723:. Michigan law is often misinterpreted as requiring the consent of all parties to a conversation. In 2019, a US District Court acknowledged the 1982 Michigan Court of Appeals Case, but predicted the Michigan Supreme Court would decide that participants in a conversation may not record a discussion without the consent of all parties, so ruled that Michigan required consent of all parties, creating a split among different courts. However, in 2021, the US District Court reversed itself by reconsideration, in part due to the Michigan Attorney General asking the court to do so, and resolved the split among the courts by changing its ruling to that Michigan allows a party in a conversation to record a discussion without getting the permission of other participants.
258:
imprisonment of not more than six months or a fine of the fourth category”. In other words, as long as one is themselves a participant, they are allowed to (discreetly) record the entirety of the conversation. Furthermore, while not explicitly stated, the
European General Data Protection Regulation applies to any processing of private conversations that is not ’strictly personal’. Any publication, without explicit consent, is therefore forbidden.
113:
can be done in a variety of ways—verbally, by pressing a number on the keypad (in the case of automated messages) or with clear messages on monthly statements. (For example: If you have any questions about your bill please call 1-800-XXX-XXXX. Please note your call will be recorded for...) If the individual proceeds knowing the conversation is being recorded and the purpose of the recording, consent is implied.
332:, there are strict conditions for both the act of surveillance as well as the storage of that data, but as long as it is clear enough of what exactly is being used for as well as implementation procedures were legal by authorities, it is deemed as permissible. The subject at hand was suspected for not related criminal investigation therefore the telephone tapping was justified.
159:
Calls and conversations may be recorded by any active participant, with no requirement to make other parties aware of the recording. But forwarding or playing calls considered private is illegal. The
Denmark Data Protection Authority (DPA) ruled on April 11, 2019, that affirmative consent is required
112:
The individual must be advised of the purposes. The organization must be clear about the purposes; an organization should not state that it is recording the conversation for quality assurance purposes if, in fact, the recording will be used for other purposes. Informing the individual of the purposes
349:
in general prohibits interception of communications by a third party, with exceptions related to government agencies. A recording made by one party to a phone call or e-mail without notifying the other is not prohibited provided that the recording is for their own use; recording without notification
418:
rules required firms to record all telephone conversations and electronic communications relating to client orders and the conclusion of transactions in the equity, bond, and derivatives markets. In
November 2011 this was extended to cover the recording of mobile phone conversations that related to
319:
According to
Article 29 of The Communication Security and Surveillance Act of 1999, call recording is legal if the person conducting the surveillance is one of the parties in communication, or has obtained consent from one of the parties in communication, and the conduct is not for illegal purpose.
376:
They may monitor without recording phone calls or e-mails that have been received to see whether they are relevant to the business (e.g., to check for business communications addressed to an employee who is away); but such monitoring must be proportional and in accordance with data protection laws
200:
India does not have a specific law which addresses the recording of phone calls.It is not criminal for a person to record a phone call of which they are themselves a participant without consent from the other parties although the recorders may be liable to legal action if the other party considers
273:
The recording of telephone calls however do fall under the purview of
Privacy Act. In general, recording of telephone calls related to personal affairs does not contravene Privacy Act, whereas recording for any other purposes would. In particular, it is usually considered unfair to record someone
142:
Calls and conversations may be recorded by any active participant, with no requirement to make other parties aware of the recording. It is quite restricted how can you use such recording. The main idea is to use it only for protection of your own rights guaranteed by the law. The law dealing with
715:
ruled in 1982 that participants in a conversation may record a discussion without getting the permission of other participants. The ruling stated that eavesdropping only applies to: "a third party not otherwise involved in the conversation being eavesdropped on". This is because the law uses the
445:
ruled in regard to interstate or foreign communication that "the clear inference is that one entitled to receive the communication may use it for his own benefit or have another use it for him. The communication itself is not privileged, and one party may not force the other to secrecy merely by
310:
recordings of telephone conversations. A court can grant permission for law enforcement agencies to tap telephone lines. Also, anyone participating in the telephone call may record the conversation — at least one party in the call must be aware of the recording being made. A recording is always
257:
Article 139a of Dutch
Criminal law states that "He who deliberately uses a technical aid to record a conversation that is being held in a house, a closed room or a courtyard, without being a participant in the conversation and without any instructions from such a participant, is punishable with
168:
In the case of private persons, calls and conversations may be recorded by any active participant. There is no requirement to make other parties aware of the recording, but the use of recordings, depending on their content, may be subject to various laws, such as data protection (privacy)
63:
prohibits intercepting a telephone call. "Interception" is defined in section 6, of which one element is that it is made "without the knowledge of the person making the communication". There are exceptions to these rules in very limited circumstances, including where a warrant applies.
