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deliberately and covertly set by the temple's administrators, who were aware that the temple's foundation was sinking but were prevented from re-siting it elsewhere by religious constraints; Bammer has noted the conservation of the original sacred location throughout successive rebuildings, despite continued problems with flooding and foundations. Karwiese questions the motive of
Herostratus since he only divulged his purpose under torture, which does not fit a man seeking fame.
60:
40:
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356:) of the Lady of Ephesus, which must have been destroyed or recovered from the flood. Bammer notes that though the site was prone to flooding, and raised by silt deposits about two metres between the 8th and 6th centuries, and a further 2.4 m between the sixth and the fourth, its continued use "indicates that maintaining the identity of the actual location played an important role in the sacred organization".
832:. The wealth and splendor of temple and city were taken as evidence of Artemis Ephesia's power, and were the basis for her local and international prestige: despite the successive traumas of Temple destruction, each rebuilding – a gift and honor to the goddess – brought further prosperity. Large numbers of people came to Ephesus in March and in the beginning of May to attend the main Artemis Procession.
770:
797:. The recovered sculptured fragments of the 4th-century rebuilding and a few from the earlier temple, which had been used in the rubble fill for the rebuilding, were assembled and displayed in the "Ephesus Room" of the British Museum. In addition, the museum has part of possibly the oldest cache of coins in the world (600 BC) that had been buried in the foundations of the
1028:, the eternal serpent with its tail in its mouth. In some accounts, the Lady of Ephesus was attended by eunuch priests called "Megabyzoi"; this could have been a proper name or a title. The practise of ritual self-emasculation as qualification to serve a deity is usually identified with Cybele's eunuch mendicant priests, the
1053:—and it is clear that at Ephesus, the identification with Artemis that the Ionian settlers made of the "Lady of Ephesus" was slender. Nevertheless, later Greeks and Romans identified her with both Artemis and Diana, and there was a tradition in ancient Rome that identified her with the goddess Isis as well.
1156:
The intended offering might have included a divine statue of
Alexander himself, or simply an inscription commemorating his subsidy as a gift to the Goddess, with himself as her particular protege. The Ephesians protested with great diplomacy, it being "inappropriate for a god to dedicate offerings to
1072:
Lynn LiDonnici observes that modern scholars are likely to be more concerned with origins of the Lady of
Ephesus and her iconology than her adherents were at any point in time, and are prone to creating a synthetic account of the Lady of Ephesus by drawing together documentation that ranges over more
1039:
A votive inscription mentioned by
Florence Mary Bennett, which dates probably from about the 3rd century BC, associates Ephesian Artemis with Crete: "To the Healer of diseases, to Apollo, Giver of Light to mortals, Eutyches has set up in votive offering the Cretan Lady of Ephesus, the Light-Bearer."
1005:
Robert
Fleischer suggested that instead of breasts, the oval objects were decorations that would have been hung ceremonially on the original wood statue (possibly eggs or the scrotal sacs of sacrificed bulls), and which were incorporated as carved features on later copies. The "breasts" of the Lady
1001:
Evidence suggests that the oval objects were not intended to depict part of the goddess' anatomy at all. In some versions of the statue, the goddess' skin has been painted black, likely to emulate the aged wood of the original, while her clothes and regalia, including the so-called "breasts", were
1124:
The Roman edict of 162 AD was made as a form of official apology and compensation: A senior Roman official had unwittingly offended the goddess by conducting business during one or more of her holy days. The need for, and extent of, the edict shows that the political, economic, and religious
577:
Alexander offered to pay for the temple's rebuilding; the
Ephesians tactfully refused, saying "it would be improper for one god to build a temple to another", and eventually rebuilt it after his death, at their own expense. Work started in 323 BC and continued for many years. The third temple was
859:
festival was increasingly promoted as a key element in the pan-Hellenic festival circuit. It was part of a definitively Greek political and cultural identity, essential to the economic life of the region, and an excellent opportunity for young, unmarried Greeks of both sexes to seek out marriage
1010:
gourd-shaped drops, elliptical in cross-section and drilled for hanging, that were rediscovered in the archaeological excavations of 1987–1988. These objects remained in place where the ancient wooden statue of the goddess had been caught by an 8th-century flood. This form of jewelry, then, had
557:
Herostratus' part in the temple's destruction has been questioned in modern scholarship. Stefan
Karweise notes that any arsonist would have needed access to the wooden roof framing; Dieter Knibbe writes of an "entire corps" of attested temple guards and custodians. The fire might even have been
330:
temple with a floor of hard-packed clay was constructed in the second half of the 8th century BC. The peripteral temple at
Ephesus offers the earliest example of a peripteral type on the coast of Asia Minor, and perhaps the earliest Greek temple surrounded by colonnades anywhere.
