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38:
249:...having made their way to the rear of the main pass, at daylight, under cover of the morning mist, they boldly pushed in upon the astonished Carducians. The blare of their many trumpets gave notice of their successful detour to Xenophon, as well as adding to the confusion of the enemy. The main army at once joined in the attack from the valley side, and the Carducians were driven from their stronghold.
116:
391:
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boulders, a soldier would leap into the trees, and he "did this so often that at last there was quite a heap of stones lying in front of him, but he himself was untouched." Then, "the other men followed his example, and made it a sort of game, enjoying the sensation, pleasant alike to old and young, of courting danger for a moment, and then quickly escaping it.
664:
167:, a leading satrap of Artaxerxes, but he demanded their complete surrender, which they refused. This presented Tissaphernes with a problem – a large army of heavily-armed troops, which he could not defeat by frontal assault. He supplied them with food and, after a long wait, led them northwards for home.
295:
When the stones were almost exhausted, the soldiers raced one another over the exposed part of the road", storming the fortress, where most of the now neutralized garrison barely put up a fight. The inhabitants threw their children over the walls, before throwing themselves down to their deaths, both
219:
river, they seemed to be surrounded. A Rhodian proposed a plan in exchange for a talent; all goats, cattle, sheep, and donkeys were to be slaughtered and their bodies stuffed with hay, laid across the river, and sewn up and covered with soil so as not to be slippery. This was refused, for it would've
260:
Xenophon's scouts quickly found another ford across the river, but the
Persians moved and blocked this as well. Xenophon sent a small force back toward the other ford, causing the anxious Persians to detach a major part of their force. Xenophon stormed and completely overwhelmed the force remaining
244:
The Ten
Thousand made their way in and were fired at with stones and arrows for several days before they reached a defile where the main Carduchian host stood. In the Battle of the Carduchian Defile, Xenophon had 8,000 men make a diversionary attack on this host whilst he marched the other 2,000
227:
On this retreat also was first shown the necessary, if cruel, means of arresting a pursuing enemy by the systematic devastation of the country traversed and the destruction of its villages to deprive him of food and shelter. And
Xenophon is moreover the first who established in the rear of the
291:
At a stage when the Greeks were in desperate need of food, they decided upon attacking a wooden castle known to have provisions. The castle, however, was located on a hill surrounded by forest. Xenophon ordered small parties of his men to appear on the hill road; and when the defenders flung
697:. It tells the story of a gang (the Dominators) from New York's Coney Island forced to fight their way home from the Bronx after an all-city gang meeting at which a would-be gang-unifier is killed, the Dominators are blamed, and lose their leader. The novel was adapted into the 1979 film
211:
One night, Xenophon formed a body of archers and light cavalry. When the
Persian cavalry arrived the next day, now shooting within several yards, Xenophon suddenly unleashed his new cavalry in a charge, smashing into the stunned and confused enemy, killing many and routing the rest.
287:
Winter had by now arrived as the Greeks marched through
Armenia "absolutely unprovided with clothing suitable for such weather", inflicting more casualties than they suffered through their ambush of a local satrap's force and the flanking of another force.
149:
that the Greek heavy troops routed their opposition twice at Cunaxa at the cost of only one Greek soldier wounded. Only after the battle did they hear that Cyrus had been killed, making their victory irrelevant and the expedition a failure.
484:, promised to pay them and brought them over to Byzantium. Here Anaxibius attempted to send them forward on their march without fulfilling his agreement. A fight ensued, in which Anaxibius was compelled to flee for refuge to the
207:
Xenophon and his men initially had to deal with volleys from a minor force of harassing
Persian missile cavalry. Every day, this cavalry, finding no opposition from the Ten Thousand, moved cautiously closer and closer.
631:
was recognized as the commander of the army. When
Tissaphernes arrested and executed Clearchus, Proxenus, Menon, Agias (possibly the same person as Sophaenetus), and Socrates, their places were taken by Xenophon the
240:...a fierce, war-like race, who had never been conquered. Once the Great King had sent into their country an army of 120,000 men, to subdue them, but of all that great host not one had ever seen his home again.
1519:
655:
When the Ten
Thousand started their journey in 401 BC, Xenophon stated that they numbered around 10,400. At the time Xenophon left them two years later, their number had dwindled to just under 6,000.
