Tennessee-class cruiser - Knowledge (XXG)

1538:. Their main traverse bulkheads remained unpierced below the armored deck and some armor was rearranged. Armor on the barbettes was increased 1 inch (25 mm) on exposed surfaces. Deck armor over the magazines was thickened from 40 pounds (18 kg) to 60 pounds (27 kg) over the magazines; to make up for this weight, side armor abeam was reduced slightly. The magazines were rearranged to allow 20 percent additional 10-inch and 6-inch ammunition without sacrificing coal capacity. Rearranging the berth and gun decks amidships increased coal capacity by 200 tons. Coal bunkers were also modified to allow trimming directly from the upper bunkers to the fire rooms, which was considered potentially advantageous in battle. Throughout this review process, the Bureau sought to save weight whenever possible. For example, cellulose was omitted as water-excluding material as its utility after being packed a number a years had come into question. 1391:-cal Mark 8 guns. 200 rounds per gun were carried. They fired a 105-pound (48 kg) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2,800 feet per second (850 m/s) at a rate of about 6 rounds per minute. Four of these guns were mounted in independent, armored casemates 2 inches (51 mm) thick on the main deck; the remainder were placed in broadside on the gun deck. All these guns were placed on pedestal mounts. Four of these guns could be trained directly ahead or astern, so direct fire with two 10-inch and four 6-inch was possible theoretically. All 6-inch guns could be trained through a complete angle of 115° and within the line of side armor; the latter would leave the ship's side unobstructed when going alongside a vessel, docking or coaling. 1629: 2352:. She sent a medical relief party ashore 17 May to Adana, Turkey to treat wounded and desperately ill Armenian victims of massacre, provided food, shelter, disinfectants, distilled water, dressings and medicines and assisted other relief agencies already on the scene. For the remainder of her Mediterranean cruise, North Carolina cruised the Levant succoring American citizens and refugees from oppression. On her return, she served in the western Atlantic and Caribbean. She attended centennial celebrations of the independence of 2046: 877: 521: 2162: 1589:, was scheduled to receive one. While the plane was seen as a potential aid in reconnaissance, the catapult precluded use of the aft main guns. This program was cancelled and the catapult removed before the United States entered World War I. During the war, the 6-inch and 3-inch armament was removed and the corresponding ports sealed. This was done to provide guns for arming merchant ships and auxiliaries and to improve watertightness under North Atlantic conditions. 1395: 1136: 2436: 1132:, columnist John Leyland cites Admiral O'Neill's annual ordnance report to Congress that the aim of the US Navy "has always been ... to build vessels of all classes with great gun-power ... that they should be superior to foreign vessels of like classes in that respect." To illustrate this point, Leyland supplies a table comparing firepower and broadside weight of comparative foreign cruisers. Broadside weight includes main and secondary weapons 770: 532: 89: 510: 2330: 41: 1423:

of 43° at a rate of 15–20 rounds per minute. This series of built-up guns, which fired fixed ammunition, dated to the 1890s and were the standard anti-torpedo boat gun used in late pre-dreadnoughts, armored cruisers, destroyers and submarines. The guns in broadside were equipped for quick dismount. Eight of these weapons were removed from each of the three surviving ships of this class at the end of World War I.

1459:. This increase was due in large part to increased armor on the main turrets and redoubts, which were larger due to the increase in main gun caliber, and an increased area of side armor coverage. The latter offered ample protection to magazines and ammunition supply systems for all weapons. Armored bulkheads offered a complete subdivision of the main battery. All armor 5 inches (127 mm) or thicker was 964:) at engine. These had a combined grate surface of 1650 square feet and a heating surface of 70,940 square feet. Forced draft was on the closed fire-room system. The ships usually carried 900 tons of coal but could hold a maximum of approximately 2,000 tons, which gave them a range of approximately 6,500 nautical miles at a cruising speed of 10 knots and approximately 3100 nautical miles at full speed. 787:

and 16 6-inch (152 mm) guns, offered better protection, with 5 inches (127 mm) of casemate armor extended from top to bottom between the two turrets to protect ammunition for the 3-inch (76 mm) anti-torpedo boat guns. This was the design submitted to the Secretary of the Navy on 31 July 1901 with a request to include two additional 3-inch guns and greater isolation of the 6-inch battery.

968: 1733:-class cruisers in full commission and the other four in reserve with 65 percent of their crews on board. The ships kept in service would become flagships in foreign stations such as the Asiatic Fleet and "show the flag" at various ports. However, these ships were seen as completely outmoded, with most of their foreign equivalents either lost during the war or removed from service afterwards. 3853: 820:

saved by reducing the amount of coal the ships carried on trials from 900 to 750 tons. This, Bowles replied, would make the new cruisers a "fake design." Nor was it entirely clear whether they really needed 25,000 horsepower to attain their designed speed. Model testing, then new, was apparently something in which Melville did not believe and none of the

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enemy armored cruiser successfully. Even so, it was generally conceded that with this class a limit had been reached and that the modern armored cruiser no longer exemplified the logical principles of attack and defense in warship design, which meant using the most efficient weapon to its desired end. The appearance of the British

2535:, was a huge motivation in sending the Great White Fleet. Roosevelt felt, in light of that victory and Great Britain's withdrawal of many of its naval units to its home waters, that the Navy's ability to perform a similar scenario in the Pacific and maintain battle-readiness needed reassessment, should the likelihood arise. 1802:

complete. Also, the Bureau of Ordnance did not consider replacing their guns practical. This meant that, if these ships were kept in service 15 years after modernization, they might eventually face weapons over 40 years more advanced than their own. Despite these developments, detailed studies continued.

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Modernization was considered again in 1928. This would include the installation of 8-inch/55 guns, an anti-aircraft battery, fire controls, oil-fired boilers and torpedo bulkheads. The estimated cost of $ 6 million did not include new engines. It was argued that, despite the 1922 study, a significant

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s were criticized within the Bureau of Construction and Repair for being slower than their British and French counterparts. Engineer in Chief Melville stated in his minority report, "I cannot believe that Congress did not intend that these vessels should be equal to or superior to any of their class,

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s might disrupt the building of new cruisers and with doubts about whether they would compare to more modern ships, even with their superior tonnage. Costs had escalated to $ 17 million and it did not seem profitable to modernize ships that would be between 25 and 28 years old once modernization was

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fitted between the protective and berth decks to the ends of the vessel, were filled with water-excluding material to aid in buoyancy in case of damage below the waterline. Conning tower armor was 9 inches (230 mm) on the sides, 2 inches (51 mm) on the roof, and signal tower armor 5 inches

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The main waterline belt, 5 inches (127 mm) thick amidships and tapered to 3 inches (76 mm) at the ends, extended from the upper deck to 5 feet (2 m) below the waterline. Transverse protective bulkheads of 5-inch (127 mm) armor extended from the gun deck to the armored deck across

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at 120 revolutions per minute. Diameters of high- and low-pressure cylinders were in the ratio of i to 7.3: High Pressure 38.5 inches (0.98 m); Intermediate Pressure 63.5 inches (1.61 m); Low Pressure, 2 of 74 inches (1.9 m). Piston stroke for all cylinders was 48 inches (1.2 m).

