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363:. Elements of this older temple were buried in the infill for the larger, flat terrace of the later temple, and are thus well preserved. Abundant traces of paint remain on many of these buried fragments. There may have been another temple in the 7th century BC, also located on the same site, but it is thought to have been much smaller and simpler in terms of both plan and execution. Significant quantities of Late Bronze Age figurines have been discovered at the site, including proportionally large numbers of female figurines (
496:, the eastern area of the hilltop was an unwalled, open-air sanctuary to a female fertility and agricultural deity. Bronze Age figurines outnumber remains of pottery. Open vessel forms are also at an unusually high proportion versus closed vessels. There are no known settlements or burials in the vicinity, arguing against the remains being due to either usage. Large numbers of small pottery chariots and thrones and miniature vessels have been found. Although there are scattered remains dating to the Early Bronze Age such as two
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649:. All but three of the outer columns were monolithic. There was a small, off-axis doorway between the cella and the opisthodomos. In similar design but more monumental execution than the earlier temple, the cella of the new temple had two rows of five columns, supporting another level of columns that reached to roof. The corners of the roof were decorated with sphinx
445:. The area of the sanctuary was defined and studied during these excavations. The area under the last temple could not be excavated, however, because that would have harmed the temple. In addition, significant remains from the Bronze Age were detected in pockets in the rocky surface of the hill. From 1966 to 1979, an extensive second German excavation under
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were only two, which was shown persuasively by
Eschbach. There were shallow cuttings and many dowels used to secure the plinths of the sculptures of the west pediment (the back of the temple). The east pediment used deep cuttings and fewer dowels to secure the plinths of the statues. There were also a number of
1097:
Hollinshead disputes that there is sufficient evidence for the presence of an adyton in this temple, and she questions whether similarity of form among temples of
Artemis must indicate similarity of cult practice. This feature was not retained in the late Archaic temple, so its centrality to the cult
625:
Construction of a new temple commenced soon after the destruction of the older temple. The remains of the destroyed temple were removed from the site of the new temple and used to fill a c. 40 by 80 m terrace within the overall sanctuary of c. 80 by 80 m. This new temple terrace was aligned
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was not aligned to the axis of the temple. A raised and paved platform was built to connect the temple to the altar. There was a propylon (formal entrance gate) with a wooden superstructure in the southeast side of the peribolos. A 14 m tall column topped by a sphinx was at the northeast side of
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Furtwängler proposes three phases of building at the sanctuary, with the earliest of these demonstrated by an altar at the eastern end dating to c. 700 BC. Also securely known are a cistern at the northeast extremity and a structure identified as a treasury east of the propylon (entrance) of the
953:
The name Afea appears on all the local signs, Afea being the name of a Cretan woman of unsurpassed beauty. After escaping an unwelcome marriage on Crete, she was rescued by a fisherman from Aegina. In payment for this he also proposed an unwelcome marriage. So Afea headed out of Aghia Marina towards
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figuring prominently as he fights alongside
Heracles against king Laomedon. This pediment is thought to be later than the west pediment and to show a number of features appropriate to the Classical period: the statues show a dynamic posture especially in the case of Athena, chiastic composition, and
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and Martha Ohly were also associated with this dig, which continued after the death of Dieter Ohly until 1988. Sufficient remains were recovered to allow a complete architectural reconstruction of the structure to be extrapolated; the remains of the entablature and pediment of one end of the older
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Ohly had contended that there were four total pedimental groups (two complete sets of pediments for the east and west sides of the temple); Bankel uses the architectural remains of the temple to argue that there were only three pedimental groups; later in his life, Ohly came to believe that there
996:
The important Bronze Age archaeological site of Kolona is northwest of Aegina (the main city) along the coast, and a museum is located at this site. The museum at Aegina was the first institution of its kind in Greece, but most of the collection (other than a collection of bas relief panels from
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Bankel states that the temple of Aphaia is more developed than the earlier phase of this structure, giving it a date of around 500 BC. The metopes of this temple, which were not found, were slotted into the triglyph blocks and attached to backer blocks with swallowtail clamps. If they were
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of the killing of the Python, and they say that
Britomaris was the daughter of Zeus and Karme (the daughter of this Euboulos). She enjoyed races and hunts and was particularly dear to Artemis. While fleeing from Minos, who lusted after her, she cast herself into nets cast for a catch of fish.