347:
The
Colchians, seeing they were being outflanked, divided their army to check the Greek deployment, opening a gap in their line through which Xenophon rushed in his reserves, scoring a Greek victory.
1514:
257:, only to find a major Persian force blocking the route north. With the Carduchians surging toward the Greek rear, Xenophon again faced the threat of total destruction in battle.
1509:
1417:
803:. After a lost battle deep in enemy space, the leadership of the alliance fleet gets captured and executed, and the long-lost hero must lead his desperate fleet home to safety.
703:. In the film, the would-be emperor figure is named Cyrus, the Coney Island gang's fallen leader is named Cleon, and the film's final scenes take place at the edge of the sea.
344:, vassals of the Persians, in mountainous country. Xenophon ordered his men to deploy their line extremely thin, so as to overlap the enemy, while keeping a strong reserve.
1413:
753:
has a campaign mission called "Xenophon's March" based on this event. In the mission, the player has to lead a squad of Greek troops through hostile territory to get home.
498:
In view of his originality and tactical genius, Xenophon's conduct of the retreat caused Dodge to name the
Athenian the greatest general to precede Alexander the Great.
746:
shows the bulk of US Forces in modern Europe fighting their way across and out of Germany after the Germans steal nuclear weapons being removed from Ukraine.
491:
Soon after this, the Greeks left the town under the command of the adventurer Coeratades; and Anaxibius issued a proclamation, subsequently acted on by the
732:
features a plot revolving around a group of mercenaries caught behind enemy lines, who must fight their way out. Drake's own writings describe Xenophon's
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1052:
1393:
177:
The Greek senior officers accepted the invitation of Tissaphernes to a feast where they were taken prisoner, led before the king, and executed.
160:
king, but he refused on the grounds that he was not of royal blood and would not find enough support among the Persians to keep the throne.
425:, was involved in helping the Bithynians against these plundering raids of the Ten Thousand. He was also trying to stop them from entering
223:
That Xenophon was able to feed his force in the heart of a vast empire with a hostile population was considered astonishing. Dodge notes:
311:(Trebizond) was the first Greek city the Ten Thousand reached on their retreat from inland Persia, 19th-c. illustration by Herman Vogel
1361:
382:, he brought back nothing from Anaxibius, but civil words and a promise of employment and pay as soon as they came out of the Euxine.
1180:
1153:
1385:
620:
the Persian. (Although Xenophon lists them as 100,000, most modern historians believe Ariaeus' troops numbered only about 20,000).
432:
319:, saw the sea and friendly Greek colonies on the coast, which signified their escape had been made good, whereupon they shouted
689:
1329:
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785:) tells the story of the army through Abira, a Syrian girl, who decides to follow a Greek warrior named Xeno (Xenophon).
829:
company left in Iran after a worldwide plague, which must repeat the journey of the Ten Thousand. The Ten Thousand and
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4.8.22). Before they departed, the Greeks made an alliance with the locals and fought one last battle against the
279:
774:
609:
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The Ten Thousand under Xenophon continued to the west, some by ship, but most of them by land, and arrived in
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phalanx a reserve from which he could at will feed weak parts of his line. This was a superb first conception.
220:
been impossible to implement, and so the Greeks simply turned around, with the Persians refusing to pursue.
679:
429:. His cavalry, which made several raids on the Greek mercenaries, is said to have killed about 500 of them.
31:
315:
Xenophon records the joyful moment when the Ten Thousand (by then actually far fewer), from the heights of
253:
After heavy mountain fighting, the Greeks made their way to the northern foothills of the mountains at the
859:
605:
591:
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360:
62:
447:
426:
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406:
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771:(London: Robert Hale, 2005) is an account of his 2000 journey to retrace the steps of the Ten Thousand.
841:
553:
848:
844:
in 2011 (Anabasis: 1. Osa, Kyyroksen sotaretki) and 2013 (Anabasis: 2. Osa, Tuhanten miesten marssi).
645:
153:
The Ten Thousand found themselves far from home with no food, no employer, and no reliable allies.
