Tenerife airport disaster

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apparently to save time. The Pan Am aircraft was unable to maneuver around the refueling KLM in order to reach the runway for takeoff, due to a lack of safe clearance between the two planes, which was just 3.7 meters (12 ft). The refueling took about 35 minutes, after which the passengers were brought back to the aircraft. The search for a missing Dutch family of four, who had not returned to the waiting KLM plane, delayed the flight even further. Additionally, Robina van Lanschot, a tour guide, had chosen not to reboard for the flight to Las Palmas, because she lived on Tenerife and thought it impractical to fly to Gran Canaria only to return to Tenerife the next day. She was therefore not on the KLM plane when the accident happened, and was the only survivor of those who flew from Amsterdam to Tenerife on Flight 4805.

1484: 1426: 1313: 50: 1578: 1640: 1600:" (which simply means the last transmission was received), but with a readback of the key parts of the instruction, to show mutual understanding. The word "takeoff" is now spoken only when the actual takeoff clearance is given, or when canceling that same clearance (i.e., "cleared for takeoff" or "cancel takeoff clearance"). Until that point, aircrew and controllers should use the word "departure" in its place (e.g., "ready for departure"). Additionally, an ATC clearance given to an aircraft already lined-up on the runway must be prefixed with the instruction "hold position". 328: 604: 1542:(IFALPA), who knew both officers and believes this explanation to be inconsistent with his knowledge of their personalities. The first officer had intervened when Veldhuyzen van Zanten first opened the throttles, but had then failed to do so on the second occasion. Although the flight engineer had indeed asked the captain whether or not the Pan Am was clear of the runway, he seemed reassured by the captain's answer. The co-pilots had clearly challenged the captain's decisions, but were not insistent enough to convince him to abort the attempted takeoff. 171: 1296:. The KLM 747 was within 100 m (330 ft) of the Pan Am and moving at approximately 140 knots (260 km/h; 160 mph) when it left the ground. Its nose landing gear cleared the Pan Am, but its left-side engines, lower fuselage, and main landing gear struck the upper right side of the Pan Am's fuselage, ripping apart the center of the Pan Am jet almost directly above the wing. The right-side engines crashed through the Pan Am's upper deck immediately behind the cockpit, instantly killing all of the passengers seated there. 810:(ALPA) after the accident concluded that making the second 148° turn at the end of taxiway C-3 would have been "a practical impossibility". The official report from the Spanish authorities explained that the controller instructed the Pan Am aircraft to use the third taxiway because this was the earliest exit that they could take to reach the unobstructed section of the parallel taxiway. These instructions issued by the airport controllers indicate their lack of familiarity with the difficulty of handling large aircraft such as the 747. 1270: 1300:

150 m (500 ft) past the collision, sliding down the runway for a further 300 m (1,000 ft). Upon impact with the runway, the full load of fuel, which had caused the earlier delay, ignited immediately into a fireball that could not be subdued for several hours. One of the 61 survivors of the Pan Am flight said that sitting in the nose of the plane probably saved his life: "We all settled back, and the next thing an explosion took place and the whole port side, left side of the plane, was just torn wide open."

1281:(CVR), the Pan Am captain said, "There he is!" when he spotted the KLM's landing lights through the fog just as his plane approached exit C-4. When it became clear that the KLM aircraft was approaching at takeoff speed, Captain Grubbs exclaimed, "Goddamn, that son-of-a-bitch is coming!", while first officer Robert Bragg yelled, "Get off! Get off! Get off!" Grubbs applied full power to the throttles and made a sharp left turn towards the grass in an attempt to avoid the impending collision. 1441:(CIAIAC). About 70 personnel were involved in the investigation, including representatives from the United States, the Netherlands and the two airline companies. Facts showed that there had been misinterpretations and false assumptions before the accident. Analysis of the CVR transcript showed that the KLM pilot thought that he had been cleared for takeoff, while the Tenerife control tower believed that the KLM 747 was stationary at the end of the runway, awaiting takeoff clearance. 1226:

takeoff" and "waiting for our ATC clearance". ATC radioed the KLM aircraft (addressing them by the wrong call sign, although the KLM still interpreted the transmission as theirs), providing instructions that specified the route that the aircraft was to follow after takeoff, but did not clear them for takeoff. To add to the confusion, the controller had used the word "takeoff" in his clearance, potentially convincing Veldhuyzen van Zanten that a takeoff clearance had been issued.

4747: 4757: 5654: 5666: 1611:(CRM), which states that all pilots, no matter how experienced they are, are allowed to contradict each other. This was a problem in the crash when the Flight Engineer asked if they were not clear, but Veldhuyzen van Zanten (with over 11,000 hours flown) said that they were obviously clear and the Flight Engineer decided that it was best not to contradict the captain. CRM training has been mandatory for all airline pilots since 2006. 3997: 787: 4972: 4345: 1249:). This caused the KLM crew to miss the crucial latter portion of the tower's response. The Pan Am crew's transmission was "We're still taxiing down the runway, Clipper 1736!" This message was also blocked by the interference and inaudible to the KLM crew. Either message, if heard in the KLM cockpit, would have alerted the crew to the situation and given them time to abort the takeoff attempt. 1664: 1332:

flight crew to control the aircraft's systems, including engine fire extinguishers. Survivors waited for rescue, but it did not come promptly, as the firefighters were initially unaware that there were two aircraft involved and were concentrating on the KLM wreck hundreds of meters away in the thick fog and smoke. Eventually, most of the survivors on the wing dropped to the ground below.

822:, which gives rise to weather conditions that differ from those at many other airports. Clouds at 600 m (2,000 ft) above ground level at the nearby coast are at ground level at Los Rodeos. Drifting clouds of different densities cause wildly varying visibilities, from unhindered at one moment to below the legal minimum the next. The collision took place in a high-density cloud. 5642: 5678: 3979: 3966: 1652: 1328:

the Pan Am aircraft survived. There were initially 70 survivors, but 9 passengers later died of their injuries. Among the survivors were the captain, first officer and flight engineer of the Pan Am flight. Most of the survivors on the Pan Am walked out onto the intact left wing, the side away from the collision, through holes in the fuselage structure.

