654:, is written primarily about the life of Theodore Taylor, as he and McPhee traveled together quite often—spending a great deal of time with one another. It is evident that during their time together, McPhee was very inclined to learn from Taylor. Many of Taylor's personal opinions regarding nuclear energy and safety are mentioned throughout McPhee's writing. McPhee voices one of Taylor's bigger concerns in particular—that plutonium can be devastating if left in the wrong hands. According to McPhee, Taylor suspected that if plutonium were to be acquired by someone with ill-intentions and handled improperly, the aftermath could be catastrophic—as plutonium is a rather volatile element and can be lethal for anyone within hundreds of miles. This clearly can be avoided, Taylor suggests, if nuclear reactors are protected and all sources of nuclear fuel elements are heavily guarded. The book would inspire Princeton student
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inherently similar to a reactor that he patented in 1964. Taylor spent much of his time studying the risk potential of the nuclear power fuel cycle after learning about the detrimental effects that his nuclear weapons had on the environment, so he sought to explore new opportunities for safer use of nuclear power. In his writing, Taylor argued that the most dangerous and devastating events that could possibly occur during nuclear research would most likely happen at reactors that are incapable of running efficiently and maintaining a safe temperature. Taylor went on to state that the prioritization of safety in nuclear reactors is relatively low compared to how it should be, and that if one were to create a nuclear reactor with the capability of cooling down—without the initiation of a fission reaction—then efforts at harvesting nuclear energy would be more incentivized and exponentially safer.
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element, along with a patent protecting their discovery of an efficient method of producing isotopes from thermonuclear explosions. The patent concerning the production of isotopes from thermonuclear explosions was groundbreaking because of its efficiency and cost effectiveness. It also provides a means for attaining necessary elements that otherwise are difficult to find in nature. Prior to this discovery, the cost per neutron in a nuclear reaction was relatively high. The patent concerning the prompt negative temperature coefficient was groundbreaking because it provided a markedly safer reactor even in the event of misuse. With the negative temperature coefficient, the reactor can mitigate sudden surges of reactivity propelled into the system. These patented realizations would later become vital components in the future of nuclear technology.
562:, which is a technique that improves the reaction yield and efficiency of a nuclear reaction. This technique was a re-invention of the implosion mechanism used in the bomb detonated at Nagasaki. He theorized a series of nuclear reactions within the implosion mechanism that, in combination, trigger the large chain reaction to detonate. This eliminated much of the energy waste and necessity for precision of the original reaction mechanism. This technique is still found in all U.S. fission nuclear weapons today. He also developed a technique that greatly reduced the size of atomic bombs. First tested in a bomb called "Scorpion", it used a reflector made of
267:, when he received a chemistry set at the age of ten. This fascination was enhanced when a small and exclusive university in the area built a chemistry laboratory in his neighborhood, after which Taylor had access to items from local druggists that otherwise would not have been readily available, including corrosive and explosive chemicals, as well as nitric and sulfuric acids. These allowed him to conduct his own experiments. He also often read through the 1913
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nuclear material from ending up in the wrong hands, as they anticipated that there would be multiple more sources of nuclear byproducts and therefore more opportunity for nuclear theft. This book likely was a culmination of much of Ted's work in the field, as he often toured nuclear reactor sites and provided insight on potential weak points in their security measures.
468:, which sought to develop space travel that relied on nuclear energy as the fuel source. The proposed spacecraft would use a series of nuclear fission reactions as its propellant, thus accelerating space travel while eliminating the Earth's source of fuel for nuclear weaponry. In collaboration with Dyson, Taylor led the project development team for six years until the
534:. This device was formerly known as the M28 Weapons System. The Davy Crockett itself was the M388 Atomic Round fired from the weapons system, featuring a recoilless rifle either erected and fixed on as freestanding tripod or mounted on the frame of a light utility vehicle, such as the Jeep, the former functioned similarly to other modern rocket propelled rounds (see
388:, and Taylor would visit her whenever he could. Both Arnim and Taylor were very shy people, and unsure of what the future held. When they first met they both believed that Taylor would end up as a college professor in a sleepy town, and that Caro would be a librarian. After 44 years of marriage the couple divorced in 1992.
