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stated that women suffer the most from drunkenness. The inability of women to control wages, vote, or own property added to their vulnerability. Another contribution was related to the role of women in the home in the 19th century, which was largely to preside over the spiritual and physical needs of their homes and families. Because of this, women believed that it was their duty to protect their families from the danger of alcohol and convert their family members to the ideas of abstinence. This newfound calling to temperance, however, did not change the widely held viewpoint that women were only responsible for matters which pertained to their homes. Consequently, women had what Ruth Bordin referred to as the "maternal struggle" which women felt was the internal contradiction that came with their newly discovered power to make change, while still believing in their nurturing and domestic roles without yet understanding how to use their newly acquired power. June Sochen called women who joined movements such as women's temperance organizations "pragmatic feminists", because they took action to solve their grievances, but were not interested in altering traditional sex roles. The missionary organizations of many
Protestant denominations gave women an avenue to work from; several all-female missionary societies already existed and it was easy for them to transform themselves into women's temperance organizations.
579:, they pledged complete abstinence, attempting to persuade others through their own experience with alcohol rather than relying on preaching and religious lectures. They argued that sympathy was an overlooked method for helping people with alcohol addictions, citing coercion as an ineffective method. For that reason, they did not support prohibitive legislation of alcohol. They were suspicious of the divisiveness of denominational religion and did not use religion in their discussions, emphasizing personal abstinence. They never set up national organizations, believing that concentration of power and distance from citizens causes corruption. Meetings were public and they encouraged equal participation, appealing to both men and women and northerners and southerners. Unlike early temperance reformers, the Washingtonians did not believe that intemperance destroyed a drinker's morality. They worked on the platform that abstinence communities could be created through sympathizing with drunkards rather than ostracizing them through the belief that they are sinners or diseased.
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effect on later adult educational outcomes through providing a healthy pre-natal environment. However, prohibition had negative effects on the US economy, with thousands of jobs being lost, the catering and entertainment industries losing huge profits. The US and other countries with prohibition saw their tax revenues decrease dramatically, with some estimating this at a loss of 11 billion dollars for the US. Furthermore, enforcement of the alcohol ban was an expensive undertaking for the government. Because the
Eighteenth Amendment did not prohibit consumption, but only manufacture, distribution and sale, illegal consumption became commonplace. Illegal production of alcohol rose, and a thousand people per year died of alcohol that was illegally produced with little quality control. Bootlegging was a profitable activity, and crime increased rather than decreased as expected and advocated by proponents.
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and causes such as abolition, natural self-determination, worker's rights, and the importance of women in rearing children to be good citizens were key themes of this citizenship ideology. The movement put itself at service of the state, but was critical of it. In that sense, it was a radical movement with liberal and socialist aspects, but in some parts of the world, notably the US, allied with conservatism. Alcohol was often associated with oppression: not only oppression in the West, but also in colonies. Temperance advocates saw alcohol as a product that "...enables a few to become rich while it impoverishes the very many". Temperance advocates worked closely with the labor movement, as well as the women suffrage movement, partly because there was mutual support and benefit, and the causes were seen as connected.
1272:, the organization's second president, helped grow the organization into the largest women's religious organization in the 19th century. Willard was interested in suffrage and women's rights as well as temperance, believing that temperance could improve the quality of life on both the family and community level. The WCTU trained women in skills such as public speaking, leadership, and political thinking, using temperance as a springboard to achieve a higher quality of life for women on many levels. In 1881, the WCTU began lobbying for the mandation of instruction in temperance in public schools. In 1901, schools were required to instruct students on temperance ideas, but they were accused of perpetuating misinformation, fear mongering, and racist stereotypes.
616:(WCTU). The movement relied on the reformed individuals using local evangelical resources to create institutions to reform drunk men. Reformed men in Massachusetts and Maine formed "ribbon" clubs to support men who were interested in stopping drinking. Ribbon reformers traveled throughout the Midwest forming clubs and sharing their experiences with others. Gospel rescue missions or inebriate homes were created that allowed homeless drunkards a safe place to reform and learn to practice total abstinence while receiving food and shelter. These movements emphasized sympathy over coercion, yet unlike the Washingtonian movements, emphasized helplessness as well with relief from their addictions as a result from seeking the grace of God.
1144:, and all types of social problems: alcohol was the enemy of everything good that modernity and science had to offer. They believed that abstinence would help decrease crime, make families stronger, and improve society as a whole. Although the temperance movement was non-denominational in principle, the movement consisted mostly of church-goers. Temperance advocates used scientific arguments to back up their views, but at the core the temperance philosophy was moral-religious in nature. The alcohol problem was connected with a sense of purpose and modernity of the western nation, and was largely international in nature, in keeping with the international optimism typical for the period preceding the First World War.
646:. It aimed to save working class children from the drinking parents by teaching them the importance and principles of sobriety and teetotalism. In 1855, a national organisation was formed amidst an explosion of Band of Hope work. Meetings were held in churches throughout the UK and included Christian teaching. The group campaigned politically for the curtailment of the influence of pubs and brewers. The organization became quite radical, organizing rallies, demonstrations and marches to influence as many people as possible to sign the pledge of allegiance to the society and to resolve to abstain "from all liquors of an intoxicating quality, whether ale, porter, wine or spirits, except as medicine."
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was internally divided by differing views on prohibition legislation. Temperance fraternal societies such as the Sons of
Temperance and the Good Samaritans took the place of the Washingtonian movement with largely similar views relating to helping alcoholics by way of sympathy and philanthropy. They, however, differed from the Washingtonians through their closed rather than public meetings, fines, and membership qualifications, believing their methods were more effective in curbing men's alcohol addictions. After the 1850s, the temperance movement was characterized more by prevention by means of prohibitions laws than remedial efforts to facilitate the recovery of alcoholics.
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against slavery, discrimination, and racism. In churches, conventions, and newspapers, these reformers promoted an absolute and immediate rejection of both alcohol and slavery. The connection between temperance and antislavery views remained strong throughout the 1840s and 1850s. The white abolitionists Arthur Tappan and Gerrit Smith helped lead the
American Temperance Union, formed in 1833. Frederick Douglass, who took the teetotaler pledge while in Scotland in 1845, claimed, "I am a temperance man because I am an anti-slavery man." Activists argued that alcohol aided slavery by keeping enslaved men and women addled and by sapping the strength of free black communities.
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is still slinging root beer and glasses of dandelion and burdock today. But what's different about today's wave of alcohol-free bars is that they aren't necessarily rooted in the idea of total abstinence. At
Getaway, for example, the audience isn't just non-drinkers but anyone who wants a fun bar environment without the threat of a hangover the next day. "Nothing about our space says you should be sober, or you shouldn't go around the corner to another bar and do a tequila shot after hanging out here," Thonis said. "It's not exclusively for the non-drinker."
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of the time made it impolite for people (particularly men) to refuse alcohol. Drunkenness was not a problem, because people would only drink small amounts of alcohol throughout the day; at the turn of the 19th century, however, overindulgence and subsequent intoxication became problems that often led to the disintegration of the family. Early temperance societies, often associated with churches, were located in upstate New York and New
England, but only lasted a few years. These early temperance societies called for moderate drinking (hence the name "
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drunkenness had with disease, death, suicide, and crime. According to "Pompili, Maurizio et al", there is increasing evidence that, aside from the volume of alcohol consumed, the pattern of the drinking is relevant for health outcomes. Overall, there is a causal relationship between alcohol consumption and more than 60 types of diseases and injuries. Alcohol is estimated to cause about 20–30% of cases of esophageal cancer, liver cancer, cirrhosis of the liver, homicide, epilepsy and motor vehicle accidents. After the
349:. Beecher described inebriation as a "national sin" and suggested legislation to prohibit the sales of alcohol. He believed that it was only possible for drinkers to reform in the early stages of addiction, because anyone in advanced stages of addiction, according to Beecher, had damaged their morality and could not be saved. Early temperance reformers often viewed drunkards as warnings rather than as victims of a disease, leaving the state to take care of them and their conduct. In the same year, the
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moderation in alcohol consumption. Its peak of influence was in 1818, and it ended in 1820, having made no significant mark on the future of the temperance movement. Other small temperance societies appeared in the 1810s, but had little impact outside their immediate regions and they disbanded soon after. Their methods had little effect in implementing temperance, and drinking actually increased until after 1830; however, their methods of public
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976:. Similarly, Finland introduced prohibition in 1919, but repealed it in 1932 after an upsurge in violent crime associated with criminal opportunism and the illegal liquor trade. Iceland introduced prohibition in 1915, but liberalized consumption of spirits in 1933, but beer was still illegal until 1989. In the 1910s, half of the countries in the world had introduced some form of alcohol control in their laws or policies.
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1253:, leaving upper and middle-class women with even more time to participate in the community while domestic jobs were being filled. Moreover, the birth rate had fallen, leaving women with an average of four children in 1880 as compared to seven children at the beginning of the 19th century. The gathering of people in urban areas and the extra leisure time for women contributed to the mass female temperance movement.
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888:—although a heavy drinker himself—took the lead by proposing to close about a third of the 100,000 pubs in England and Wales, with the owners compensated through a new tax on surviving pubs. The brewers controlled the pubs and organized a stiff resistance, supported by the Conservatives, who repeatedly defeated the proposal in the House of Lords. However, the People's Tax of 1910 included a stiff tax on pubs.
459:, Beardsley argues that some Mormon historians attempted to portray Smith as a teetotaler, but according to the testimonies of his contemporaries, he often drank alcohol in his own home or the homes of his friends in Kirtland. In Nauvoo, Illinois, Smith was far less discreet with his drinking habits. However, at the end of the 19th century, second president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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1268:(WCTU) grew out of a spontaneous crusade against saloons and liquor stores that began in Ohio and spread throughout the Midwestern United States during the winter of 1873–1874. The crusade consisted of over 32,000 women who stormed into saloons and liquor stores in order to disrupt business and stop the sales of alcohol. The WCTU was officially organized in late November 1874 in Cleveland, Ohio.
554:, included a current called "temperance chartism". Faced with the refusal of the Parliament of the time to give the right to vote to working people, the temperance chartists saw the campaign against alcohol as a way of proving to the elites that working-class people were responsible enough to be granted the vote. In short, the 1830s was mostly characterized by moral persuasion of workers.
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930:, a member of the Anti-Saloon League was integral in the prohibition movement in the United States. He used hard political persuasion called "Wheelerism" in the 1920s of legislative bodies. Rather than ask directly for a vote, which Wheeler viewed as weak, Wheeler covered the desks of legislators in telegrams. He was also accomplished in rallying supporters; the Cincinnati
721:, Methodist churches were aligned with the temperance movement. Methodists believed that despite the supposed economic benefits of liquor traffic such as job creation and taxes, the harm that it caused society through its contribution to murder, gambling, prostitution, crime, and political corruption outweighed its economic benefits. In Great Britain, both
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an illness which could be medically treated. Scientists who were temperance proponents attempted to find the underlying causes of alcohol use disorder. At the same time, criticism rose toward use of alcohol in medical care. The notion of alcohol use disorder as a disease became widely accepted much later, generally after the Second World War.