851:
and brought
Persian priests into her Ephesian cult; this was not forgiven. When Alexander conquered the Persians, his offer to finance the temple's second rebuilding was politely but firmly refused. Ephesian Artemis lent her city's diplomacy a powerful religious edge.
985:
The traditional interpretation of the oval objects covering the upper part of the
Ephesian Artemis is that they represent multiple breasts, symbolizing her fertility. This interpretation began in late antiquity and resulted in designations of the Ephesian goddess as
699:, under their leaders "Respa, Veduc, and Thurar", "laid waste many populous cities and set fire to the renowned temple of Diana at Ephesus." The extent and severity of the damage are unknown; the temple may have lain derelict until its official closure during the
928:, a virgin goddess of the hunt, the wilderness and the moon, who, despite being a goddess of childbirth was nevertheless known for her chastity. At Ephesus, a goddess whom the Greeks associated with Artemis was venerated in an archaic, pre-Hellenic
2233:, 14.1.23; sometimes the existence of a college is disputed and rather, a succession of priests given the title of "Megabyzos" is preferred. They may have been few in number; their existence in any form is also disputed; see Roller, Lynn E.,
478:, seemingly unaware of the ancient continuity of the sacred site, claims that the new temple's architects chose to build it on marshy ground as a precaution against earthquakes, with lower foundation layers of fleeces and pounded charcoal.
707:
comments on its closure, perhaps as early as 407 CE, or no later than the mid 5th century. After closure and after the city had become Christian, the name of Artemis appears to have been erased from inscriptions throughout Ephesus.
1393:
Valerius Maximus, Memorable deeds and sayings, 8. 14. 5: "A man was found to plan the burning of the temple of Ephesian Diana so that through the destruction of this most beautiful building his name might be spread through the whole
688:, the annual Ephesian festival to Artemis, and officially extended it from a few holy days over March–April to a whole month, "one of the largest and most magnificent religious festivals in Ephesus' liturgical calendar".
839:) could be found throughout the Greek world, but Ephesian Artemis was unique. The Ephesians considered her theirs, and resented any foreign claims to her protection. Once Persia ousted and replaced their Lydian overlord
485:
and various goods. It also offered sanctuary to those fleeing persecution or punishment, a tradition linked in myth to the Amazons who twice fled there seeking the goddess's protection from punishment, firstly by
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Destroying the delusive image of the demon Artemis, Demeas has erected this symbol of Truth, the God that drives away idols, and the Cross of priests, deathless and victorious sign of Christ.
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The Christian approach was at variance with the syncretistic approach of pagans to gods who were not theirs. A Christian inscription at Ephesus suggests why so little remains at the site:
455:
A rich foundation deposit from this era, also called the "Artemision deposit", yielded more than a thousand items, including what may be the earliest coins made from the silver-gold alloy
225:; but when I saw the house of Artemis that mounted to the clouds, those other marvels lost their brilliancy, and I said, "Lo, apart from Olympus, the Sun never looked on aught so grand".
2142:
Nielsen, M. (2009). Diana Efesia Multimammia: The metamorphosis of a pagan goddess from the Renaissance to the age of Neo-Classicism. In Tobias Fischer-Hansen & Birte Poulsen, eds.
1927:
334:
In the 7th century BC, a flood destroyed the temple, depositing over half a meter of sand and flotsam over the original clay floor. Among the flood debris were the remains of a carved
2811:
1064:
The assertion that the Ephesians thought that their cult image had fallen from the sky, though it was a familiar origin-myth at other sites, is only known at Ephesus from Acts 19:35:
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1282:
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470:
Fragments of bas-relief on the lowest drums of the temple columns, preserved in the British Museum, show that the enriched columns of the later temple, of which a few survive (
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Ephesus: Geschichte einer bedeutenden antiken Stadt und Portrait einer modernen Grossgrabung im 102. Jahr der Wiederkehr des Beginnes österreichischer Forschungen (1895–1997)
318:
seemed to identify three successive temple buildings. Re-excavations in 1987–88 and re-appraisal of Hogarth's account confirmed that the site was occupied as early as the
2806:
998:'s Christian attacks on pagan popular religion, and modern scholarship has cast doubt on the traditional interpretation that the statue depicts a many-breasted goddess.
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681:
and "of a sudden the altar of Artemis split in many pieces ... and half the temple fell down," instantly converting the Ephesians, who wept, prayed, or took flight.
