240:
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494:"Standard Turkmen is regarded as their national language by all Turkmen living within Turkmenistan and, according to many Turkmen, by at least some of those living in nearby countries as well. This partly abstract standard language stands closest to the real language of the Teke dialect, and specifically of its Ahal subdialect spoken in the Ashgabat region, because many of the specialists who formulated the standard language in the 1930s were Ahal Teke, and the majority of officials, businessmen and intellectuals who routinely use the standard language, are Ahal Teke or live in Ashgabat."
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330:
326:, which in the words of O'Bannon "has the least variation of all Turkoman guls and has apparently changed least through time. This is the design which is also called Royal Bokhara...It is almost always connected by intersecting blue or black lines. It is an oval-shaped octagon, usually not more than four inches high and eight inches wide. The secondary gul is a diamond-shaped form and is sometimes referred to as a 'tarantula'."
515:
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249:"The name 'Akhal'...is borrowed from one of their chief 'obahs,' or camps, near which are the ruins of a large Persian town and mounds of fire temples...the country occupied by the 'Akhal' consists of a strip of fertile land, varying from two or three to sixteen miles in width, and extending from Kizil-Arvat, about 160 miles...to
258:"The number of tents of families of the Akhal are variously computed, some estimates giving as high as 20,000. A comparison of Persian and Turcoman estimates...gives an average of about 8,000 tents, or 40,000 souls, which is probably very near the truth. One-fifth of this number must be adult males.
462:
is based on the Ahal Teke and Mary Teke dialects. Stuart wrote in 1881, "The
Turkomans speak a variety of Turki differing very little from the Turki spoken all over Northern Persia, and the Turks of Persia understand it, though there are some differences. The Persians call the Turki spoken by the
305:
Following this conquest, the Teke were largely pacified and reverted from slave-trading to sheep-raising as the main source of income. A Russian diplomat, P.M. Lessar, reported that between
December 1881 and April 1882, "a great change had taken place" and "it became possible to travel between
668:
The 19th-century villages of Kizil-Arvat, Gawars, Harrik-Kileh, Askabad, and Annau cited in Sir Henry's lecture certainly correspond to the contemporary city of Serdar, village of Gäwers, Ashgabat neighborhood of
Herrikgala, and cities of Ashgabat and Änew, respectively. On the map Sir Henry
401:
Today members of Teke tribe are predominantly found in the southeastern regions of
Turkmenistan. They represent over a third of Turkmenistan's population (more than 1.6 million, as of 2014). Major tribes of Turkmenistan have mainly settled different parts of the country.
397:
Stuart estimated in 1881 the number of "Akhal Tekke" at "25,000 tents" and of "Merv Tekke" at "40,000 tents", which latter number included "Salor (5000 tents)". He estimated five people per tent, implying a total Teke tribal population of about 325,000 in that year.
173:...a heap of melancholy ruins. There are remains of baths, and palaces, and ramparts crumbling around, with nothing living but snakes and jackals to be seen, or perhaps some wandering Turkoman looking out for his sheep...This is all that remains of Merv...
377:
As of 1879 Russian military officers estimated the Ahal Teke population at "30,000 yurts", and that the Teke "were capable of fielding 50,000 armed men, of whom 20,000 were cavalry and the rest were infantry." The main body of Teke were located between
239:
669:
provided to accompany his lecture (pages 266-267), "Goombali" and "Kariz" are shown as roughly halfway between "Doran" (Durun) and "Yengi-Kileh" (Yangala), and "Akhal" as just east of
Yangala, but their exact locations are uncertain.
278:"The principal settlements of the 'Akhal' are at Akhal, a permanent camp of 500 tents often increased to 1000 of various sections; Goombali, 1000 tents; Kariz, occupied only temporarily; Harrik-Kileh, Askabad, and Annau."
412:, but the identities are still important in contemporary social contexts. Teke, and especially its subdivision Ahal Teke, have traditionally dominated Turkmenistan's political structure. Former Presidents
231:"The original settlement of the Akhal Tekeh, on the borders of Persia, was contemporaneous with that of the Merv Tekeh, of whom they are an integral portion. The whole tribe was brought from the '
394:. Combined population of the main body was estimated at 40,000 to 50,000 people, and the Russian commander believed "capture of this area meant the mastery of the entire Ahal-Teke oasis."
931:
902:
924:
373:"The Wakil and Beg clans are collectively called Toctamish, as they are descended from a person of that name. The Suchmuz and Bukshi clans are collectively called Otamish..."
503:
Stuart asserted, "Tekke means wild goat. The word Tekke also is applied to the old he-goat that leads a flock of goats." The modern definition of the word is "billy goat".