3419:, p. 2 (PDF p. 6 of 97). "The study group notes with approval that the official report of the spanish government has, itself, included a section on human factors involved in this accident. We feel that this is an excellent beginning toward a better understanding of the causal factors of aviation accidents, an idea whose time has finally come." 1238:

to his misinterpretation that they were in takeoff position and ready to begin the roll when takeoff clearance was received, but not in the process of taking off. The controller then immediately added "stand by for takeoff, I will call you", indicating that he had not intended the instruction to be interpreted as a takeoff clearance.

719: 1413:, worked with local medical staff and remained on scene until the last survivor was airlifted to awaiting medical facilities. The C-130 transported all surviving and injured passengers from Tenerife airport to Las Palmas; many of the injured were taken from there to other Air Force bases in the U.S. for further treatment. 4025: 564:(ATC) had been issued. Dutch investigators placed a greater emphasis on a mutual misunderstanding in radio communications between the KLM crew and ATC, but ultimately KLM admitted that their crew was responsible for the accident and the airline agreed to financially compensate the relatives of all of the victims. 674:. It was the first 747 to be delivered to an airline. Of the 380 passengers (mostly of retirement age, but including two children), 14 had boarded in New York, where the crew was also changed. All but five passengers onboard the aircraft were Americans; the non-American passengers were all Canadian nationals. 1606:

procedures were also changed after the accident. Hierarchical relations among crew members were played down, and greater emphasis was placed on team decision-making by mutual agreement. Less experienced flight crew members were encouraged to challenge their captains when they believed something to be

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Veldhuyzen van Zanten was KLM's chief of flight training and one of their most senior pilots. About two months before the accident, he had conducted the Boeing 747 qualification check on the first officer of Flight 4805. His photograph was used for publicity materials such as magazine advertisements,

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After the KLM plane had started its takeoff roll, the tower instructed the Pan Am crew to "report the runway clear." The Pan Am crew replied: "OK, will report when we're clear." On hearing this, the KLM flight engineer expressed his concern about the Pan Am not being clear of the runway by asking the

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The authorities reopened Gran Canaria airport once the bomb threat had been contained. The Pan Am plane was ready to depart from Tenerife, but access to the runway was obstructed by the KLM plane and a refueling vehicle; the KLM captain had decided to fully refuel at Los Rodeos instead of Las Palmas,

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The new crew consisted of Captain Victor Grubbs (age 56), First Officer Robert Bragg (39), Flight Engineer George Warns (46) and 13 flight attendants. At the time of the accident, Grubbs had 21,043 hours of flight time, of which 564 hours were on the 747. Bragg had 10,800 flight hours, of which 2,796

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The apparent hesitation of the flight engineer and the first officer to challenge Veldhuyzen van Zanten further. The official investigation suggested that this might have been due to not only the captain's seniority in rank but also his being one of the most respected pilots working for the airline.

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Meanwhile, the KLM plane was still in good visibility, but with clouds blowing down the runway towards them. The aircraft completed its 180-degree turn in relatively clear weather and lined up on Runway 30. The next cloud was 900 m (3,000 ft) down the runway and moving towards the aircraft

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The KLM flight crew, including Veldhuyzen van Zanten, were concerned about exceeding their maximum legally allowable on-duty hours for the day, which Dutch law had recently tightened. This influenced Veldhuyzen van Zanten's decision to refuel at Tenerife for the flight to Amsterdam after as brief a

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The investigation concluded that the fundamental cause of the accident was that Veldhuyzen van Zanten attempted to take off without clearance. The investigators suggested the reason for this was a desire to leave as soon as possible in order to comply with KLM's duty-time regulations (which went in

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to use at the airport, initially responded with "OK" (terminology that is nonstandard), which reinforced the KLM captain's misinterpretation that they had takeoff clearance. The controller's response of "OK" to the first officer's nonstandard statement that they were "now at takeoff" was likely due

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Willem Schreuder (48). At the time of the accident, Veldhuyzen van Zanten was KLM's chief flight instructor, with 11,700 flight hours, of which 1,545 hours were on the 747. Meurs had 9,200 flight hours, of which 95 hours were on the 747. Schreuder had 17,031 flight hours, of which 543 hours were on

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Spanish Army soldiers were tasked with clearing crash wreckage from the runways and taxiways. By March 30, a small plane shuttle service was approved, but large jets still could not land. Los Rodeos was fully reopened on April 3, after wreckage had been fully removed and engineers had repaired the

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Both airplanes were destroyed in the collision. All 248 passengers and crew aboard the KLM plane died, as did 335 passengers and crew aboard the Pan Am plane, primarily due to the fire and explosions resulting from the fuel spilled and ignited in the impact. The other 61 passengers and crew aboard

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Meurs read the flight clearance back to the controller, completing the readback with the statement: "We are now at takeoff," although it is still not known whether, "We are at takeoff" or "We are taking off" was said. Veldhuyzen van Zanten interrupted the first officer's readback with the comment,

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The crew successfully identified the first two taxiways (C-1 and C-2), but their discussion in the cockpit indicated that they had not sighted the third taxiway (C-3), which they had been instructed to use. There were no markings or signs to identify the runway exits and they were in conditions of

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The flight engineer was the only member of the KLM's flight crew to react to the control tower's instruction to "report the runway clear"; this might have been due to his having completed his pre-flight checks, whereas his colleagues were experiencing an increased workload, just as the visibility

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Although the Dutch authorities were initially reluctant to blame Veldhuyzen van Zanten and his crew, the airline ultimately accepted responsibility for the accident. KLM paid the victims' families compensation ranging between $ 58,000 and $ 600,000 (or $ 292,000 to $ 3 million today, adjusted for

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The transmission from the tower in which the controller passed KLM their ATC clearance was ambiguous and could have been interpreted as also giving take-off clearance. In support of this part of their response, the Dutch investigators pointed out that Pan Am's messages "No! Eh?" and "We are still

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The Pan Am's engines were still running for a few minutes after the accident despite first officer Bragg's intention to turn them off. The roof of the cockpit, where the engine switches were located, had been destroyed in the collision, and all control lines were severed, leaving no means for the

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The KLM plane remained briefly airborne, but the impact had sheared off the outer left engine, caused significant amounts of shredded materials to be ingested by the inner left engine, and damaged the wings. The plane immediately went into a stall, rolled sharply, and hit the ground approximately