298:. The recording of a conversation by a private member to that conversation is specifically permitted. Nevertheless, while such recordings are legal, making use of them may fall subject to further civil or criminal law. Their admissibility as evidence also depends on the circumstances.
201:
the action to be a breach of their privacy. However, the recording of phone calls in which the recorders are not themselves participating is illegal and prohibited by
Article 21 of the Indian Constitution unless the person recording has prior consent from the participants of the call.
707:
on March 20, 2014, which struck down
Illinois' two-party consent law, Illinois was a one-party consent state. However, the state legislature amended the statute and, as of December 30, 2014, Illinois is once again a two-party consent state for non-electronic communications.
67:
If a call is to be recorded or monitored, an organization must tell the other party at the beginning of the conversation so that it has the chance either to end the call, or to ask to be transferred to another line where monitoring or recording does not take place.
286:(art. 267), call recording is legal for a private person only when recording person is one of the participants. No consent from the other side is needed then. Similarly to Latvia, the use of recordings, depending on their content, may be subject to various laws.
460:
Call recording laws in some U.S. states require only one party to be aware of the recording, while other states generally require both parties to be aware. Several states require that all parties consent when one party wants to record a telephone conversation.
667:
Some states distinguish between electronic and in-person communication. For example, Illinois and Oregon are a one-party consent states for electronic communication, but require all-party consent for live in-person communication, with a few exceptions.
248:
Calls and conversations by private persons may be recorded by any active participant. There is no requirement in laws to make other parties aware of the recording, but the use of recordings, depending on their content, may be subject to various laws.
116:
If the caller objects to the recording, the organization should provide the caller with meaningful alternatives. The alternatives might involve not taping the call; visiting a retail outlet; writing a letter; or, conducting the transaction over the
350:
is prohibited where some of the contents of the communication—a phone conversation or an e-mail—are made available to a third party. Businesses may record with the knowledge of their employees, but without notifying the other party, to:
270:, which has a general prohibition on the use of interception devices. An exception is made for when the person intercepting the call is a party to the conversation. There is no requirement that both parties be aware of the interception.
500:
Massachusetts (only "secret" recordings are banned, but is the only state without a "public location" exception. Despite having a 1968 law imposing general bans on taping wire and oral communications, it was later ruled to violate the
211:
Though economic offenses/tax evasion were initially covered under the reasons for interception of phones, the same was withdrawn in 1999 by the
Government based on a Supreme Court order citing protection to privacy of the individual.
207:
Telephone tapping is permitted based on court order only and such permission is granted only if it is required to prevent a major offense involving national security or to gather intelligence on anti-national or terrorist activities.
215:
As per Rule 428 of the India telegraphic rules, no person without the sanction of the telegraph authority, use any telephone or cause or suffer it to be used, purposes other than the establishment of local or trunk calls.
675:
ruled in 2006 that if a caller in a one-party state records a conversation with someone in
California, that one-party state caller is subject to the stricter of the laws and must have consent from all callers (cf.
524:
Washington (however, section three of the Washington law states that permission is given if any of the parties announces that they will be recording the call in a reasonable manner if the recording contains that
239:
Recording calls is legal and recordings can be used as evidence in court, providing the person recording is a participant to the conversation, or has consent from at least one participant from the conversation.
129:
However, it is illegal to record communications that the recording party is not participating in. An illegal recording can lead to a sentence of up to five years in prison. Section 183 (Part VI) of the
274:
without telling them. It can still be legal to record without consent if public interest in the content of the recording is strong enough to outweigh the privacy interest or confidentiality interest.
99:
231:, recorded conversations are legal and can be used as evidence in court, even if the other party is unaware of being recorded, provided that the recording party takes part of the conversation.
700:
and threats of injury to persons or property via an electronic communication device (usually a telephone) if directed in whole or in part towards a conversation participant or family members.
1192:
59:
and State and Territory listening devices laws may both apply to monitoring or recording of telephone conversations. The general rule is that the call may not be recorded. Section 7 of the
1724:
1057:
109:
The individual must be informed that the conversation is being recorded at the beginning of the call. This can be done by an automated recording or by the customer service representative.