1216:"Woman's Holy War. Grand Charge on the Enemy's Works". An allegorical 1874 political cartoon print, which shows temperance campaigners as virtuous armoured women warriors, wielding axes to destroy barrels of Beer, Whisky, Gin, Rum, Brandy, Wine and Liquors, under the banners of "In the name of God and humanity" and the "Temperance League".
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In the 1870s and 1880s, the number of women who were in the middle and upper classes was large enough to support women's participation in the temperance movement. Higher class women did not need to work because they could rely on their husbands' ability to support their families and they consequently
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By 1831, there were over 24 women's organizations which were dedicated to the temperance movement. Women were specifically drawn to the temperance movement, because it represented a fight to end a practice that greatly affected women's quality of life. Temperance was seen as a feminine, religious and
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Temperance proponents used a variety of means to prevent and treat alcohol use disorder and restrict its consumption. At the end of the 19th century, medically oriented treatment of alcohol use disorder became more common. In a trend that was preceded by Rush's writings, alcoholism came to be seen as
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Historical analysis of conference documents helps create an image of what the temperance movement represented. The movement believed that alcohol use disorder was a threat to scientific progress, as it was believed citizens had to be strong and sober to be ready for the modern age. Progressive themes
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In this period there was local success at restricting or banning the sale of alcohol in many parts of the United States. In 1838, Massachusetts banned certain sales of spirits. The law was repealed two years later, but it set a precedent. In 1845, Michigan allowed its municipalities to decide whether
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did not preach complete abstinence from alcohol. According to Paul H. Peterson and Ronald W. Walker, Smith did not enforce abstinence from alcohol because he believed that it threatened individual choice and agency and that a requirement for the Latter Day Saints to comply would cause division in the
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required settlers to plant not less than fifty apple trees and twenty peach trees within three years. These plantings guaranteed land titles. In 1767, the average New
England family was consuming seven barrels of hard cider annually, which equates to about 35-gallons per person. Around the mid-1800s,
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In late 17th-century North
America, alcohol was a vital part of colonial life as a beverage, medicine, and commodity for men, women, and children. Drinking was widely accepted and completely integrated into society; however, drunkenness was not tolerated. In the colonial period of America from around
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These and other
African American temperance activists—including James W.C. Pennington, Robert Purvis, William Watkins, William Whipper, Samule Ringgold Ward, Sarah Parker Remond, Francese E. Watkins Harper, William Wells Brown, and Frederick Douglass—increasingly linked temperance to a larger battle
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to destroy property at bars, saloons, and even pharmacies, believing that even alcohol which was used for medicine was unjustified. At the approach of the 20th century, the temperance movement became more interested in legislative reform as pressure from the Anti-Saloon League increased. Women, who
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were confessed. Prayer meetings and pledges characterized the post-Civil war "gospel" temperance movement. This movement was similar to early temperance movements in that drunkenness was seen as a sin; however, public testimony was used to convert others and convince them to sign the pledge. New and
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envisioned a disease-like syndrome caused by excessive drinking, the "symptoms" being moral and physical decay. He cited abstinence as the only treatment option. Rush saw benefits in fermented drinks, but condemned the use of distilled spirits. As well as addiction, Rush noticed the correlation that
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Alcohol-free bars aren't a new concept. In the late 19th century, a number of alcohol-free bars known as temperance bars were established in the UK on the heels of the temperance movement, which advocated abstinence. Fitzpatrick's
Temperance Bar, founded in 1890 in Rawtenstall, north of Manchester,
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By the mid-1850s, the United States was divided from differing views of slavery and prohibition laws and economic depression. This influenced the Third Great Awakening in the United States. The prayer meeting largely characterized this religious revival. Prayer meetings were devotional meetings run
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ministers met in a seminary in Massachusetts to write articles about abstinence from alcohol to use in preaching to their congregations. The Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemperance (MSSI) was formed in 1813. The organization only accepted men of high social standing and encouraged
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In the early 19th-century United States, alcohol was still regarded as a necessary part of the American diet for both practical and social reasons. On one hand, water supplies were often polluted, milk was not always available, and coffee and tea were expensive. On the other hand, social constructs
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in Great Britain. The middle classes became increasingly critical of the widespread drunkenness among the lower classes. Motivated by the middle-class desire for order, and amplified by the population growth in the cities, the drinking of gin became the subject of critical national debate. In 1743,
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At the end of the 19th century, temperance movement opponents started to criticize the slave trade in Africa. This criticism came during the last period of rapid colonial expansion. Slavery and the alcohol trade in colonies were seen as two closely related problems, and they were frequently called
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supported Prohibition. The cause of the sober factory worker was related to the cause of women temperance leaders: concerned mothers protested against the enslavement of factory workers, as well as the temptation which saloons offered to these workers. Efficiency was also an important argument for
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Initially, prohibition had some positive effects in some states, with Ford reporting that absenteeism in his companies had decreased by half. Alcohol consumption decreased dramatically. Also, statistical analysis has shown that the temperance movement during this time had a positive, but moderate,
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In 1870, a group of physicians founded the American Association of the Cure of Inebrity (AACI) in order to treat alcohol addiction. The two goals of this organization were to convince skeptical members of the medical community of the existence and seriousness of the disease of alcoholism and prove
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By 1845, the Washingtonian movement was no longer as prominent for three reasons. First, the evangelist reformers attacked them for refusing to admit alcoholism was a sin. Secondly, the movement was criticized as unsuccessful due to the number of men who returned to drinking. Finally, the movement
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quoted from a book "The Simplicity of Health", which strongly condemned the use of alcohol and tobacco, and the untempered consumption of meat, similar to the provisions in the Word of Wisdom revealed three years later. This gave publicity to the movement and Temperance Societies began to form. On
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in order to receive salvation. Finney believed and taught that the body represented the "temple of God" and anything that harmed the "temple", including alcohol, must be avoided. By 1833, several thousand groups similar to the ATS had been formed in most states. In some of these large communities,
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This new trend in the history of the temperance movement was the last but it proved to be the most effective. Scholars have estimated that by 1900, one in ten Americans had signed a pledge to abstain from drinking, as the temperance movement became the most well-organized lobby group of the time.
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began at a national level in the 1820s, having been popularized by evangelical temperance reformers and among the middle classes. There was a concentration on advice against hard spirits rather than on abstinence from all alcohol, and on moral reform rather than legal measures against alcohol. An
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A myriad of factors contributed to women's interest in the temperance movement. One of the initial contributions was the frequency in which women were the victims of those who had an alcohol use disorder. At a Chicago meeting of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, Susan B. Anthony
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Much of the temperance movement was based on organized religion, which saw women as responsible for edifying their children to be abstaining citizens. Nevertheless, temperance was tied in with both religious renewal and progressive politics, particularly female suffrage. Furthermore, temperance
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issuing sharp restrictions on the sale of alcohol in many combatant countries. This was done to preserve grain for food production. During this time, prohibitionists used anti-German sentiment related to the war to rally against alcohol sales, since many brewers were of German-American descent.
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and other Latter Day Saint denominations which advises how to maintain good health: what one should do and what one should abstain from. One of the most prominent items in the Word of Wisdom is the complete abstinence from alcohol. When the Word of Wisdom was written, the Latter Day Saints were
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began distributing apples and flowers, up until the mid-1800s, hard cider was the primary alcoholic drink of the people. Hard cider was prominent throughout this entire period and nothing compared in scope or availability. It was one of the few aspects of American culture that all the colonies
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million members. This created conflict between the teetotalists and the more moderate members of the ATS. Although there were temperance societies in the South, as the movement became more closely tied with the abolitionist movement, people in the South created their own teetotal societies.
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The temperance movement still exists in many parts of the world, but it is generally less politically influential than it was in the early 20th century. Its efforts today include disseminating research regarding alcohol and health, in addition to its effects on society and the family unit.
820:. Furthermore, the League was strongly supported by the WCTU: in some US states alcoholism had become epidemic and rates of domestic violence were also high. At that time, Americans drank about three times as much alcohol as they drank in the 2010s. The League simultaneously campaigned for
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was ratified on December 5, 1933, repealing nationwide prohibition. The gradual relaxation of licensing laws went on throughout the 20th century, with Mississippi being the last state to end prohibition in 1966. In Australia, early hotel closing times were reverted in the 1950s and 1960s.
1176:, temperance proponents came to believe that alcohol problems were not just a personal concern, but caused later generations of people to "degenerate" as well. Public hygiene and improving the population through personal lifestyle were therefore promoted. A variety of temperance halls,
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The temperance movement started to wane in the 1930s, with prohibition being criticised as creating unhealthy drinking habits, encouraging criminals and discouraging economic activity. Prohibition would not last long: The legislative tide largely moved away from prohibition when the
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moral duty, and when it was achieved, it was also seen as a way to gain familial and domestic security as well as salvation in a religious sense. Indeed, scholar Ruth Bordin stated that the temperance movement was "the foremost example of American feminism". Prominent women such as
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February 1, 1833, a few weeks before the Word of Wisdom was published, all distilleries in the Kirtland area were shut down. During the early history of the Word of Wisdom, temperance and other items in the health code were seen more as wise recommendations than as commandments.
1306:"the twin oppressors of the people". Again, this subject tied in with the ideas of civilization and effectiveness: temperance advocates raised the issue that the "natives" could not be properly "civilized" and put to work, if they were provided with the vice of alcohol.
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was a movement in France, inaugurated in 1914, under the auspices of the Ligue National contre l'Alcoolisme (National League Against Alcoholism), to bring public sentiment for increased restrictions upon the liquor traffic to bear upon the election of candidates for the
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measure. Six o'clock closing was adopted in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania in 1916. New Zealand introduced it in 1917. Western Australia adopted a 9pm closing time, but Queensland retained the old closing times until it introduced eight o'clock closing in 1923.
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stating that "The only hope of the Anti-Saloon League's success lies in putting the ballot into the hands of women", i.e. it was expected that the first act that women were to take upon themselves after having obtained the right to vote, was to vote for an alcohol ban.
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The actions of the temperance movement included organizing sobriety lectures and setting up reform clubs for men and children. Some proponents also opened special temperance hotels and lunch wagons, and they also lobbied for banning liquor during prominent events. The
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in Connecticut, Virginia and New York state, with farmers forming associations to ban whiskey distilling. The movement spread to eight states, advocating temperance rather than abstinence and taking positions on religious issues such as observance of the Sabbath.
1132:, who upon the request of women, pledged that he would prohibit alcohol. Since signing prohibition legislation, "Murders and gang robberies are down almost 20 percent from a year earlier, and riots by 13 percent. Fatal traffic accidents fell by 10 percent."
754:(WCTU; 1873), began in the latter half of the 19th century, the latter of which was one of the largest women's societies in the world at that time. But the largest and most radical international temperance organization was the Good Templars. In 1862, the
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The movement became more effective, with alcohol consumption in the US being decreased by half between 1830 and 1840. During this time, prohibition laws came into effect in twelve US states, such as Maine. A Maine law was passed in 1851 by the efforts of
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During the Victorian period, the temperance movement became more political, advocating the legal prohibition of all alcohol, rather than only calling for moderation. Proponents of temperance, teetotalism and prohibition came to be known as the "drys".
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By the 1860s the temperance movement had become a significant mass movement and it encouraged a general abstinence from the consumption of alcohol. A general movement to build alternatives to replace the functions of public bars existed, so the
590:. In the speech, Lincoln criticized early methods of the temperance movement as overly forceful and advocated reason as the solution to the problem of intemperance, praising the current temperance movement methods of the Washingtonian movement.