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The Dutch authorities were reluctant to accept the Spanish report blaming the KLM captain for the accident. The Netherlands Department of Civil Aviation published a response that, while accepting that the KLM captain had taken off "prematurely", argued that he alone should not be blamed for the

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Immediately after lining up, the KLM captain advanced the throttles and the aircraft started to move forward. Meurs advised him that ATC clearance had not yet been given and Veldhuyzen van Zanten responded: "No, I know that. Go ahead, ask." Meurs then radioed the tower that they were "ready for

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exploded in the terminal of Gran Canaria Airport, injuring eight people. Due to the threat of a second bomb, the civil aviation authorities closed the airport temporarily after the initial explosion, and all incoming flights bound for Gran Canaria were diverted to Los Rodeos, including the two

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The ALPA study group concluded that the KLM crew did not realize that the transmission "Papa Alpha One Seven Three Six, report the runway clear" was directed at the Pan Am, because this was the first and only time the Pan Am was referred to by that name. Previously, the Pan Am had been called

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The Pan Am crew found themselves in poor and rapidly deteriorating visibility almost as soon as they entered the runway. According to the ALPA report, as the Pan Am aircraft taxied to the runway, the visibility was about 500 m (1,600 ft). Shortly after they turned onto the runway it

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Shortly afterward, the Pan Am was instructed to follow the KLM down the same runway, exit it by taking the third exit on their left and then use the parallel taxiway. Initially, the crew was unclear as to whether the controller had told them to take the first or third exit. The crew asked for

1618:(TFS), which now serves the majority of international tourist flights. Los Rodeos, renamed Tenerife North Airport (TFN), was then used only for domestic and inter-island flights until 2002, when a new terminal was opened and Tenerife North began to carry international traffic again. 3558:, p. 22 (PDF p. 26 of 97). "Both pilots were contending with heavy demands on their attention as the visibility rapidly worsened. The flight engineer, to the contrary, had completed the heaviest part of his workload and was now reverting to an instrument monitoring mode." 650:. The KLM jet was carrying 14 crew members and 235 passengers, including 52 children. Most of the KLM passengers were Dutch; also on board were four Germans, two Austrians, and two Americans. After the aircraft landed at Tenerife, the passengers were transported to the 778:

The tower instructed the KLM plane to taxi down the entire length of the runway and then make a 180° turn to get into takeoff position. While the KLM was backtaxiing on the runway, the controller asked the flight crew to report when it was ready to copy the

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inflation). The sum of settlements for property and damages was $ 110 million (or $ 553 million today), an average of $ 189,000 (or $ 950,000 today) per victim, due to limitations imposed by European Compensation Conventions in effect at the time.

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running parallel to it, with four short taxiways connecting the two. While waiting for Gran Canaria airport to reopen, the diverted airplanes took up so much space that they had to park on the long taxiway, making it unavailable for the purpose of

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clarification and the controller responded emphatically by replying: "The third one, sir; one, two, three; third, third one." The crew began the taxi and proceeded to identify the unmarked taxiways using an airport diagram as they reached them.

4713: 3591:, p. 22 (PDF p. 26 of 97). "It is our opinion that the flight engineer, like the pilots, did not perceive the message from the controller to the Pan Am asking them to report when runway clear. (Because of the use of the address "Papa Alpha)." 806:. At the end of C-3, the Pan Am would have to make another 148° turn, in order to continue taxiing towards the start of the runway, similar to a mirrored letter "Z". Taxiway C-4 would have required two 35° turns. A study carried out by the 3883: 3601: 4026:

A-102/1977 y A-103/1977 Accidente Ocurrido el 27 de Marzo de 1977 a las Aeronaves Boeing 747, Matrícula PH-BUF de K.L.M. y Aeronave Boeing 747, matrícula N736PA de PANAM en el Aeropuerto de los Rodeos, Tenerife (Islas

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In 2007, the 30th anniversary marked the first time that Dutch and American next-of-kin and aid helpers from Tenerife joined an international commemoration service, held at the Auditorio de Tenerife in Santa Cruz. The

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taxiing down the runway, the Clipper 1736!" indicated that Grubbs and Bragg had recognized the ambiguity (this message was not audible to the control tower or KLM crew due to simultaneous cross-communication);

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including the inflight magazine on board PH-BUF. KLM had suggested initially that Veldhuyzen van Zanten should help with the investigation, unaware that he was the captain who had been killed in the accident.

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traffic for two days. The first crash investigators to arrive at Tenerife the day after the crash travelled there by way of a 3-hour boat ride from Las Palmas. The first aircraft that was able to land was a

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The following day, the Canary Islands Independence Movement, responsible for the bombing at Gran Canaria that started the chain of events that led to the disaster, denied responsibility for the accident.

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Due to the fog, neither crew was able to see the other plane on the runway ahead of them. In addition, neither of the aircraft could be seen from the control tower, as the airport was not equipped with

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The subsequent investigation by Spanish authorities concluded that the primary cause of the accident was the KLM captain's decision to take off in the mistaken belief that a takeoff clearance from

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transport, which landed on the airport's main taxiway at 12:50 on March 29. The C-130 was arranged by Lt. Col Dr. James K. Slaton, who arrived before the crash investigators and started a

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incorrect, and captains were instructed to listen to their crew and evaluate all decisions in light of crew concerns. This course of action was later expanded into what is known today as

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Veldhuyzen van Zanten, a KLM training captain and instructor for over ten years working on simulators regularly, had not flown on regular routes for twelve weeks prior to the accident.

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As a consequence of the accident, sweeping changes were made to international airline regulations and to aircraft. Aviation authorities around the world introduced requirements for

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poor visibility. The Pan Am crew appeared to remain unsure of their position on the runway until the collision, which occurred near the intersection with the fourth taxiway (C-4).

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This particular aircraft had operated the inaugural 747 commercial flight on January 22, 1970. On August 2, 1970, in its first year of service, it also became the first 747 to be

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The two aircraft had landed at Los Rodeos earlier in the day, and were among a number of aircraft diverted to Los Rodeos due to a bomb explosion at their intended destination of

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Los Rodeos was a regional airport that could not easily accommodate all of the traffic diverted from Gran Canaria, which included five large airliners. The airport had only one

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Ah roger, sir, we are cleared to the Papa beacon flight level nine zero, right turn out zero four zero until intercepting the three two five. We are now at take-off .