638:
South Dakota (one-party only if the recording party is a participant in the conversation, or has consent of one participant in the conversation)(S.D. Codified Laws § 23A-35A-20 (2012))
518:
Oregon* (One party for electronic communications, two party for in-person conversations. Law has been ruled in 2023 to violate the First Amendment in a case filed by Project Veritas.)
188:
can be allowed in cases of self-defence, § 32 of the German Criminal Code, or Necessity, § 34 of the German Criminal Code. For discussion on lawful interception in Germany please see
180:
Germany is a two-party consent jurisdiction—telephone recording without the consent of the two or, when applicable, more, parties is a criminal offence according to § 201 of the
901:
479:
Connecticut (For electronic recordings only, all parties must be made aware of recordings, with few exceptions. For in-person recordings, the rule is always one party consent.)
1857:
502:
172:
Recording of calls by a company or an employer is subject to data protection legislation and, as a general rule, requires informing the participants prior to recording.
2176:
446:
using a telephone. It has been conceded by those who believe the conduct here violates Section 605 that either party may record the conversation and publish it." See
1134:
204:
The Central Government or State Government is empowered to order interception of messages per 12, section 5 of Indian Telegraph Act 1885. Rule 419 and 419A sets out.
414:
Recording is sometimes advised, as in recording business transactions carried out by telephone to provide a record. It is sometimes mandatory; from March 2009
2083:
2032:
1616:
384:
346:
1754:
1327:
1200:
1467:
812:
1423:
Zarrin, Shazia; Saxena, Shashi; Arif-ul-Islam (September 2010). "Step-stress Accelerated Life Testing for Exponentiated Weibull Distribution".
184:—violation of the confidentiality of the spoken word. Telephone tapping by authorities has to be approved by a judge. Telephone recording by a
1896:
126:
An individual may record a call as long as they are one of the participants of the call. The recording can be used as evidence in a lawsuit.
427:
The situation in Scotland is similar to that in England and Wales, covered by the Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Scotland) Act 2000.
2110:
219:
The Government of India instructions provide for approved attachments. There is no provision for attachment for recording conversation.
454:
393:
228:
732:
680:, 39 Cal. 4th 95). However, non-disclosure recordings by one of the parties can legally be made if the other party is threatening
294:
Intercepting communications falls under the provisions of the Penal Code and, in the case of electronic communications, under the
2202:
1865:
1169:
927:"Is it legal to record a private conversation? Wiretapping and the one party consent exception to the rule against interception"
2361:
1542:
2293:
1215:
488:
Hawaii* (in general a one-party state, but requires two-party consent if the recording device is installed in a private place)
1700:
169:
legislation, libel laws, laws governing trade and national secrets, and any agreements, such as non-disclosure agreements.
2326:
415:
189:
50:
2366:
33:
are legislation enacted in many jurisdictions, such as countries, states, provinces, that regulate the practice of
390:
Telecommunications (Lawful Business Practice)(Interception of Communications) Regulations 2000 ("LBP Regulations")
1835:
1678:
712:
569:
Illinois (one-party only for parties to electronic conversations or to record law enforcement officers in public)
380:
This summary does not necessarily cover all possible cases. The main legislation which must be complied with is:
632:
Rhode Island (although consent is not required when the recorded party does not have a reason to expect privacy)
105:
In order to comply with the PIPEDA, organizations should take the following steps when recording conversations:
85:
In the state of Queensland it is not illegal to record a telephone conversation by a party to the conversation.
672:
491:
437:
1162:
494:(listening to, transmitting, or recording non-electronic private conversations require consent by all parties)
2336:
1285:
1049:
1023:
976:
755:
1782:
1612:
1355:
2079:
2058:
1912:
1674:
134:
also outlaws surreptitious recording of communications without consent of one of the intended recipients.
131:
1148:
2028:
453:
Federal law requires that at least one party taking part in the call must be notified of the recording (
401:
2135:
1948:"RCW 9.73.030: Intercepting, recording, or divulging private communication—Consent required—Exceptions"
295:
2159:
716:
wording, "the private discourse of others", rather than the wording, "the private discourse of others
554:
Connecticut (for in-person conversations or phone calls recorded by a participant of the conversation)
2356:
800:
181:
411:, allowing civil action in the courts. There is a summary of applicable rules on the Ofcom website.