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The first temperance society in Pennsylvania, of which a record has been found was that of "Darby Association for Discouraging the Unnecessary Use of Spirituous Liquors" organized in Delaware County in 1819, at the Darby Friends Meetinghouse.
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came from the capital "T"s that were written next to the names of people who pledged complete abstinence from alcohol. People were instructed to only drink pure water and the teetotalists were known as the "pure-water army". In the US, the
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shared. Settlement along the frontier often included a legal requirement whereby an orchard of mature apple trees bearing fruit within three years of settlement were required before a land title was officially granted. For example,
907:. As late as 1919, L'Alarme did not only oppose fermented liquors, but considered wine and wine-producers among the most powerful forces against ardent spirits, to which the alcoholism opposed by L'Alarme was considered to be due.
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and temperance. The Awakening brought with it an optimism about moral reform, achieved through volunteer organizations. Although the temperance movement was nonsectarian in principle, the movement consisted mostly of church-goers.
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498:, who did not use alcohol or tobacco. Ellen preached healthful living to her followers, without specifying abstinence from alcohol, as most of her followers were temperance followers, and abstinence would have been implied.
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residing in Kirtland, Ohio and the Kirtland Temperance Society was organized on October 6, 1830, with 239 members. According to some scholars, the Word of Wisdom was influenced by the temperance movement. In June 1830, the
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had more leisure time to engage in organizations and associations that were affiliated with the temperance movement. The influx of Irish immigrants filled the servant jobs that freed African-Americans left after the
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Nevertheless, restriction of consumption was most emphasized in the movement, but ideas on how to accomplish this were varied and conflicting. Apart from the prohibition by law, there were also ideas to establish
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in order to disrupt their meetings. The Salvation Army quickly spread internationally, maintaining an emphasis on abstinence. Many of the most important prohibitionist groups, such as the avowedly prohibitionist
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was voted in, she shut down five hundred liquor shops on her first day in office. In 2017, women agitated for temperance and the prohibition of alcohol in the state of Bihar; they campaigned for the election of
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According to alcohol researcher Johan Edman, the first country to issue an alcohol prohibition was Russia, as part of war mobilization policies. This followed after Russia had made significant losses in the
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Attitudes toward alcohol in Great Britain became increasingly negative in the late 18th century. One of the reasons for this shift was the need for sober laborers to operate heavy machinery developed in the
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The Evolution of Prohibition in the United States: A chronological history of the liquor problem and the temperance reform in the United States from the earliest settlements to the consummation of national
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the efficacy of asylum treatments for alcoholics. They argued for more genetic causes of alcohol addictions. Treatments often included restraining patients while they reformed, both physically and morally.
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During the 18th century, Native American cultures and societies were severely affected by alcohol, which was often given in trade for furs, leading to poverty and social disintegration. As early as 1737,
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William Miller, the founder of the Millerites, claimed that the Second Coming of Jesus Christ would be in 1843 and that anyone who drank alcohol would be unprepared for the Second Coming. After the
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A favorite goal of the British Temperance movement was sharply to reduce heavy drinking by closing as many pubs as possible. Advocates were Protestant nonconformists who played a major role in the
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were, because of their wide-ranging experiences as activists, and because they argued for a concrete desire for safety at home, rather than for an abstract desire for justice as suffragists did.
1188:, which had started in the 1820s, became an important part of the American cultural landscape at this time. The temperance movement generated its own popular culture. Popular songwriters such as
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In various parts of the world, voters continue to advocate for alcohol prohibition. For example, in 2016, many women in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu blamed alcohol for societal ills, such as
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gradually became more popular, gaining more votes, as they felt that the existing Democrat and Republican parties did not do enough for the temperance cause. The party was associated with the
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newly arrived immigrants from Germany and elsewhere increased beer's popularity, and the temperance movement and continued westward expansion caused farmers to abandon their cider orchards.
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Prohibition agendas also became popular among factory owners, who strove for more efficiency during a period of increased industrialization. For this reason, industrial leaders such as
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Considering drinking to be an important part of their cultures, German and Irish immigrants resisted the movement. In the UK, teetotalism originated in Preston, Lancashire in 1833. The
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International conferences were held, in which temperance advocacy methods and policies were discussed. By the turn of the century, temperance societies became commonplace in the US.
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After the American Revolution there was a new emphasis on good citizenship for the new republic. With the Evangelical Protestant religious revival of the 1820s and 1830s, called the
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they were going to prohibit. In 1851, a law was passed in Maine that was a full-fledged prohibition, and this was followed by bans in several other states in the next two decades.
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began to campaign against alcohol and for legislation to restrict the sale and distribution of alcoholic drinks in indigenous communities. During the colonial era, leaders such as
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Because the temperance movement was closely tied to the abolitionist movement as well as to the African American church, African Americans were preeminent promoters of temperance.
186:, Rush called upon ministers of various churches to act in preaching the messages of temperance. However, abstinence messages were largely ignored by Americans until the 1820s.
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1098:, for example, are Christian Churches that continue to require that their members refrain from drinking alcohol as well as smoking, taking illegal drugs, and gambling.
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In 1840, a group of artisans in Baltimore, Maryland created their own temperance society that could appeal to hard-drinking men like themselves. Calling themselves the
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Temperance societies were being organized in England about the same time, many inspired by a Belfast professor of theology, and Presbyterian Church of Ireland minister
467:, then president of the LDS church, officially called on the Latter-day Saints to strictly adhere to the Word of Wisdom, including complete abstinence from alcohol.
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During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the temperance movement became prominent in many countries, particularly in English-speaking, Scandinavian, and majority
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Chavigny, Katherine A. (2004). "Reforming Drunkards in Nineteenth-Century America: Religion, Medicine, Therapy". In Tracy, Sarah W.; Acker, Caroline Jean (eds.).
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was passed, prohibiting the sales of alcoholic beverages with more than 2.5% alcohol. In the 1920s imports of alcohol were cut off by provincial referendums.
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published textbooks, promoted alcohol education and held many lectures. Political action included lobbying local legislators and creating petition campaigns.
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called Wheeler "the strongest political force of his day". His efforts specifically influenced the passing of the eighteenth-amendment. And in 1920, the
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temperance almanacs were released which gave information about planting and harvesting as well as current information about temperance-related issues.
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tradition, was founded in London with a heavy emphasis on abstinence from alcohol and ministering to the working class, which led publicans to fund a
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viewed alcohol as being a foreign importation. He viewed foreign rule as the reason that national prohibition was not yet established at his time.
353:(ATS) was formed in Boston, Massachusetts, within 12 years claiming more than 8,000 local groups and over 1,250,000 members. Presbyterian preacher
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The temperance movement promoted temperance and emphasized the moral, economical and medical effects of overindulgence. Connecticut-born minister
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and meetings, as well as handing out pamphlets, were implemented by more lasting temperance societies such as the American Temperance Society.
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During the same period, there was significant pushback against the growing temperance movement, particularly in urban areas with significant
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The 1830s saw a tremendous growth in temperance groups, not just in England and the United States, but also in British colonies, especially
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of the manufacture, sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages. The amendment, also called "the noble experiment", was preceded by the
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said that the Saints could no longer justify disobeying the Word of Wisdom because of the way that it originally was presented. In 1921,
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423:, new Christian denominations that established criteria for healthy living as a part of their religious teachings, namely temperance.
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Referendums were held in 1911 (55.8% for prohibition, 60% needed), 1914, 49% in favour (50% needed), 1919 49% in favour (50% needed).
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Temperance proponents saw the alcohol problem as the most crucial problem of Western civilization. Alcoholism was seen to cause
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McCaffrey, John F. (2010). "Irish Immigrants and Radical Movements in the West of Scotland in the Early Nineteenth Century".
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meant that breweries and pubs in certain areas of Britain were nationalized, especially in places where armaments were made.
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He mainly concentrated on the elimination of spirits rather than wine and beer. On August 14, 1829, he wrote a letter in the
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The British Temperance movement focused on Catholics from Irish and German descent for their alleged preference for alcohol.
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by laypeople rather than clergy and consisted of prayer and testimony by attendees. The meetings were held frequently and
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American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History
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composed a number of these songs. At temperance inns puppet plays, minstrel acts, parades and other shows were held.
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Taxes on alcohol was the major source of government funding in a time when the income tax had not yet been approved.
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Edman, Johan (September 2015), "Temperance and Modernity: Alcohol Consumption as a Collective Problem, 1885–1913",
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34:
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Sawislak, Karen. Smoldering City: Chicagoans and the Great Fire, 1871-1874. The University of Chicago Press, 1996.
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Duncan, Robert (2015). "Artisans and proletarians: Chartism and working class allegiance in Aberdeen, 1838–1842".
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During that time, there was also a growth in the number of non-religious temperance groups which were linked to
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when pub hours were licensed, beer was watered down and was subject to a penny a pint extra tax, and in 1916 a
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in 1843, the Seventh-day Adventist denomination adopted health reforms inspired by influential church pioneers
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Phillips, Walter (1980). "'Six o'clock swill': the introduction of early closing of hotel bars in Australia".
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Rogers, John D. (1989). "Cultural nationalism and social reform: The 1904 Temperance Movement in Sri Lanka".
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Woman's World/Woman's Empire: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union in International Perspective, 1880–1930
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were established as replacements for saloons. Numerous periodicals devoted to temperance were published and
920:
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David, M. Fahey (1979). "The Politics of Drink: Pressure Groups and the British Liberal Party, 1883–1908".
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3451:"School Spirit: Exploring the Long-term Effects of the U.S. Temperance Movement on Educational Attainment"
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gave an address to the Springfield Washington Temperance Society on the 110th anniversary of the birth of
330:
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Duncan, Robert (2010). "Lord D'Abernon's "Model Farm": The Central Control Board's Carlisle Experiment".
3703:
The Civil War Era and Reconstruction: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural and Economic History
3522:
The Civil War Era and Reconstruction: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural and Economic History
2559:
The Civil War Era and Reconstruction: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural and Economic History
2403:
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across the United States—to provide people with reliably safe drinking water rather than saloon alcohol.
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As a response to rising social problems in urbanized areas, a stricter form of temperance emerged called
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Frances Willard and the Historic Link Between the 19th Century Women's Temperance and Suffrage Movements
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77:'s negative effects on people's health, personalities and family lives. Typically the movement promotes
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Altering American Consciousness: The History of Alcohol and Drug Use in the United States, 1800–2000
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McConnell, D. W. (1933), "Temperance Movements", in Seligman, Edwin R. A.; Johnson, Alvin (eds.),
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884:. The Liberal Party adopted temperance platforms focused on local option. In 1908, Prime Minister
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An 1871 American advertisement promoting temperance, styled as a fictitious railroad advertisement
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Dannenbaum, Jed (1981). "The Origins of Temperance Activism and Militancy among American Women".
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was one of the most extreme temperance movement workers and she was arrested 30 times for her "
1123:, and thus took to the polls to elect a pro-prohibition leader. Their effort succeeded and when
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as well, and nearly successful. On a similar note, Australian states and New Zealand introduced
3682:
Jennings, Paul (2011). "Liquor Licensing and the Local Historian: The Victorian Public House".