827:: i.e. the 1st phase of the east pediment was replaced with the 2nd phase before that end of the temple was completed. As the eastern facade of the temple (the front) was the most important visually, it is not surprising that the builders would choose to focus additional efforts on it.
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blocks that had shallow cuttings and many dowels like the west pediment, but that did not fit there. Bankel argues that sculptures were set on both the east and the west pediments with these shallow cuttings, but that the sculptures of the east pediment were removed (along with the
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and Aulis (among others), many temples of
Artemis have such back rooms, which may indicate a similarity of cult practice. The cella of the temple of Aphaia had the unusual feature of having two rows of two columns supporting another level of columns that reached the roof. The
796:). The sculptures preserve extensive traces of a complex paint scheme, and are crucial for the study of painting on ancient sculpture. The marbles are finished even on the back surfaces of the figures, despite the fact that these faced the pediment and were thus not visible.
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The sanctuary of Aphaia was located on the top of a hill c. 160 m in elevation at the northeast point of the island. The last form of the sanctuary covered an area of c. 80 by 80 m; earlier phases were less extensive and less well defined.
879:, possibly by a thunderbolt. The statues that survived were set up in the sanctuary enclosure, and those that were destroyed, were buried according to the ancient custom. The old composition was replaced by a new one with a scene of a battle, again with
1005:. The museum on the site contains a restoration of the Early Archaic temple entablature and pediment, as well as copies of elements of the pedimental sculpture of the Late Archaic temple set into restored sections of the pediment.
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Dates ranging from 510 to 470 BC have been proposed for this temple. Bankel, who published the complete study of the remains, compares the design features of the structure with three structures that were near contemporaries:
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wooden, their lack of preservation is to be expected. If they were stone, then they may have been removed for the ancient antiquities market while the structure was still standing. The altar was redone for this phase as well.
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of this temple was constructed in two courses, giving it a height of 1.19 m versus the frieze height of 0.815 m; this proportion is unusual among temples of the region, but is known from temples in Sicily. A
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briefly mentions the site in his writings of the 2nd century AD, but does not describe the sanctuary in detail as he does for many others. The temple was made known in
Western Europe by the publication of the
748:. Each pediment centered on the figure of Athena, with groups of combatants, fallen warriors, and arms filling the decreasing angles of the pediments. The theme shared by the pediments was the greatness of
915:) figuring prominently. The style of these sculptures is that of the Archaic period. The composition deals with the decreasing angles of the pediment by filling the space using a shield and a helmet.
1134:
N. Eschbach, Die archaische Form in nacharchaischer Zeit: Untersuchungen zu Phänomenen der archaistischen
Plastik des 5. und 4. Jhs. v. Chr.” Unpublished Habilitationschrift, University of Giessen.
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made her a goddess, and not only the
Cretans but also the Aeginetans reverence her. The Aeginetans say that Britomaris showed herself to them on their island. Her epithet among the Aeginetans is
531:(house) referenced in a mid-7th-century BC inscription from the site as having been built by a priest for Aphaia; he hypothesizes that this house of the goddess (temple) was built of stone
430:, who was also an architect and, moreover, a protégé of the art patron Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria, the marbles were stolen and sold the following year to the Crown Prince, soon to be King
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intricate filling of the space using the legs of fallen combatants to fill the difficult decreasing angles of the pediment. Part of the eastern pediment was destroyed during the
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sanctuary. The temple corresponding to these structures is proposed to be under the later temples and thus not able to be excavated. Furtwängler suggests that this temple is the
987:
Pilafidis-Williams argues that the character and relative proportions of the finds leads to the conclusion that the deity worshipped was a female fertility/agricultural goddess.