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1317:
notes works attributed to him. Most importantly, the Ephesians of Mucianus' time maintained the tradition that a particular sculptor had created the remade image (
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The features are most similar to Near-Eastern and Egyptian deities, and least similar to Greek ones. The body and legs are enclosed within a tapering pillar-like
704:
700:
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with destroying the temple, referring to him as "the destroyer of the demons and overthrower of the temple of Diana". A later Archbishop of Constantinople,
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2585:
1068:
What man is there that knoweth not how that the city of the Ephesians is a worshipper of the great goddess Diana, and of the which fell down from Jupiter?
1084:
1552:
546:
describes the temple's conflagration, but not its cause. In Greek and Roman historical tradition, the temple's destruction coincided with the birth of
1293:
Herodotus' statement to this effect is confirmed by the conjectural reading of a fragmentary dedicatory inscription, conserved in the British Museum (
623:. Literary sources describe the temple's adornment by paintings, columns gilded with gold and silver, and religious works of renowned Greek sculptors
2756:
1313:, who thought that the cult image by an "Endoios" was extremely ancient, however. Endoios' name appears in late 7th-century Attic inscriptions, and
250:
The Temple of Artemis (artemisia) was located near the ancient city of Ephesus, about 75 kilometres (47 mi) south from the modern port city of
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578:
larger than the second; 137 m (450 ft) long by 69 m (225 ft) wide and 18 m (60 ft) high, with more than 127 columns.
1746:
1185:
1931:
1804:
1773:
1524:
1492:
1281:
see Kevin Leloux, "The Campaign Of Croesus Against Ephesus: Historical & Archaeological Considerations", in Polemos 21-2, 2018, p. 47–63
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481:
The temple became an important attraction, visited by merchants, kings, and sightseers, many of whom paid homage to Artemis in the form of
725:, noted the achievements of John, saying "In Ephesus, he despoiled the art of Midas," but there is little evidence to support this claim.
619:(6th century BC). Pliny describes images of Amazons, the legendary founders of Ephesus and Ephesian Artemis' original protégés, carved by
554:
remarks that Artemis was too preoccupied with Alexander's delivery to save her burning temple; he does not specify a cause for the fire.
793:. These excavations continued until 1874. A few further fragments of sculpture were found during the 1904–1906 excavations directed by
2816:
2608:
1697:
1147:
Date 268 CE from Wolfram (1979, 1988) who correlates multiple sources to correct the date of the Gothic advance into the Aegean.
1091:
194:
64:
31:
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2159:
415:
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383:. It was 115 m (377 ft) long and 46 m (151 ft) wide, supposedly the first Greek temple built of marble. Its
2766:
2321:
1408:
2151:
1852:
467:, with the legend ΦΑΕΝΟΣ ΕΜΙ ΣΗΜΑ (or similar) ("I am the badge of Phanes"), or just bearing the name ΦΑΝΕΟΣ ("of Phanes").
1874:
1105:
911:
896:
1713:
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pottery and crude clay animal figurines, but warned "it is still to early to come to conclusions about a cult sequence."
962:
715:
1624:
1395:
2801:
127:). By AD 401 it had been ruined or destroyed. Only foundations and fragments of the last temple remain at the site.
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2682:
2642:
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1953:
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868:' best paintings, which depicted the goddess's image carried through the streets and surrounded by maidens. In the
745:
210:
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At least some of the stone from the abandoned temple was used in construction of other buildings. A legend of the
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1830:
1581:
722:
206:
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columns stood some 13 m (40 ft) high, in double rows that formed a wide ceremonial passage around the
275:
was certain that it antedated the Ionic immigration by many years, being older even than the oracular shrine of
2688:
2652:
112:
2518:
2253:
541:
314:
Pausanias's estimation of the site's antiquity seems well-founded. Before World War I, site excavations by
1314:
604:
272:
2508:
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1991:. For an exposition of the mechanisms involved in these social, religious, and economic advantages, see
1721:
624:
579:
372:'s empire and was overlord of Ephesus. It was designed and constructed from around 550 BC by the Cretan
222:
2399:
LiDonnici, Lynn R. (1992). "The Images of Artemis Ephesia and Greco-Roman Worship: A Reconsideration".
1125:
importance of Ephesian Artemis was undiminished in 162, more than one hundred years after Paul's visit.
611:(Artemis "of the first seat") and a gallery of images above this altar, including an ancient figure of
242:, as demonstrated in this imagined portrayal of the temple in a 16th-century hand-colored engraving by
785:
The site of the temple was rediscovered in 1869, after six years of searching by an expedition led by
2668:
1049:
794:
460:
451:
grazing right, ΦΑΝΕΟΣ (retrograde). Reverse: Two incuse punches, each with raised intersecting lines.