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orientation, being more open to blacks and repentant alcoholics than most other organizations.
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groups had become dominant in the movement, which led moderate members to leave the movement.
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38:
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The Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (Original Allegheny Conference)
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or religious revival. As such, the temperance movement in India became closely tied with the
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advocated total abstinence from distilled and fermented liquors. By 1835, they had gained 1.5
264:, in an effort to protect Native Americans from cultural changes they viewed as destructive.
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The Carlisle State Management Scheme: A 60 year experiment in Regulation of the Liquor Trade
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On February 22, 1842, in Springfield, Illinois, while a member of the Illinois Legislature,
228:
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was an organization that began in Ohio in 1893. Reacting to urban growth, it was driven by
389:
with other Presbyterian clergy, initially enduring ridicule from members of his community.
308:
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4650:. Buffalo, New York: National Woman's Christian Temperance Union Pub. House. p. 246.
2077:
1737:
Alcohol and Moral Regulation: Public Attitudes, Spirited Measures and Victorian Hangovers
4486:
3314:
Lives Beyond Baker Street: A Biographical Dictionary of Sherlock Holmes's Contemporaries
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17:
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had not yet achieved suffrage, became less central to the movement in the early 1900s.
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Norway introduced partial prohibition in 1917, which became full prohibition through a
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408:(1798–1839) established the first formal Native American temperance society among the
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Sheehan, Nancy M. (1981), "The WCTU and education: Canadian-American illustrations",
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on all alcohol sales, or through law reform remove profit from the alcohol industry.
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3108:
James Allison: A Biography of the Engine Manufacturer and Indianapolis 500 Cofounder
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658:. Organized opposition caused five of these states to eliminate or weaken the laws.
312:
Songbook used at the Women's Temperance Organization from Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania.
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2095:
770:, an Irish Catholic, which spread to other English-speaking Catholic communities.
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that did not hold meetings in public bars. There was also a movement to introduce
361:. In the Rochester, New York revival of 1831, individuals were required to sign a
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3418:
3360:
3312:
2745:
2554:
2019:
1985:
1931:
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In the United States, the temperance movement was in decline: Fundamentalist and
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was later established in the United States to advance the movement. In 1864, the
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The first state to introduce early closing was South Australia in 1915 as a war
2304:"Indulging in Temperance: Prohibition and Political Activism in the RLDS Church"
1320:
1298:
1222:
718:
513:
273:
253:
86:
82:
70:
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Fitzpatrick's Herbal Health in Lancashire, England is thought to be the oldest
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6085:
6033:
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5863:
5833:
5806:
5716:
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4990:
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4586:"Family Limitation, Sexual Control and Domestic Feminism in Victorian America"
4124:
3879:
3563:
3546:
3492:"Radical Temperance: Social Change and Drink, from Teetotalism to Dry January"
3186:
Hare, Chris (1988). "The Skeleton Army and the Bonfire Boys, Worthing, 1884".
1294:
1212:
261:
93:
58:
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1893:
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During the 1900s decade, the ideal of strong citizens was developed into the
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See more images from temperance movement by selecting the "Alcohol" subject
4724:"'Yours for the Oppressed': The Life of Jehiel C. Beman Kathleen Housleyn",
3860:
2433:
Hoskisson, Paul Y. (Winter 2012). "The Word of Wisdom in its First Decade".
946:, which stipulated how the federal government should enforce the amendment.
797:
with the threat of taking the German and European vote away from the party.
288:
268:
177:
suggested abstinence from alcohol in 1775. As early as the 1790s, physician
4630:
3267:
2094:
John Edgar; Samuel Edgar; David M. Carson; Richard Edgar (March 31, 2012).
638:
There was still a focus on the working class, but also their children. The
4871:
An Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Body and Mind
3949:
Johansen, Per Ole (2013). "The Norwegian Alcohol Prohibition; A Failure".
3618:
2731:
1385:
An Inquiry Into the Effects of Ardent Spirits Upon the Human Body and Mind
6482:
5858:
5788:
5452:
4238:. Salem, Ohio: Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection. 2014. p. 37.
3789:
2836:
1330:
655:
620:
551:
4691:
Drink & the Victorians, the Temperance question in England 1815–1872
4647:
Women Torch-Bearers: The Story of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union
3591:
2454:
2370:
2118:
Drink & the Victorians, The Temperance Question in England 1815–1872
623:, the membership of the temperance movement overlapped with that of the
6527:
5950:
5508:
5067:
4745:
4662:"Women Led the Temperance Charge - Prohibition: An Interactive History"
4143:
Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia
4005:
3226:
Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia
3207:
3163:
Religion and Politics in America: Faith, Culture, and Strategic Choices
2198:"The National Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Australia (1891- )"
1281:
1101:
In youth culture in the 1990s, temperance was an important part of the
6287:
3811:
Christoffel, Paul (October 2008). "Prohibition and the Myth of 1919".
2669:
2248:
2224:
805:, a breakaway pro-liquor faction of the Republican Party, and elected
4877:
4590:
Clio's Consciousness Raised: New Perspectives on the History of Women
3084:
2446:
2362:
401:
333:, social movements began aiming for a perfect society. This included
85:, either regulations on the availability of alcohol, or the complete
4737:
4717:
The Winning of the Midwest, Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896
4424:
Theatre, Culture and Temperance Reform in Nineteenth-Century America
3295:
3247:. Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University
4556:
Movers and Shakers: American Women Thinkers and Activists 1900-1970
4278:
Straight Edge: Hardcore Punk, Clean Living Youth, and Social Change
3951:
Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention
3898:"Booze, Bullying, and Moral Panic: The Temperance Election of 1926"
3605:
Rintala, Marvin (1993). "Taking the Pledge: HH Asquith and Drink".
2851:"Collection: Maryland Temperance collection | Archival Collections"
2240:
2021:
Temperance And Racism: John Bull, Johnny Reb, and the Good Templars
1767:
The Garden of American Methodism: The Delmarva Peninsula, 1769-1820
1241:
were active in temperance and abolitionist movements in the 1840s.
1116:
and other such establishments have become popular in recent times.
6248:
6156:
5321:
4398:"Alcohol Ban Succeeds as Women Warn, 'Behave, or We'll Get Tough'"
4191:
Chandler, Ellen (2012). "FASD - Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder".
3986:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
2503:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Riverside Press. pp. 160–161.
1847:
Martin, Asa (1925). "Temperance Movement Prior to the Civil War".
1255:
1211:
983:
871:
683:
was formed in England, with a branch later opening in the US as a
665:
561:
469:
307:
284:"), but had little influence outside of their geographical areas.
29:
3747:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3224:
Blocker, Jack S.; David, M. Fahey; Tyrrell, Ian R., eds. (2003),
2616:
4529:
Woman and temperance: The quest for power and liberty, 1873-1900
4281:. Piscataway, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 35.
3449:
Francis-Tan, Andrew; Tan, Cheryl; Zhang, Ruhan (February 2018),
2876:"Lincoln among the Reformers: Tempering the Temperance Movement"
1020:
During this time, in former colonies (such as Gujarat in India,
6291:
4881:
4796:
The Temperance Movement and Class Struggle in Victorian England
4029:"Illegal in Iceland: Quirky Bans From the Land of Fire and Ice"
1770:. Peninsula Conference of the United Methodist Church. p.
1684:
Deliver Us From Evil: An Interpretation of American Prohibition
1414:
The last Australian state to do so was South Australia in 1967.
4337:
4168:
The Tyranny of Health: Doctors and the Regulation of Lifestyle
3984:
Wuorinen, John H. (1932). "Finland's Prohibition Experiment".
1221:
activists were able to promote suffrage more effectively than
891:
The movement gained traction during the First World War, with
566:
Sons of Temperance procession, Hill End, New South Wales, 1872
41:
warns that moderate drinking may lead to suicide step-by-step.
926:
In 1913, the ASL began its efforts for national prohibition.
731:
Methodist Board of Temperance, Prohibition, and Public Morals
3732:. Vol. 1. American Issue Publishing Company. p. 79
2271:(Vol. 4 ed.). New York: Macmillan. pp. 1584–1585.
1059:
Prominent temperance organizations active today include the
373:, who poured his stock of whiskey out of his window in 1829.
4141:
Blocker, Jack S.; Fahey, David M.; Tyrrell, Ian R. (2003).
1822:"Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemperance"
1485:"The Conflicted History of Alcohol in Western Civilization"
1460:
American Canopy: Trees, Forests, and the Making of a Nation
1302:
the government because it wanted its soldiers to be sober.
120:
exist that promote temperance and teetotalism as a virtue.
3423:
Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City
938:
was successfully passed in the United States, introducing
4210:
Fischer-Tiné, Harald; Tschurenev, Jana (3 January 2014).
5685:
Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States
4559:. New York: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co. pp.
4448:
1567:
Clean Living Movements: American Cycles of Health Reform
1387:, which advocated total abstinence of distilled liquors.
1024:
and Egypt), the temperance movement was associated with
900:
L'Alarme: société française d'action contre l'alcoolisme
2959:
Venturelli, Peter J.; Fleckenstein, Annette E. (2017).
2096:"Edgar Ministers in the Presbyterian Church in Ireland"
1799:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Research Press. p. 13.
4770:
Pressure Politics: The Story of the Anti-Saloon League
1714:
Deadly Medicine: Indians and Alcohol in Early America,
546:
in 1838. In 1838, the mass working class movement for
4863:
at the Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection
3027:"Dry Times: Looking Back 100 Years After Prohibition"
2990:. U.S. Department of the Interior. 20 September 2016.
2988:"Abolition, Women's Rights, and Temperance Movements"
2142:
Evangelical Protestantism in Ulster society 1740–1890
1938:. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 590.
1797:
Temperance and Prohibition in Massachusetts 1813-1852
992:, a procession to promote temperance in front of the
980:
Association with independence movements (1920s–1960s)
957:
during and immediately after the First World War. In
96:
ones, and it eventually led to national prohibitions
4938:
Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States
4840:
President Rutherford B. Hayes White House Temperance
4824:
4136:
4134:
2404:"An Economic Interpretation of the "Word of Wisdom""
1828:. Sociology Department: State University of New York
6839:
6812:
6601:
6446:
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
6378:
6325:
6211:
6165:
6135:
6059:
5943:
5787:
5759:
5652:
5643:
5609:
List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita
5532:
5461:
5213:
5124:
5093:
5043:
4989:
4926:
4915:
4787:
Journal of the Midwest History of Education Society
4212:
A History of Alcohol and Drugs in Modern South Asia
3547:"The Scottish Prohibition Party and the Millennium"
2932:
Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619-1895
2344:"The Word of Wisdom: From Principle to Requirement"
949:National prohibition was proposed several times in
65:. Participants in the movement typically criticize
4829:
4360:
4358:
4313:. Newsquest (North West) Ltd. Lancashire Telegraph
3133:Prohibition and the Progressive Movement 1900-1920
1681:
1652:. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
1435:Australian Home Companion and Band of Hope Journal
112:(1920 to 1933), as well as provincial prohibition
5614:Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States
5019:Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism
3838:. Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage
3392:"Drager gives historic bar presentation in Dells"
3365:. Illinois Secretary of State. 1908. p. 580.