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The use of the 6 by 12 plan of the Late
Archaic period soon gave way to the Classical period preference for the proportions of the 6 by 13 plan and similar.
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the mountain top where she vanished at the current site of the temple, where it is said that the fisherman established a shrine believing Afea to have been taken by the gods.
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the sanctuary. The full study and reconstruction of the temple was done by
Schwandner, who dates it to before 570 BC. In his reconstruction, the temple is
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composed an ode at the behest of the Aeginetans. The Cretans say (the myths about her are native to Crete) that Euboulos was the son of Karmanor, who purified
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temple have been reconstructed in the on-site museum. Parts of the entablature and some columns of the temple have been restored during 1956-1960.
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blocks cut to receive them) and replaced with a different sculptural group. This replacement appears to have been carried out before the raking
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temple is now recognized as having been dedicated to the mother-goddess Aphaia. It was a favourite of Neoclassical and Romantic artists such as
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frieze is also placed along the inside of the pronaos. These metopes were apparently undecorated with sculpture, and there is no evidence of
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was performed, leading to the discovery in 1969 of substantial remains of the older Archaic temple in the fill of the later terrace walls.
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Bankel notes that c. 80% of the triglyph blocks were damaged in a manner consistent with intentional breakage to remove the metopes.
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Systematic excavations at the site were carried out in the 20th century by the German School in Athens, at first under the direction of
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326:. It stands on a c. 160 m peak on the eastern side of the island approximately 13 km east by road from the main port.
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500:, remains in significant quantities begin to be deposited in the Middle Bronze Age, and the sanctuary has its peak use in the
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Diebold, William J. 1995. "The Politics of Derestoration: The Aegina Pediments and the German Confrontation with the Past."
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Leaflet "The Sanctuary of Aphaia on Aegina", Greek Ministry of Culture, Archaeological Receipts Fund, Athens 1998.
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Schwandner wants this placement to refute the idea that triglyphs are meant to represent the ends of wooden beams.
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Pilafidis-Williams, Korinna. 1987. The Sanctuary of Aphaia on Aigina in the Bronze Age. Munich: Hirmer Verlag.
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were installed on the east pediment, since the corner geisa were not cut down to join to the raking
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Die Aegineten der Glyptothek König Ludwigs I, nach den Resultaten der neuen Bayerischen Ausgrabung
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structure on a 6 by 12 column plan resting on a 15.5 by 30.5 m platform; it had a
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connection for the cult. The last temple is of an unusual plan and is also significant for its
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View east from the opisthodomos of the Temple of Aphaia II showing the colonnades of the cella.
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of Munich, with a number of fragments located in the museums at Aegina and on the site itself.
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Reconstructed entablature and pediment of the Temple of Aphaia I in the on-site museum.
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is 9.6 km east of this city. The sanctuary is also 29.5 km southwest of the
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removed the fallen fragmentary pediment sculptures. On the recommendation of Baron
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609:. This temple and much of the sanctuary was destroyed by fire around 510 BC.
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Der spätarchaische Tempel der Aphaia auf Aegina. Denkmäler antiker Architektur 19
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If still in use by the 4th century, the temple would have been closed during the
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on north, west, and south with the plan of the new temple. The temple was a
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Sculpture of a warrior from the west pediment of the Temple of Aphaia II.
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Sculpture of a warrior from the east pediment of the Temple of Aphaia II.
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wall enclosing an area of c. 40 by 45 m dating to this phase. This
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wall were carried out in 1894 during reconstruction of the last temple.
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who was worshipped exclusively at this sanctuary. The extant temple of
1300:(Hellenic Ministry of Culture) Archaeological site of Aphaia on Aigina
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of Munich, where they were restored by the Danish neoclassic sculptor
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as one goes toward the mountain of Pan-Greek Zeus, the sanctuary of
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Furtwängler, Adolf, Ernst R. Fiechter and Hermann Thiersch. 1906.