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37:
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17:
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Tissaphernes pursued Xenophon with a vast force, and when the Greeks reached the wide and deep
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50:
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The Greeks elected new officers, among them Xenophon, and set out to march northwards to the
1421:
926:
800:
728:
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624:
265:
134:
94:
963:
571:
archers (and more than 2,000 men who came from Xenias and Pasion when they deserted) under
637:
578:
840:
has portrayed the campaign in his two-part comic album "Anabasis". It was published by
837:
792:
495:
Aristarchus, that all of Cyrus's soldiers found in Byzantium should be sold as slaves.
480:, Anaxibius, being bribed by Pharnabazus with great promises to withdraw them from his
418:
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78:
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901:
852:
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90:
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is set in a fantasy world based on Xenophon's record of the historical Ten Thousand.
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769:
In the Tracks of the Ten Thousand: A Journey on Foot through Turkey, Syria and Iraq
739:
717:
713:
164:
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is recommended as a literary parallel to the grueling walk out by the men of the
261:
at his ford, while the Greek detachment made a forced march to this bridgehead.
1473:
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375:
in 400 BC, to obtain a sufficient number of ships to transport them to Europe.
269:
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115:
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443:
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1057:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press (published 1961). Book 4, Chapter 7, Section 24
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42:
1380:
1392:Álvarez Rico, Mauricio (2002). Gabaldón Martínez, María del Mar (ed.).
917:
Bigwood, J. M. (1983). "The Ancient Accounts of the Battle of Cunaxa".
880:
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Xenophon and the Ten Thousand hail the sea, 19th-century illustration
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This was among the first attacks in depth ever made, 23 years after
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provides a fictionalized account of the plight of the Ten Thousand.
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under cover of a rainstorm to a pass revealed by a prisoner, and
488:, and which was quelled only by the remonstrances of Xenophon.
232:
The Ten Thousand eventually made their way into the land of the
951:
The Greek mercenaries were victorious, but the cause was lost.
667:
596:
400 Greek mercenaries who had deserted from Artaxerxes' army
1256:. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston and New York: 1890. p. 7
1318:
Tuplin, Christopher (2005). Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. (ed.).
1254:
Great Captains: A Course of Six Lectures on the Art of War
652:, with the Spartan Cheirisophus as the general commander.
506:
According to Xenophon, the Ten Thousand were composed of:
170:
Meanwhile he succeeded in luring away the Persian general
401:
fought the Ten Thousand to prevent them from plundering
199:
Retreat of the Ten Thousand at the Battle of Cunaxa, by
129:
Between 401 and 399 BC, the Ten Thousand marched across
1520:
Military units and formations of the Achaemenid Empire
1202:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p.
1127:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p.
1457:
1145:
The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World
1394:"The Greek military camp in the Ten Thousand's army"
906:. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press.
359:, the Greek mercenaries sent their Spartan general
600:In addition, they were backed up by a fleet of 35
468:for the rest of the Ten Thousand to be shipped to
590:1,000 hoplites and 500 Thessalian peltasts under
1175:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 137–140.
764:is a fictional account of this group's exploits.
97:and back to Greece (401–399 BC) was recorded by
1515:Military units and formations of ancient Greece
736:as the model for the first segment of the book.
1196:Brownson, Carlson L. (Carleton Lewis) (1886).
1121:Brownson, Carlson L. (Carleton Lewis) (1883).
900:Brownson, Carlson L. (Carleton Lewis) (1886).
1142:Campbell, Brian; Tritle, Lawrence A. (2012).
378:However, when Cheirisophus met them again at
8:
521:1,500 hoplites and 500 light infantry under
1510:Mercenary units and formations of antiquity
1354:The Ten Thousand: A Novel of Ancient Greece
464:Pharnabazus then arranged with the Spartan
417:after numerous skirmishes and plunderings.
1425:
616:, as well as 20,000 Persian troops under
545:(not to be confused with the philosopher)
306:(Θάλαττα! θάλαττα!, "The Sea! The Sea!").
1148:. Oxford University Press. p. 150.
386:Final conflict with Pharnabazus (399 BC)
156:They offered to make their Persian ally
1464:
1172:The Archaeology of Greek and Roman Troy
892:
675:Thalatta! Thalatta! (The Sea! The Sea!)
351:Failure of plans for shipment to Europe
45:and the Ten Thousand (red line) in the
85:to attempt to wrest the throne of the
7:
355:On their arrival at Trapezus on the
163:They then offered their services to
101:, one of their leaders, in his work
332:Soon after, Xenophon's men reached
137:, and then marched back to Greece.