2177:. Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage
2057:. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
642:was founded in 1847 in Leeds, UK by the Reverend
415:Out of the religious revival and reform appeared
321:earlier temperance movement had begun during the
4111:Foda, Omar (January 1, 2015). "Anna and Ahmad".
3643:Edwardian England, 1901–15: Society and Politics
781:immigrant communities. Chicago political bosses
608:revitalized organizations emerged including the
5996:Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility
4588:. In Hartman, Mary S.; Banner, Lois W. (eds.).
3053:American Temperance Movements: Cycles of Reform
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2645:. Oxford University Press. 2012. Archived from
2613:"BYUtv - Road to Zion: British Isles: Part One"
2582:"The Pilgrims-The Irish-The Sandwich Islanders"
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1759:
1757:
1507:American Temperance Movements: Cycles of Reform
915:. In the UK, the Liberal government passed the
437:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
427:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
417:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
3904:. Ontario Educational Communications Authority
2963:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 252.
2083:. Westerville, Ohio: The American Issue Press.
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1056:of the temperance movement, such as the WCTU.
558:Growing radicalism and influence (1840s–1850s)
6431:Association Against the Prohibition Amendment
6303:
4893:
4700:International Handbook on Alcohol and Culture
4426:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
4391:
4389:
4387:
4250:"Articles Of War For Salvation Army Soldiers"
4078:The Indian Economic and Social History Review
3055:. Boston: Twayne Publishers. pp. 32–33.
2934:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 228.
2476:Walker, Ronald W.; Peterson, Paul H. (2003).
1370:Or, according to some scholars, in the 1790s.
8:
5558:International Women's Collaboration Brew Day
4835:Standard encyclopedia of the alcohol problem
4367:"Why Tamil Nadu's women want alcohol banned"
3855:
3853:
3729:Standard Encyclopedia of the Alcohol Problem
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2044:
2042:
2040:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
793:to adopt an anti-temperance platform at the
750:(1853) and the US-based (but international)
435:is a health code followed by the members of
4449:"The Temperance Songs of Stephen C. Foster"
4311:"Rawtenstall: Fitzpatrick's Temperance Bar"
1936:Encyclopedia of American Women and Religion
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1081:International Organisation of Good Templars
662:Transition to a mass movement (1860s–1900s)
6493:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933
6310:
6296:
6288:
6199:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933
5769:List of countries with alcohol prohibition
5649:
4923:
4900:
4886:
4878:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
3444:
3442:
3311:Redmond, Christopher (December 19, 2016).
3289:
3287:
3285:
3219:
3217:
2880:Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association
2297:
2295:
2171:"PROHIBITION: The Movement in New Zealand"
2154:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1462:. New York: Scribner. pp. 56–58, 61.
1003:Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution
868:Legislative successes and failures (1910s)
835:Scientific Temperance Instruction Movement
100:(1918 to 1920), Norway (spirits only from
5101:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption
4532:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
3562:
3385:
3383:
3381:
2835:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
1707:
1705:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1500:
1498:
216:Temperance movement in the United Kingdom
4825:World Woman's Christian Temperance Union
3425:. Oxford University Press. p. 172.
3148:Methodism and the Temperance Reformation
3077:"WCTU Drinking Fountains – Then and Now"
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1957:
1955:
1849:The PA Magazine of History and Biography
1593:Addiction Treatment: Theory and Practice
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1061:World Woman's Christian Temperance Union
955:restrictive early closing times for bars
852:. Founded in 1901, it went on to defeat
729:championed the cause of temperance; the
318:temperance movement in the United States
134:long-term effects of alcohol consumption
127:
27:Social movement against drinking alcohol
5739:Legal drinking age in the United States
4526:Bordin, Ruth Birgitta Anderson (1981).
4365:Thekaekara, Mari Marcel (25 May 2016).
2586:The Sailor's Magazine and Naval Journal
2478:"Brigham Young's Word of Wisdom Legacy"
1851:. Vol. 49, no. 3. p. 20.
1688:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1450:
1363:
1088:Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection
81:and it also demands the passage of new
3891:
3889:
3551:International Review of Social History
2610:Road to Zion – British Isles, BYU-TV;
2519:The Latter Day Saints' Millennial Star
2397:
2395:
2147:
1964:Mrs Grundy: Studies in English Prudery
913:war against the sober Japanese in 1905
809:as mayor of Chicago by a wide margin.
674:in Tompkins Square Park, New York City
260:resisted the use of rum and brandy as
6471:List of dry communities by U.S. state
5722:List of dry communities by U.S. state
4487:"The Feminist History of Prohibition"
3778:Social History of Alcohol & Drugs
3165:. Taylor & Francis. p. 213.
3161:Fowler, Robert Booth (4 April 2018).
2746:"To the working men of Great Britain"
2402:Arrington, Leonard J. (Winter 1959).
2351:Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought
2204:. Australian Women's Archives Project
1152:Prevention, treatment and restriction
1050:warning labels on alcoholic beverages
762:, a Baptist missionary. In 1898, the
756:Soldiers Total Abstinence Association
482:Millerites and Seventh-day Adventists
455:church. In Harry M. Beardsley's book
155:1623, when a Plymouth minister named
7:
6876:1813 establishments in Massachusetts
6543:Swedish prohibition referendum, 1922
5235:List of methanol poisoning incidents
4807:, University of North Carolina Press
4252:. .salvationarmy.org. Archived from
4214:. Taylor & Francis. p. 36.
3341:Pioneer Total Abstinence Association
3294:Osborne, Lori (September 12, 2015).
3278:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
3106:Whitaker, Sigur E. (31 March 2011).
2907:A. J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist
2680:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2342:Alexander, Thomas G. (Autumn 1981).
1569:. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
1438:was published between 1856 and 1861.
764:Pioneer Total Abstinence Association
246:Native American temperance activists
6395:Australian prohibition referendums
5956:Alcohol consumption recommendations
5881:Temperance and Good Citizenship Day
4762:Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
4666:Prohibition: An Interactive History
4592:. New York: Octagon Books. p.
3135:. London: Harvard University Press.
2225:"The Mashpee Indian Revolt of 1833"
1172:ideology. Through the influence of
795:1872 Republican National Convention
231:listed in Aristotle's tractate the
6593:Woman's Christian Temperance Union
6391:21st Amendment (U.S. Constitution)
6386:18th Amendment (U.S. Constitution)
5680:Alcohol packaging warning messages
5292:Alcohol use among college students
4954:Drunk driving in the United States
3830:A. H. McLintock (April 22, 2009).
3726:Cherrington, Ernest Hurst (1925).
3362:Blue Book of the State of Illinois
3300:. National Archives in Washington.
3081:Woman's Christian Temperance Union
2501:Joseph Smith and his Mormon Empire
2169:A. H. McLintock (April 22, 2009).
1930:Benowitz, June Melby, ed. (2017).
1590:Rasmussen, Sandra (21 June 2000).
1266:Woman's Christian Temperance Union
1090:, a Methodist denomination in the
752:Woman's Christian Temperance Union
704:Independent Order of Good Templars
614:Woman's Christian Temperance Union
457:Joseph Smith and his Mormon Empire
450:Although he advocated temperance,
304:Promoting moderation (1820s–1830s)
208:Temperance movement in New Zealand
25:
6886:19th century in the United States
6239:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
6219:Index of alcohol-related articles
5662:Administrative License Suspension
4857:Alcohol and Drugs History Society
4644:Gordon, Elizabeth Putnam (1924).
3241:"Jessie A. Ackermann (1857–1951)"
2668:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
2521:. No. 47. September 21, 1885
2265:(1992). Ludlow, Daniel H. (ed.).
610:Young Men's Christian Association
267:In the 18th century, there was a
6911:Prohibition in the United States
6272:
6271:
5673:Alcoholic beverage control state
5469:Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate
3742:
3669:The Liberals in Power, 1905–1914
3496:University of Central Lancashire
3470:10.1016/j.econedurev.2017.11.009
3272:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
3245:Ackermann, Jessie A. (1857–1951)
3150:. Walden and Stowe. p. 278.
3025:Lyons, Mickey (April 30, 2018).
2024:, University Press of Kentucky,
1764:Williams, William Henry (1984).
1352:List of temperance organizations
824:and temperance, with its leader
758:was founded in British India by
345:published a book in 1826 called
212:Temperance movement in Sri Lanka
196:Temperance movement in Australia
83:laws against the sale of alcohol
6820:National Prohibition Party (UK)
5282:Alcohol in association football
4798:, Loyola University New Orleans
4465:10.5406/americanmusic.34.3.0279
3924:"Temperance Movement in Canada"
3836:The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
2202:The Australian Women's Register
2175:The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
2076:Cherrington, Ernest H. (1920).
1820:Hanson, David J. (2016-02-11).
1716:Cornell University Press, 1997.
1326:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
1174:scientific theories on heredity
1136:Beliefs, principles and culture
1077:Independent Order of Rechabites
681:Independent Order of Rechabites
375:Was this in England or Ireland?
150:Drug-facilitated sexual assault
116:(1948 to present). A number of
108:), Finland (1919 to 1932), and
6573:Voluntary Committee of Lawyers
6558:Temperance (Scotland) Act 1913
5494:List of deaths through alcohol
5312:Epidemiology of binge drinking
5116:Subjective response to alcohol
4396:Anand, Geeta (15 April 2017).
4332:Eby, Margaret (19 July 2019).
4309:Anson, John (March 12, 2007).
4057:. BBC. BBC News. March 1, 2015
3896:Bradburn, Jamie (9 May 2018).
3813:The Zealand Journal of History
3697:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015).
3516:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015).
2752:. December 19, 1840. p. 1
2553:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015),
1826:Alcohol Problems and Solutions
1092:conservative holiness movement
737:, another denomination in the
204:Temperance movement in Ireland
1:
6881:19th-century reform movements
6850:(2011 documentary miniseries)
5979:Sweat alcohol content monitor
5014:Alcoholism in rural Australia
4849:Shapell Manuscript Foundation
4719:, University of Chicago Press
4166:Fitzpatrick, Michael (2002).
3740:– via Internet Archive.
3458:Economics of Education Review
3421:. In Smith, Andrew F. (ed.).
3390:James, Kay (April 18, 2018).
3200:10.1080/0015587X.1988.9716444
3131:Timberlake, James H. (1963).
3051:Blocker, Jack S. Jr. (1989).
2561:, Routledge, pp. 600–3,
1483:Vallee, Bert L. (June 2015).
1065:Mothers Against Drunk Driving
917:Defence of the Realm Act 1914
494:and her husband, a preacher,
347:Six Sermons on...Intemperance
220:Temperance movement in Russia
5902:Adult Children of Alcoholics
5690:Drunk driving law by country
5106:Long-term effects of alcohol
5024:Disease theory of alcoholism
5009:Alcoholism in family systems
4999:Alcohol and Native Americans
4865:, Cornell University Library
4726:The Journal of Negro History
4584:Smith, Daniel Scott (1976).
4113:Social Sciences and Missions
3963:10.1080/14043858.2013.771909
3269:"Temperance Movements"
2499:Beardsley, Harry M. (1931).
1740:. Policy Press. p. 37.
1565:Engs, Ruth Clifford (2000).