148:
144:
1893:
839:"Consolidated federal laws of canada, Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act"
1858:"Project Veritas case: Judge Patti B. Staris rules Americans can secretly record public officials"
948:
1448:
1116:
442:
1563:
1379:
1585:
1512:
Telecommunications (Lawful Business Practice) (Interception of Communications) Regulations 2000
1468:"Brottsbalk (1962:700) Svensk författningssamling 1962:1962:700 t.o.m. SFS 2019:34 - Riksdagen"
266:
Recording of phone calls by private persons falls under interception-related provisions of the
2054:
1831:
1440:
1332:
1108:
1100:
775:
742:
verbal (oral) notification before the recording is made (this is the most commonly used type);
693:
283:
2104:
1806:
1526:
1510:
1972:
1651:
1432:
1092:
770:
306:
According to the Swedish Penal Code (Brottsbalken) Chapter 4, 8–9 §§, it is illegal to make
41:
protection, law enforcement requirements, anti-fraud measures, or individual party consent.
1637:
1264:
2114:
1900:
1306:
1220:
1081:"Audio-visual recording of "informed consent" in India: Step towards "understood consent""
977:"Omien keskustelujen ja puheluiden nauhoittaminen työpaikalla (Data Protection Ombudsman)"
735:
defines accepted forms of notification for telephone recording by telephone companies as:
506:
267:
185:
2341:
2271:
2249:
2227:
1993:
1947:
873:
739:
prior verbal (oral) or written notification of all parties to the telephone conversation;
2321:
2015:
629:
Oregon* (one-party for electronic communications, two-party for in-person conversations)
464:
Telephone recordings are governed by federal law and by mainly two types of state laws:
17:
1492:
34:
1401:
590:
Michigan* (one-party only if the recording party is a participant in the conversation)
2350:
1452:
1120:
765:
760:
2177:"Michigan pol reportedly tried to fake male prostitute scandal to hide relationship"
2331:
1436:
998:
838:
472:
States that generally require that all parties consent to the recording include:
37:. Call recording or monitoring is permitted or restricted with various levels of
1880:
799:
Office of the Australian Information Commissioner, Advisory privacy guidelines,
1755:"Illinois' Newly Amended Eavesdropping Statute Poses Challenges for Employers"
1080:
681:
1444:
1402:"Legalność nagrywania rozmowy. Czy taki materiał może być dowodem w sprawie?"
1356:"The Criminal Code z dnia 6 czerwca 1997 r. (Dz.U. tłum. gb Nr 88, poz. 553)"
1104:
1096:
697:
685:
2029:"Message from the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press on COVID-19"
1112:
696:, or other felony violence. Also included in the exception is misdemeanor
311:
admissible as evidence in a court, even if obtained in an illegal manner.
2180:
1243:"Fizisko personu datu aizsardzības likums (Personal Data Protection Law)"
1048:
Translation provided by Prof. Dr. Michael Bohlander (13 November 1998).
813:"Queensland Legal Aid - Helping Queenslanders with their legal problems"
1196:
689:
71:
Reasons organizations may monitor or record conversations may include:
38:
329:
1242:
949:"Straffeloven - Bekendtgørelse af straffeloven - retsinformation.dk"
1725:"Statutes & Constitution :View Statutes : Online Sunshine"
926:
745:
an audible beep tone repeated at regular intervals during the call.
407:
Under RIPA unlawful recording or monitoring of communications is a
801:
https://www.oaic.gov.au/agencies-and-organisations/app-guidelines/
2055:"77-23a-4. Offenses -- Criminal and civil -- Lawful interception"
1528:
Telecommunications (Data Protection and Privacy) Regulations 1999
398:
Telecommunications (Data Protection and Privacy) Regulations 1999
78:
to provide a record in the event of a dispute about a transaction
408:
727:
Accepted forms of notification recording by a telephone company
372:
secure the effective operation of the telecommunications system
369:
investigate the unauthorised use of a telecommunications system
1564:"FSA Web site: FSA publishes new rules on telephone recording"
75:
to protect a person's intent in dealings with the organization
1149:"Is call recording legal in India: See admissible court laws"
2294:"Subpart E--Use of Recording Devices by Telephone Companies"
100:
Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act
659:
Wisconsin (two-party consent required to be used in court)
357:
ensure that a business complies with regulatory procedures
2228:"Michigan Recording Law | Digital Media Law Project"
1807:"Maryland Courts and Judicial Proceedings Section 10-402"
1783:"Illinois General Assembly - Illinois Compiled Statutes"
1586:"Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Scotland) Act 2000"
102:(PIPEDA) must comply with PIPEDA when recording calls.