440:
315:
189:
The next, greatest, and last form of the temple, funded by the Ephesians themselves, is described in
2186:
and Brita Alroth, among others, criticised and rejected by Robert Fleischer, but widely popularized.
1073:
than a millennium in its origins, creating a falsified, unitary picture, as of an unchanging icon.
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711:
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59:
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1764:. Pelican History of Art (4th ed.). New Haven, CT / London: Yale University Press. p.
1796:
808:, is marked by a single column constructed of miscellaneous fragments discovered at the site.
307:, legendary warrior-women whose religious practise he imagined already centered upon an image (
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2238:
2155:
2147:
1800:
1769:
1765:
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1689:
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311:) of Artemis, their matron goddess. Pausanias believed that the temple pre-dated the Amazons.
243:
218:
140:
108:
2528:
945:, from which the goddess' feet protrude. On the coins minted at Ephesus, the goddess wears a
2781:
2410:
2371:
2330:
2286:
1988:
1967:
1033:
1012:
843:, the Ephesians played down his contribution to the temple's restoration. On the whole, the
786:
778:
729:
435:
The earliest known inscribed coinage, from the foundation deposit of the Temple of Artemis:
88:
51:
17:
1437:
904:
889:
860:
partners. Games, contests and theatrical performances were held in the goddess's name, and
427:, 625–600 BC. Stag grazing right, ΦΑΕΝΟΣ ΕΜΙ ΣΕΜΑ (retrograde, "I am the badge of Phanes").
2076:
1820:
1244:
1198:
1047:
assimilated all foreign gods under some form of the Olympian pantheon familiar to them—in
920:
From the Greek point of view, the Ephesian Artemis is a distinctive form of their goddess
861:
740:
718:
514:
In 356 BC, the temple burned down. Various sources describe this as a vainglorious act of
475:
394:
178:, and took 10 years to complete. This version of the temple was destroyed in 356 BC by an
971:
828:" refer to the later founder-myths of Greek émigrés who developed the cult and temple of
47:
Park, Istanbul, Turkey, attempts to recreate the probable appearance of the third temple.
2513:
847:
dealt fairly with Ephesus, but removed some religious artifacts from Artemis' Temple to
607:(c. 2nd century AD) reports another image and altar in the temple, dedicated to Artemis
2541:
2183:
1844:
1790:
1592:
991:
798:
790:
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were taken from the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, but there is no truth to this story.
656:
598:
80:
2735:
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2006:
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Bammer offers a critical re-appraisal of Hogarth's methods, findings and conclusions.
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652:
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that housed the goddess's cult image. Thirty-six of these columns were, according to
323:
1484:
Gross ist die Artemis von Ephesos: die Geschichte einer der grossen Städt der Antike
1414:
647:
This reconstruction survived for 600 years and appears multiple times in early
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869:
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670:
661:
648:
593:
564:
503:
343:
100:
44:
1893:
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in Ephesus caused locals to fear for the temple's dishonor. The 2nd century
522:, who set fire to the wooden roof-beams, seeking fame at any cost; thus the term
2547:
2273:
946:
769:
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519:
376:
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drops of elliptical cross-section. These probably once dressed a wooden effigy (
292:
239:
234:
183:
159:
144:
864:
describes her procession as a magnificent crowd-puller; it was shown in one of
824:" but nothing is known of her cult. The literary accounts that describe it as "
2414:
2359:
1295:
A Guide to the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the British Museum
1044:
929:
674:
666:
533:
499:
398:
384:
327:
319:
131:
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The Western Shores of Turkey: Discovering the Aegean and Mediterranean Coasts
597:
A drum from the base of a column from the 4th-century rebuilding, now in the
1024:
537:
380:
373:
167:
163:
2449:
The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World: Science, Engineering and Technology
2116:
The iconic images have been most thoroughly assembled by Robert Fleischer,
805:
255:
120:
39:
1032:. The Megabyzoi of Ephesian Artemis were assisted by young, virgin girls (
684:
Against this, a Roman edict of 162 AD acknowledges the importance of
2097:
1866:
1641:
1310:
873:
754:
692:
636:
632:
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587:
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considers Herostratus a "useful idiot in the service of the priesthood."
