1409: 1399: 1389: 1379: 1369: 1359: 1350: 1346: 1339: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1291:Nayak/Patnaik 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 978: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 948: 946: 943: 940: 937: 935: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 916: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 881: 879: 876: 873: 870: 867: 865: 862: 859: 857: 854: 853: 848: 847: 846: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 691: 689: 685: 679: 673: 669: 664: 657: 655: 653: 649: 644: 641: 640:Amalendu Guha 636: 630: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 604: 600: 593: 591: 584: 582: 578: 574: 570: 567: 563: 561: 553: 551: 548: 545:, Katigorah, 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 514: 510: 505: 501: 496: 488: 484: 481: 476: 459: 450: 438: 430: 427: 419: 409: 405: 401: 395: 394: 390: 385:This section 383: 379: 374: 373: 367: 365: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 341: 337:are known as 336: 332: 328: 323: 321: 317: 313: 309: 308:Chhattisgarhi 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 266:districts of 265: 264:Barrak Valley 261: 257: 253: 250:districts of 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 190: 187: 172: 162: 158: 152: 150: 145:This article 143: 134: 133: 124: 121: 113: 103: 99: 93: 92: 88: 82: 73: 72: 67: 65: 58: 57: 52: 51: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 4040: 4019: 3998: 3977: 3950: 3924: 3904: 3883: 3874:Bibliography 3861:. Retrieved 3857: 3848: 3839: 3830: 3819:. Retrieved 3815: 3806: 3795:. Retrieved 3783: 3774: 3763:. Retrieved 3759: 3750: 3739: 3730: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3692: 3677: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3638: 3629: 3620: 3611: 3586: 3582: 3569: 3560: 3551: 3542: 3533: 3519: 3505: 3491: 3480:. Retrieved 3478:. 2012-01-01 3475: 3466: 3455:. Retrieved 3453:. 2012-01-01 3450: 3441: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3391: 3377: 3359: 3352: 3334: 3327: 3318: 3309: 3300: 3291: 3266: 3256: 3244:. Retrieved 3234: 3222:. Retrieved 3212: 3200: 3192: 3185: 3172: 3161:aunla-jaunla 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3106: 3100: 3082: 3075: 3065: 3059: 3039: 3033: 2999: 2992: 2978: 2940:. Retrieved 2928: 2919: 2908:. Retrieved 2906:. 2023-10-03 2903: 2894: 2881:. Retrieved 2877: 2868: 2856:. Retrieved 2852: 2843: 2834: 2807: 2800: 2788:. Retrieved 2766: 2756: 2747: 2743: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2680: 2671: 2661: 2648: 2604:. Retrieved 2600: 2591: 2582: 2570: 2562:the original 2552: 2539: 2519: 2498: 2387: 2375: 2361: 2358: 2351: 2346:Barak Valley 2342: 2338: 2314: 2307: 2291: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2230: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2160: 2149:Kurukh dance 2117: 2090: 2076: 2072: 1996: 1992: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1907: 1892: 1883: 1868:Please help 1856: 1832: 1510: 1458: 1431:Kurukh/Oraon 1419:Sadani/Sadri 1416: 1227: 1145:Nonia, Nunia 843: 727:Barak Valley 697:, including 692: 680: 676: 658:Demographics 645: 637: 634: 605: 601: 597: 588: 579: 575: 571: 568: 564: 559: 557: 538: 522: 518: 517: 497: 493: 471: 422: 416:October 2021 413: 398:Please help 386: 338: 324: 232:Chhattisgarh 207: 199: 197: 182: 166: 146: 116: 107: 85: 61: 54: 48: 47:Please help 44: 3589:(1): 1–16. 