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s veering out of formation and sounding her whistle to warn the others vessels probably thwarted the attack. After the Armistice, she operated as a transport until 5 July 1919. Later, she rejoined the Pacific Fleet and was placed in "reduced commission". She returned to the Atlantic in 1927 and was

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s, as many features retrofitted to the latter, such as automatic ammunition hoist structures and longitudinal turret bulkheads, had already been built into the former from the outset. Their power plants were standardized, with Babcock & Wilcox boilers instead of the less reliable Niclausse that

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s carried 12 3-pounder semi-automatic guns, two 1-pounder automatic guns, two 1-pounder rapid-fire guns, two 3-inch field pieces, two .30-caliber machine guns and six .30-caliber automatic guns. These were mounted on the upper deck, bridges, in the tops, and wherever else they could secure the most

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in single mountings — six on sponsons on the gun deck, six in broadside on the gun deck and 10 in broadside on the main deck. They fired a 13-pound (6 kg) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2,700 feet per second (820 m/s) to a range of 14,600 yards (13,350 m) at a maximum elevation

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The issue of reducing engineering weight reemerged when Bowles asked for 200 extra tons to increase deck armor. Even with the decrease, he argued, the ships would still be able to make 22 knots. Bradford sided with Bowles but Melville claimed he could save only 50 tons; the other 140 tons could be

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s might be more practical as main armament. The weight of four 10-inch and 16 7-inch guns was such that the armor over the casemates would have to be reduced to 1.5 inches (38 mm) for flat surfaces and by 1 inch (25 mm) for the outside slopes. Proposed design "H," armed with four 10-inch

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s, especially the thin deck armor near the main magazines. British designs placed these magazines well below the ship's waterline and far back from her sides but tended to be much smaller than in US designs. Since US cruisers generally carried heavier armament than their British counterparts, this

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In December 1919, the Bureau of Ordnance pressed for the restoration of full armament for these ships. C&R replied with three reasons not to do so. First, restoring full armament to ships of their then-current age was not justifiable. Second, since they would serve in peacetime, their current

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s. They tended to pitch rather than roll in heavy seas but were basically considered good sea boats. Freeboard at the line of the main deck was 18 feet (5.5 m) amidships, 24 feet (7.3 m) forward and 21.5 feet (6.6 m) aft. The conning tower, located on the lower bridge, was one deck

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in 1905 was seen to validate this concept. While they were being built, questions remained in U.S. naval circles over whether they possessed enough speed, armament or armor to perform their intended duties adequately. They were generally considered armed and protected strongly enough to combat an

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s still in service would be more powerful theoretically than any new cruisers. In May 1922, C&R studied conversion of the power plants to give them a speed of 25 or 27 knots "without excessive expenditures of power or without taking a prohibitive amount of water on board due to freeboard." A

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class. The tonnage limitation may have been expected since means to save weight on the new design were already being sought in the fall of 1901. At that time, Melville was asked about reducing boiler weight, to which he refused, claiming it was impossible for him to install reliable machinery of

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There was also the question of whether any new armament should be included in the proposed cruiser. New weapons under consideration included a 10-inch (254 mm) heavy gun and a 7-inch (178 mm) secondary gun. The 7-inch gun was especially scrutinized since its shell was the heaviest that

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argued from the opening discussions that modernizing them would be pointless. They could still prove useful, others argued, as support for the battle fleet, where their speed would match that of current battleships. In this role, they could screen and support destroyers against enemy cruisers.

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s and what kind of ship might be built to replace them. The 1903 annual summer conference report, which included a staff memorandum on all-big capital ships, also mentioned a new type of fast armored cruiser that would be armed and armored much like a battleship. The following year, the summer

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A race to build armored cruisers to protect maritime trade, attack commerce and maintain a presence at foreign stations had been taking place since the 1890s, with ships built with larger guns and an arrangement of guns and armor similar, at least in overall design if not in degree, to that of

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studies for several years. The 1906 summer conference report on a US building program advocated strongly the construction of such ships. The justification for them was two-fold: first, their use in scouting and as a fast wing in a fleet action; and second, their much greater ability over the

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s were built with a greater amount of longitudinal subdivision. The inner bottom, subdivided into 35 watertight compartments, extended from the keel to the protective deck at each side and fore and aft to the knuckle of the keel. Underwater protection was further increased by continuing this

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placement "beyond question, the best gun position in a ship. The arc of fire is more than twice that which can be obtained on the broadside, the field of view is entirely free, and a combination of longitudinal and broadside fire on both sides is obtained, which is alone possible in the end

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s were the largest and last American armored cruisers built, a response to foreign developments and the changing notion of the armored cruiser from fast scout, convoy escort and commerce raider to auxiliary capital ship in a battle line, despite its thin armor protection compared to that of

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Turret armor was 9 inches (229 mm) on the sloping face, 7 inches (178 mm) on the sides, 5 inches (127 mm) in the rear and 2.5 inches (64 mm) on top. For the first time in U.S. cruiser design, proper barbettes for the turrets were fitted. The armor for these was 7 inches

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without disturbing the existing shaft lines of the cruisers; this would give them a speed of 26 knots. The Bureau of Ordnance could increase elevation of the 10-inch guns to 40 degrees, which would increase their range to 31,000 yards (28,000 m). However, in a comparison with the

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steel was fitted in wake of the 3-inch battery. The 6-inch guns on the gun deck were isolated by splinter bulkheads of 1.5-inch (38 mm) nickel steel. The bulkheads extended continuously across the ship, while 2-inch (51 mm) nickel steel extended fore and aft.

1670:, outweighed in amount of long-range metal thrown per broadside (5,100 pounds (2,300 kg) for six 850-pound (390 kg) 12-inch shells as opposed to 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg) for four 10-inch shells) and outpaced in speed (26 knots versus 22). Moreover, the 913:

s benefited from improved underwater lines; this plus a beamy waterline plane made these ships extremely steady at maintaining speed and allowed them, even with their increased weight, to steam at 22 knots with no increase in horsepower specifications over the

598:, began a series of 14 armored cruisers envisioned for use on overseas stations. Between 1897 and 1906 they would lay down eight, the initial two armed with 9.44-inch (240 mm) guns, the other six with more modern 8.2-inch (208 mm). The final pair, 1518:

subdivision up the complete side of the subsurface hull to the lower edge of the armored deck slopes. Twenty-eight electrically operated Long-Arm watertight doors and five armored hatches helped maintain watertight integrity beneath the armored deck.

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The Mark 8 six-inch gun was used originally to arm American pre-dreadnoughts in the late 1880s. Many of these guns were reassigned as coastal artillery when the vessels to which they had been previously assigned had been scrapped as a result of the

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increase in speed would be prohibitive in cost as "the underwater lines of these ships do not lend themselves to these increases." It was conceded that without an increase in speed, the ships had little tactical value and the war plans division of

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s, for armored cruiser project to be considered for the 1902 naval building program. This limit paralleled one that Congress had previously set for battleships. The estimated weight for proposed design "H" was 14,700 tons. Also, Engineer in Chief

982:(25 mph; 41 km/h). Despite Melville's concern about insufficient power, all four ships performed higher than expected during trials in both horsepower and speed. Each ship went through its speed trials in two stages, a four-hour run at 1488:(178 mm) in front, tapered to 4 inches (102 mm) at the back and below the gun deck, behind the belt and casemate armor. This enclosed the 10-inch ammunition tubes completely and corrected a glaring flaw in the protective system of the 824:

s had yet run trials. Melville cited British cruisers of the same size as the new design, which used 30,000 horsepower to steam at 24 knots. After heated discussion the board agreed on 23,000 indicated horsepower and a design speed of 22 knots.

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returned to the Mediterranean in August 1914 to conduct humanitarian missions and otherwise "show the flag" as the First World War spread through Europe and into the Turkish empire. Back in the U.S. by August 1915, she carried Marines to

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that class being armored cruisers, and not battleships where very high speed may not be so essential; and I am not at all certain that an additional knot and the power for it should not have been insisted upon in the first place."