1030:Indian independence movement
532:Catholic temperance movement
200:Temperance movement in India
73:, and its leaders emphasize
6804:Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith
6421:American Temperance Society
5629:International whisk(e)y day
4943:Driving under the influence
4334:"The rise of the sober bar"
3545:Walker, William M. (1973).
3083:. 1996–2009. Archived from
2909:. Oxford University Press.
2223:Nielsen, Donald M. (1985).
1432:For example in Sydney, the
1260:A postcard from around 1910
1107:abstinence from other drugs
972:, but this legislation was
544:Teetotal Abstinence Society
351:American Temperance Society
6937:
6896:Civil rights and liberties
6831:Scottish Prohibition Party
6145:Christian views on alcohol
5751:List of alcohol laws of US
5029:High-functioning alcoholic
4768:Odegard, Peter H. (1928),
4090:10.1177/001946468902600303
3998:10.1177/000271623216300123
3832:"Prohibition: The Compact"
3705:. Routledge. p. 130.
3524:. Routledge. p. 110.
3110:. McFarland. p. 150.
1795:Hampel, Robert L. (1982).
850:Scottish Prohibition Party
696:National Prohibition Party
694:In the United States, the
571:The Washingtonian movement
505:
387:Ulster Temperance Movement
193:
139:
6267:
6044:Alcoholic spirits measure
6029:Low-alcoholic malt drinks
5710:Ignition interlock device
5599:Drunken monkey hypothesis
5432:Routes of administration
5061:Alcohol congener analysis
5004:Alcoholism in adolescence
4820:Alliance House Foundation
4698:Heath, Dwight B. (1995),
4619:Journal of Social History
4447:Sanders, Paul D. (2016).
4170:. Routledge. p. 47.
4145:. ABC-CLIO. p. 310.
4125:10.1163/18748945-02801015
4055:"Why Iceland banned beer"
4035:. Smithsonian Institution
3928:The Canadian Encyclopedia
3880:10.1080/10314618008595637
3564:10.1017/S0020859000004375
3417:Smith, Andrew F. (2015).
3339:"History of the P.T.A.A."
2824:Journal of Social History
2435:Journal of Mormon History
2311:Journal of Mormon History
2268:Encyclopedia of Mormonism
2229:The New England Quarterly
1680:Clark, Norman H. (1976).
1505:Blocker, Jack S. (1989).
1190:Susan McFarland Parkhurst
990:Pushkin, Saint Petersburg
818:evangelical Protestantism
629:women's suffrage movement
534:started in 1838 when the
523:American Temperance Union
381:publicizing his views on
6409:Western Australian, 1950
6399:Western Australian, 1925
4715:Jensen, Richard (1971),
4689:Harrison, Brian (1971),
3490:Thorpe, Jaishila Dabhi.
3266:Keating, Joseph (1913).
2930:Finkelman, Paul (2006).
2874:Morel, Lucas E. (1999).
2705:10.3366/inr.1988.39.1.46
2116:Harrison, Brian (1971).
2018:Fahey, David M. (2015),
1984:Misiroglu, Gina (2015).
1966:. Corgi. pp. 141–4.
1073:International Blue Cross
944:National Prohibition Act
355:Charles Grandison Finney
118:temperance organizations
18:Temperance organizations
6784:William Harvey Thompson
6744:The LaMontages brothers
6563:United Kingdom Alliance
6224:Alcohol and spaceflight
5966:Alcohol server training
5839:Managed alcohol program
5417:Binge drinking devices
5111:Pharmacology of ethanol
4794:Smith, Rebecca (1993),
4776:Seabury, Olive (2007),
4422:Frick, John W. (2003).
4275:Haenfler, Ross (2006).
3761:Brownlee, Nick (2002).
3146:Wheeler, Henry (1882).
2671:"Theobald Mathew"
2317:: 21–33. Archived from
2140:Hempton, David (1992).
1734:Yeomans, Henry (2014).
1346:Wedding of the Weddings
921:State Management Scheme
848:movements, such as the
807:Harvey Doolittle Colvin
748:United Kingdom Alliance
357:taught abstinence from
35:The Drunkard's Progress
6619:Thomas Holliday Barker
5829:Alcohol rehabilitation
5797:Alcohol detoxification
5700:Field sobriety testing
5585:Health effects of wine
5553:International Beer Day
5317:Holiday heart syndrome
3646:. Harrap. p. 52.
3317:. Andrews UK Limited.
2905:Robins, R. G. (2004).
2055:Revelations in Context
1261:
1235:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1217:
1105:scene, which stresses
997:
994:Tsarskoye Selo Railway
963:Ontario Temperance Act
877:
706:, which entertained a
675:
567:
478:
331:Second Great Awakening
313:
137:
42:
6689:Frederic Richard Lees
6583:Wickersham Commission
6451:Bureau of Prohibition
6404:New South Wales, 1928
6365:Russia / Soviet Union
6081:Disulfiram-like drugs
5621:Ritual use of alcohol
5590:Wine and food pairing
5575:Apéritif and digestif
5226:Adulterated moonshine
5073:Blood alcohol content
5035:Seeing pink elephants
4803:Tyrrell, Ian (1991),
4553:Sochen, June (1973).
3667:Cross, Colin (1963).
3640:Read, Donald (1972).
3619:10.1353/bio.2010.0351
3275:Catholic Encyclopedia
3000:Nick Brownlee (2002)
2732:10.3366/nor.1981.0006
2677:Catholic Encyclopedia
2555:"Temperance Movement"
2482:BYU Studies Quarterly
1986:"Temperance Movement"
1962:Fryer, Peter (1965).
1932:"Temperance Movement"
1458:Rutkow, Eric (2012).
1259:
1215:
1194:George Frederick Root
987:
875:
862:1922 general election
760:Joseph Gelson Gregson
669:
625:abolitionist movement
612:(YMCA) and the early
605:pledges of temperance
565:
473:
421:Seventh-day Adventism
385:. He also formed the
311:
194:Further information:
171:Industrial Revolution
140:Further information:
131:
33:
6150:Alcohol in the Bible
6137:Religion and alcohol
6103:General anaesthetics
5896:Alcoholics Anonymous
5854:List of mixed drinks
5307:Alcohol intoxication
5222:Adulterated alcohol
4853:Temperance news page
4708:The Big Book of City
4706:James, Gary (2009),
4631:10.1353/jsh/15.2.235
3790:10.1086/SHAD24020119
2855:archives.lib.umd.edu
2515:"The Word of Wisdom"
2302:Shupe, Paul (1983).
2051:"The Word of Wisdom"
1900:. A+E Networks. 2009
1509:. Twayne Publishers.
1316:Alcoholics Anonymous
1125:Jayaram Jayalalithaa
936:Eighteenth Amendment
801:, Hesing formed the
727:Primitive Methodists
689:temperance fountains
619:As an expression of
496:James Springer White
488:Great Disappointment
443:Millennial Harbinger
412:on 11 October 1833.
404:writer and minister
67:alcohol intoxication
61:from consumption of
6921:Social conservatism
6871:Temperance movement
6769:Howard Hyde Russell
6588:Willis–Campbell Act
6553:Temperance movement
6456:Cullen–Harrison Act
6319:Alcohol prohibition
6229:Gateway drug effect
6015:Low-alcohol drinks
5844:Non-alcoholic drink
5779:Temperance movement
5761:Alcohol prohibition
5484:Gilbert Paul Jordan
5474:Dionysian Mysteries
5258:on college campuses
5253:Alcohol advertising
4971:Public intoxication
4780:, Bookcase Carlisle
4193:White Ribbon Signal
4027:Billock, Jennifer.
2643:Oxford Dictionaries
2619:on 11 February 2011
1489:Scientific American
905:Chamber of Deputies
723:Wesleyan Methodists
715:teaching on alcohol
672:temperance fountain
502:Teetotalism (1830s)
323:American Revolution
184:American Revolution
63:alcoholic beverages
47:temperance movement
6891:Anti-Saloon League
6614:Harry J. Anslinger
6508:Neo-prohibitionism
6498:Molly Pitcher Club
6426:Anti-Saloon League
6061:Addiction medicine
6004:Get Your Sexy Back
5944:Alcohol limitation
5920:Sober living house
5886:Twelve-step groups
5819:Brief intervention
5812:Open-container law
5774:Neo-prohibitionism
5734:Legal drinking age
5540:Alcoholic beverage
5441:Alcohol inhalation
5356:Drinking in public
5334:Blackout Wednesday
5192:Beverage-specific
4909:Alcohol and health
4845:2012-12-12 at the
4830:IOGT International
4732:(1): 17–29, 1992,
4402:The New York Times
3930:. Historica Canada
3868:Historical Studies
3087:on 14 October 2011
2837:10.1093/jsh/shv029
2120:. Faber and Faber.
1712:Peter C. Mancall,
1262:
1251:American Civil War
1223:suffrage activists
1218:
1186:temperance theatre
998:
974:overturned in 1926
970:referendum in 1919
878:
814:Anti-Saloon League
799:The following year
676:
568:
548:universal suffrage
479:
314:
294:abstinence pledges
239:Origins (pre-1820)
233:Nicomachean Ethics
157:William Blackstone
146:Alcohol and cancer
142:Alcohol and health
138:
43:
6858:
6857:
6825:Prohibition Party
6813:Political parties
6749:Lanzetta Brothers
6664:Clinton N. Howard
6609:Martha Meir Allen
6285:
6284:
6207:
6206:
6157:Islam and alcohol
6091:Calcium carbimide
5961:Alcohol education
5849:List of cocktails
5824:Designated driver
5802:Alcohol-free zone
5705:Hip flask defence
5639:
5638:
5580:Hangover remedies
5524:Whiskey Rebellion
5514:Six o'clock swill
5302:Austrian syndrome
5241:Surrogate alcohol
5231:Denatured alcohol
5203:Red wine headache
4693:, Faber and Faber
4433:978-0-521-81778-3
4288:978-0-8135-3851-8
3712:978-1-317-45791-6
3671:. pp. 69–71.
3653:978-0-245-51063-2
3531:978-1-317-45791-6
3432:978-0-19-939702-0
3324:978-1-78092-907-1
2961:Drugs and Society
2750:Chartist Circular
2720:Northern Scotland
2568:978-1-317-45791-6
2130:Weston, pp. 74–5.
2031:978-0-8131-6151-8
1999:978-1-317-47728-0
1945:978-1-4408-3987-0
1659:978-1-55849-425-1
1603:978-0-7619-0843-2
1576:978-0-275-95994-4
1469:978-1-4391-9354-9
1383:'s 1784 pamphlet
1202:Stephen C. Foster
1142:secondary poverty
1121:domestic violence
1094:, as well as the
854:Winston Churchill
739:Wesleyan-Arminian
717:of their founder
698:which was led by
598:Gospel temperance
588:George Washington
508:Blue ribbon badge
379:Belfast Telegraph
363:temperance pledge
110:the United States
87:prohibition of it
79:alcohol education
39:Nathaniel Currier
16:(Redirected from
6928:
6916:Social movements
6764:Arnold Rothstein
6674:Enoch L. Johnson
6513:Roaring Twenties
6312:
6305:
6298:
6289:
6275:
6274:
6074:Chlordiazepoxide
6024:Low-alcohol beer
5668:Alcohol monopoly
5650:
5570:Drinking culture
5563:Women in brewing
5446:Vodka eyeballing
5413:Passive drinking
4924:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4879:
4869:Benjamin Rush's
4808:
4799:
4790:
4781:
4772:
4764:
4756:
4720:
4711:
4702:
4694:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4523:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4393:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4362:
4353:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4138:
4129:
4128:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4024:
4018:
4017:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3893:
3884:
3883:
3857:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3455:
3446:
3437:
3436:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3387:
3376:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3022:
3005:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2819:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2693:The Innes Review
2688:
2682:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2615:. Archived from
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2550:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2447:10.2307/23292682
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2363:10.2307/45224999
2348:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2263:Joseph Lynn Lyon
2259:
2253:
2252:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2049:Woodworth, Jed.