1418:Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
1292:Jordison, Sam (11 February 2009).
25:
919:The American Journal of Philology
1495:Ten Thousand-ancient mercenaries
1467:
1321:Ancient West & East, Issue 1
18:Ten Thousand (Greek mercenaries)
1294:"Booker Club: The Sea, the Sea"
336:on the coast of the Black Sea (
476:, on the Asiatic shore of the
27:5th-century BC mercenary force
1:
1388:at The University of Adelaide
1352:Curtis Ford, Michael (2002).
577:300 hoplites under Sosis the
1169:Rose, Charles Brian (2014).
560:, until he deserted in Syria
518:, until he deserted in Syria
1381:The Project Gutenberg EText
1324:. Brill. pp. 212–213.
858:In the 2018 limited series
720:, was named for this event.
583:700 Spartan hoplites under
450:(center) attacking a Greek
272:' more famous use of it at
1538:
1400:(in Spanish and English).
825:tells the story of a U.S.
668:
460:, early fourth century BCE
66:
29:
1252:Dodge, Theodore Ayrault.
833:are frequently mentioned.
1356:. St. Martin's Griffin.
795:series, is based on the
775:Valerio Massimo Manfredi
623:Until shortly after the
329:("The sea! The sea!").
1427:10.3989/gladius.2002.55
680:Bernard Granville Baker
53:is delineated in green.
32:10,000 (disambiguation)
683:
608:and 25 triremes under
606:Pythagoras the Spartan
472:. On their arrival at
461:
436:An Athenian mercenary
410:
312:
284:
251:
242:
230:
204:
174:and his light troops.
126:
54:
1282:book 1, chapter 2, XI
1269:book 1, chapter 2, IX
964:"Clearchus of Sparta"
716:, winner of the 1978
666:
548:300 hoplites and 300
527:1,000 hoplites under
458:Altıkulaç Sarcophagus
448:Hellespontine Phrygia
442:(left) supporting an
435:
427:Hellespontine Phrygia
423:Hellespontine Phrygia
407:Hellespontine Phrygia
393:
371:admiral stationed at
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282:
247:
238:
225:
198:
118:
93:. Their march to the
40:
1243:vii. 1. ~ 36, 2. ~ 6
968:Encyclopedia Iranica
849:The Falcon of Sparta
749:The 1997 video game
648:, and Philesius the
563:1,000 hoplites, 800
268:and 30 years before
30:For other uses, see
1490:Anabasis (Xenophon)
868:Franklin expedition
762:Michael Curtis Ford
659:Cultural influences
573:Clearchus of Sparta
537:500 hoplites under
523:Proxenus of Boeotia
516:Xenias the Arcadian
326:Thalatta! Thalatta!
304:Thálatta! Thálatta!
201:Jean-Adrien Guignet
1500:Greco-Persian Wars
1445:on 31 January 2008
1051:Xenophon (1904) .
851:by British author
822:The Last Centurion
684:
627:, Spartan general
567:peltasts, and 200
462:
411:
313:
285:
205:
127:
89:from his brother,
73:) were a force of
55:
1505:Military marching
1075:Witt, pp. 181-184
1041:Witt, pp. 175-176
640:, Xanthicles the
321:Θάλαττα! θάλαττα!
83:Cyrus the Younger
51:Cyrus the Younger
49:. The satrapy of
47:Achaemenid Empire
16:(Redirected from
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811:The Ten Thousand
801:Arthurian legend
779:L'armata perduta
767:Shane Brennan's
758:The Ten Thousand
744:The Ten Thousand
729:The Forlorn Hope
709:The Sea, the Sea
671:
670:
669:Θάλαττα, θάλαττα
625:Battle of Cunaxa
135:Battle of Cunaxa
95:Battle of Cunaxa
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847:The 2018 novel
836:Finnish artist
756:The 2001 novel
693:is inspired by
687:The 1965 novel
661:
636:, Timasion the
504:
502:Order of battle
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353:
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296:men and women.