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s "indefensible on account of their size." However, reducing the size of any new warships was considered unacceptable politically, as Congress had already opposed the growth in size and cost of vessels recently commissioned. Also,

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which preceded them and improved in overall protection. However, the Navy considered the armored area of these ships restricted and the caliber of their heavy guns small compared to their displacement. This did not stop the Navy's

590:, slightly faster at 23 knots, armed with 14 7.74-inch (197 mm) guns and armored with up to 6.7 inches (170 mm) on their belts, almost 4 inches (100 mm) on their decks and 6 inches (150 mm) on their turrets. 1316:

of 2,700 feet per second (820 m/s) to a range of 20,000 yards (18,288 m) at maximum elevation at a rate of 2 - 3 rounds per minute. These guns were mounted in twin turrets fore and aft. (As a comparison, the British

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to the Panama Canal and operated in the western Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico. In the eastern Mediterranean, she protected American interests and transported refugees during the Middle Eastern turmoil that accompanied the

901:-class cruisers were nearly identical in overall size. They shared a length of 504 ft 6 in (153.77 m), and draft of 25 ft (7.6 m). With a beam of 72 feet 10 inches (22.20 m), the 413:

All four ships in this class were given the hull classification symbol CA (armored cruiser) when the Navy adopted that system in 1920, and renamed by then so their original names could be used for new battleships.

701:-class cruisers. Armed with four 8-inch (203 mm) and 14 6-inch (152 mm) guns, covered with 6 inches (152 mm) of belt armor and with a top speed of 22 knots, they were considerably bigger than 379:

which immediately preceded them, a controversial but inevitable decision due to newly imposed congressional restraints on tonnage for armored cruisers and the need for them to be able to steam at 22

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between 1903 and 1906. Their main armament of four 10-inch (254 mm) guns in twin turrets was the heaviest carried by any American armored cruiser. Their armor was thinner than that of the six

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would usher its entrance as a world power and begin a rivalry with the United States over dominance in the Pacific. As Roosevelt would surmise during that conflict in a letter to British diplomat

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Mark 3 guns, which had a maximum elevation of 14.5° and could depress to −3°. 60 rounds per gun were carried in peacetime, 72 rounds in wartime. They fired a 510-pound (231 kg) shell at a

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Several design issues on the new cruisers had to be worked out by C&R before a proposed design could be finalized. Bowles was concerned over what he considered inadequate protection in the

2280:, then made several trips to the Dominican Republic and Haiti to help maintain an American presence in light of civil unrest and stood by to land Marines if the situation so required. Renamed 1612:

conference considered tactics for a ship armed with four 12-inch guns, twenty-two 3-inch guns, four submerged torpedo tubes and armored like a battleship. Ships such as these were essentially

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called at ports of England and France and cruised the Mediterranean as a continued U.S. presence in the region before she returned to Boston 18 June 1915 for overhaul. On 5 September 1915,

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to promise they would behave no worse than the scouts on the open seas. Discussions, which continued into 1923, included flaring the bows in keeping with the design for the now-defunct

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in 1920 so that her original name might be assigned to a new battleship, she decommissioned at Puget Sound Navy Yard, Bremerton, Washington, 18 February 1921. She was struck from the

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class. Deck armor, 1.5 inches (38 mm) over flat surfaces and 3 inches (76 mm) over sloped, extended to the bottom of the belt armor fore and aft. A 30-inch (1 m)-thick

569:, would displace 14,600 tons, be capable of 23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph) and be armed with four 9.2-inch (234 mm) and 10 7.5-inch (191 mm) guns. This would give 2268:, she returned to the Atlantic Fleet in 1912; among her duties was embarking the Secretary of State and his party on a cruise of South American between February and April 1912. 1693:

s and other ships like them. By 1908, it had come out in favor of battlecruisers. The Secretary of the Navy requested designs from C&R for battlecruiser equivalents of the

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armament would suffice. Finally, even with their 6-inch gun ports closed, they were wet ships in North Atlantic winter seas; Captain W.C. Cole, who had formerly commanded the

2144:). She lost more than three-dozen crewmen and was battered beyond reasonable prospect of repair. Left where she lay, the wreck was sold in 1922 but not broken up until 1938. 3895: 762:

armor to include the turrets and increased the ship's beam slightly to compensate for the added weight. He also wanted to make the side armor one inch thinner than in the

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could be handled manually. Proposed design "G" included both these weapons; however, Bradford suspected that, due to the issue of weight, the 8-inch cannons used in the

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in 1914 that a battlecruiser "could destroy either a or a at extreme range without receiving enough punishment to note in the ship's log." They were outranged by the

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on its worldwide voyage in 1907. (Unfortunately, the visit of the fleet would inspire Japan to step up its building program still further.) Japan's 1905 victory in the

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commanding positions. They were to be ready at all times for repelling torpedo boat attacks and for inflicting damage upon the unprotected portion of an enemy's ship.

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The Russian Baltic Fleet's poor mechanical condition and inability to refuel while sailing halfway around the world to fight the Japanese, only to be defeated at the

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s "excelled in battery power and protection any armored cruiser built, building, or designed, in the world at that time." The issue of speed did not go away and the

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under law to order a new study of capital ship and armored cruiser designs that Congress might approve. A smaller, 11,000-ton design with thinner armor than the

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guns, was protected by a 3.5–6.7-inch (89–170 mm) main belt, 2.4-inch (61 mm) armored deck and 5.9-inch (150 mm) turret armor and steamed at 20.5

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ships then being built, the newer ships showed themselves at an advantage in gunnery range and equal in protection. Modernization plans were thereby abandoned.

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s carried 30 percent more weight in armor and related protective systems and boasted the heaviest, most comprehensive protection of any U.S. cruiser until the

610:, would displace 12,781 tons, steam at 23.5 knots, carry 6 inches (152 mm) of belt and 2 inches (51 mm) of deck armor and carry eight 8.2 inch guns. 583:

in 1896, protected with a 6-inch (152 mm) belt and armed with 7.6-inch (193 mm) and 5.5-inch (140 mm) guns, and culminating with the 14,000-ton

1336:, which led to more accurate firing and aided in centralized fire control. In 1908, the armor-piercing shells were fitted with a ballistic cap lengthened to 7 1362:

cruisers athwart their forecastles on the main deck. This made the guns very wet and practically useless in less than moderate seas. The 10-inch guns of the

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class. With very few exceptions, they outgunned every foreign armored cruiser either afloat or then being built. In "The Seapower of the Nations" section of

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With the end of World War I in 1918, the Navy began a sharp reduction in personnel. By 1919, the Navy Board had decided to keep four of the eight remaining

686:, "The Japs interest me and I like them. I am perfectly well aware that if they win out it may possibly mean a struggle between them and us in the future." 1343:

The main guns benefited from their placement when compared to those of foreign armored cruisers. The British mounted the majority of 9.2-inch guns on its

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s to compensate for 1500 tons of accumulated weight during the design process. The added horsepower would ensure a top speed of 22 knots, the same as the

4004: 2507: 1411:. Built entirely of nickel steel, the Mark 8 deviated from standard Navy practice in that its nominal caliber length was their actual overall length. 790:

Meanwhile, Congress had become concerned about the growing size of new Navy ships of all ratings and set a firm limit of 14,500 tons, the same as the

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and reclassified in 1920, she was decommissioned in 1921, struck from the Naval Vessel Register in 1930 and scrapped in 1935 in accordance with the

1753:, remembered seeing men up to their waists in water. Whatever medium-caliber guns had been restored after the war were removed by the late 1920s. 1701: 3093:

380 lb shell, with 103 lb cordite Mk I propellant size 44 (originally) (Text Book of Gunnery 1902), or 120 lb cordite MD size 37 (1914 onwards).