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as a fundamental part of airline pilots' training. The captain is no longer considered infallible, and combined crew input is encouraged during aircraft operations.

3471: 1483: 4813: 4509: 1766:(known by different names in different countries), "Disaster at Tenerife" (2016), as well as the earlier in-depth 90-minute special "Crash of the Century" (2005). 1696: 654:. One of the inbound passengers, Robina van Lanschot, who lived on the island with her boyfriend, chose not to re-board the 747, leaving 234 passengers on board. 553:, forcing departing aircraft to taxi on the runway. Patches of thick fog were drifting across the airfield, so visibility was greatly reduced for pilots and the 2876: 4772: 1800: 686: 1425: 4871: 5763: 5096: 4044: 3827: 807: 2258: 2031: 1312: 49: 4892: 4554: 3051: 2230: 5753: 1261:

pilots in his own cockpit, "Is he not clear that Pan American?" Veldhuyzen van Zanten emphatically replied "Oh, yes" and continued with the takeoff.

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until landing clearance was given (they had enough fuel to safely stay in the air for two more hours), but they were ordered to divert to Tenerife.

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of additional weight was added to the aircraft, increasing the takeoff distance and making it more difficult to clear the Pan Am when taking off;

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The airport was forced to accommodate a great number of large aircraft rerouted by the terrorist incident, disrupting the normal use of taxiways.

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The crowded airport had placed additional pressure on all parties, including the KLM cockpit crew, the Pan Am cockpit crew, and the controller;

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The Pan Am had taxied beyond the third exit. Had the plane turned at the third exit as instructed, the collision would not have occurred.

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The angle of the third taxiway would have required the plane to perform a 148° turn, which would lead back toward the still-crowded main

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This was one of the first accident investigations to include a study into the contribution of "human factors". These included:

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The use of ambiguous non-standard phrases by the KLM first officer ("We're at take off") and the Tenerife control tower ("OK").

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plane, with only 61 survivors in the front section of the latter aircraft. With a total of 583 fatalities, the disaster is the

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was inaugurated at the Mesa Mota on March 27, 2007. The monument was designed by Dutch sculptor Rudi van de Wint (1942–2006).

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The sudden fog greatly limited visibility and the control tower and the crews of both planes were unable to see one another.

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The disaster had a lasting influence on the industry, highlighting in particular the vital importance of using standardized

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The increased severity of the fire caused by the additional fuel led ultimately to the deaths of all those on board.

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The 55 tons of fuel the Dutch plane had taken on creates a massive fireball that seals the fate of everyone onboard

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Simplified map of runway, taxiways, and aircraft. The red star indicates the location of impact. Not to scale.

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Sounds on the CVR suggested that during the accident the Spanish control tower crew had been listening to a

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the aircraft nose upward and attempted to clear the Pan Am by lifting off, causing a 22 m (72 ft)

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Funeral service for the victims of Tenerife airport disaster at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (April 6, 1977)

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The Spanish government installed a ground radar system at Tenerife North Airport following the accident.

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Animation showing the collision between the Pan Am aircraft on the left and the KLM aircraft on the right

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Air traffic instruction must not be acknowledged solely with a colloquial phrase such as "OK" or even "

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on the radio frequency, which was audible in the KLM cockpit as a three-second-long shrill sound (or

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in radio communications. Cockpit procedures were also reviewed, contributing to the establishment of

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aircraft involved in the disaster. The Pan Am crew indicated that they would prefer to circle in a

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A Dutch national memorial and final resting place for the victims of the KLM plane is located in

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The KLM four eight zero five is now ready for take-off and we are waiting for our ATC clearance.

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was still on the runway. The impact and the resulting fire killed all 248 people on board the

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Never Wait for the Fire Truck: How the Worlds Deadliest Plane Crash Changed My Life and Yours

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Curran, William J. (3 November 1977). "The Medicolegal Lessons of the Tenerife Disaster".

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hours were on the 747. Warns had 15,210 flight hours, of which 559 hours were on the 747.

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What REALLY Caused the Tenerife Airport Disaster?! The WORST Aviation Accident in History

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This view is questioned by Jan Bartelski, a former KLM captain and the president of the

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KLM captain Jacob Veldhuyzen van Zanten featured in a 1977 advertisement for the airline

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Flags at half-staff in KLM's headquarters in Amstelveen, following the disaster (1977)

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By the time the KLM pilots saw the Pan Am aircraft, they had already exceeded their

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Takeoff was delayed by an extra 35 minutes, allowing time for the fog to settle in;

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Interference from simultaneous radio transmissions made hearing messages difficult.

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Yeah, after he held us up for an hour and a half, that bastard. Now he's in a rush.

592: 437: 273: 3719: 2960: 1707:

The disaster has been featured in many TV shows and documentaries. These include

1288:

and were already moving too fast to stop. In desperation, the pilots prematurely

1233:

The controller, who could not see the runway due to the fog and did not have any

17: 4746: 4697: 4099: 3926: 3772: 3692:

CAP 413 Radio Telephony Manual (Edition 15), chapter 4, page 6, paragraph 1.7.10

3304: 620: 612: 568: 3449: 1663: 4666: 4000: 2845: 2673: 2320:"Enige overlevende KLM-toestel vliegramp Tenerife blikt na veertig jaar terug" 1355: 1351: 1293: 1246: 588: 499: 342: 185: 3940:

Collision on Tenerife: The How and Why of the World's Worst Aviation Disaster

3312: 3242:"B742 / B741, Tenerife Canary Islands Spain, 1977 - SKYbrary Aviation Safety" 3159: 2001: 1471:

The Pan Am aircraft did not leave the runway at the third exit as instructed.

733:

Both flights had been routine until they approached the islands. At 13:15, a

123: 110: 4449: 4444: 3340:. Netherlands Department of Civil Aviation. pp. 60–61 (PDF pp. 40–41). 1677: 1347: 819: 258: 4357: 3780: 3743:"The Evolution of Crew Resource Management Training in Commercial Aviation" 549:. The airport had become congested with parked airplanes blocking the only 3052:"Canary Island Separatist Says Group Planted Bomb But Did Not Cause Crash" 989:

And we're still taxiing down the runway, the clipper one seven three six.