1058:
Bundesministerium der Justiz und fĂĽr Verbraucherschutz
874:"Guidelines for Recording of Customer Telephone Calls"
61:
Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979
57:
Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979
2342:
Guidelines for Recording of Customer Telephone Calls
1864:. Associated Press. 10 December 2018. Archived from
1193:"Registrare di nascosto: per la Cassazione è legale"
703:Following the Illinois Supreme Court's decision in
419:client orders and transactions by regulated firms.
360:
see that quality standards or targets are being met
27:Overview of the official laws for recording calls
1172:, Ministry of Communication, Government of India
160:when companies record customer telephone calls.
2337:Comprehensive Telephone Law Recording Reference
1328:"Phone recordings: what's legal and what's not"
902:"Am I allowed to record conversations at work?"
1973:"NRS: CHAPTER 200 - CRIMES AGAINST THE PERSON"
1497:UK Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
871:Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada.
505:in the conditions espoused in a case filed by
2014:N.Y. Penal Law sections 250.00 (1), found at
837:Branch, Legislative Services (8 April 2019).
8:
2299:. United States Government Publishing Office
2084:Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2033:Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
1617:Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
1307:"Can I record someone without telling them?"
2208:. publicdocs.courts.mi.gov. August 21, 2003
1996:. Digital Media Law Project. April 26, 2016
1777:
1775:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1216:"Q&A: What are the legal implications?"
385:Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
347:Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
2332:Federal law 18 U.S.C. 119, Sec. 2511(2)(d)
1913:"PROJECT VERITAS V. SCHMIDT (No.22-35271)"
354:provide evidence of a business transaction
1675:"Recording Phone Calls and Conversations"
1380:"Nagrywanie rozmĂłw - kiedy jest legalne?"
971:
969:
1650:Christopher Reinhart (October 1, 1999).
98:In Canada, organizations subject to the
1607:
1605:
999:"Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch, StGB)"
787:
1135:"India Audio and Video recording laws"
2322:FCC Consumer facts on recording calls
2107:Kearney v. Salomon Smith Barney, Inc.
1881:"45-8-213. Privacy in communications"
1749:
1747:
1745:
1265:"Artikel 139a Wetboek van Strafrecht"
1050:"Sec. 34 of the German Criminal Code"
7:
2203:"State of Michigan Court of Appeals"
1638:California Penal Code Section 632(a)
1060:, Bundesamt fĂĽr Justiz (Deutschland)
895:
893:
891:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
795:
793:
791:
678:Kearney v. Salomon Smith Barney Inc.
512:Montana (requires notification only)
2327:Privacy Rights Clearinghouse / UCAN
900:Lublin, Daniel (December 2, 2014).
394:General Data Protection Regulation
25:
1613:"Tape-recording laws at a glance"
1191:Francesco Polimeni (5 May 2014).
733:Federal Communications Commission
296:Telecommunications Act (506/2004)
51:Mass surveillance in united state
1170:Department of Telecommunications
190:de:TelekommunikationsĂĽberwachung
1286:"Crimes Act 1961, Section 216B"
1151:. IndiaLegalLive. 6 April 2022.
2272:"AFT Mich. v. Project Veritas"
2105:California courts document on
1894:RSA 570-A:2 - NH General Court
1879:Montana Legislative Services.
1437:10.1080/09617353.2010.11690911
534:One-party consent states are:
1:
2250:"Michigan v. Project Veritas"
2125:California Penal Code § 633.5
1832:"Massachusetts Recording Law"
1640:Retrieved September 28, 2017.
31:Telephone call recording laws
1163:"Indian Telegraph Act, 1885"
416:Financial Services Authority
81:to improve customer service.
2018:. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
1899:September 23, 2013, at the
2383:
1701:"11 DE Code § 1335 (2022)"
1079:Goyal, Aman (2014-09-04).
1028:www.gesetze-im-internet.de
229:Supreme Court of Cassation
48:
1836:Digital Media Law Project
1679:Digital Media Law Project
713:Michigan Court of Appeals
448:United States v. Polakoff
363:protect national security
1994:"New York Recording Law"
1097:10.1177/1740774514542621
673:California Supreme Court
530:One-party consent states
468:Two-party consent states
438:Rathbun v. United States
35:telephone call recording
18:Telephone recording laws
1652:"RECORDING PHONE CALLS"
1466:Riksdagsförvaltningen.