2128:, allowing reassignment of her original name to a planned new battleship. During the early summer the cruiser took Marine reinforcements to the 4037: 3888: 724:

for two additional units as part of the 1901 naval building program. When Congress did not approve funding for these ships, this obligated the

662:, while impressed with Japan's success in the war and its modernization overall, considered its actions a threat to American interests in the 3798: 3623: 3600: 3581: 2706: 2687: 2668: 2622: 2591: 2572: 745:

s, wanted to keep the new ships as homogeneous in size as possible to the earlier ones and at least comparable to them in fighting strength.

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s were not made for such continued punishment; pre-dreadnought battleships could not generally maintain flank speed for more than an hour.

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s, on the other hand, were 30 feet (9.1 m) above the waterline. In comparing these ships, theoretician and chief constructor for the

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necessitated magazines with greater volume to ensure adequate ammunition. In his 14,500 proposed design labeled "F," Bowles extended the

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were laid down, the Bureau of Construction and Repair (C&R) made some minor design changes in light of experience gained from the

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The Mark 3 was the last 10-inch gun built for the U.S. Navy, with a tube, jacket, locking ring and screw box liner manufactured from

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fired a 380-pound (170 kg) shell at a velocity of 2,643 ft/s (806 m/s) to a range of 29,200 yd (26,700 m).)

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and until February 1916 was actively involved the effort to establish order in that strife-torn nation. Between March and May 1916,

717: 3857: 2934: 437:. The Navy considered modernization in 1922 and 1928 to upgrade their speed and fighting capability but this did not materialize. 4321: 633:") had at its core a "Six-Six Program" of six battleships and six (eventually eight) armored cruisers comparable to the British 577:

was building a series of increasingly large armored cruisers for scouting and commercial warfare, beginning with the 11,000-ton

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Although Melville had argued for triple screws (for which he had advocated since the 1890s), the twin-screw arrangement of the

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area early in 1918 and, in six round trips from Europe from January to July 1919, brought home 8,800 American troops. Renamed

909:(14,733 t) standard, 15,712 long tons (15,964 tonnes) full load. While their hull designs were essentially the same, the 3053: 2361: 2067: 1656: 1337: 401: 3491: 2897: 4218: 4105: 2450:

sailed in January 1909 for the Caribbean, then to the Mediterranean to protect American interests in the aftermath of the

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to European waters and continued on escort duties during World War I. This convoy was attacked unsuccessfully by a German

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steel. Due to the "smokeless" powders which came into use near the turn of the 20th century, these guns boasted a higher

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in 1898, it had laid down or was planning seven classes of armored cruisers, a total of 35 ships. The last of these, the

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form the fore and aft limits of the side armor between the main and gun decks. Above the gun deck, 2-inch (51 mm)

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straight water-tube boilers, sub-divided into eight watertight compartments, supplied steam at a pressure of 265

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classes the only ones "dignified enough to bear the name of armored cruiser," it was also generally agreed after the

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area and along the east coast, then did convoy and escort duty through most of 1917 and 1918 out of Hampton Roads,

1643:-class battlecruisers in 1908 and the larger, faster ships of her class that followed reduced the viability of the 1218: 1124:. Their armament represented increases of 29.7 percent in ordnance and a 47.5 percent in broadside weight over the 584: 373: 104: 4191: 4177: 4126: 4091: 4070: 2340:

After carrying President-elect William Howard Taft to inspect the Panama Canal in January and February 1909, USS

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followed the basic pattern for these cruisers—on a 9,646 long tons (9,801 t) displacement, she carried four

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s were only 3 ft 1 in (0.94 m) wider and displaced just over 800 tons more for a total of 14,500

690: 4642: 4458: 4416: 4375: 4307: 4156: 4084: 4077: 1694: 1628: 1616:-class vessels in which the 6-inch battery had been traded for heavier main guns and protection and figured in 1266: 311: 1607:

was built, questions arose in US Navy circles about the overall effectiveness of armored cruisers such as the

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s and concentrate the 6-inch guns at the ends of the ships to increase the areas covered by their protection.

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To keep up with these developments and better protect the large sea areas the U.S. had recently won in the

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had pursued an extended period of armored cruiser construction as part of the arms race between it and the

4465: 4444: 4430: 4423: 4314: 4184: 3924: 3918: 3365: 2376:, and the Panama Canal in July–August 1911 and brought home from Cuba bodies of the crew of the destroyed 2277: 2057: 1891: 1873: 1194: 1009: 721: 415: 304: 3149: 1475:

the fore and aft ends of the belt armor. Similar bulkheads fitted on the gun deck in wake of the 10-inch

1407:, the guns were then used as coastal artillery. Some were also mounted on older auxiliary vessels during 4409: 4355: 4023: 3988: 2467: 2415: 2349: 2309: 2074: 1350: 957: 949: 383:(41 km/h; 25 mph). However, the fact their armor covered a wider area of the ship than in the 69: 3225: 1242: 3864: 1782: 1781:-class battlecruisers, conversion to oil burning, added torpedo protection and an armament upgrade to 1419: 1388: 876: 812:

25,000 horsepower for the same amount of weight as he had been allocated for 23,000 horsepower in the

297: 287: 4551: 4328: 4245: 4238: 3963: 3957: 2430: 2249: 2084: 2023: 2012: 1994: 1742: 1679: 1453: 1170: 1114: 1072: 940: 800: 709: 702: 556: 548: 449: 520: 4367: 4286: 2495: 2205: 2096: 1771: 1309: 945: 630: 460: 238: 4015: 2161: 463:, which set an aggregate tonnage limit for the Navy's cruisers, and the new heavy cruisers of the 4593: 4279: 3560: 2532: 2406:

plying between Norfolk and New York. Between December 1918 and July 1919, she brought men of the

2129: 2070: 1854: 1704:

retained these sketches but did not recommend construction. With the laying down by Japan of its

1535: 796: 679: 659: 622: 396: 369: 94: 2812: 1711:

in 1911, C&R was asked to return its attention to like projects, which led to its series of

1394: 1135: 864:

class was a progression toward "what was in reality a battle-cruiser." As such, it claimed, the

1797:

The main issue turned out to be political, with War Plans concerned that reconstruction of the

741:

R.B. Bradford of the Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting, who had supported the building of the

4586: 4300: 4271: 3832: 3813: 3794: 3775: 3758: 3748: 3727: 3710: 3695: 3676: 3657: 3638: 3619: 3596: 3577: 3469: 2727: 2458:

and took President Taft to Panama. After a major overhaul, she sailed on a second tour of the

2435: 2399: 2265: 2121: 1813: 1617: 1367: 683: 675: 595: 2721: 2471: 2377: 2233: 2101: 1810: 1806: 1100: 2124:

and other dignitaries on a South American cruise. Late in the latter month she was renamed

531: 4230: 4163: 2475: 2285: 1313: 599: 365: 170: 509: 410:, with their greater speed and firepower, ensured their obsolescence as fighting units. 4578: 2487: 2209: 769: 552: 482: 17: 3281: 2329: 387:

s and their increased firepower caused them to be seen by the Navy as an improvement.