551:
528:. For this outrage, the Ephesians sentenced the perpetrator to death and
491:
487:
456:
436:
420:
251:
2572:
2118:
Artemis von Ephesos und der erwandte Kultstatue von Anatolien und Syrien
1355:, translated by H. Rackham et al., 36. 21., Loeb Classical Library, 1938
2537:
2422:
2383:
2011:
1368:, University of California Press, 1996, ISBN 0-520-20098-5, pp. 385–387
966:
Traditional many-breasted interpretation in a 16th-century fountain of
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865:
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825:
774:
616:
583:
482:
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339:
304:
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171:
158:
Its reconstruction, in more grandiose form, began around 550 BC, under
152:
135:
116:
104:
2342:
1928:"British Museum – The pot-hoard from the Temple of Artemis at Ephesos"
1338:
CNG: IONIA, Ephesos. Phanes. Circa 625–600 BC. EL Trite (14mm, 4.67 g)
459:. The deposit contains some of the earliest inscribed coins, those of
397:, decorated by carvings in relief. A new ebony or blackened grapewood
2226:
2055:
2038:
2007:"Archaeologists Unveil Blazing Mosaics From Apostle Paul-era Ephesus"
995:
950:
934:
925:
848:
620:
506:
in the temple with the boys, and later deposited his writings there.
352:
280:
276:
124:
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1743:
Ephesus After Antiquity: A late antique, Byzantine, and Turkish city
1182:
Ephesus after antiquity: a late antique, Byzantine, and Turkish city
876:
lent his name to the festival games, and might have sponsored them.
2480:
The Seven Wonders of the World: A history of the modern imagination
2334:
1576:
as a separate aspect of Ephesian cult to Artemis, see Strelan, R.,
254:, in Turkey. Today the site lies on the edge of the modern town of
1029:
1007:
990:
and other related descriptions. This interpretation was rooted in
979:
961:
955:
768:
739:
The main primary sources for the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus are
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678:
592:
515:
430:
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389:
369:
347:
335:
288:
233:
179:
175:
58:
50:
38:
27:
Ancient Greek temple in Ephesus (near present-day Selçuk, Turkey)
1950:
Power and Place: Temple and identity in the 'Book of Revelation'
1018:
On the coins she rests either arm on a staff formed of entwined
448:
2581:
855:
Under Hellenic rule, and later, under Roman rule, the Ephesian
612:
1243:, p. 142 noted some still earlier placements of stones,
2196:
Fleischer (1983). "Neues zur kleinasiatischen Kultstatue".
2172:
Seiterle (1979). "Artemis: die Grosse Göttin von Ephesos".
502:, thoroughly disapproving of civil life at Ephesus, played
283:. He said that the pre-Ionic inhabitants of the city were
2235:
In Search of God the Mother: The Cult of Anatolian Cybele,
1894:"Ephesos – An Ancient Metropolis: Exploration and History"
1366:
Asylia: Territorial Inviolability in the Hellenistic World
322:, with a sequence of pottery finds that extend forward to
2529:
World History Encyclopedia - Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
1443:
The Internet Classics Archive | Meteorology by Aristotle
924:. In Greek cult and myth, Artemis is the twin sister of
346:, apparently North Syrian, and some drilled tear-shaped
2362:
of the Geometric Period in the Artemision of Ephesus".
2319:
Arnold, Irene Ringwood (1972). "Festivals of Ephesus".
1572:, trans Jones and Ormerod, 1918, from perseus.org. For
820:
beneath the later temples clearly housed some form of "
103:
dedicated to an ancient, localised form of the goddess
2752:
Buildings and structures demolished in the 5th century
2237:
University of California Press, 1999, p. 253, note 52
1686:
Hellenic Religion and Christianization c. 370–529
804:
Today the site of the temple, which lies just outside
155:. In the 7th century BC, it was destroyed by a flood.
2787:
Religious buildings and structures destroyed by arson
1410:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
1094:
A 360-degree panoramic view of the site of the temple
2466:
Rodríguez Moya, Inmaculada; Mínguez, Víctor (2017).
1913:
The sculptures were published in the British Museum
1795:(1st ed.). New York: Electa / Rizzoli. p.
1659:
1657:
1655:
407:
to house it was erected east of the open-air altar.
2661:
2615:
2468:
The Seven Ancient Wonders In the Early Modern World
2144:
From Artemis to Diana: The Goddess of Man and Beast
1553:"Strabo, Geography, Book 14, chapter 1, section 22"
238:The fame of the Temple of Artemis was known in the
2482:(1st American ed.). New York, NY: Henry Holt.
1636:
1634:
615:(the primordial goddess of Night) by the sculptor
2747:6th-century BC religious buildings and structures
1943:
1941:
1896:. Austrian Archaeological Institute. October 2008
1668:. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. pp. 52 ff.
1606:Christianizing the Roman Empire A.D. 100–400
1006:of Ephesus, it now appears, were likely based on
364:The new temple was sponsored at least in part by
2293:1984, ch. III "Christianity as presented" p. 18.
1138:are otherwise unknown; see Wolfram (1979, 1988).