843:laws-lois.justice.gc.ca
817:www.legalaid.qld.gov.au
756:Covert listening device
705:People v. Clark/Melongo
377:and codes of practice.
366:prevent or detect crime
2362:Telecommunications law
2059:Utah State Legislature
1937:18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5704(4)
1590:www.legislation.gov.uk
1543:"Other issues - Ofcom"
1425:Safety and Reliability
1214:Cormaic, Ruadhán Mac.
1024:"GERMAN CRIMINAL CODE"
953:www.retsinformation.dk
450:, 113 F. 2d 888, 889.
1975:. www.leg.state.nv.us
1759:Littler Mendelson P.C
402:Human Rights Act 1998
1868:on 10 November 2021.
1566:. FSA. March 3, 2008
1199:News. Archived from
1054:German Criminal Code
557:District of Columbia
182:German Criminal Code
2160:"People v. Melongo"
1928:18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5703
1729:www.leg.state.fl.us
1203:on 11 October 2016.
192:(German language).
2113:2006-08-23 at the
1404:. 5 September 2018
443:U.S. Supreme Court
2367:Telephone tapping
2136:"People v. Clark"
1336:. 18 October 2018
1333:Radio New Zealand
1137:. Recording Laws.
776:Telephone tapping
694:human trafficking
457:§ 2511 (2) (d)).
341:England and Wales
284:Polish Penal Code
282:According to the
227:According to the
16:(Redirected from
2374:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2183:. August 7, 2015
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2086:. August 1, 2012
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2035:. 28 August 2012
2025:
2019:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1909:
1903:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1751:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1671:
1660:
1659:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1619:. August 1, 2012
1609:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1472:www.riksdagen.se
1463:
1457:
1456:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1167:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
995:
989:
988:
986:
984:
973:
964:
963:
961:
959:
945:
939:
938:
936:
934:
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
897:
886:
885:
883:
881:
869:
854:
853:
851:
849:
834:
828:
827:
825:
823:
809:
803:
797:
771:Secure telephone
722:
21:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2347:
2346:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2115:Wayback Machine
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1952:apps.leg.wa.gov
1946:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1901:Wayback Machine
1892:
1888:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1764:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1663:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1594:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1382:. 21 April 2017
1378:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1221:The Irish Times
1213:
1212:
1208:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1085:Clinical Trials
1078:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1005:
1003:www.iuscomp.org
997:
996:
992:
982:
980:
975:
974:
967:
957:
955:
947:
946:
942:
932:
930:
925:
924:
920:
910:
908:
899:
898:
889:
879:
877:
872:
870:
857:
847:
845:
836:
835:
831:
821:
819:
811:
810:
806:
798:
789:
784:
752:
729:
720:
665:
532:
507:Project Veritas
503:First Amendment
470:
433:
425:
343:
338:
326:
317:
304:
292:
280:
268:Crimes Act 1961
264:
255:
246:
237:
225:
198:
186:private citizen
178:
166:
157:
140:
124:
96:
91:
53:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2380:
2378:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2316:External links
2314:
2311:
2310:
2285:
2263:
2252:. Jun 14, 2019
2241:
2219:
2194:
2168:
2151:
2127:
2118:
2097:
2071:
2046:
2020:
2007:
1985:
1964:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1904:
1886:
1871:
1849:
1823:
1798:
1771:
1741:
1716:
1692:
1681:. May 14, 2014
1661:
1656:www.cga.ct.gov
1642:
1630:
1601:
1577:
1555:
1534:
1518:
1502:
1484:
1458:
1415:
1393:
1371:
1347:
1319:
1298:
1277:
1256:
1234:
1206:
1195:(in Italian).
1183:
1154:
1140:
1126:
1091:(5): 605–606.
1071:
1040:
1015:
990:
965:
940:
918:
906:Globe and Mail
887:
855:
829:
804:
786:
785:
783:
780:
779:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
751:
748:
747:
746:
743:
740:
728:
725:
718:or with others
664:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
635:South Carolina
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
617:North Carolina
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
536:
531:
528:
527:
526:
525:announcement).