40: 4636: 4347: 4210: 3612: 3072: 2369: 2305: 2296:; according to Admiral Gleaves in his report of the commander of the Atlantic Fleet, 2261: 2197: 2193: 2184:

and President Roosevelt to Panama and participated the Jamestown Exposition. She and

2133: 2132:, also suffering from revolutionary violence. On 29 August 1916, while at anchor off 961: 953: 732:

s was favored by the Board's new Chief Constructor, F. T. Bowles, who considered the

663: 605: 570: 430: 407: 340: 3171: 3122: 2087:

naval review and made a brief cruise to Europe. After two and a half years with the

2225: 2095:

visited Argentina during that nation's independence celebration, carried President

1566: 1464: 1415: 1408: 1121: 939:, located in separate watertight compartments, supplied a combined total of 23,000 836:, were approved by Congress under the 1902 Naval Building Program. The other pair, 738: 314: 1770:

study of weight distribution showed enough similarity between these ships and the

1279:

4 × 12-inch (305 mm), 12 × 6-inch (152 mm), 12 × 4.7-inch (119 mm)

967: 3742: 4052: 2479: 2365: 1765:

of 1922, the question of modernization was looked into since, by law, the three

1460: 983: 979: 667: 666:

region. This in turn had motivated him to maintain a "controlling voice" in the

652: 434: 380: 334: 258: 4148: 4055: 3466:"USS Tennessee (Armored Cruiser # 10), 1906-1916. Renamed Memphis in May 1916" 2217: 2141: 1333: 544: 346: 328: 224: 3259: 2462:

between December 1912 and June 1913. During the first months of World War I,

629:

under pressure from Russia, Germany and France (in what became known as the "

4484: 4387: 3762: 2459: 2403: 2357: 2353: 2192:

then joined the Pacific Fleet; en route, the two armored cruisers called at

1844: 1647:

class as fighting units drastically. While some Navy circles considered the

1565:

Built originally with pole masts fore and aft, these ships were fitted with

1493: 694: 3873: 3717:. Vol. 13. New York: Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. 3852: 1113:

s carried the heaviest-caliber ordnance of any American cruiser until the

2395: 2273: 2257: 2241: 2201: 1578: 1476: 1332:

than those used during the Spanish–American War. They also had a flatter

1329: 906: 759: 291: 183: 4544: 2723:

Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy

2256:"showed the flag" with the rest of the Armored Cruiser Squadron in the 2221: 1671: 591: 498: 426: 2466:

conducted training exercises and transported supplies and men in the

2293: 2289: 2245: 2213: 2080: 1480: 1468: 1325: 574: 3810:

Cruisers and Battle Cruisers: An Illustrated History of Their Impact

1255:

4 × 240-millimetre (9.4 in), 12 × 150-millimetre (5.9 in)

1231:

4 × 194-millimetre (7.6 in), 16 × 164-millimetre (6.5 in)

1558:

s were commissioned up to three years after the first units of the

1444:

Despite reduced thicknesses in belt and deck armor compared to the

3715:

Transactions: The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers

2434: 2328: 2229: 2160: 2110: 2083:

to inspect construction of the canal there. She then attended the

2044: 1790: 1627: 1393: 966: 875: 852:

In the Navy's view, the evolution of the armored cruiser from the

768: 626: 614: 530: 519: 508: 497: 3172:"United States of America 3"/50 (7.62 cm) Marks 2, 3, 5, 6 and 8" 2373: 2237: 4019: 3877: 3791:

Technology and Naval Combat in the Twentieth Century and Beyond

3724:

Theodore Roosevelt, the U.S. Navy, and the Spanish–American War

2900:. The Engineering Magazine: An Industrial Review. December 1902 986:

and a 24-hour endurance run at the maximum maintainable speed.

3260:"U.S.S. Pennsylvania: Class of Eight Armored Cruisers (1905)" 2634: 2632: 2402:

while under way. When the U.S. entered the war, she escorted

2140:

was driven ashore by a wind-generated ocean wave (possibly a

3123:"United States of America 6"/50 (15.2 cm) Mark 6 and Mark 8" 1689:

The college tested its proposed armored cruiser against the

1569:

forward and modernizing the bridges in 1912. In early 1917,

1340:. This improved their penetration ability at longer ranges. 2880: 2878: 2284:

in 1916, she served as flagship of the Destroyer Force and

1562:

class, they reached obsolescence earlier in their careers.

3193: 3191: 3189: 3037: 3035: 2348:

to protect American interests during the aftermath of the

2308:, she served as a floating barracks until struck from the 3574:

Brassey's annual: the armed forces year-book, Volume 1901

3436: 3434: 3349: 3347: 2985: 2983: 2188:

visited France and returned to run speed trials. She and

3772:

U.S. Armored Cruisers: A Design and Operational History

1513:

s shared the same number of transverse bulkheads, the

1183:

2 × 9.2-inch (234 mm), 16 × 6-inch (152 mm)

3829:

The Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy

3226:"ACR-10 Tennessee / CA-10 Memphis - Armor Protection" 1420:

3-inch (76 mm) Marks 2, 3, 5, 6 or 8 50 cal guns

1207:

4 × 10-inch (254 mm), 16 × 6-inch (152 mm)

799:

had requested engines for these ships with 2000 more

3692:

British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition 1914–1918

3567:. Washington DC: Navy Publishing Company. June 1908. 2942:. American Society of Naval Engineers. February 1906 2104:

of 1912–13. Service in the Atlantic Fleet followed.