2583:ncbc.nic.in 2545:Sharma 2011 2431:During the 2329:Rajya Sabha 2124:Chhau dance 2120:Karam dance 2105:West Bengal 2055:Good Friday 1966:Catholicism 1939:Vaishnavism 1886:August 2023 1125:Malpatharia 958:Chick Banik 741:(149,851), 695:Upper Assam 688:Birsa Munda 560:Coolie line 509:Brahmaputra 248:Upper Assam 236:West Bengal 4093:Categories 3933:10603/9001 3863:2018-09-23 3821:2018-09-23 3797:2018-09-23 3765:2018-09-23 3482:2023-08-18 3457:2023-08-18 3246:4 November 3224:4 November 3157:achi-jachi 3153:chilo-milo 2942:2024-04-05 2910:2024-04-05 2904:IndiaTimes 2750:(14): 7–8. 2606:2024-08-14 2532:References 2512:Bangladesh 2455:Dhekiajuli 2321:Parliament 2047:Durga puja 2039:Lakhi puja 2019:Baha parab 2015:Mage Parab 1921:Christians 1684:Rajasthani 1494:Tai-Kradai 1478:Indo-Aryan 1179:Patratanti 841:(10,255). 833:(10,666), 829:(11,703), 825:(12,058), 821:(13,317), 817:(13,476), 813:(13,506), 805:(15,927), 801:(16,835), 797:(18,350), 789:(32,703), 785:(39,037), 781:(51,733), 777:(53,294), 773:(62,430), 769:(67,902), 765:(72,003), 761:(83,383), 749:(78,736), 745:(92,353), 284:Sambalpuri 208:Tea-tribes 149:unbalanced 87:neutrality 50:improve it 3941:130189780 3792:0971-751X 3784:The Hindu 3603:221088574 3595:2394-5524 3561:The Quint 3543:Firstpost 3283:1472-3891 3019:cite book 2937:0971-8257 2883:23 August 2858:23 August 2411:Lakhimpur 2325:Lok Sabha 2301:(SC) and 2097:Jharkhand 2063:Christmas 2031:Nawakhani 2023:Tusu Puja 1981:Festivals 1857:does not 1829:Education 1578:2,101,435 1516:Table of 1482:Dravidian 1349:Immigrant 1340:Languages 1333:Rajbonshi 1042:Kalihandi 1039:Kalahandi 949:Chowdhari 860:Arya Mala 856:Ahirgoala 668:Kalaigaon 550:journey. 547:Karimganj 535:Dibrugarh 387:does not 272:Karimganj 252:Dibrugarh 224:Jharkhand 161:talk page 98:talk page 56:talk page 4060:Archived 3344:12023216 3178:Dey 2011 3165:Dey 2011 3149:baganiya 3092:27070953 3008:Archived 2967:Archived 2707:Boomlive 2654:Dey 2011 2641:Dey 2011 2508:Nagaland 2407:Sonitpur 2400:Guwahati 2310:Guwahati 2200:and the 2086:Bansuris 2082:Manjiras 1954:Santhals 1929:Shaktism 1919:, while 1917:Sarnaism 1913:Hinduism 1838:Religion 1555:Gujarati 1524:Language 1502:Assamese 1470:Bhojpuri 1214:Tantubai 1196:, Santal 1151:Nagbansi 1083:Kormakar 995:Ghatowar 699:Sonitpur 625:Assamese 609:Santhali 260:Golaghat 256:Tinsukia 91:disputed 3970:Alt URL 3419:Reuters 3369:1821283 3206:Alt URL 2524:census. 2437:NDFB(S) 2426:Morangi 2422:Morangi 2394:status. 2287:Adivasi 2267:Santhal 2208:of the 2130:dance, 2128:Dalkhai 2093:Jhumair 2035:Nuakhai 1976:Culture 1878:removed 1863:sources 1822:-95.4% 1806:-94.3% 1790:-91.6% 1774:-88.1% 1758:-65.4% 1742:-39.9% 1736:159,156 1732:Mundari 1726:-37.8% 1710:-36.9% 1694:-35.1% 1678:-13.5% 1659:218,552 1656:202,689 1629:110.6% 1626:213,139 1623:101,049 1619:Santali 1613:148.2% 1597:169.3% 1587:Marathi 1581:256.3% 1575:589,841 1565:276.3% 1549:425.1% 1539:Punjabi 1506:English 1439:Mundari 1423:Santali 1269:Gossain 1244:Banjara 1206:Telenga 1194:Santhal 1182:Pradhan 1148:Nagesia 1136:Mirdhar 