1476:
1474:
182:, commonly thought to have been a madman named
2812:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
701:persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
2593:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1309:, 16.79.213–16; Pliny's source was the Roman
910:The Lady of Ephesus no. 718, 1st century AD,
895:The Lady of Ephesus no. 712, 1st century AD,
8:
2550:Religious Cults Associated with the Amazons:
1256:The flood is dated by fragmentary ceramics:
1210:
1208:
1002:left unpainted or cast in different colors.
773:Reconstructive plan of Temple of Artemis at
30:For other shrines dedicated to Artemis, see
2554:: Chapter III: Ephesian Artemis (text)
2270:Religious Cults Associated with the Amazons
1679:
1677:
1675:
590:, as sculptor of Artemis' main cult image.
2772:Buildings and structures in İzmir Province
2600:
2586:
2578:
2291:Christianizing the Roman Empire AD 100–400
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
1762:Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture
673:prayed publicly in the Temple of Artemis,
2451:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
2302:
2063:
2025:
1992:
1984:
1318:
835:Artemis' shrines, temples and festivals (
498:claims that the misanthropic philosopher
474:) were versions of this earlier feature.
205:on which is a road for chariots, and the
2112:
2110:
43:This model of the Temple of Artemis, at
2272:(1912): Chapter III: Ephesian Artemis (
2059:
2058:'s account is variously interpreted in
1745:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1564:
1562:
1169:
1117:
949:(like a city's walls), an attribute of
732:claims that some of the columns in the
530:forbade anyone from mentioning his name
2762:Ancient Greek buildings and structures
2214:
2093:
1879:(Plutarch mentions the burning of the
1621:Paul, Artemis, and the Jews in Ephesus
1578:Paul, Artemis, and the Jews in Ephesus
1539:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1269:
1257:
1240:
1228:
669:tale of the temple's destruction: The
651:accounts of Ephesus. According to the
130:The earliest version of the temple (a
2807:Tourist attractions in İzmir Province
2100:for marriage-broking at the Ephesian
2005:Bohstrom, Philippe (11 August 2016).
201:I have set eyes on the wall of lofty
7:
1684:Trombley, Frank R. (December 1995).
1184:, Cambridge University Press, 1979,
267:) at Ephesus was far older than the
938:) and kept decorated with jewelry.
2792:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
2609:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
1968:Publius Aelius Aristides Theodorus
1396:Valerius Maximus, VIII. 14. ext. 5
65:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
32:Temple of Artemis (disambiguation)
25:
2573:Pictures of the current situation
2562:, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
1930:. 5 February 2015. Archived from
1380:Lives of the eminent philosophers
67:, including the Temple of Artemis
1083:
903:
888:
2757:1869 archaeological discoveries
2569:(W. R. Lethaby, 1908)
2447:Higgins, Michael Denis (2023).
2322:American Journal of Archaeology
401:was sculpted by Endoios, and a
1714:"Temple of Artemis at Ephesus"
1688:. Vol. 1. Brill. p.
1011:already been developed by the
953:as a protector of cities (see
55:The site of the temple in 2017
1:
1760:Krautheimer, Richard (1986).
1487:(in German). Phoibos Verlag.
1446:. Translated by E. W. Webster
1413:. p. 439. Archived from
1106:List of Ancient Greek temples
912:Ephesus Archaeological Museum
897:Ephesus Archaeological Museum
643:Further claims of destruction
217:, and the huge labour of the
207:statue of Zeus by the Alpheus
2519:Resources in other libraries
1186:pp. 86–89 & footnote 83.
716:Archbishop of Constantinople
550:(around 20/21 July 356 BC).
170:. The project was funded by
18:Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
2478:; Romer, Elizabeth (1995).
2146:. Museum Tusculanum Press.
1948:Stevenson, Gregory (2001).
932:that was carved of wood (a
463:, dated to 625–600 BC from
2833:
2683:Eighth Wonder of the World
2675:Seven Wonders of the World
2643:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
2628:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
2470:. New York, NY: Routledge.
2402:Harvard Theological Review
1604:MacMullen, Ramsay (1984).
1180:2004, p. 148; Clive Foss,
657:first Christian missionary
29:
2817:Amazons (Greek mythology)
2633:Statue of Zeus at Olympia
2567:Diana's Temple at Ephesus
2514:Resources in your library
2415:10.1017/S0017816000008208
2358:Bammer, Anton (1990). "A
2182:accepted in the 1980s by
1664:Wolfram, Herwig (1988) .
1627:– via Google Books.
1481:Karwiese, Stefan (1995).