4577: 4483: 4386: 4366: 4346: 4270: 4229: 4209: 4144: 4051: 3220: 3218: 3144: 3142: 3140: 2807: 2805: 2803: 3611: 3593:US Cruisers 1883–1904: The Birth of the Steel Navy 3073:"United States of America 10"/40 (25.4 cm) Mark 3" 1109:s original designation as an armored cruiser, the 674:ended in 1902 and would encourage him to send the 3673:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905 3054:Leyland, John, "The Seapower of the Nations." In 1785:in triple turrets. Eventually, nothing was done. 3827:Symmonds, Craig L.; Clipson, William J. (1995). 573:the largest armored cruiser force in the world. 433:harbor in 1916. The other three ships served in 4046:United States naval ship classes of World War I 3741:Morison, Samuel Loring; Polmar, Norman (2003). 3067: 3065: 2770: 2304:redesignated "unclassified" in 1931. Docked in 1809:power plant similar to one planned for the new 1678:s could maintain 26 knots for days, if needed. 1398:Gunner's Mate polishes 6-inch/50 broadside guns 551:and to have enough ships to safeguard the vast 189:15,712 long tons (15,964 t) tons full load 3869:class armored cruiser. Accessed 14 April 2012. 3831:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 3774:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 3117: 3115: 2386:. As World War I began in Europe, she and USS 617:. Its naval build-up following the end of the 485:and floating barracks until scrapped in 1946. 470:and subsequent classes were entering service. 4031: 3889: 3401: 3150:"ACR-10 Tennessee / CA-10 Memphis - Armament" 1370:, Commander William Hovgaard, considered the 8: 3614:Theodore Roosevelt: A Twentieth-century Life 3106: 3094: 2638: 2782: 2705:sfn error: no target: CITEREFConroy's ( 935:s was retained. Two four-cylinder vertical 481:, was reclassified in 1931 and served as a 4038: 4024: 4016: 4005:List of cruisers of the United States Navy 3896: 3882: 3874: 3058:29 November 1902. Accessed 16 April 2012. 3000: 2998: 2929: 2927: 2720:Evans, David C.; Peattie, Mark R. (1997). 2508:List of cruisers of the United States Navy 1834: 1682:such as the triple-expansion units on the 2686:sfn error: no target: CITEREFRopp_et_al ( 1387:The secondary armament comprised sixteen 3468:. DANFS. 27 January 2005. Archived from 3452: 3440: 3425: 3413: 3389: 3353: 3338: 3326: 3314: 3302: 3246: 3209: 3197: 3041: 2989: 2918: 2884: 2869: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2726:. Naval Institute Press. pp. 52–3. 2700: 2554: 2454:. Upon her return, she took part in the 2394:became the first ship ever to launch an 1805:C&R found it could install a 58,000– 1146: 1134: 988: 3056:Navy & Army Illustrated, Volume 15, 2960: 2746: 2650: 2604: 2547: 2524: 1545:s went through less refitting than the 459:, were scrapped under the terms of the 281:10 in (254 mm)/40 Mark 3 guns 2794: 2758: 2681: 2667:sfn error: no target: CITEREFRoberts ( 2590:sfn error: no target: CITEREFLambert ( 1721:Post-WWI role and potential rearmament 29: 3572:Brassey, Thomas Allnutt, ed. (2011). 720:(C&R) from requesting funds from 621:in 1895 and its forced return of the 244:2 × vertical triple expansion engines 7: 3635:Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life 3377: 2972: 2621:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrown ( 2571:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrown ( 2446:Assigned to the Atlantic Fleet, USS 2252:, Mexico. While on Pacific service, 1783:8-inch (200 mm) 55 caliber guns 288:6 in (152 mm)/50 Mk.8 guns 199:504 ft 6 in (153.8 m) 3690:Hogg, I.V.; Thurston, L.F. (1972). 3654:US Cruisers: An Illustrated History 2662: 2585: 2344:cruised the Mediterranean with USS 207:72 ft 10 in (22.2 m) 3865:Side and section view drawings of 3228:. GlobalSecurity.org. 22 July 2011 3152:. GlobalSecurity.org. 22 July 2011 2815:. GlobalSecurity.org. 22 July 2011 2813:"ACR-10 Tennessee / CA-10 Memphis" 1625:s to stand up to 12-inch gunfire. 1550:had to be removed from two of the 880:Side and mid-ship section view of 828:The first pair of these cruisers, 25: 2616: 2566: 1700:ships then being considered. The 718:Bureau of Construction and Repair 655:(23.6 mph; 38.0 km/h). 3851: 3174:. NavWeaps.com. 12 February 2012 3075:. NavWeaps.com. 26 December 2008 2456:Argentine Centennial Celebration 1304:main armament consisted of four 494:Cruiser race; Japanese rumblings 349:: 2.5–9 in (64–229 mm) 337:: 1.5–4 in (38–102 mm) 87: 39: 3125:. NavWeaps.com. 3 November 2011 3020:. United States Navy. July 1908 2898:"The Speed of Armored Cruisers" 2360:in June–July 1911, carried the 2276:in April–May 1912 while at the 1668:12-inch (305 mm) Mk X guns 1319:BL 9.2-inch (233.7 mm) gun 3671:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1979). 1657:Battle of the Falkland Islands 1639:The appearance of the British 1088:20.48 knots (37.93 km/h) 1082:22.26 knots (41.23 km/h) 1061:22.48 knots (41.63 km/h) 1040:22.27 knots (41.24 km/h) 1025:21.28 knots (39.41 km/h) 1019:22.16 knots (41.04 km/h) 331:: 3–5 in (76–127 mm) 298:3 in (76 mm)/50 guns 1: 2382:for their final interment in 1599:Lexington-class battlecruiser 1282:4,400 pounds (2,000 kg) 1258:3,200 pounds (1,500 kg) 1234:2,260 pounds (1,030 kg) 1210:3,900 pounds (1,800 kg) 186:(14,733 t) tons standard 27:Class of American naval ships 3747:. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI. 2408:American Expeditionary Force 1463:; thinner areas were either 1285:20.5 knots (38.0 km/h) 1186:2,560-pound (1,160 kg) 1067:20.6 knots (38.2 km/h) 3722:Marolda, Edward J. (2001). 3637:. New York: Vintage Books. 3610:Cooper, Michael L. (2009). 2771:Symmonds & Clipson 1995 2384:Arlington National Cemetery 2325:USS North Carolina (ACR-12) 2264:. After an overhaul at the 1763:Washington Naval Conference 1130:Army & Navy Illustrated 261:(41 km/h; 25 mph) 4664: 3709:Hovgaard, William (1905). 3282:"USS Washington 1907 plan" 2482:. She also performed as a 2452:Turkish Revolution of 1908 2428: 2410:home from Europe. Renamed 2364:for an inspection tour of 2350:Turkish Revolution of 1908 2322: 2154: 2055: 1596: 4604: 4000: 3974: 3914: 3808:Osborne, Eric W. (2004). 3675:. Naval Institute Press. 3656:. Naval Institute Press. 3652:Friedman, Norman (1984). 3633:Dalton, Kathleen (2002). 3402:Morison & Polmar 2003 2119:Secretary of the Treasury 1993: 1951: 1909: 1902:sunk before reclassified 1872: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1840: 1585:-class cruiser, probably 1426:For smaller weapons, the 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 844:, were approved in 1904. 697:had built six 13,680-ton 343:: 9 in (229 mm) 269:887 officers and enlisted 161: 65:Newport News Shipbuilding 53: 38: 4648:Tennessee-class cruisers 3789:O'Brien, Philip (2007). 3561:"The Tennessee Accident" 3538:. DANFS. 4 February 2004 3494:. DANFS. 4 February 2004 3107:Hogg & Thurston 1972 3095:Hogg & Thurston 1972 1383:Secondary and light guns 1306:10-inch (254 mm) 40 1261:19 knots (35 km/h) 1237:22 knots (41 km/h) 1213:22 knots (41 km/h) 1189:23 knots (43 km/h) 937:triple expansion engines 75:William Cramp & Sons 4617:Completed after the war 3858:Tennessee class cruiser 3770:Musicant, Ivan (1985). 3744:The American Battleship 3591:Burr, Lawrence (2008). 3516:. DANFS. 9 January 2004 3006:"U.S. Armored Cruisers 2288:for the first American 2157:USS Washington (ACR-11) 2073:(aboard the battleship 1581:catapult and one other 1418:armament, comprised 22 1405:Washington Naval Treaty 1389:6-inch (152 mm) 50 889:General characteristics 797:George Wallace Melville 672:Philippine–American War 657:United States President 645:7.99-inch (203 mm) 619:First Sino-Japanese War 215:25 ft (7.6 m) 162:General characteristics 18:Tennessee class cruiser 3726:. New York: Palgrave. 3366:Treatise on Ammunition 2443: 2418:and scrapped in 1930. 2337: 2312:and scrapped in 1946. 2278:Philadelphia Navy Yard 2169: 2062:In November 1906, USS 2058:USS Tennessee (ACR-10) 2053: 1868:Reclassification date 1636: 1399: 1144: 1139:10-inch turret on USS 975: 956:) at boiler, 250 885: 884:-class armored cruiser 778: 539: 528: 517: 506: 3860:at Wikimedia Commons 3694:. London: Ian Allan. 3595:. Osprey Publishing. 3329:, pp. 57, 59–60. 2936:U.S. Armored Cruiser 2836:, pp. 45, 49–52. 2486:practice ship in the 2438: 2416:Naval Vessel Register 2356:in May–June 1910 and 2332: 2164: 2048: 1709:-class battlecruisers 1680:Reciprocating engines 1631: 1573:(by then renamed USS 1397: 1138: 970: 879: 772: 726:Secretary of the Navy 555:. Beginning with the 534: 523: 512: 501: 70:New York Shipbuilding 4611:Single ship of class 4368:Unprotected cruisers 3618:. New York: Viking. 