4676: 3619: 3458: 3320: 1285: 1168: 763: 583:

Tenerife was an unscheduled stop for both flights. Their destination was

515: 93: 3911: 3347:

from the original on 27 September 2007 – via Project-Tenerife.com.

2933:

Tragedie op Tenerife: de grootste luchtramp, optelsom van kleine missers

1964:

from the original on 21 September 2006 – via Project-Tenerife.com.

1614:

In 1978, a second airport was opened on the island of Tenerife, the new

4402: 1651: 1603: 759: 754: 550: 523: 2691:

Aircraft Safety: Accident Investigations, Analyses, & Applications

1450:

place earlier that year) and before the weather deteriorated further.

852:

of both aircraft, as well as from the Tenerife control tower's tapes.

4953: 4702: 4085: 1464:

The following factors were considered contributing but not critical:

1430: 1406: 1398: 750: 698: 670:(JFK). The aircraft was a Boeing 747-121, registration N736PA, named 535: 503: 3335:"Final report and comments of the Netherlands Aviation Safety Board" 3132:"Desert Sun 29 March 1977 — California Digital Newspaper Collection" 1344:, chief flight instructor for KLM and the captain of the KLM flight. 2899:"Advertisement: KLM. From the people who made punctuality possible" 1691:

was dedicated to nineteen area residents who died in the disaster.

1146:

There he is ... look at him. Goddamn that son-of-a-bitch is coming!

3912:"Monumento Conmemorativo Internacional March 2, 2007 + Foto-Video" 3623: 1576: 1562: 1482: 1424: 1311: 785: 717: 645: 602: 511: 199: 4783:

Residence of the Ambassador of the Netherlands in Washington D.C.

3431:"The Vulnerable System: An Analysis of the Tenerife Air Disaster" 4818: 3660:"World's deadliest airline disaster occurred 36 years ago today" 2231:"Wreck of 747's Sets Back Cause Of Insurgents on Canary Islands" 734: 702: 5261: 4989: 4717: 4361: 4058: 2259:"The Tenerife Airport Disaster – the worst in aviation history" 2024:"The Tenerife Airport Disaster – the worst in aviation history" 642:

The aircraft was a Boeing 747-206B, registration PH-BUF, named

4388: 3627: 1317: 902: 531: 210: 4031:

Civil Aviation Accident and Incident Investigation Commission

3683:

CAP 413 Radio Telephony Manual (Edition 15), chapter 2 page 6

2937:

Tenerife tragedy: biggest air disaster, sum of small mistakes

2291:

The Age of Catastrophe: Disaster and Humanity in Modern Times

1807:

List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft

1748:

The Unthinkable: Who Survives When Disaster Strikes - and Why

1439:

Civil Aviation Accident and Incident Investigation Commission

1354:, film actress and producer and second wife of film director 1241:

A simultaneous radio call from the Pan Am crew caused mutual

587:(also known as Las Palmas Airport or Gando Airport), serving 5704:

Airliner accidents and incidents involving ground collisions

1769:

Footage of the wreckage appears in the disaster documentary

1740:

Surviving Disaster: How the Brain Works Under Extreme Duress

1000:

Ah, Papa Alpha one seven three six, report the runway clear.

615:

for Holland International Travel Group and had arrived from

4001:

Survivor remembers deadliest aviation disaster in Tenerife

1554:

The extra fuel taken on by the KLM added several factors:

1550:"Clipper One Seven Three Six", using its proper call-sign. 818:

Los Rodeos airport is at 633 meters (2,077 ft) above

4054: 3741:

Helmreich, R. L.; Merritt, A. C.; Wilhelm, J. A. (1999).

3622:; based on a density of 0.8705 kg/L, that would weigh 45 1540:

International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations

4020:

English translation of Spanish report and Dutch response

3514:

Disasters in the air: mysterious air disasters explained

2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 1979:"How KLM accepted their responsibility for the accident" 1888:. (Oregon). Associated Press. 29 March 1977. p. 1A. 1865:. (Oregon). Associated Press. 28 March 1977. p. 1A. 3666:. Saga Broadcasting, LLC. 27 March 2013. Archived from 1453:

Other major factors contributing to the accident were:

5779:

Airliner accidents and incidents caused by tailstrikes

5709:

Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error

2306:

Five large planes had been diverted to Las Rodeos, ...

5630: 3215:"The Deadliest Plane Crash - The Final Eight Minutes" 2593: 2591: 3931:. Markwood Productions Ltd. Event occurs at 29m15s. 1973: 1971: 1495:

In particular, the Dutch response pointed out that:

1401:

of surviving passengers. Slaton was dispatched from

5236: 5201: 5182: 5131: 5064: 5021: 4921: 4885: 4832: 4806: 4793:

Ambassadors of the United States to the Netherlands

4778:

Ambassadors of the Netherlands to the United States

4765: 4690: 4654: 4618: 4493: 4465: 4427: 4411: 4395: 4327: 4115: 4108: 4092: 3989: 3958: 3953: 3085:"Experts converge on Canaries to probe plane crash" 484: 476: 468: 460: 452: 444: 429: 414: 400: 392: 384: 376: 368: 358: 348: 338: 320: 312: 304: 296: 288: 280: 265: 250: 240: 232: 224: 216: 206: 191: 181: 163: 155: 147: 139: 84: 74: 66: 61: 3511: 3083: 2733:. Electrocution Technical Publishers. p. 67. 2170:"List of Dead and Survivors on Pan American Plane" 2051: 2049: 826:decreased to less than 100 m (330 ft). 729:(center) at Los Rodeos on the day of the accident 5699:Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 747 2666:"Cockpit Voice Recorders: Transcripts: KLM 4805" 1946: 1944: 1942: 1506:match on the radio and may have been distracted; 1216:N736PA (Pan Am 1736) records sound of collision. 3363:Black Box: Inside the World's Worst Air Crashes 2604:. Netherlands Aviation Safety Board. p. 46 2002:"The Cockpit, the Cabin, and Social Psychology" 1760:Episode 133 (S16E03) of the Canadian TV series 967:OK.... Stand by for take-off, I will call you. 872:Wait a minute, we don't have an ATC clearance. 830:at about 12 knots (14 mph; 22 km/h). 5714:Airliner accidents and incidents involving fog 3672:The full load of new fuel ignited immediately. 2004:. Global Operators Flight Information Resource 1697:International Tenerife Memorial March 27, 1977 1589:and a greater emphasis on English as a common 5273: 5001: 4729: 4373: 4070: 4041:Human Factors Report on the Tenerife Accident 3828:"Around the Ranch: All about Battle Mountain" 3160:"30 Mar 1977, Page 4 - The Naples Daily News" 1208:PH-BUF (KLM 4805) records sound of collision. 534:plane and 335 of the 396 people on board the 8: 4976:Category:Netherlands–United States relations 4773:Embassy of the Netherlands, Washington, D.C. 3618:This Spanish report states 55,500 liters of 3356: 3354: 2926: 2924: 1957:. Netherlands Department of Civil Aviation. 1859:"580 killed in history's worst air disaster" 1801:1982 Sukhumi Dranda Airport runway collision 32: 4510:1925 KLM Fokker F.III Forêt de Mormal crash 4015:Official Spanish and Dutch accident reports 3120:. (Oregon). UPI. 30 March 1977. p. 1A. 1409:. Slaton, a flight surgeon attached to the 5280: 5266: 5258: 5008: 4994: 4986: 4814:Van Mook–MacArthur Civil Affairs Agreement 4736: 4722: 4714: 4380: 4366: 4358: 4112: 4077: 4063: 4055: 2694:(2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 205. 1853: 1851: 1849: 837: 666:, with an intermediate stop at New York's 326: 169: 54:Wreckage of the KLM aircraft on the runway 48: 31: 5724:Aviation accidents and incidents in Spain 5016:Aviation accidents and incidents in Spain 4893:American-British-Dutch-Australian Command 4555:1947 KLM Douglas DC-3 Copenhagen disaster 3857:"Rancho Bernardo cross undergoes repairs" 3762: 3457: 3030:"San Jose Inside – Dutch Hamann – Part 2" 1876: 1874: 1872: 1437:The accident was investigated by Spain's 5719:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1977 4872:American Service-Members' Protection Act 3855:Himchak, Elizabeth Marie (9 June 2016). 1268: 848:These communications are taken from the 5637: 5089:Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 130 4798:Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs 4788:Embassy of the United States, The Hague 2997:, section 1.2.2, p. 5 (PDF p. 9 of 63)" 2626:"The Tenerife crash – March 27th, 1977" 2142: 2140: 2091:, section 5.2, p. 38 (PDF p. 41 of 63)" 1817: 3950: 3942:by Jon Ziomek (Post Hill Press, 2018). 3642:The Deadliest Plane Crash - transcript 2253: 2251: 2249: 2210:from the original on 23 September 2016 1952:"Dutch comments on the Spanish report" 1915: 687:Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport 540:deadliest accident in aviation history 5097:Tenerife Spantax Convair CV-990 crash 4550:1946 Amsterdam KLM Douglas C-47 crash 4520:1928 KLM Fokker F.III Waalhaven crash 3706:. New York: Createspace Independent. 3154: 3152: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1882:"Dutch pilot blamed for air disaster" 1385:Los Rodeos Airport was closed to all 1011:OK, we'll report when (we are) clear. 668:John F. Kennedy International Airport 662:Pan Am Flight 1736 had originated at 419:John F. Kennedy International Airport 7: 5113:Imperial Iranian Air Force Flight 48 3477:from the original on 21 August 2017. 3032:. Sanjoseinside.com. 23 January 2006 2931:Reijnoudt, Jan; Sterk, Niek (2002). 2909:from the original on 21 January 2012 2824:"Air travel's communications killer" 2318:ten Voorde, Gerard (21 March 2017). 1989:from the original on 22 August 2007. 1735:, "The Deadliest Plane Crash" (2006) 1109:Is hij er niet af, die Pan American? 900:KLM eight seven zero five [ 842:Cockpit and ATC tower communications 739:Canary Islands Independence Movement 510:(now Tenerife North Airport) on the 498:occurred on 27 March 1977, when two 5759:Netherlands–United States relations 5564:Malaysian Airline System Flight 653 4752:Netherlands–United States relations 4560:1948 KLM Constellation air disaster 4540:1935 San Giacomo Douglas DC-2 crash 4505:1924 KLM Fokker F.III disappearance 3429:Weick, Karl E. (1 September 1990). 3292:The New England Journal of Medicine 2879:from the original on 4 January 2012 2792:Bruggink, Gerard M. (August 2000). 2180:from the original on 2 January 2017 714:Diversion of aircraft to Los Rodeos 4949:Astronomical Netherlands Satellite 4530:1935 Amsterdam Fokker F.XXII crash 3365:. Monday Books. pp. 176–178. 2229:Markham, James M. (2 April 1977). 2034:from the original on 11 April 2022 1726:, "Collision on the Runway" (2004) 25: 5594:SA de Transport Aérien Flight 730 5554:Libyan Arab Airlines Tu-154 crash 5454:Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-134 hijacking 5364:British Airtours Boeing 707 crash 5334:Japan Air Lines Cargo Flight 1045 4959:2019 FIFA Women's World Cup final 4944:Netherlands lunar sample displays 4877:Disappearance of Natalee Holloway 4860:Scottish Court in the Netherlands 2423:, pp. 56–57 (PDF pp. 59–60 of 63) 664:Los Angeles International Airport 406:Los Angeles International Airport 332:N736PA, the Pan Am Boeing 747-121 5676: 5664: 5652: 5640: 5290:Aviation accidents and incidents 5046:Transair Douglas Dakota accident 4971: 4970: 4755: 4745: 4344: 4343: 3995: 3977: 3964: 3361:Faith, Nicholas (August 2012) . 2869:"1977 Year in Review: Terrorism" 2446:from the original on 9 May 2006. 2206:. Pan Am Historical Foundation. 1662: 1650: 1638: 814:Weather conditions at Los Rodeos 774:Taxiing and takeoff preparations 695:José Martí International Airport 623:. Its cockpit crew consisted of 5245:2015 Seville Airbus A400M crash 5210:Binter Mediterráneo Flight 8261 3826:kacejataste (29 January 2009). 2830:. 28 March 2002. Archived from 2764:from the original on 6 May 2006 2710:"NOVA: The Final Eight Minutes" 2708:Krock, Lexi (17 October 2006). 2265:. 27 March 1977. Archived from 2028:The Tenerife Information Centre 1534:stop as possible at Las Palmas. 1411:613th Tactical Fighter Squadron 1038:Let's get the hell out of here. 878:No, I know that, go ahead, ask. 834:Communication misunderstandings 502:passenger jets collided on the 175:PH-BUF, the KLM Boeing 747-206B 5734:Pan Am accidents and incidents 3892:(in Spanish). 19 February 2007 3114:"Air crash victims flown home" 2730:JAR Professional Pilot Studies 518:. The collision occurred when 1: 5774:History of the Canary Islands 5764:Spain–United States relations 5191:Britannia Airways Flight 226A 5038:Aviaco SNCASE Languedoc crash 4682:List of KLM Delft Blue houses 3008:"Passenger list of the PanAm" 2379:, pp. 3–4 (PDF pp. 6–7 of 63) 1827:"Crash in the Canary Islands" 1825:Tedeschi, Diane (June 2019). 1049:Yeah, he's anxious, isn't he? 4515:1927 KLM Fokker F.VIII crash 2644:"Copy of the Spanish Report" 1717:, "Blaming the Pilot" (1996) 5769:March 1977 events in Europe 5754:Netherlands–Spain relations 5729:KLM accidents and incidents 5584:United Airlines Flight 2860 5394:Delta Air Lines Flight 1080 5384:Southern Airways Flight 242 4525:1934 KLM Douglas DC-2 crash 4045:Air Line Pilots Association 3862:The San Diego Union-Tribune 3833:The San Diego Union-Tribune 3773:10.1207/s15327108ijap0901_2 3305:10.1056/NEJM197711032971806 2263:tenerife information centre 2148:"The Deadliest Plane Crash" 1742:(2011), which was based on 1632:Tenerife disaster memorials 1372:, was on the Pan Am flight. 1358:, was on the Pan Am flight. 1342:Jacob Veldhuyzen van Zanten 808:Air Line Pilots Association 685:: en route between JFK and 628:Jacob Veldhuyzen van Zanten 5795: 5534:Lynyrd Skynyrd plane crash 5514:Japan Air Lines Flight 472 5494:Japan Air Lines Flight 715 5404:Aviateca Convair 240 crash 3569:"ALPA report on the crash" 3540:"ALPA report on the crash" 3450:10.1177/014920639001600304 3401:"ALPA report on the crash" 3185:"Crash airport open again" 3094:. 29 March 1977. p. 1 2567:"ALPA report on the crash" 2538:"ALPA report on the crash" 2509:"ALPA report on the crash" 2458:"ALPA report on the crash" 2434:"Official report, annex 6" 2288:Ebert, John David (2012). 2058:"Special Report: Tenerife" 1927:. Flight Safety Foundation 1921:"ASN Accident Description" 1803:— similar in circumstances 1157:Get off! Get off! Get off! 737:planted by the separatist 617:Amsterdam Airport Schiphol 410:Los Angeles, United States 363:Pan American World Airways 255:Amsterdam Airport Schiphol 5613: 5374:Tenerife airport disaster 5305: 5121:Tenerife airport disaster 4967: 4913:Maastricht Aachen Airport 4850:Tenerife airport disaster 4610:KLM Cityhopper Flight 433 4545:1936 KLM Croydon accident 4535:1935 KLM Bushehr incident 4341: 3994: 3976: 3963: 3806:www.tenerife-training.net 3702:Alexander, David (2015). 3195:. 4 April 1977. p. 5 2748:"Official CVR transcript" 2688:Krause, Shari S. (2003). 2585:, p. 12 (PDF p. 16 of 97) 2556:, p. 11 (PDF p. 15 of 97) 2498:, p. 46 (PDF p. 49 of 63) 2476:, p. 19 (PDF p. 23 of 97) 2294:. McFarland. p. 41. 1669:Westminster Memorial Park 496:Tenerife airport disaster 325: 168: 124:28.4816500°N 16.3384000°W 47: 33:Tenerife airport disaster 5434:Dan-Air Boeing 707 crash 4934:Dutch West India Company 4389:KLM Royal Dutch Airlines 3925:Fred Warshofsky (1979). 2527:, p. 8 (PDF p. 12 of 97) 2121:Motorbooks International 1832:Air & Space Magazine 1609:crew resource management 591:on the nearby island of 573:crew resource management 334:involved in the accident 211:KLM Royal Dutch Airlines 177:involved in the accident 5744:1977 in the Netherlands 5474:Encino helicopter crash 5414:Tavda mid-air collision 3751:Int. J. Aviat. Psychol. 3510:Bartelski, Jan (2001). 2727:Croucher, Phil (2005). 2401:, p. 3 (PDF p. 6 of 63) 2357:, p. 2 (PDF p. 5 of 63) 1925:Aviation Safety Network 1682:Westminster, California 850:cockpit voice recorders 526:run in dense fog while 129:28.4816500; -16.3384000 41: Pan Am Flight 1736 5604:Vieques Air Link crash 5574:Air Indiana Flight 216 5314:Connellan air disaster 5164:Madrid runway disaster 4047:of the United States ( 3189:New Nation (Singapore) 2794:"Remembering Tenerife" 2782:Official report, p. 48 2622:Additional references: 2324:Reformatorisch Dagblad 2150:. PBS. 17 October 2006 2117:Air Disaster, Volume 1 1616:Tenerife South Airport 1582: 1488: 1434: 1324: 1279:cockpit voice recorder 1274: 1219: 1126: 1072:Is hij er niet af dan? 1058:PAN AM FLIGHT ENGINEER 1025: 791: 730: 634:Klaas Meurs (42), and 611:KLM Flight 4805 was a 608: 5218:Flightline Flight 101 4845:Island of Palmas Case 3438:Journal of Management 3118:Eugene Register-Guard 3010:. ProjectTenerife.com 1886:Eugene Register-Guard 1863:Eugene Register-Guard 1729:Episode 625 of PBS's 1723:Seconds From Disaster 1580: 1486: 1428: 1315: 1272: 1130: 1029: 856: 789: 721: 693:, it was diverted to 691:San Juan, Puerto Rico 606: 37:KLM Flight 4805 27:1977 runway collision 5524:Lufthansa Flight 181 5354:Aeroflot Flight 5003 5344:Linjeflyg Flight 618 5324:Aeroflot Flight 3843 4939:Netherlands Carillon 4908:Soesterberg Air Base 4903:Operation Easy Chair 3983:N736PA (Pan Am 1736) 3722:. Go Flight Medicine 3576:Project-Tenerife.com 3062:Agence France-Presse 2903:Project-Tenerife.com 2800:: 18. Archived from 2755:project-tenerife.com 2651:Project-Tenerife.com 2123:. pp. 164–180. 1983:Project-Tenerife.com 1775:(1979), directed by 1755:Destroyed in Seconds 1687:In 1977, a cross in 1645:Memorial on Tenerife 1370:San Jose, California 1155:PAN AM FIRST OFFICER 1047:PAN AM FIRST OFFICER 960:1706:18.2–1706:21.2 921:1706:09.6–1706:17.8 893:1705:53.4–1706:08.1 882:1705:44.6–1705:50.8 585:Gran Canaria Airport 547:Gran Canaria Airport 434:Gran Canaria Airport 270:Gran Canaria Airport 5622:► 1978 5616:1976 ◄ 5464:Aeroflot Flight B-2 5444:Aeroflot Flight 331 5424:Israeli CH-53 crash 5226:Spanair Flight 5022 5140:Dan-Air Flight 1008 5073:Dan-Air Flight 1903 4898:Bombing of Nijmegen 4137:Sikorsky S-43 crash 4029:." – Hosted by the 3610:Government of Spain 3387:The Washington Post 2961:"KLM plane crashes" 2834:on 1 February 2013. 2234:(from NYT archives) 2200:"A Day of "Firsts"" 2068:on 18 October 2007. 1714:Survival in the Sky 1657:Westgaarde Cemetery 1322:vertical stabilizer 1106:KLM FLIGHT ENGINEER 1069:KLM FLIGHT ENGINEER 562:air traffic control 120: / 44: 5619: 5504:Yokohama F-4 crash 5156:Avianca Flight 011 5148:Spantax Flight 995 4886:Military relations 4319:1985 Pan Am strike 3057:The New York Times 2850:, 11 December 2021 2653:. 16 November 1978 2239:The New York Times 2174:The New York Times 1583: 1489: 1435: 1417:airport's runway. 1336:Notable fatalities 1325: 1275: 949:... check thrust. 792: 731: 658:Pan Am Flight 1736 609: 528:Pan Am Flight 1736 508:Los Rodeos Airport 90:Los Rodeos Airport 5628: 5627: 5255: 5254: 5172:Iberia Flight 610 5105:Aviaco Flight 118 5081:Iberia Flight 602 5054:Iberia Flight 401 4983: 4982: 4855:Pan Am Flight 103 4711: 4710: 4355: 4354: 4314: 4313: 4011: 4010: 3970:PH-BUF (KLM 4805) 3670:on 31 July 2013. 3616:on 12 April 2009. 3585:on July 15, 2011. 3552:on July 15, 2011. 3525:978-1-84037-204-5 3489:"Official report" 3413:on July 15, 2011. 3268:"Official report" 3246:www.skybrary.aero 2986:"Official report" 2740:978-0-9681928-2-5 2701:978-0-07-140974-2 2579:on July 15, 2011. 2550:on July 15, 2011. 2521:on July 15, 2011. 2487:"Official report" 2470:on July 15, 2011. 2412:"Official report" 2390:"Official report" 2368:"Official report" 2346:"Official report" 2301:978-0-7864-7142-3 2176:. 29 March 1977. 2080:"Official report" 1782:Episode 5 of the 1403:Torrejon Air Base 1277:According to the 1223: 1222: 1166:KLM FIRST OFFICER 870:KLM FIRST OFFICER 725:(foreground) and 492: 491: 18:Tenerife disaster 16:(Redirected from 5786: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5636: 5620: 5484:Malév Flight 203 5300: 5299: 5297: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5259: 5248: 5229: 5221: 5213: 5194: 5193:(September 1999) 5175: 5167: 5159: 5151: 5150:(September 1982) 5143: 5124: 5116: 5108: 5100: 5092: 5091:(September 1972) 5084: 5076: 5057: 5049: 5041: 5033: 5010: 5003: 4996: 4987: 4974: 4973: 4840:Head Money Cases 4766:Diplomatic posts 4760: 4759: 4750: 4749: 4738: 4731: 4724: 4715: 4570:KLM Flight 607-E 4382: 4375: 4368: 4359: 4347: 4346: 4113: 4079: 4072: 4065: 4056: 4035: 4007:– March 27, 2017 4005:CBS This Morning 3999: 3998: 3981: 3980: 3968: 3967: 3951: 3933: 3932: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3790:on 6 March 2013. 3789: 3783:. 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Archived from 3405: 3397: 3391: 3390:, March 25, 1980 3383: 3377: 3376: 3358: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3339: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3286: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3272: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3156: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3087: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3004: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2990: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2928: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2789: 2783: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2763: 2752: 2744: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2705: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2676:on 20 April 2012 2672:. Archived from 2662: 2660: 2658: 2648: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2603: 2595: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2578: 2572:. Archived from 2571: 2563: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2549: 2543:. Archived from 2542: 2534: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2520: 2514:. Archived from 2513: 2505: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2491: 2483: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2469: 2463:. Archived from 2462: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2438: 2430: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2416: 2408: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2394: 2386: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2372: 2364: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2350: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2269:on 11 April 2022 2255: 2244: 2243: 2235: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2144: 2135: 2134: 2109: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2084: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2064:. Archived from 2053: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2009: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1975: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1956: 1948: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1917: 1890: 1889: 1878: 1867: 1866: 1855: 1844: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1822: 1738:The PBS special 1666: 1654: 1642: 1591:working language 1587:standard phrases 1429:Wreckage of the 1405:just outside of 1316:Wreckage of the 1128:1706:40–1706:50 1027:1706:32–1706:40 854:1705:36–1706:50 838: 652:airport terminal 636:Flight Engineer 440:, Canary Islands 408: 330: 276:, Canary Islands 173: 140:