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
498:
495:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
469:
466:
432:
429:
424:
421:
405:
404:
399:
396:
391:
388:
374:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
342:
339:
337:
336:United Kingdom
334:
325:
322:
316:
313:
303:
300:
291:
288:
279:
276:
263:
260:
254:
251:
245:
242:
236:
233:
224:
221:
197:
194:
177:
174:
165:
162:
156:
153:
139:
138:Czech Republic
136:
123:
120:
119:
118:
114:
110:
95:
92:
90:
87:
83:
82:
79:
76:
46:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2379:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2303:September 28,
2295:
2289:
2286:
2274:. Nov 8, 2021
2273:
2267:
2264:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2234:September 28,
2229:
2223:
2220:
2212:September 28,
2204:
2198:
2195:
2187:September 28,
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2090:September 28,
2085:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2016:New York Laws
2011:
2008:
2000:September 28,
1995:
1989:
1986:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1842:September 28,
1838:. May 8, 2013
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1685:September 28,
1680:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1623:September 28,
1618:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1570:September 28,
1565:
1559:
1556:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1171:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1004:
1000:
994:
991:
978:
972:
970:
966:
954:
950:
944:
941:
933:September 28,
929:. May 6, 2008
928:
922:
919:
911:September 28,
907:
903:
896:
894:
892:
888:
880:September 28,
875:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
856:
844:
840:
833:
830:
818:
814:
808:
805:
802:
796:
794:
792:
788:
781:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
766:Phone hacking
764:
762:
761:Eavesdropping
759:
757:
754:
753:
749:
744:
741:
738:
737:
736:
734:
726:
724:
719:
714:
709:
706:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
669:
661:
658:
656:West Virginia
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
537:
535:
529:
523:
520:
517:
515:New Hampshire
514:
511:
508:
504:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
474:
473:
467:
465:
462:
458:
456:
451:
449:
444:
440:
439:
431:United States
430:
428:
422:
420:
417:
412:
410:
403:
400:
397:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
382:
381:
378:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
352:
351:
348:
340:
335:
333:
331:
323:
321:
314:
312:
309:
301:
299:
297:
289:
287:
285:
277:
275:
271:
269:
261:
259:
252:
250:
243:
241:
234:
232:
230:
222:
220:
217:
213:
209:
205:
202:
195:
193:
191:
187:
183:
175:
173:
170:
163:
161:
154:
152:
150:
146:
143:this is NOZ,
137:
135:
133:
132:Criminal Code
127:
121:
115:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
101:
94:Organizations
93:
88:
86:
80:
77:
74:
73:
72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
52:
45:United States
44:
42:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2301:. Retrieved
2288:
2278:November 28,
2276:. Retrieved
2266:
2256:November 28,
2254:. Retrieved
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2171:
2154:
2143:. Retrieved
2139:
2130:
2121:
2106:
2100:
2088:. Retrieved
2074:
2062:. Retrieved
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2023:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1988:
1977:. Retrieved
1967:
1955:. Retrieved
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1907:
1889:
1874:
1866:the original
1861:
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1826:
1814:. Retrieved
1810:
1801:
1790:. Retrieved
1787:www.ilga.gov
1786:
1763:. Retrieved
1761:. 2015-01-27
1758:
1732:. Retrieved
1728:
1719:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:
1695:
1683:. Retrieved
1655:
1645:
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1593:. Retrieved
1589:
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1558:
1546:. Retrieved
1537:
1527:
1521:
1511:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:
1461:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1374:
1362:. Retrieved
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1331:
1322:
1310:. Retrieved
1301:
1291:28 September
1289:. Retrieved
1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1259:
1249:28 September
1247:. Retrieved
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1219:
1209:
1201:the original
1186:
1174:. Retrieved
1157:
1143:
1129:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1062:. Retrieved
1053:
1043:
1031:. Retrieved
1027:
1018:
1006:. Retrieved
1002:
993:
983:28 September
981:. Retrieved
956:. Retrieved
952:
943:
931:. Retrieved
921:
909:. Retrieved
905:
878:. Retrieved
846:. Retrieved
842:
832:
820:. Retrieved
816:
807:
730:
717:
710:
704:
702:
677:
670:
666:
620:North Dakota
533:
521:Pennsylvania
471:
463:
459:
452:
447:
436:
434:
426:
413:
406:
379:
375:
344:
327:
318:
308:unauthorized
307:
305:
293:
281:
272:
265:
256:
247:
238:
226:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:
199:
179:
171:
167:
158:
141:
128:
125:
104:
97:
84:
70:
66:
60:
56:
55:The federal
54:
30:
29:
2357:Privacy law
1431:(3): 5–13.