2046:
2035:
2034:
2015:
2004:
2003:
1981:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1927:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1890:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1731:
1725:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1687:
1677:
1664:
1663:
1645:
1608:
1607:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1562:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1455:
1439:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1379:One example was
1377:
1371:
1368:
1336:Temperance songs
1239:Susan B. Anthony
1052:is supported by
1048:The addition of
1026:anti-colonialism
893:President Wilson
826:Susan B. Anthony
791:Republican Party
685:friendly society
644:Jabez Tunnicliff
542:established the
528:
376:
229:cardinal virtues
162:The Ohio Company
132:Illustration of
21:
6936:
6935:
6931:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6925:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6854:
6835:
6808:
6799:Frances Willard
6789:Andrew Volstead
6754:The Purple Gang
6719:J. Howard Moore
6659:J. Edgar Hoover
6597:
6578:Webb–Kenyon Act
6374:
6321:
6316:
6286:
6281:
6263:
6244:Self-medication
6203:
6161:
6131:
6069:Benzodiazepines
6055:
5939:
5925:Sobering center
5910:Sober companion
5891:Al-Anon/Alateen
5783:
5755:
5645:
5635:
5528:
5457:
5397:In vino veritas
5391:Hair of the dog
5209:
5125:Adverse effects
5120:
5089:
5039:
4985:
4929:
4928:Alcohol-related
4919:
4911:
4906:
4847:Wayback Machine
4816:
4811:
4802:
4793:
4784:
4775:
4767:
4759:
4738:10.2307/3031524
4723:
4714:
4705:
4697:
4688:
4684:
4679:
4670:
4668:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4571:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4525:
4524:
4505:
4496:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4404:
4395:
4394:
4385:
4375:
4373:
4364:
4363:
4356:
4342:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4257:
4256:on 10 June 2011
4248:
4247:
4243:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4178:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4140:
4139:
4132:
4119:(1–2): passim.
4110:
4109:
4105:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4058:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4038:
4036:
4033:Smithsonian.com
4026:
4025:
4021:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3957:(sup1): 46–63.
3948:
3947:
3943:
3933:
3931:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3907:
3905:
3895:
3894:
3887:
3874:(75): 250–266.
3865:
3858:
3851:
3841:
3839:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3763:This is Alcohol
3760:
3759:
3755:
3743:
3735:
3733:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3684:Local Historian
3681:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3500:
3498:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3389:
3388:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3342:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3293:
3292:
3283:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3248:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3033:
3024:
3023:
3008:
3002:This is Alcohol
2999:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2942:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2859:
2857:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2821:
2820:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2649:on May 26, 2012
2637:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2620:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2592:: 270–271. 1843
2580:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2552:
2551:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2146:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2048:
2047:
2038:
2032:
2017:
2016:
2007:
2000:
1983:
1982:
1971:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1929:
1928:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1856:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1679:
1678:
1667:
1660:
1647:
1646:
1611:
1604:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1564:
1563:
1514:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1312:
1291:
1270:Frances Willard
1210:
1198:Henry Clay Work
1178:temperance bars
1154:
1138:
1114:temperance bars
1069:Alcohol Justice
1042:
982:
870:
713:Reflecting the
664:
600:
584:Abraham Lincoln
573:
560:
540:Theobald Mathew
526:
510:
504:
484:
475:Cold Water Army
429:
374:
306:
241:
222:
192:
175:Anthony Benezet
152:
126:
51:social movement
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6934:
6932:
6924:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6901:Social history
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6863:
6862:
6856:
6855:
6853:
6852:
6843:
6841:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6833:
6828:
6822:
6816:
6814:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6779:Eliza Thompson
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6654:William Harvey
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6605:
6603:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6474:
6473:
6468:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6416:American Mafia
6413:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6393:
6388:
6382:
6380:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6331:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6292:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6261:
6259:French paradox
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6169:
6167:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6141:
6139:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6115:Sulfonic acids
6112:
6111:
6110:
6100:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6065:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6049:Standard drink
6046:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6013:
6011:Liquor license
6008:
6007:
6006:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5899:
5893:
5883:
5878:
5876:Temperance bar
5873:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5799:
5793:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5765:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5731:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5665:
5658:
5656:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5623:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5582:
5577:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5542:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5297:Binge drinking
5294:
5289:
5287:Alcohol powder
5284:
5279:
5277:Alcohol myopia
5274:
5273:
5272:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5250:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5228:
5219:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5199:
5190:
5185:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5085:Wine chemistry
5082:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5053:
5051:Beer chemistry
5047:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4995:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4932:
4921:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4866:
4859:
4850:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4815:
4814:External links
4812:
4810:
4809:
4800:
4791:
4782:
4773:
4765:
4757:
4721:
4712:
4703:
4695:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4653:
4636:
4625:(2): 235–252.
4609:
4603:978-0374937126
4602:
4576:
4570:978-0812903607
4569:
4545:
4539:978-0877221579
4538:
4503:
4478:
4459:(3): 279–300.
4453:American Music
4439:
4432:
4414:
4383:
4354:
4324:
4301:
4287:
4267:
4241:
4227:
4220:
4202:
4183:
4176:
4158:
4151:
4130:
4103:
4068:
4046:
4019:
3992:(1): 216–226.
3976:
3941:
3915:
3885:
3849:
3822:
3803:
3784:(2): 119–140.
3768:
3765:. p. 106.
3753:
3718:
3711:
3689:
3674:
3659:
3652:
3632:
3597:
3580:Social Science
3570:
3537:
3530:
3508:
3482:
3438:
3431:
3409:
3377:
3368:
3352:
3330:
3323:
3303:
3281:
3258:
3239:Tyrrell, Ian.
3231:
3213:
3194:(2): 221–231.
3178:
3171:
3153:
3138:
3123:
3116:
3098:
3068:
3062:978-0805797275
3061:
3043:
3006:
2993:
2979:
2969:
2951:
2940:
2922:
2915:
2897:
2866:
2842:
2763:
2737:
2710:
2683:
2660:
2630:
2603:
2573:
2567:
2532:
2506:
2491:
2468:
2441:(1): 131–200.
2425:
2391:
2334:
2291:
2278:978-0028796055
2277:
2254:
2241:10.2307/365039
2235:(3): 400–420.
2215:
2188:
2161:
2144:. Myrtle Hill.
2132:
2123:
2108:
2086:
2068:
2036:
2030:
2005:
1998:
1969:
1951:
1944:
1911:
1854:
1839:
1812:
1806:978-0835712910
1805:
1787:
1780:
1753:
1746:
1726:
1701:
1695:978-0393091700
1694:
1665:
1658:
1609:
1602:
1582:
1575:
1512:
1494:
1475:
1468:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1372:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1290:
1287:
1231:Amelia Bloomer
1209:
1206:
1182:coffee palaces
1163:state monopoly
1153:
1150:
1137:
1134:
1096:Salvation Army
1041:
1038:
1034:Mahatma Gandhi
996:station (1912)
981:
978:
961:, in 1916 the
869:
866:
803:People's Party
787:Hermann Raster
766:was formed by
735:Salvation Army
663:
660:
599:
596:
577:Washingtonians
572:
569:
559:
556:
503:
500:
492:Ellen G. White
483:
480:
465:Heber J. Grant
433:Word of Wisdom
428:
425:
410:Maspee Indians
359:ardent spirits
305:
302:
250:Peter Chartier
240:
237:
227:is one of the
191:
188:
125:
122:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6933:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6851:
6849:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6838:
6832:
6829:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6811:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6794:Wayne Wheeler
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6774:Dutch Schultz
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6729:Carrie Nation
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6714:William McCoy
6712:
6710:
6709:Joseph Malins
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6694:Lucky Luciano
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6669:Bumpy Johnson
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6624:Lyman Beecher
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6533:Sly-grog shop
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6371:
6370:United States
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6313:
6308:
6306:
6301:
6299:
6294:
6293:
6290:
6278:
6270:
6269:
6266:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6234:Mood disorder
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6155:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6109:
6108:Nitrous oxide
6106:
6105:
6104:
6101:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6079:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6058:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6019:Fermented tea
6017:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5915:Sober curious
5913:
5911:
5908:
5903:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5752:
5749:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5642:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5604:Ladies' night
5602:
5600:
5597:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5568:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5504:Rum Rebellion
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5460:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5436:Alcohol enema
5434:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5386:Flaming drink
5384:
5382:
5381:Dutch courage
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5366:Drunk walking
5364:
5362:
5361:Drunk dialing
5359:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5339:Drinking game
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5248:Alcohol abuse
5246:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5215:Social issues
5212:
5204:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5153:
5152:breast cancer
5150:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5080:Fusel alcohol
5078:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4949:Drunk driving
4947:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4903:
4898:
4896:
4891:
4889:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4874:
4872:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4774:
4771:
4766:
4763:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4709:
4704:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4649:
4648:
4640:
4637:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4610:
4605:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4580:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4549:
4546:
4541:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4443:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4415:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4325:
4312:
4305:
4302:
4290:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4271:
4268:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4223:
4221:9781317916819
4217:
4213:
4206:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4184:
4179:
4177:9781134563463
4173:
4169:
4162:
4159:
4154:
4152:9781576078334
4148:
4144:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4069:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3942:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3769:
3764:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3749:public domain
3731:
3730:
3722:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3699:"Catholicism"
3693:
3690:
3686:(41): 121–37.
3685:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3663:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3613:(2): 103–35.
3612:
3608:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3571:
3565:
3560:
3557:(3): 353–79.
3556:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3512:
3509:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3410:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3353:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3262:
3259:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3232:
3228:, p. 542
3227:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3172:9780429972799
3168:
3164:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3142:
3139:
3134:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3117:9780786486397
3113:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3044:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2970:9781284110876
2966:
2962:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2941:9780195167771
2937:
2933:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2916:9780199883172
2912:
2908:
2901:
2898:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2856:
2852:
2846:
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2825:
2818:
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2800:
2798:
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2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
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2684:
2679:
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2664:
2661:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2604:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2488:(3–4): 29–64.
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2426:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
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2392:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2335:
2324:on 2018-06-13
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2203:
2199:
2196:Carey, Jane.
2192:
2189:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2097:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2072:
2069:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1992:. Routledge.