456:. His innovations in this area of study were so important that he was eventually given the freedom to choose whatever he wanted to study. Eventually, Taylor's stance on nuclear warfare and weapon development changed, altering his career path. In 1956, Taylor left his position at Los Alamos and went to work for
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in Mexico City from elementary school through high school. A gifted student, he finished the fourth through sixth grades in one year. Being an accelerated student, Taylor found himself three years younger than his friends as he entered his teens. Taylor graduated early from high school in 1941 at the
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Taylor was not only involved in the publication of the aforementioned books, but he, along with a few of his colleagues, was also responsible for a number of patents involving nuclear physics. Taylor is credited with patenting a nuclear reactor with a prompt negative temperature coefficient and fuel
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on a study called, "What the World Needs Is a Good Two-Kiloton Bomb", which investigated the concept of small nuclear artillery weapons. This paper reflected another shift in Taylor's beliefs about nuclear weapons. He had changed from his deterrent position to a position that sought to develop small
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Ted Taylor was an accomplished author in the latter part of his career. He worked in cooperation with many specialists in other fields to publish his work on anti-nuclear proliferation and sustainable nuclear energy. Perhaps the greatest fear that propelled Taylor to work so fervently in these areas
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Apart from bombs, Taylor also explored concepts of producing large amounts of nuclear fuel in an expedited manner. His plans, known as MICE (Megaton Ice
Contained Explosions), essentially sought to plant a thermonuclear weapon deep in the ice and detonate it, resulting in a giant underground pool of
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Very few people have Ted's imagination. Very few people have his courage. He was ten or twenty years ahead of the rest of us. There is something tragic about his life. He was the
Columbus who never got to go and discover America. I felt that he–much more than von Braun or anyone else–was the real
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on the environment. This 1973 hardcover discussed potential sources of energy in 2000, along with the conceptualization of safer alternatives to the methods of acquiring nuclear energy that were available at the time. In fact, Taylor indirectly referenced a concept for a nuclear reactor which is
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in New
Hampshire for one year, where he took Modern Physics from Elbert P. Little. This developed his interest in physics, though he displayed poor academic performance in the course: Little gave Taylor a grade D on his final winter term examination. He quickly brushed this failure off, and soon
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nuclear weaponry development, including having designed and developed the smallest, most powerful, and most efficient fission weapons ever tested by the US. Though not considered a brilliant physicist from a calculative viewpoint, his vision and creativity allowed him to thrive in the field. The
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in the 1970s. According to reviews, the book predicted a future where nuclear energy was the primary energy source in the United States, and therefore needed enhanced protective measures to protect the public. In the book, Taylor and
Willrich provide multiple recommendations on ways to prevent
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as a consultant on strategies and the potential outcomes of a nuclear war with Russia. In total, Taylor was responsible for the development of eight bombs: the Super
Oralloy Bomb, Davey Crockett, Scorpion, Hamlet, Bee, Hornet, Viper, and the Puny Plutonium bomb. The latter was the first-ever
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and expanded on different sources of energy that could be used alternatively to meet the power needs of the earth. This book was also a culmination of his focus on nuclear security and the ramifications of the use of nuclear weaponry. In it he addressed the potential effects of
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and his fears that it would lead to the end of mankind in the event of another war. He showed some optimism, however, as he felt with proper leadership the nuclear bomb could result in the end of wars altogether. Either way, he was still very curious about the field of
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Theodore Taylor's career shifted again after project Orion. He developed an even greater fear of the potential ramifications of his entire life's work, and began taking precautionary measures to mitigate those concerns. In 1964 he served as the deputy director of the
432:. While at Los Alamos, Taylor's strictly anti-nuclear development beliefs changed. His theory on preventing nuclear war turned to developing bombs of unprecedented power in an attempt to make people, including governments, so afraid of the consequences of
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with Harold
Feiveson and Ted Greenwood. The book explains the two most dangerous mechanisms by which nuclear proliferation could be devastating for the world, as well as how to disincentivize nuclear proliferation within destabilizing political systems.
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in the history of U.S. nuclear tests. He produced the bomb called Hamlet after receiving direct orders from military officials to pursue a project in bomb efficiency; it ended up being the most efficient fission bomb ever exploded in the kiloton range.