255:Centrites River
113:
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1414:Editorial CSIC
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1363:978-1250062567
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1225:vii. 1. ~ 1-32
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838:Petri Hiltunen
834:
819:'s 2008 novel
814:
809:'s 2008 novel
804:
793:The Lost Fleet
786:
777:'s 2007 novel
772:
765:
754:
751:Age of Empires
747:
742:'s 1993 novel
737:
726:'s 1988 novel
721:
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678:— painting by
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644:, Cleanor the
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87:Persian Empire
81:, employed by
77:units, mainly
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63:Ancient Greek
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19:
1447:. Retrieved
1440:the original
1401:
1397:
1353:
1347:
1335:. Retrieved
1320:
1313:
1301:. Retrieved
1298:The Guardian
1297:
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1080:
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1053:
1046:
1037:
1032:Witt, p. 166
1028:
1019:
1014:Witt, p. 136
1010:
1001:
992:
987:Witt, p. 123
983:
971:. Retrieved
967:
958:
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918:
912:
902:
895:
863:
830:
820:
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807:Paul Kearney
782:
778:
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757:
743:
740:Harold Coyle
733:
727:
718:Booker Prize
714:Iris Murdoch
707:
700:The Warriors
698:
694:
690:The Warriors
688:
673:
654:
622:
599:
585:Cheirisophus
505:
497:
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463:
451:
437:
421:, satrap of
412:
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361:Cheirisophus
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162:
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144:
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128:
120:
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70:
59:Ten Thousand
58:
56:
1111:vi. 1. ~ 16
724:David Drake
646:Orchomenian
587:the Spartan
529:Sophaenetus
474:Chrysopolis
419:Pharnabazus
399:Pharnabazus
394:Achaemenid
270:Epaminondas
234:Carduchians
119:Xenophon's
1484:Categories
1420:): 29–56.
1331:9004141766
1278:Xenophon.
1265:Xenophon.
925:(4): 341.
887:References
860:The Terror
817:John Ringo
706:The novel
446:knight of
444:Achaemenid
184:, through
143:stated in
71:hoi Myrioi
1436:0436-029X
1337:3 January
1303:3 January
1199:Xenophon;
1093:v. 1. ~ 4
1061:3 January
939:0002-9475
903:Xenophon;
638:Dardanian
629:Clearchus
579:Syracusan
533:Stymfalia
486:Acropolis
470:Byzantium
466:Anaxibius
456:(right),
373:Byzantium
365:Anaxibius
342:Colchians
217:Great Zab
182:Black Sea
75:mercenary
67:οἱ Μύριοι
41:Route of
1386:Anabasis
1280:Anabasis
1267:Anabasis
1240:Anabasis
1235:Xenophon
1222:Anabasis
1217:Xenophon
1124:Xenophon
1108:Anabasis
1103:Xenophon
1090:Anabasis
1085:Xenophon
1054:Anabasis
875:See also
864:Anabasis
831:Anabasis
797:Anabasis
734:Anabasis
695:Anabasis
634:Athenian
614:Egyptian
602:triremes
565:Thracian
558:Megarian
550:peltasts
539:Socrates
512:hoplites
478:Bosporus
415:Bithynia
403:Bithynia
338:Anabasis
334:Trapezus
323: :
309:Trapezus
203:. Louvre
186:Corduene
146:Anabasis
141:Xenophon
131:Anatolia
122:Anabasis
111:Campaign
104:Anabasis
99:Xenophon
43:Xenophon
1449:18 July
1398:Gladius
881:Arexion
827:Stryker
650:Achaean
642:Achaean
618:Ariaeus
543:Achaean
493:harmost
482:satrapy
439:peltast
369:Spartan
274:Leuctra
190:Armenia
172:Ariaeus
158:Ariaeus
1460:Portal
1434:
1406:Madrid
1360:
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1179:
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973:8 June
947:294560
945:
937:
682:, 1901
604:under
569:Cretan
554:Pasion
552:under
514:under
510:4,000
453:psilos
396:satrap
380:Sinope
367:, the
357:Euxine
266:Delium
79:Greeks
1443:(PDF)
1410:Spain
1404:(1).
943:JSTOR
610:Tamos
592:Menon
1474:Asia
1451:2021
1432:ISSN
1358:ISBN
1339:2014
1326:ISBN
1305:2014
1177:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1063:2014
975:2021
935:ISSN
799:and
612:the
556:the
541:the
405:and
188:and
57:The
1422:doi
1204:513
1129:479
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923:104
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712:by
531:of
363:to
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20:)
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