1991:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1899:
1895:
1894:"Prohibition"
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
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1843:
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1827:
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1816:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1781:9780842022279
1777:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1747:9781447309932
1743:
1739:
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1471:
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1454:
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1445:
1437:
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1429:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:Benjamin Rush
1376:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
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1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1278:hatchetations
1275:
1274:Carrie Nation
1271:
1267:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1214:
1208:Role of women
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
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1145:
1143:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1126:
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1117:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1103:straight edge
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1054:organizations
1051:
1046:
1040:1960s–present
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1004:
995:
991:
986:
979:
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975:
971:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:Wayne Wheeler
924:
922:
918:
914:
908:
906:
901:
897:
894:
889:
887:
883:
882:Liberal Party
874:
867:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
838:
836:
830:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
743:Skeleton Army
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
673:
668:
661:
659:
657:
651:
647:
645:
641:
636:
632:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
606:
597:
595:
591:
589:
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580:
578:
570:
564:
557:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
524:
519:
515:
509:
501:
499:
497:
493:
489:
481:
477:poster (1843)
476:
472:
468:
466:
462:
461:Brigham Young
458:
453:
448:
445:
444:
438:
434:
426:
424:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
406:William Apess
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
372:
367:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:Lyman Beecher
339:
336:
332:
327:
324:
319:
310:
303:
301:
297:
295:
290:
285:
283:
277:
275:
270:
265:
263:
259:
258:Little Turtle
255:
251:
247:
238:
236:
234:
230:
226:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
189:
187:
185:
180:
179:Benjamin Rush
176:
172:
166:
163:
158:
151:
147:
143:
135:
130:
123:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
40:
36:
32:
19:
6847:
6759:George Remus
6739:Roy Olmstead
6704:Owney Madden
6684:Meyer Lansky
6644:Texas Guinan
6639:Waxey Gordon
6634:Mickey Duffy
6568:Volstead Act
6552:
6488:Local option
6194:Gin Act 1751
6184:Bratt System
6177:
6173:
6040:Measurement
5974:Breathalyzer
5778:
5744:Shoulder tap
5396:
5270:Beer goggles
4870:
4804:
4795:
4786:
4777:
4769:
4761:
4729:
4725:
4716:
4710:, James Ward
4707:
4699:
4690:
4682:Bibliography
4669:. Retrieved
4665:
4656:
4646:
4639:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4589:
4579:
4555:
4548:
4528:
4495:. Retrieved
4493:. 2016-01-06
4490:
4481:
4456:
4452:
4442:
4423:
4417:
4405:. Retrieved
4401:
4374:. Retrieved
4371:The Guardian
4370:
4348:
4341:. Retrieved
4327:
4315:. Retrieved
4304:
4292:. Retrieved
4277:
4270:
4258:. Retrieved
4254:the original
4244:
4235:
4230:
4211:
4205:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4167:
4161:
4142:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4059:. Retrieved
4049:
4037:. Retrieved
4032:
4022:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3954:
3950:
3944:
3932:. Retrieved
3927:
3918:
3906:. Retrieved
3901:
3871:
3867:
3840:. Retrieved
3835:
3825:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3762:
3756:
3734:. Retrieved
3728:
3721:
3702:
3692:
3683:
3677:
3668:
3662:
3642:
3635:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3586:(2): 76–85.
3583:
3579:
3573:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3521:
3511:
3499:. Retrieved
3495:
3485:
3461:
3457:
3422:
3412:
3400:. Retrieved
3395:
3371:
3361:
3355:
3345:February 24,
3343:. Retrieved
3333:
3313:
3306:
3296:
3273:
3261:
3249:. Retrieved
3244:
3234:
3225:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3162:
3156:
3147:
3141:
3132:
3126:
3107:
3101:
3089:. Retrieved
3085:the original
3080:
3071:
3052:
3046:
3034:. Retrieved
3031:Hour Detroit
3030:
3001:
2996:
2982:
2974:
2960:
2954:
2945:
2931:
2925:
2906:
2900:
2888:. Retrieved
2883:
2879:
2869:
2858:. Retrieved
2854:
2845:
2830:(1): 20–52,
2827:
2823:
2754:. Retrieved
2749:
2740:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2675:
2663:
2651:. Retrieved
2647:the original
2642:
2633:
2621:. Retrieved
2617:the original
2606:
2594:. Retrieved
2589:
2585:
2576:
2558:
2523:. Retrieved
2518:
2509:
2500:
2494:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2416:. Retrieved
2411:
2407:
2382:. Retrieved
2357:(3): 85–86.
2354:
2350:
2337:
2326:. Retrieved
2319:the original
2314:
2310:
2282:. Retrieved
2267:
2257:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2201:
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2174:
2164:
2141:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2089:
2078:
2071:
2059:. Retrieved
2054:
2020:
1989:
1963:
1935:
1902:. Retrieved
1897:
1848:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1825:
1815:
1796:
1790:
1766:
1736:
1729:
1713:
1683:
1649:
1592:
1585:
1566:
1506:
1488:
1478:
1459:
1453:
1433:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1341:War on drugs
1304:
1292:
1289:Other causes
1280:" - using a
1263:
1247:
1243:
1227:
1219:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1139:
1130:Nitish Kumar
1118:
1111:
1100:
1085:
1058:
1047:
1043:
1019:
1012:
1008:
999:
967:
948:
931:
925:
909:
898:
890:
886:H.H. Asquith
879:
843:
839:
831:
811:
776:
772:
768:James Cullen
755:
712:
708:universalist
700:John Russell
693:
677:
652:
648:
640:Band of Hope
637:
633:
618:
601:
592:
581:
574:
517:
511:
485:
456:
452:Joseph Smith
449:
441:
430:
414:
391:
378:
368:
346:
340:
335:abolitionism
328:
315:
298:
286:
278:
266:
242:
223:
167:
153:
91:
57:or complete
46:
44:
6906:Prohibition
6848:Prohibition
6679:Norman Kerr
6649:Frank Hamer
6548:Teetotalism
6518:Rum-running
6436:Bathtub gin
6174:Beer Street
6125:Homotaurine
6120:Acamprosate
5991:Dry January
5970:Monitoring
5871:Teetotalism
5864:Malt drinks
5654:Alcohol law
5426:Yard of ale
5371:Drunkorexia
5183:intolerance
4976:Rum-running
4491:JSTOR Daily
3819:(2): 156–7.
3464:: 162–169,
3251:October 17,
2756:December 2,
2623:15 February
2408:BYU Studies
2080:prohibition
1898:History.com
1321:Coffeehouse
1299:S.S. Kresge
951:New Zealand
940:prohibition
789:forced the
783:A.C. Hesing
719:John Wesley
514:teetotalism
394:New Zealand
274:John Wesley
262:trade items
254:King Hagler
71:teetotalism
69:or promote
6865:Categories
6734:Eliot Ness
6724:Bugs Moran
6523:Rum Patrol
6461:Dry county
6441:Blaine Act
6335:Bangladesh
6327:By country
6254:Town drunk
6086:Disulfiram
6034:Small beer
6000:Campaigns
5834:Drunk tank
5807:Dry campus
5717:Dry county
5499:Rum ration
5479:Dipsomania
5408:Pantsdrunk
5201:Red wine:
4991:Alcoholism
4981:Wine fraud
4671:2018-05-23
4497:2018-05-23
4084:(3): 336.
2860:2020-08-18
2639:"Teetotal"
2414:(1): 37–49
2328:2018-06-13
1723:0801480442
1446:References
1295:Henry Ford
518:teetotaler
506:See also:
383:temperance
371:John Edgar
282:temperance
225:Temperance
94:Protestant
59:abstinence
55:temperance
53:promoting
37:(1846) by
6699:Sam Maceo
6629:Al Capone
6538:Speakeasy
6503:Moonshine
6466:Dry state
6189:Dry state
6096:Cyanamide
5930:Sobrietol
5729:Last call
5695:DWI court
5548:Beer mile
5519:Speakeasy
5489:Gin Craze
5421:Beer bong
5376:Dry drunk
5349:Pregaming
5197:Potomania
5179:Tolerance
5169:Pregnancy
5044:Chemistry
4966:Nip joint
4961:Moonshine
4754:150066631
4473:151527811
4343:21 August
4098:144036263
4014:143783269
3971:147069385
3902:TVOntario
3861:austerity
3798:158837534
3627:154967226
3607:Biography
3518:"Brewing"
3478:158101891
3398:. Madison
2886:(1): 1–34
2726:(1): 61.
2699:(1): 52.
2463:254482814
2150:cite book
1348:in Poland
1170:hygienism
1022:Sri Lanka
846:left-wing
550:for men,
398:Australia
289:Calvinist
287:In 1810,
269:gin craze
136:on health
98:in Canada
6483:Jazz Age
6379:By topic
6277:Category
6178:Gin Lane
5935:Quit lit
5859:Spritzer
5789:Sobriety
5644:Alcohol
5625:Whiskey
5453:Sconcing
5403:Nightcap
5329:Blackout
5159:Cortisol
5056:Congener
4843:Archived
4789:: 115–33
4260:11 April
3842:June 11,
3592:41886377
3419:"Dining"
3396:Wiscnews
3188:Folklore
2653:June 11,
2455:23292682
2379:33071385
2371:45224999
2181:June 11,
2101:June 11,
1596:. SAGE.
1331:Nazirite
1310:See also
1015:nativist
932:Enquirer
822:suffrage
779:European
656:Neal Dow
621:moralism
552:Chartism
114:in India
6840:Related
6528:Rum row
6350:Iceland
6345:Finland
6212:Related
6166:History
5951:0-0-1-3
5646:control
5533:General
5509:Shebeen
5462:History
5132:Anxiety
5094:Effects
5068:Ethanol
4917:Alcohol
4746:3031524
4317:May 16,
4294:May 16,
4199:(2): 2.
4061:May 16,
4039:May 16,
4006:1017701
3934:May 16,
3736:22 July
3501:May 15,
3402:May 15,
3208:1260460
3036:May 15,
2890:29 June
2596:13 June
2525:20 June
2384:13 June
2208:May 16,
2061:28 June
1904:May 13,
1832:13 June
1282:hatchet
860:in the
538:priest
190:History
124:Context
75:alcohol
6602:People
6340:Canada
5986:FRAMES
5195:Beer:
5188:Weight
5164:Memory
5147:Cancer
4930:crimes
4873:(1812)
4752:
4744:
4600:
4567:
4536:
4471:
4430:
4407:2 July
4376:2 July
4285:
4218:
4174:
4149:
4096:
4012:
4004:
3969:
3908:18 May
3796:
3709:
3650:
3625:
3590:
3528:
3476:
3429:
3321:
3206:
3169:
3114:
3091:9 June
3059:
2967:
2938:
2913:
2565:
2461:
2453:
2418:11 May
2377:
2369:
2284:11 May
2275:
2249:365039
2247:
2028:
1996:
1942:
1803:
1778:
1744:
1721:
1692:
1656:
1600:
1573:
1466:
1237:, and
1079:, and
959:Canada
858:Dundee
527:
402:Pequot
400:. The
218:, and
148:, and
6827:(USA)
6478:Islam
6355:India
6249:Spins
5904:(ACA)
5898:(AA):
5664:(ALS)
5544:Beer
5322:Zapoy
5174:Sleep
5142:Brain
5137:Aging
5031:(HFA)
4945:(DUI)
4750:S2CID
4742:JSTOR
4561:65–66
4469:S2CID
4094:S2CID
4010:S2CID
4002:JSTOR
3967:S2CID
3794:S2CID
3623:S2CID
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