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connected Taylor with a leader at Los Alamos and recommended him for a position. Taylor was unsure of the details of his new job at Los Alamos prior to his arrival. He had only been briefed that his first assignment related to investigations of
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Theodore Taylor was involved in many important projects and made numerous contributions to nuclear development for the United States. During his time at Los Alamos, he was responsible for designing the smallest fission bomb of the era, named
501:, and In 1980 Taylor started a company called Nova Incorporated, which focused on nuclear energy alternatives as a means of supplementing the energy requirements of the earth. He studied energy capture from sources like cooling
509:, and eventually turned to energy conservation within buildings. Concerning this work in energy conservation, he founded a not-for-profit organization in Montgomery County, Maryland called Damascus Energy, which focuses on
485:(a branch within the Department of Defense), where he managed the U.S. nuclear weapons inventory. Then, in 1966 he created a consulting firm called the International Research and Technology Corporation, located in
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As a child, he developed a passion for music, and would quietly sit for an hour and listen to his favorite songs in the mornings before school. Later, while completing his PhD at
Cornell, he noted that while his
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is quoted as saying, "A great part of the small-bomb development of the last five years was directly due to Ted." Although the majority of the brilliant minds at Los Alamos were focused on developing the
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Taylor married Caro Arnim in 1948 and had five children in the following years: Clare
Hastings, Katherine Robertson, Christopher Taylor, Robert Taylor, and Jeffrey Taylor. Arnim was majoring in Greek at
290:. In the afternoons after school he played billiards for almost ten hours a week. He would recall this early interest as his introduction to the mechanics of collisions, relating it to his later work in
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and a beta-ray spectrograph. After failing an oral preliminary examination on mechanics and heat, and a second prelim in modern physics in 1949, Taylor was disqualified from the graduate program.
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that they would not dare engage in this sort of altercation. He continued in his junior position at Los Alamos until 1953, when he took a temporary leave of absence to obtain his PhD from
260:. His upbringing was quiet and religious, and his home filled with books, mainly atlases and geographies, which he would read by candlelight. This interest followed him into adulthood.
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After these breakthroughs, Taylor became more of an important figure at Los Alamos. He was included in high priority situations reserved for important personnel, and was even taken to
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within the confining framework of the reflector cushions helped him to conceptualize the difficult abstractions of cross sections, neutron scattering, and fission chain reactions.
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radioactive materials that could then be retrieved. While his idea had merit, Taylor ultimately received little support for this concept and the project never came to fruition.
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in Mexico City. Before marrying in 1922, his father had been a widower with three sons and his mother a widow with a son of her own. Both of his maternal grandparents were
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558:. Taylor was credited with developing multiple techniques that improved the fission bomb. For example, he was largely responsible for the development of fusion
658:, and several other imitators, to prove Taylor's contention that "anyone" could design a plausible nuclear weapon using declassified and public information.
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Prior to Taylor's work at Los Alamos, he had firmly declared himself an opponent of nuclear weapons. While at the midshipmen school, he received news of the
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said of Taylor, "Very few people have Ted's imagination. ... I think he is perhaps the greatest man that I ever knew well. And he is completely unknown."
1572:. This book about proliferation is largely an account of Taylor's ideas, including his idea that it is "easy" for rogue actors to produce nuclear bombs.
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Greenwood, T.; Feiveson, H. A.; Taylor, T. B. (January 1, 1977). "Nuclear proliferation: motivations, capabilities, and strategies for control".
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Oral
History interview transcript with Ted Taylor on February 13 1995, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives
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in theoretical physics. His most noteworthy contributions to the field of nuclear weaponry were his small bomb developments at the
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542:. Taylor also designed fission bombs smaller than Davy Crockett, which were developed after he left Los Alamos. He designed
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Finishing his PhD in 1954, he returned to Los Alamos, and by 1956 he was famous for his work in small-bomb development.
279:, and many more. His mother was extremely tolerant of his experimentation but prohibited any experiments that involved
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Robert A. Freitas Jr., Ralph C. Merkle, Kinematic Self-Replicating
Machines, Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, TX, 2004;
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530:, which weighed only 50 pounds, measured approximately 12 inches across, and could produce between 10 and 20 tons of
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within the home. Theodore Taylor also served on the President of the United States' commission concerning the
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in New Mexico. Although not widely known to the general public, Taylor is credited with numerous landmarks in
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Columbus of our days. I think he is perhaps the greatest man I ever knew well. And he is completely unknown.