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smARThistory - East and West Pediments, Temple of Aphaia, Aegina
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statues standing one on either side, an unusual feature. The
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of Athens, which is visible across the gulf on a clear day.
1266:
Webster, T. B. L. 1931. "The Temple of Aphaia at Aegina,"
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Ohly disputes that there is sufficient evidence for this
772:. According to the standard myths, Zeus raped the nymph
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as shown by the exploits of its local heroes in the two
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Ohly detected a (stone socle and mudbrick upper level)
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periods. It is less easy to trace the cult through the
1178:
Cook, R. M. 1974. The Dating of the Aegina Pediments.
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26th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities
1210:. München: Glyptothek: in Kommission bei A. Buchholz.
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of the Temple of Aphaia II showing slotted triglyphs.
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where cult activity is once more reasonably certain.
414:(London, 1797). In 1811, the young English architect
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Aphaia east pediments in the Glyptothek as it is now
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in plan, and has a pronaos and – significantly – an
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The Cambridge Illustrated History of Ancient Greece
1064:"East and West Pediments, Temple of Aphaia, Aegina"
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The Western pediment in the Glyptothek as it is now
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1321:Adolf Furtwängler on the temple's polychromy, 1906
385:technique. These sculptures are on display in the
377:, which are thought to illustrate the change from
1356:6th-century BC religious buildings and structures
1326:Reconstruction of the polychrome Western Pediment
1310:Ferdinand Pajor, "Cockerell and the 'Grand Tour'"
839:Colourful reconstruction of the Eastern pediment
744:in Munich, as exhibited in the architecture of
697:The Doric Temple in the Marmaria area of Delphi
710:persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
8:
1253:Der ältere Porostempel der Aphaia auf Aegina
728:The marbles from the Late Archaic temple of
587:As is the case at the temples of Artemis at
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1315:Perseus website: "Aegina, Temple of Aphaia"
1305:German Knowledge (XXG) page for Dieter Ohly
1217:, Doring Kindersley, Ltd.:2006, p. 96.
37:
1175:, Cambridge University Press, p. 273.
997:Delos) was transferred to Athens in 1834 (
963:The main port and the main city are named
418:, finishing his education on his academic
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29:
1229:Tempel und Heiligtum der Aphaia auf Ägina
776:, who bore the first king of the island,
1222:I frontoni del Tempio di Aphaia ad Egina
1003:National Archaeological Museum of Athens
700:The temple of Artemis at Delion on Paros
667:were of marble, as were the roof tiles.
492:In its earliest phase of use during the
271:Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism
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1371:6th-century BC establishments in Greece
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613:Late Archaic Phase (Aphaia Temple II)
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56:Temple of Aphaia from the southeast.
1351:Ancient Greek sanctuaries in Greece
1160:. Berlin; New York: W. de Gruyter.
967:, after the island. The Temple of
314:. Formerly known as the Temple of
179:640 m (6,900 sq ft)
25:
1201:Aegina, das Heiligthum der Aphaia
1331:The Museum of the Goddess Athena
1251:Schwandner, Ernst-Ludwig. 1985.
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434:. Minor excavations of the east
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1001:), where it can be seen in the
547:Archaic phase (Aphaia Temple I)
1066:. smARThistory at Khan Academy
356:, which was destroyed by fire
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1098:practice is open to question.
930:List of Ancient Greek temples
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1366:Staatliche Antikensammlungen
1295:Temple of Aphaia Photographs
1246:Die Giebelgruppen von Aegina
1171:Cartledge, Paul, Ed., 2002.
792:(father of the Homeric hero
784:(father of the Homeric hero
674:Doric frieze and horizontal
1268:Journal of Hellenic Studies
1220:Invernizzi, Antonio. 1965.
1180:Journal of Hellenic Studies
855:, not the one described by
657:of each side had a pair of
653:, and the central, vegetal
428:Carl Haller von Hallerstein
424:Otto Magnus von Stackelberg
393:Exploration and archaeology
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1270:, 51: 2, pp. 179–183.