314:
Historically each
Turkmen tribe has had its own unique carpet pattern, clothing, headgear and dialect. Teke Turkmen carpets often feature a standard Teke rosette (
264:
217:. At one point the shah of Persia offered a reward of five tomans "for the head of each Turkoman killed raiding within his frontier." O'Donovan described to the
442:"Teke dialect spoken by members of the Teke tribe settled in the southern regions of Turkmenistan and along the northern skirt of the Köpetdag mountains, from
189:, who objected to the neighbourhood of persons so disagreeable as to insist in carrying off Persian men, their wives, and daughters, and selling them at 5
482:
Initial efforts in the late 1920s and early 1930s to create a common literary
Turkmen language incorporating elements of all major dialects failed when
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882:
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302:, was commissioned a major in the Russian Imperial Army. Russia's conquest of the Teke was completed in 1884 with the taking of Merv.
1012:
991:
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722:
661:
632:
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479:
became the common literary language of
Central Asia and local dialects of Turkic languages were allowed to be used in publications.
224:
153:, which, he said, they destroyed around 1855. From here the Teke extended their reach to Kizil-Arvat (the present-day city of
221:
Mary Teke inhabitants of Mäne, a village in
Deregez, as "nominally paying tribute to Persia, but who are really independent."
1196:
1186:
486:
resulted in death of the intellectuals involved. Following independence the political dominance of the Teke tribe led to
449:(a) Ahal: Tejen and Ashgabat districts up to Gizilarbat, including Büzmeyin, Gökdepe, Bäherdin, Bami and Goch districts.
1137:
1117:
291:
1147:
1127:
1107:
1079:
925:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"
369:. Lt. Col. Stuart noted as well subdivision into four clans, the Wakil (variant Wekil), Beg, Suchmuz, and Bukshi:
306:
Askhabad and
Sarakhs without escort, accompanied by only a few labourers armed with guns against chance robbers."
417:
181:
The Turkomans of Merv have only been twenty-six years in the oasis. They formerly inhabited the district around
968:
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218:
1181:
1072:
391:
349:
National flag of Turkmenistan, featuring the five rosettes of the major tribes with the Teke rosette on top
1033:
299:
490:
adoption of the Teke dialect as the standard for literary Turkmen speech and writing. As Clark put it,
209:
autonomous, and as O'Donovan remarked, were noted for raids to capture slaves for sale in the markets of
1206:
421:
145:
Lieutenant Colonel C.E. Stuart reported that in the 1830s the Teke tribe began to settle in the lower
1111:
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on the upper part of the Tejend river. They were driven from there twenty-seven years ago by
476:
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Photograph of a map of the Altyn Asyr Oriental Bazaar (Tolkuchka) in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
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600:, which was the capital of the region described, and was called Mahometabad at that time.
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colonial rule in the 1880s. Though the Turkmen tribes defeated Russian troops during the
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P.M. Lessar's Second Journey in the turkoman Country - Askabad to Ghurian near Herat
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to the banks of the Murgap and Tejen rivers. This dialect has two subdialects:
244:
201:
The Ahal and Mary Teke were separated by a Persian-controlled zone north of the
127:
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272:
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incursions in the 19th century intended to pacify them. The Teke came under
853:
Unification of Central Asia to the Russian Empire in the XVIII-XIX Centuries
366:
202:
157:), ultimately splitting into the Ahal Teke, located between Kizil-Arvat and
831:(in Russian, English, and Turkmen). Ashkhabad: Издательство "Туркменистан".
337:
250:
205:
called Deregez. Though technically under Persian suzerainty, the Teke were
158:
17:
452:(b) Mari: Mari, Türkmengala, Sakarchäge, Murgap and Bayramali districts."
383:
357:
in Ashgabat, and is the topmost rosette on Turkmenistan's national flag.
294:, a subsequent invasion between 1880 and 1881, culminating in the second
269:
131:
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The Country of the Tekke Turkomans, and the Tejend and Murghab Rivers
597:
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848:Присоединение Центральной Азии к Российской империи в XVIII–XIX вв
344:
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263:
238:
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898:
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policy on nationalities managed to diminish tribal identities in
165:(today Mary) Teke, mainly between the Tejen and Murghab Rivers.
1068:
855:]. Historia Russica (in Russian). «ЦГИ Принт». p. 87.
353:
The design of this rosette is reproduced in the layout of the
134:
in the 8th century. The tribe is called the Turka by explorer
982:
Frank, Allen J.; Touch-Werner (Tachmouradova), Jeren (1999).
874:
Informal Power in the Greater Middle East: Hidden Geographies
1060:
Tekke Bokhara: History and evolution of modern Bokhara rugs
365:
The Teke tribe can be subdivided in two, the Ahal Teke and
717:. London: Oguz Press and the Royal Geographical Society.