1076:Kondpan 1059:Kherwar 1028:Karmali 1017:Khonyor 971:Dhanwar 965:Dandasi 962:Dandari 917:Baijara 871:Basphor 819:Musahar 815:Kharwar 803:Telinga 729:areas, 707:Darrang 617:Mundari 543:Silchar 537:, etc. 531:Silghat 408:removed 393:sources 368:History 349:Santhal 331:Adivasi 316:Mundari 292:Santali 288:Kurmali 210:by the 155:Please 147:may be 4027: 4006: 3985: 3961: 3939: 3912: 3891: 3790: 3657:G Plus 3601: 3593: 3472:"Home" 3447:"Home" 3367: 3342: 3281: 3114: 3090: 3047: 2935: 2790:25 Mar 2781: 2510:, and 2491:Bhumij 2409:, and 2354:Kerala 2283:Bhumij 2271:Kurukh 2218:UNICEF 2198:UNICEF 2140:Kharia 2132:Santal 2101:Odisha 2059:Easter 2051:Diwali 2045:Puja, 2043:Manasa 2027:Sarhul 2011:Sohrai 1962:Mundas 1958:Kharia 1950:Kurukh 1800:16,797 1796:Bhumij 1768:49,104 1739:95,716 1720:14,358 1716:Kharia 1700:Savara 1691:10,546 1688:16,245 1675:26,630 1672:30,786 1668:Telugu 1646:30.5% 1643:73,437 1640:56,258 1637:/Oraon 1635:Kurukh 1594:11,641 1546:18,863 1504:, and 1492:, and 1474:Magahi 1453:, and 1443:Kharia 1433:, and 1313:Rautia 1294:Rajput 1284:Kishan 1276:Gowala 1272:Ganjhu 1251:Bhakta 1199:Sabara 1186:Rajwar 1173:Panika 1132:Majwar 1120:Mahato 1113:Mahali 1105:Madari 1088:Kishan 1063:Khodal 1054:Kumhar 1049:Kharia 1045:Kotwal 992:Gorait 988:Ghansi 945:Chamar 938:Birjia 934:Birhar 930:Binjia 906:Bhatta 903:Baraik 900:Beldar 891:Bhumij 886:Bhuyan 874:Bhokta 868:Barhai 839:Gowala 827:Dosadh 823:Bhogta 807:Rajwar 779:Chamar 763:Bhumij 759:Bhuiya 747:Santal 615:, and 613:Kurukh 527:Tezpur 500:Bengal 361:Bhumij 353:Kurukh 300:Kharia 296:Kurukh 268:Cachar 262:, and 258:, and 228:Odisha 3955:(PDF) 3937:S2CID 3599:S2CID 3579:(PDF) 3197:(PDF) 3011:(PDF) 3004:(PDF) 2970:(PDF) 2963:(PDF) 2812:(PDF) 2689:(PDF) 2579:(PDF) 2547::235) 2487:Munda 2469:Notes 2446:Bodos 2442:Bodos 2381:when 2279:Gonds 2275:Oraon 2263:Munda 2174:Assam 2162:Dhols 2136:Oraon 2078:Dhols 2007:Jitia 1999:Fagua 1816:6,825 1812:Korwa 1784:6,180 1771:5,855 1764:Gondi 1752:1,729 1723:8,921 1707:5,900 1704:9,340 1662:7.8% 1610:5,229 1607:2,106 1603:Tamil 1591:4,317 1571:Hindi 1562:7,660 1559:2,035 1543:3,587 1498:Hindi 1455:Savar 1451:Gondi 1435:Munda 1328:Saora 1323:Savar 1318:Sonar 1303:Reddy 1298:Reily 1288:Malar 1280:Karwa 1255:Bagal 1248:Bagti 1239:Bania 1222:Tanti 1210:Tassa 1190:Saora 1176:Parja 1165:Paidi 1158:Oraon 1141:Munda 1129:Manki 1109:Mahli 1102:Lodhi 1098:Lodha 1093:Lahar 1079:Kohor 1067:Khond 1031:Korwa 1025:Kawar 1021:Kurmi 1014:Koiri 1006:Jolha 1003:Holra 979:Gonda 975:Ganda 968:Dusad 953:Chere 941:Beddi 926:Bondo 913:Baiga 909:Basor 896:Bedia 882:Bowri 878:Bauri 835:Bagdi 831:Kahar 811:Mahli 795:Napit 791:Kurmi 787:Ghasi 771:Bauri 767:Kamar 755:Oraon 739:Munda 621:Sadri 513:Surma 504:Bihar 475:Assam 357:Gonds 345:Munda 340:Tribe 312:Gondi 242:into 204:Assam 4025:ISBN 4004:ISBN 3983:ISBN 3959:ISBN 3910:ISBN 3889:ISBN 3788:ISSN 3591:ISSN 3365:OCLC 3340:OCLC 3279:ISSN 3248:2021 3226:2021 3112:ISBN 3088:OCLC 3045:ISBN 3025:link 2933:ISSN 2885:2020 2860:2020 2792:2024 2779:ISBN 2188:The 2103:and 2061:and 1968:and 1960:and 1915:and 1910:Folk 1861:any 1859:cite 1652:Odia 1427:Odia 1308:Rout 1265:Gour 1218:Teli 1202:Turi 1162:Pasi 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