2431:USS Montana (ACR-13) 2272:served as temporary 2085:Jamestown Exposition 1577:) was fitted with a 1162:Weight of discharge 1156:Displacement (tons) 978:Design speed was 22 946:Babcock & Wilcox 941:indicated horsepower 801:indicated horsepower 691:Spanish–American War 649:6-inch (150 mm) 549:Imperial German Navy 239:Babcock & Wilcox 3317:, pp. 98, 170. 2496:London Naval Treaty 2206:British West Indies 2097:William Howard Taft 1837: 1757:Modernization plans 1554:s. Also, since the 1143:during gun practice 919:higher than in the 631:Triple Intervention 461:London Naval Treaty 429:while at anchor in 425:, was wrecked by a 300:in single mountings 35: 4272:Protected cruisers 2921:, pp. 149–50. 2848:, pp. 50, 52. 2653:, pp. 62, 74. 2533:Battle of Tsushima 2444: 2338: 2170: 2130:Dominican Republic 2071:Theodore Roosevelt 2054: 1836:Construction data 1835: 1702:Navy General Board 1637: 1536:Russo-Japanese War 1400: 1145: 976: 886: 779: 680:Russo-Japanese War 660:Theodore Roosevelt 623:Liaotung peninsula 540: 529: 518: 507: 397:Battle of Tsushima 370:United States Navy 95:United States Navy 30: 4630: 4629: 4013: 4012: 3856:Media related to 3800:978-0-415-44936-6 3625:978-1-101-16278-1 3602:978-1-84603-267-7 3583:978-1-248-25595-7 3563:. Service Items. 3472:on March 13, 2012 3428:, pp. 59–60. 3212:, pp. 156–8. 2684:, pp. 296–7. 2588:, pp. 20–22. 2266:Norfolk Navy Yard 2122:William G. McAdoo 2035: 2034: 2006:15 December 1906 1919:10 February 1903 1618:Naval War College 1368:Royal Danish Navy 1346:Duke of Edinburgh 1289: 1288: 1092: 1091: 684:Cecil Spring Rice 676:Great White Fleet 594:, as part of its 543:battleships. The 395:battleships. The 355: 354: 114:Succeeded by 16:(Redirected from 4655: 4231:Armored cruisers 4040: 4033: 4026: 4017: 3898: 3891: 3884: 3875: 3855: 3842: 3823: 3804: 3785: 3766: 3737: 3718: 3705: 3686: 3667: 3648: 3629: 3617: 3606: 3587: 3568: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3514:"North Carolina" 3510: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3462: 3456: 3455:, pp. 60–1. 3450: 3444: 3438: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3392:, pp. 61–2. 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3222: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3146: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3119: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3069: 3060: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3002: 2993: 2987: 2978: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2931: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2894: 2888: 2887:, pp. 53–4. 2882: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2860:, pp. 52–3. 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2809: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2785:, pp. 28–9. 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2627: 2626: 2614: 2608: 2607:, pp. 61–2. 2602: 2596: 2595: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2569:, p. 157–8. 2564: 2558: 2552: 2536: 2529: 2404:troop transports 2362:Secretary of War 2302: 2102:First Balkan War 1936:9 November 1916 1885:3 December 1904 1882:9 February 1903 1838: 1811:aircraft carrier 1807:shaft horsepower 1666: 1603:Even before HMS 1541:In service, the 1377: 1303: 1147: 1120:appeared during 1108: 998:Four-hour speed 989: 596:Second Naval Law 366:armored cruisers 312:21 inch (533 mm) 227:(17,150 kW) 93: 91: 90: 43: 36: 21: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4643:Cruiser classes 4633: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4600: 4573: 4479: 4382: 4362: 4342: 4266: 4225: 4205: 4146:Pre-dreadnought 4140: 4047: 4044: 4014: 4009: 3996: 3970: 3910: 3908:-class cruisers 3902: 3849: 3839: 3826: 3820: 3807: 3801: 3788: 3782: 3769: 3755: 3740: 3734: 3721: 3708: 3702: 3689: 3683: 3670: 3664: 3651: 3645: 3632: 3626: 3609: 3603: 3590: 3584: 3571: 3559: 3556: 3551: 3541: 3539: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3497: 3495: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3380:, pp. 7–8. 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3287: 3285: 3284:. cityofart.net 3280: 3279: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3262:. cityofart.com 3258: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3231: 3229: 3224: 3223: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3148: 3147: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3071: 3070: 3063: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3033: 3023: 3021: 3004: 3003: 2996: 2988: 2981: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2933: 2932: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2811: 2810: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2757: 2753: 2749:, pp. 3–4. 2745: 2741: 2734: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2630: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2539: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2504: 2433: 2427: 2327: 2321: 2300: 2250:Pichilinque Bay 2159: 2153: 2060: 2043: 1964:6 October 1906 1833: 1759: 1741:-class cruiser 1723: 1674:engines on the 1664: 1601: 1595: 1524: 1503: 1497:(127 mm). 1442: 1437: 1385: 1375: 1314:muzzle velocity 1301: 1294: 1106: 1097: 929: 891: 850: 751: 613:Then there was 513:French cruiser 496: 491: 362:-class cruisers 283:in twin turrets 220:Installed power 171:Armored cruiser 88: 86: 49: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4661: 4659: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4635: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4591: 4583: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4549: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4489: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4414: 4407: 4400: 4392: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4372: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4352: 4350: 4348:Scout cruisers 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4284: 4276: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4243: 4235: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4215: 4213: 4211:Battlecruisers 4207: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4153: 4151: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4131: 4124: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4075: 4068: 4065:South Carolina 4060: 4058: 4049: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4042: 4035: 4028: 4020: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3985: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3955: 3946:North Carolina 3942: 3929: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3893: 3886: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3848: 3847:External links 3845: 3844: 3843: 3837: 3824: 3818: 3805: 3799: 3786: 3780: 3767: 3753: 3738: 3732: 3719: 3706: 3700: 3687: 3681: 3668: 3662: 3649: 3643: 3630: 3624: 3607: 3601: 3588: 3582: 3576:. Nabu Press. 3569: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3549: 3527: 3505: 3483: 3457: 3445: 3430: 3418: 3406: 3394: 3382: 3370: 3358: 3343: 3341:, p. 170. 3331: 3319: 3307: 3305:, p. 150. 3295: 3273: 3251: 3249:, p. 158. 3239: 3214: 3202: 3200:, p. 467. 3185: 3163: 3136: 3111: 3109:, p. 165. 3099: 3086: 3061: 3046: 3044:, p. 152. 3031: 3008:North Carolina 2994: 2979: 2965: 2953: 2923: 2911: 2889: 2874: 2862: 2850: 2838: 2826: 2799: 2797:, p. 208. 2787: 2775: 2773:, p. 122. 2763: 2761:, p. 333. 2751: 2739: 2732: 2712: 2703:, p. 223. 2693: 2674: 2665:, p. 128. 2655: 2643: 2641:, p. 142. 2628: 2619:, p. 158. 2609: 2597: 2578: 2559: 2557:, p. 111. 2546: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2510: 2503: 2500: 2488:Chesapeake Bay 2426: 2420: 2392:North Carolina 2342:North Carolina 2335:North Carolina 2320: 2318:North Carolina 2314: 2210:Rio de Janeiro 2152: 2146: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2021: 2018: 2016: (ACR-13) 2010: 2007: 2004: 2003:29 April 1905 2001: 1999: (ACR-13) 1991: 1990: 1987: 1979: 1976: 1974: (ACR-12) 1968: 1965: 1962: 1961:21 March 1905 1959: 1957: (ACR-12) 1955:North Carolina 1949: 1948: 1945: 1937: 1934: 1932: (ACR-11) 1926: 1925:7 August 1906 1923: 1922:18 March 1905 1920: 1917: 1915: (ACR-11) 1907: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1895: (ACR-10) 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1878: (ACR-10) 1870: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1862:Renaming date 1860: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1841:Original name 1832: 1829: 1758: 1755: 1747:(formerly USS 1722: 1719: 1594: 1591: 1528:North Carolina 1523: 1520: 1502: 1499: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1384: 1381: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244:Fürst Bismarck 1239: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053:North Carolina 1048: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1006: 1005: 1004:24-hour speed 1002: 999: 996: 995:Four-hour IHP 