1206:Furtwängler, Adolf. 1906.
935:Ancient Greek architecture
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1317:Extensive photo repertory
1255:. Berlin: W. de Gruyter.
1196:, 54, no2 pp. 60–66.
1156:Bankel, Hansgeorg. 1993.
780:. This king had the sons
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302:dedicated to the goddess
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238:Erect with collapsed roof
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1248:. Leipzig : , 1895.
416:Charles Robert Cockerell
298:temple located within a
1224:. Torino: Giappichelli.
903:– the one described by
539:upper walls and wooden
458:Phases of the sanctuary
451:Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner
171:80 m (260 ft)
163:80 m (260 ft)
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134:37.75417°N 23.53333°E
1290:Pedimental Sculpture
1227:Ohly, Dieter. 1977.
863:against the king of
764:and a second led by
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520:Late Geometric phase
510:Sub-Mycenaean period
412:Antiquities of Ionia
310:, which lies in the
154:Ancient Greek temple
27:Ancient Greek temple
1213:Glancey, Jonathan,
1182:, 94 pp. 171.
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1068:. Retrieved
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1045:, and it is
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422:, and Baron
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366:kourotrophoi
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312:Saronic Gulf
291:
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107:Saronic Gulf
1194:Art Journal
899:The second
754:Trojan wars
632:Doric order
630:peripteral
541:entablature
498:seal stones
447:Dieter Ohly
288:Ναός Αφαίας
210:Hellenistic
137: /
113:Coordinates
39:Ναός Αφαίας
1340:Categories
1088:structure.
1049:on Crete.
941:References
901:Trojan war
853:Trojan war
851:The first
734:Glyptothek
655:acroterion
594:architrave
574:tetrastyle
494:Bronze Age
420:Grand Tour
387:Glyptothek
251:Management
230:Site notes
125:23°32′00″E
122:37°45′15″N
43:(in Greek)
973:Acropolis
766:Agamemnon
665:antefixes
651:acroteria
628:hexastyle
565:peribolos
561:peribolos
514:Geometric
436:peribolos
407:Pausanias
243:Ownership
235:Condition
1047:Diktynna
919:See also
911:(son of
868:Laomedon
861:Heracles
794:Achilles
768:against
762:Laomedon
760:against
758:Heracles
641:with an
599:triglyph
570:prostyle
537:mudbrick
504:through
338:) was a
98:, Greece
91:Location
1151:Sources
1039:Artemis
1017:2.30.3
913:Telamon
872:Telamon
782:Telamon
647:pronaos
589:Brauron
502:LHIIIa2
379:Archaic
332:(Greek
316:Jupiter
267:Website
222:, then
202:Periods
189:Founded
184:History
1259:
1238:
1164:
1043:Aphaia
1034:Apollo
1030:Pindar
1026:Aphaia
1022:Aegina
969:Aphaia
965:Aegina
881:Athena
817:geison
811:geison
790:Peleus
788:) and
778:Aiakos
774:Aegina
750:Aegina
730:Aphaia
693:Delphi
645:and a
603:metope
578:adyton
533:socles
506:LHIIIb
371:Minoan
330:Aphaia
308:Aegina
304:Aphaia
294:is an
246:Public
224:Athens
220:Aegina
160:Length
103:Region
96:Attica
1086:oikos
905:Homer
857:Homer
825:geisa
821:geisa
770:Priam
676:geisa
639:cella
582:cella
528:oikos
335:Ἀφαία
320:Doric
290:) or
284:Greek
168:Width
1257:ISBN
1236:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1072:2012
909:Ajax
865:Troy
786:Ajax
687:The
660:kore
601:and
292:Afea
278:The
176:Area
150:Type
1184:doi
1020:On
691:at
584:.
381:to
262:Yes
208:to
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980:^
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358:c.
351:c.
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193:c.
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282:(
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