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was the realization that the consequences of nuclear material ending up in the wrong hands could be severe.
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in the Theoretical Physics Division. He received this job after failing out of the PhD program at Berkeley;
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later part of Taylor's career was focused on nuclear energy instead of weaponry, and included his work on
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at Exeter. This interest continued into his college career, as he continued to throw discus at Caltech.
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was instituted. After this, they could not test their developments and the project became unviable.
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confirmed that he wanted to be a physicist. Apart from education, he also developed an interest in
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Nuclear Theft: Risks and Safeguards: A Report to the Energy Policy Project of the Ford Foundation
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The Curve of Binding Energy: A Journey into the Awesome and Alarming World of Theodore B. Taylor
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The Curve of Binding Energy: A Journey into the Awesome and Alarming World of Theodore B. Taylor
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age of 15. Not yet meeting the age requirements for American universities, he then attended the
538:). It was a mounted weapons system, which means that it would be set up, aimed, and fired as a
464:, a reactor that produced isotopes used in the medical field. In 1958, Taylor began working on
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requirement. He was discharged in mid-1946, by which time he had been promoted to the rank of
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that it weighed only 20 pounds, but it was never developed and tested. Taylor designed the
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Taylor began his work in nuclear physics in 1949 when he was hired to a junior position at
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According to Freitas and Merkle, the only known extant source on Taylor's concept of the "
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and attended several of its meetings during the 1980s. After his retirement he lived in
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yield nuclear weapons that could target specific areas and minimize collateral damage.
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by the United States. He immediately wrote a letter home discussing the perils of
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to separate an ion beam into atomic elements for later use in making products.
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Quester, George H. (1975). "Review of Nuclear Theft: Risks and Safeguards".
1155:"Theodore Taylor Dies; Tried To Redirect Nuclear Power (washingtonpost.com)"
1062:"Theodore Taylor, a Designer of A-Bombs Who Turned Against Them, Dies at 79"
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Nuclear Proliferation: Motivations, Capabilities and Strategies for Control
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device tested during Operation Ivy), producing over 500 kilotons of
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peers embraced the classical music piped into their rooms, their
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294:. The behavior of the interacting balls on the table and their
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Taylor died on October 28, 2004, of coronary artery disease.
241:, and his father, Walter Clyde Taylor, was the director of a
349:, in the Bronx, New York, for one year to fulfill his naval
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Taylor showed an early interest in chemistry, specifically
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in 1942 and then spent his second and third years in the
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Bolger, Daniel (July 2014). "The Crockett's Red Glare".
1096:"Theodore Taylor Dies; Tried To Redirect Nuclear Power"
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To Mars by A-Bomb: The Secret History of Project Orion
428:, a theoretical analysis of neutron movement within a
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Project Orion: The True Story of the Atomic Spaceship
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Production of isotopes from thermonuclear explosions
188:(July 11, 1925 – October 28, 2004) was an American
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923:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 8, 113–114.
310:counterparts would uniformly shut the system off.
1652:from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
1644:Audio Interview with Ted Taylor by Richard Rhodes
683:Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
19:Not to be confused with United States diplomat
1628:, an anti-proliferation essay by Taylor (1996)
286:Growing up, Taylor also showed an interest in
598:is a book Taylor wrote in collaboration with
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1281:(1st ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
452:, Taylor remained hard at work on improving
1471:"EDUCATION; COMBINING TV, BOOKS, COMPUTERS"
719:History Undercover: Code Name Project Orion
196:. His higher education included a PhD from
1404:http://www.molecularassembler.com/KSRM.htm
1121:"Neutron Diffusion Theory - Nuclear Power"
360:He then enrolled in a graduate program in
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1583:: The True Story of the Atomic Spaceship
1382:Reactor with prompt negative temperature
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239:Universidad Nacional AutĂłnoma de MĂ©xico
1691:Mexican emigrants to the United States
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368:, while also working part-time at the
16:American theoretical nuclear physicist
1650:Annotated Bibliography for Ted Taylor
1497:https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4375416/
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775:Nuclear weapons of the United States
491:University of California, Santa Cruz
412:after his time as an undergraduate.