656:. London: Oguz Press and the Royal Geographical Society.
627:. London: Oguz Press and the Royal Geographical Society.
576:. London: Oguz Press and the Royal Geographical Society.
932:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
903:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
333:
Typical Teke Turkmen rosette (göl) on a knotted carpet
93:
81:
69:
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47:
1035:Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan
930:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)").
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685:Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan
866:
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161:(an area Stuart called "Daman-i-Kuh"), and the
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709:Cumming, Sir Duncan, ed. (1977). "Chapter 17,
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829:Carpets and Carpet Products of Turkmenistan
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688:. Princeton University Press. p. 184.
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619:Stuart, Lt. Col. C.E. (1977). "Chapter 11,
30:"Ahal Teke" redirects here. For horse, see
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648:Rawlinson, Sir Henry (1977). "Chapter 10,
563:
561:
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682:Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (5 September 2006).
177:O'Donovan also asserted that as of 1881
986:. Kensington, Maryland: Dunwoody Press.
614:
612:
610:
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606:
596:This is a reference to the Iranian city
471:of Central Asia, however, changed under
827:Hojamuhamedow, N.; Dovodow, N. (1982).
568:O'Donovan, Edmund (1977). "Chapter 15,
555:
463:Turkmans, Jagatai." The common use of
110:is a major and politically influential
7:
424:were or are of the Ahal Teke tribe.
58:Regions with significant populations
806:. Gerald Duckworth & Co., Ltd.
1017:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
386:, with two villages east of that,
275:horse, bronze, 4th-1st century BC.
25:
899:"World Population Prospects 2022"
871:Luca Anceschi (5 February 2014).
652:". In Cumming, Sir Duncan (ed.).
623:". In Cumming, Sir Duncan (ed.).
572:". In Cumming, Sir Duncan (ed.).
438:The linguist Larry Clark wrote,
282:The Teke had militarily resisted
253:, the most easterly settlement...
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1146:
1136:
1126:
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513:
227:wrote of the Ahal Teke in 1879,
953:Findley, Carter Vaughn (2005).
1038:. Princeton University Press.
845:Бекмаханова, Наиля E. (2015).
169:described Merv as of 1881 as
1:
1202:Ethnic groups in Central Asia
1192:Ethnic groups in Turkmenistan
1032:Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004).
27:Turkmen tribe in Turkmenistan
802:O'Bannon, George W. (1974).
778:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
715:The Country of the Turkomans
654:The Country of the Turkomans
625:The Country of the Turkomans
574:The Country of the Turkomans
1223:
1014:Learning to Become Turkmen
1011:Clement, Victoria (2018).
984:Turkmen-English Dictionary
957:. Oxford University Press.
955:The Turks in World History
877:. Routledge. p. 194.
431:
235:', or banks of the Oxus...
29:
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775:Turkmen Reference Grammar
570:Merv and Its Surroundings
418:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
98:
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219:Royal Geographic Society
969:"Turkmenistan - Tribes"
745:"Turkmenistan - Tribes"
292:first incursion in 1879
132:migrated to Transoxiana
484:Joseph Stalin's purges
420:and current President
350:
342:
334:
319:
300:Ovezmurat Dykma-Serdar
276:
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130:forebears of the Teke
1197:Ethnic groups in Asia
1187:Ethnic Turkmen people
934:, Population Division
905:, Population Division
422:Serdar Berdimuhamedow
348:
340:
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94:Related ethnic groups
53:More than 1.6 million
772:Larry Clark (1998).
140:Travels into Bokhara
804:The Turkoman Carpet
521:Turkmenistan portal
225:Sir Henry Rawlinson
44:
475:rule in 1924 when
414:Saparmurat Niyazov
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203:Kopetdag Mountains
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1045:978-0-691-12799-6
884:978-1-317-81647-8
785:978-3-447-04019-8
695:978-1-4008-4429-6
355:Altyn Asyr bazaar
296:Battle of Gökdepe
138:in his 1834 book
112:tribe of Turkmens
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748:. Retrieved
743:Pike, John.
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361:Demographics
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193:per head in
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187:the Persians
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116:Turkmenistan
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64:Turkmenistan
39:Ethnic group
36:
428:Linguistics
245:Turkmen rug
149:delta near
88:Sunni Islam
18:Tekke tribe
1176:Categories
750:3 December
550:References
529:Akhal-Teke
444:Gizilarbat
384:"Askhabad"
273:Akhal-Teke
155:Gyzylarbat
32:Akhal-Teke
499:Etymology
380:Geok-Tepe
367:Mary Teke
324:guşly göl
70:Languages
507:See also
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