1136:Respa, Veduco, and Thurar
765:Rediscovery of the temple
119:(near the modern town of
84:
2797:Temples in ancient Ionia
2689:New7Wonders of the World
2653:Lighthouse of Alexandria
2198:Archäologischer Anzeiger
988:Diana Efesia Multimammia
691:In 268 AD, according to
655:, the appearance of the
299:attributed the earliest
63:Timeline and map of the
2777:Destroyed Greek temples
2548:Florence Mary Bennett,
2268:Florence Mary Bennett,
1747:86–87 & footnote 83
1513:Knibbe, Dieter (1998).
1407:Smith, William (1849).
1307:Pliny's Natural History
447:, 625–600 BC. Obverse:
193:'s list of the world's
151:, attributed it to the
2767:Ancient Greek religion
1952:. de Gruyter. p.
1915:Catalogue of Sculpture
1792:Byzantine Architecture
1619:Strelan, Rick (1996).
1519:(in German). P. Lang.
1382:, Book 9, "Heraclitus"
1070:
1062:
982:
782:
705:Ammonius of Alexandria
601:
452:
428:
324:Middle Geometric times
247:
227:
92:
68:
56:
48:
2718:37.94972°N 27.36389°E
2623:Great Pyramid of Giza
2124:(Leiden: Brill) 1973.
1789:Mango, Cyril (1985).
1216:Description of Greece
1066:
1058:
965:
789:and sponsored by the
772:
596:
580:Athenagoras of Athens
434:
418:
237:
199:
115:). It was located in
95:), also known as the
62:
54:
42:
2669:Wonders of the World
2096:, p. 18, cites
1995:, pp. 70–80 ff.
1741:Foss, Clive (1979).
1718:Encyclopaedia Romana
1666:History of the Goths
1580:, de Gruyter, 1996,
1574:Artemis Protothronia
1542:, pp. 144, 153.
1272:, pp. 144, 153.
1050:interpretatio graeca
1043:The Greek habits of
795:David George Hogarth
316:David George Hogarth
230:Location and history
2714: /
1987:, p. 77 cites
1934:on 5 February 2015.
1917:, vol. II, part VI.
1417:on February 2, 2007
1378:Diogenes Laertius,
712:Cyril of Alexandria
548:Alexander the Great
215:colossus of the Sun
2802:Temples of Artemis
2723:37.94972; 27.36389
2648:Colossus of Rhodes
2062:, p. 80, and
1972:Concerning Concord
1625:57–58, footnote 83
1231:, pp. 137–160
983:
870:Roman Imperial era
812:Cult and influence
783:
602:
472:illustration below
453:
429:
411:Foundation deposit
303:at Ephesus to the
248:
191:Antipater of Sidon
69:
57:
49:
2742:Temple of Artemis
2697:
2696:
2638:Temple of Artemis
2616:The Seven Wonders
2560:Temple of Artemis
2540:) objects at the
2534:Temple of Artemis
2500:Temple of Artemis
2495:Library resources
2364:Anatolian Studies
1871:Life of Alexander
1806:978-0-8478-0615-7
1775:978-0-300-05296-1
1526:978-3-631-32152-2
1494:978-3-901232-05-3
1466:Life of Alexander
1364:Rigsby, Kent J.,
1351:Pliny the Elder,
1022:or of a stack of
496:Diogenes Laertius
261:The sacred site (
244:Martin Heemskerck
141:Ionic immigration
73:Temple of Artemis
16:(Redirected from
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1013:Geometric Period
907:
892:
880:Ephesian Artemis
787:John Turtle Wood
779:John Turtle Wood
730:Late Middle Ages
695:, a raid by the
568:
536:later noted it.
525:herostratic fame
223:tomb of Mausolus
139:) antedated the
93:Artemis Tapınağı
86:
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2440:Further reading
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2376:10.2307/3642799
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2081:Natural History
2077:Pliny the Elder
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1821:Pliny the Elder
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1438:"Book 3 Part 1"
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1353:Natural History
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1321:, p. 398).
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1199:Greek Anthology
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830:Artemis Ephesia
814:
767:
746:Natural History
741:Pliny the Elder
719:John Chrysostom
645:
575:
562:
512:
476:Pliny the Elder
419:Electrotype of
413:
395:Pliny the Elder
362:
297:Hymn to Artemis
232:
221:, and the vast
211:hanging gardens
149:Hymn to Artemis
143:by many years.
123:in present-day
97:Temple of Diana
35:
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2489:External links
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2409:(4): 389–415.
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2335:10.2307/503607
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2303:LiDonnici 1992
2295:
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2217:, p. 153.
2207:
2188:
2184:Walter Burkert
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2509:Online books
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2363:
2329:(1): 17–22.
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2298:
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2274:on-line text
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2042:
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2021:
2010:
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1980:
1971:
1962:
1949:
1932:the original
1922:
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1909:
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1888:
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1720:. Penelope.