876:. June 2008
596:Mississippi
262:New Zealand
253:Netherlands
122:Individuals
2351:Categories
2230:. dmlp.org
2145:2018-06-20
2140:Justia Law
2039:6 December
1979:2018-10-26
1811:Justia Law
1792:2018-06-20
1765:2018-06-20
1710:2024-03-19
1705:Justia Law
1595:2019-03-29
782:References
682:kidnapping
611:New Mexico
608:New Jersey
476:California
49:See also:
2064:March 14,
1453:124623801
1445:0961-7353
1121:206773605
1105:1740-7745
698:obscenity
686:extortion
641:Tennessee
593:Minnesota
584:Louisiana
509:in 2018.)
455:18 U.S.C.
117:Internet.
2181:Fox News
2111:Archived
2080:"Oregon"
1897:Archived
1340:24 April
1312:24 April
1270:21 April
1113:25190028
750:See also
653:Virginia
626:Oklahoma
614:New York
602:Nebraska
599:Missouri
581:Kentucky
551:Colorado
548:Arkansas
497:Maryland
492:Illinois
482:Delaware
423:Scotland
387:("RIPA")
1862:AP NEWS
1531:. 1999.
1515:. 2000.
1499:. 2000.
1364:May 16,
1197:Tiscali
1176:May 16,
1064:May 16,
690:bribery
662:Wyoming
650:Vermont
572:Indiana
560:Georgia
545:Arizona
539:Alabama
485:Florida
290:Romania
235:Ireland
176:Germany
164:Finland
155:Denmark
39:privacy
1957:15 May
1816:15 May
1734:15 May
1548:26 May
1477:15 May
1451:
1443:
1408:15 May
1386:15 May
1245:. 2010
1227:15 May
1119:
1111:
1103:
1033:15 May
1008:15 May
979:. 2006
958:15 May
848:15 May
822:15 May
605:Nevada
578:Kansas
563:Hawaii
542:Alaska
441:, the
330:Turkey
324:Turkey
315:Taiwan
302:Sweden
278:Poland
244:Latvia
89:Canada
2297:(PDF)
2206:(PDF)
2163:(PDF)
1916:(PDF)
1449:S2CID
1359:(PDF)
1166:(PDF)
1117:S2CID
644:Texas
587:Maine
566:Idaho
223:Italy
196:India
2305:2017
2280:2023
2258:2023
2236:2017
2214:2017
2189:2017
2092:2017
2066:2020
2041:2018
2002:2017
1959:2019
1844:2017
1818:2019
1736:2019
1687:2017
1625:2017
1572:2017
1550:2020
1493:"23"
1479:2019
1441:ISSN
1410:2019
1388:2019
1366:2019
1342:2021
1314:2021
1293:2017
1272:2022
1251:2017
1229:2019
1178:2019
1109:PMID
1101:ISSN
1066:2019
1035:2019
1010:2019
985:2017
960:2019
935:2017
913:2017
882:2017
850:2019
824:2019
731:The
711:The
671:The
647:Utah
623:Ohio
575:Iowa
409:tort
345:The
149:§ 88
147:and
145:§ 86
1433:doi
1093:doi
435:In
328:In
2353::
2179:.
2138:.
2082:.
2057:.
2031:.
1950:.
1860:.
1834:.
1809:.
1785:.
1774:^
1757:.
1744:^
1727:.
1703:.
1677:.
1664:^
1654:.
1615:.
1604:^
1588:.
1495:.
1470:.
1447:.
1439:.
1429:30
1427:.
1330:.
1218:.
1168:.
1115:.
1107:.
1099:.
1089:11
1087:.
1083:.
1056:.
1052:.
1026:.
1001:.
968:^
951:.
904:.
890:^
858:^
841:.
815:.
790:^
692:,
688:,
684:,
151:.
2307:.
2282:.
2260:.
2238:.
2216:.
2191:.
2165:.
2148:.
2094:.
2068:.
2043:.
2004:.
1982:.
1961:.
1918:.
1883:.
1846:.
1820:.
1795:.
1768:.
1738:.
1713:.
1689:.
1658:.
1627:.
1598:.
1574:.
1552:.
1481:.
1455:.
1435::
1412:.
1390:.
1368:.
1344:.
1316:.
1295:.
1274:.
1253:.
1231:.
1180:.
1123:.
1095::
1068:.
1037:.
1012:.
987:.
962:.
937:.
915:.
884:.
852:.
826:.
721:"
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.