366:University of California at Berkeley
1548:Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines
662:The Santa Claus machine and Pugwash
596:Nuclear Theft: Risks and Safeguards
1686:Mexican people of American descent
1060:Fox, Margalit (November 5, 2004).
750:List of books about nuclear issues
341:After graduation, he attended the
332:California Institute of Technology
111:University of California, Berkeley
107:California Institute of Technology
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1646:, Voices of the Manhattan Project
1625:Nuclear Power and Nuclear Weapons
635:Taylor further collaborated with
606:Taylor also co-authored the book
497:. His focus eventually turned to
1726:Scientists from New York (state)
1706:People from Wellsville, New York
1671:20th-century American physicists
1585:, Henry Holt and Company, 2002.
1528:, Viking Press, New York, 1978.
1469:Fiske, Edward (August 7, 1984).
1094:Holley, Joe (November 2, 2004).
1031:"Taylor, Barbara Howland @ SNAC"
1003:Dyson, George (April 16, 2002).
674:. The concept would use a large
1418:, Viking Press, New York, 1978.
384:, a liberal arts university in
1192:: 55–57 – via EBSCOhost.
917:McPhee, John (April 1, 2011).
755:List of nuclear whistleblowers
417:Los Alamos National Laboratory
269:New International Encyclopedia
186:Theodore Brewster "Ted" Taylor
166:Los Alamos National Laboratory
1:
1428:McPhee, John (May 22, 1974).
670:" is found in Nigel Calder's
483:Defense Atomic Support Agency
370:Berkeley Radiation laboratory
174:Defense Atomic Support Agency
1618:The Restoration of the Earth
1279:The restoration of the earth
608:The Restoration of the Earth
587:Publications and other works
470:1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
1701:Scientists from Mexico City
1666:American nuclear physicists
1229:Political Science Quarterly
681:Taylor was a member of the
648:The Curve of Binding Energy
627:Taylor also wrote the book
401:atomic bombing of Hiroshima
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1711:United States Navy sailors
1564:, Ballantine, 1973, 1974.
713:: Water, Water, Everywhere
515:Three Mile Island Accident
192:, specifically concerning
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1676:Cornell University alumni
1438:Farrar, Straus and Giroux
760:National Security Archive
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1277:results, search (1973).
426:Neutron Diffusion Theory
54:Theodore Brewster Taylor
693:Freeman Dyson on Taylor
656:John Aristotle Phillips
544:a nuclear bomb so small
229:Ted Taylor was born in
217:developments, and anti-
87:Silver Spring, Maryland
1620:, Harper and Row, 1973
1526:Spaceships of the Mind
1416:Spaceships of the Mind
1326:Cite journal requires
1159:www.washingtonpost.com
711:The Voyage of the Mimi
672:Spaceships of the Mind
125:Nuclear weapon designs
1614:Humpstone, Charles C.
1612:Taylor, Theodore B.,
1539:Robert A. Freitas Jr.
1125:www.nuclear-power.net
460:. Here, he developed
405:nuclear proliferation
386:Claremont, California
304:theoretical physicist
219:nuclear proliferation
202:Los Alamos Laboratory
190:theoretical physicist
98:Mexico, United States
687:Wellsville, New York
612:Charles C. Humpstone
495:Princeton University
313:Taylor attended the
140:E. O. Lawrence Award
1602:, Ballinger, 1974,
1035:snaccooperative.org
770:Nuclear disarmament
668:Santa Claus machine
362:theoretical physics
330:He enrolled at the
157:Theoretical physics
129:nuclear disarmament
1476:The New York Times
1066:The New York Times
548:Super Oralloy Bomb
540:crew-served weapon
296:elastic collisions
235:Mexican literature
198:Cornell University
115:Cornell University
704:Media appearances
676:mass spectrometer
511:energy efficiency
343:midshipman school
336:Navy V-12 program
247:Congregationalist
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148:Scientific career
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1696:Energy engineers
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765:Nevada Test Site
499:renewable energy
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292:particle physics
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79:October 28, 2004
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254:Guadalajara
231:Mexico City
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781:References
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258:Cuernavaca
225:Early life
60:1925-07-11
32:Ted Taylor
1389:April 20,
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