993: 928: 925: 890: 887: 849: 846: 838:North Carolina 750: 747: 553:British Empire 495: 492: 490: 487: 483:receiving ship 441:North Carolina 408:battlecruisers 368:built for the 353: 352: 351: 350: 344: 338: 332: 329:Waterline belt 324: 320: 319: 318: 317: 308: 301: 294: 284: 275: 271: 270: 267: 263: 262: 255: 251: 250: 249: 248: 245: 242: 233: 229: 228: 221: 217: 216: 213: 209: 208: 205: 201: 200: 197: 193: 192: 191: 190: 187: 178: 174: 173: 168: 164: 163: 159: 158: 155: 151: 150: 147: 143: 142: 139: 135: 134: 131: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 102: 98: 97: 84: 80: 79: 78: 77: 72: 67: 60: 56: 55: 54:Class overview 51: 50: 47:North Carolina 44: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4660: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4295:San Francisco 4292: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4041: 4036: 4034: 4029: 4027: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4006: 4003: 4002: 3999: 3993: 3991: 3987:Followed by: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3978:Preceded by: 3977: 3976: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3948: 3947: 3943: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3907: 3899: 3894: 3892: 3887: 3885: 3880: 3879: 3876: 3870: 3868: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3854: 3846: 3840: 3838:1-55750-984-0 3834: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3819:1-85109-369-9 3815: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3793:. Routelege. 3792: 3787: 3783: 3781:0-87021-714-3 3777: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3754:0-7603-0989-2 3750: 3746: 3745: 3739: 3735: 3733:0-312-24023-6 3729: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3711:"The Cruiser" 3707: 3703: 3701:0-7110-0381-5 3697: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3682:0-87021-907-3 3678: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3663:0-87021-715-1 3659: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3644:0-679-76733-9 3640: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3616: 3615: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3454: 3453:Friedman 1984 3449: 3446: 3443:, p. 60. 3442: 3441:Friedman 1984 3437: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3426:Friedman 1984 3422: 3419: 3416:, p. 59. 3415: 3414:Friedman 1984 3410: 3407: 3404:, p. 70. 3403: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3390:Friedman 1984 3386: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3356:, p. 61. 3355: 3354:Friedman 1984 3350: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3339:Musicant 1985 3335: 3332: 3328: 3327:Friedman 1984 3323: 3320: 3316: 3315:Musicant 1985 3311: 3308: 3304: 3303:Musicant 1985 3299: 3296: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3247:Musicant 1985 3243: 3240: 3227: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3210:Musicant 1985 3206: 3203: 3199: 3198:Friedman 1984 3194: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3151: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3124: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3100: 3097:, p. 165 3096: 3090: 3087: 3074: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3042:Musicant 1985 3038: 3036: 3032: 3019: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2992:, p. 54. 2991: 2990:Friedman 1984 2986: 2984: 2980: 2977:, p. 25. 2976: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2963:, p. 62. 2962: 2957: 2954: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2919:Musicant 1985 2915: 2912: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2885:Friedman 1984 2881: 2879: 2875: 2872:, p. 53. 2871: 2870:Friedman 1984 2866: 2863: 2859: 2858:Friedman 1984 2854: 2851: 2847: 2846:Friedman 1984 2842: 2839: 2835: 2834:Friedman 1984 2830: 2827: 2814: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2735: 2733:0-87021-192-7 2729: 2725: 2724: 2716: 2713: 2708: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2689: 2683: 2678: 2675: 2670: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2639:Conway's 1979 2635: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2618: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2598: 2593: 2587: 2582: 2579: 2574: 2568: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2555:Hovgaard 1905 2551: 2548: 2542: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2484:Naval Academy 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2425: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2370:Santo Domingo 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2319: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2306:New York City 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2262:South America 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2198:Port-of-Spain 2195: 2194:Hampton Roads 2191: 2187: 2183: 2180:escorted USS 2179: 2175: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2151: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2134:Santo Domingo 2131: 2127: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2089:Pacific Fleet 2086: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2052: 2047: 2041: 2037: 2031:17 July 1920 2030: 2028: 2027: (CA-13) 2026: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2009:21 July 1908 2008: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1992: 1988: 1986: 1985: (CA-12) 1984: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1950: 1947:17 July 1920 1946: 1944: 1943: (CA-11) 1942: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1888:17 July 1906 1887: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1871: 1865:Reclassified 1856: 1851: 1846: 1839: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1800: 1795: 1792: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775:-class scouts 1774: 1768: 1764: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1600: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1567:lattice masts 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1522:Modifications 1521: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1472: 1470: 1467:or untreated 1466: 1462: 1458: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1382: 1380: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1359: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1347: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1299: 1291: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1148: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1112: 1105: 1104: 1094: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1007: 990: 987: 985: 981: 974: 969: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 942: 938: 934: 926: 924: 922: 917: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 888: 883: 878: 874: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 847: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 826: 823: 817: 815: 810: 806: 802: 798: 793: 788: 785: 776: 771: 767: 765: 761: 756: 748: 746: 744: 740: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 714: 713: 707: 706: 700: 696: 692: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 641: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 611: 609: 608: 603: 602: 597: 593: 589: 587: 582: 581: 576: 572: 571:Great Britain 568: 566: 561: 559: 554: 550: 546: 538: 533: 527: 522: 516: 511: 505: 500: 493: 488: 486: 484: 480: 476: 475: 469: 467: 462: 458: 454: 453: 447: 443: 442: 436: 432: 431:Santo Domingo 428: 424: 420: 419: 411: 409: 406: 404: 398: 393: 388: 386: 382: 378: 376: 371: 367: 363: 361: 348: 345: 342: 341:Conning tower 339: 336: 333: 330: 327: 326: 325: 322: 321: 316: 315:torpedo tubes 313: 309: 306: 302: 299: 295: 293: 289: 285: 282: 278: 277: 276: 273: 272: 268: 265: 264: 260: 256: 253: 252: 246: 243: 240: 236: 235: 234: 231: 230: 226: 222: 219: 218: 214: 211: 210: 206: 203: 202: 198: 195: 194: 188: 185: 181: 180: 179: 176: 175: 172: 169: 166: 165: 160: 156: 153: 152: 148: 145: 144: 140: 137: 136: 132: 130:In commission 129: 128: 124: 121: 120: 116: 113: 112: 109: 107: 103: 100: 99: 96: 85: 82: 81: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 62: 61: 58: 57: 52: 48: 42: 37: 33: 19: 4594: 4587: 4552: 4545: 4493: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4431: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4376: 4356: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4280: 4260: 4259: 4254:Pennsylvania 4253: 4246: 4239: 4219: 4199: 4192: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4164: 4157: 4135:South Dakota 4134: 4127: 4120: 4113: 4107:Pennsylvania 4106: 4099: 4092: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4064: 3989: 3981:Pennsylvania 3980: 3964: 3958: 3951: 3945: 3938: 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