1717:
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1415:the original
1409:
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734:Hagia Sophia
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671:apostle John
665:includes an
662:Acts of John
660:
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608:
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504:knucklebones
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379:and his son
363:
360:Second phase
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344:Tree of Life
338:plaque of a
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300:
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260:
249:
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101:Greek temple
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2677:(1956 film)
2476:Romer, John
2370:: 137–160.
2231:Geographica
2215:Bammer 1990
2174:Antike Welt
1623:. pp.
1568:Pausanias,
1540:Bammer 1990
1436:Aristotle.
1384:, Loeb edn.
1270:Bammer 1990
1258:Bammer 1990
1241:Bammer 1990
1229:Bammer 1990
1214:Pausanias,
1196:Antipater,
947:mural crown
757:'s Life of
573:Third phase
563: [
543:Meteorology
532:, although
520:Herostratus
510:Destruction
399:cult statue
377:Chersiphron
293:Callimachus
240:Renaissance
184:Herostratus
160:Chersiphron
145:Callimachus
2736:Categories
2709:27°21′50″E
2706:37°56′59″N
2360:Peripteros
2285:Quoted in
2254:Xenophon,
2152:8763507889
2045:. 14.1.22.
1900:2009-11-01
1881:Artemiseum
1727:2020-07-05
1722:U. Chicago
1593:Acts 19:27
1468:, 1. 3. 5.
1464:Plutarch,
1165:References
1134:The names
1045:syncretism
930:cult image
686:Artemesion
675:exorcising
667:apocryphal
625:Polyclitus
534:Theopompus
518:by a man,
500:Heraclitus
423:coin from
385:peripteral
328:peripteral
320:Bronze Age
269:Artemision
213:, and the
209:, and the
132:Bronze Age
85:Ἀρτεμίσιον
77:Artemision
2431:154679084
2392:164151382
2351:191403956
2102:Artemesia
2043:Geography
1989:Aristides
1648:. xx.107.
1315:Pausanias
1245:Mycenaean
1112:Footnotes
1025:ouroboroi
857:Artemisia
837:Artemisia
826:Amazonian
759:Alexander
714:credited
649:Christian
605:Pausanias
538:Aristotle
381:Metagenes
374:architect
326:, when a
295:, in his
273:Pausanias
168:Metagenes
164:architect
147:, in his
45:Miniatürk
2256:Anabasis
2204:: 81–93.
2098:Xenophon
2083:. 35–93.
1867:Plutarch
1642:Jordanes
1421:July 21,
1311:Mucianus
1218:7.2.6–8.
1100:See also
1077:Panorama
1020:serpents
874:Commodus
845:Persians
801:temple.
755:Plutarch
693:Jordanes
637:Phradmon
633:Cresilas
629:Pheidias
588:Daedalus
552:Plutarch
492:Heracles
488:Dionysus
457:electrum
439:coin of
437:electrum
421:electrum
342:and the
271:itself.
180:arsonist
99:, was a
2782:Ephesus
2662:Related
2544:website
2538:Ephesos
2423:1510059
2384:3642799
2312:Sources
2258:, 5.3.7
2180:: 3–16.
2012:Haaretz
1582:p. 157.
1570:10.38.6
1394:world."
1157:a god".
922:Artemis
866:Apelles
841:Croesus
818:temenos
799:Archaic
775:Ephesus
753:, and
723:Proclus
617:Rhoecus
584:Endoeus
483:jewelry
465:Ephesus
445:Ephesus
425:Ephesus
404:naiskos
366:Croesus
340:griffin
305:Amazons
301:temenos
289:Lydians
285:Leleges
264:temenos
203:Babylon
172:Croesus
153:Amazons
136:temenos
117:Ephesus
105:Artemis
89:Turkish
2552:(1912)
2497:about
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2039:Strabo
1803:
1772:
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1646:Getica
1523:
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1202:IX.58.
996:Jerome
976:Tivoli
951:Cybele
935:xoanon
926:Apollo
849:Sardis
806:Selçuk
781:(1877)
679:demons
635:, and
621:Scopas
582:names
461:Phanes
441:Phanes
353:xoanon
309:bretas
281:Didyma
277:Apollo
256:Selçuk
125:Turkey
121:Selçuk
2427:S2CID
2419:JSTOR
2388:S2CID
2380:JSTOR
2347:S2CID
2339:JSTOR
2120:EPRO
1974:. 25.
1954:70–80
1875:III.5
1450:5 May
1034:korai
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1008:amber
980:Italy
956:polos
862:Pliny
697:Goths
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516:arson
443:from
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252:İzmir
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109:Diana
81:Greek
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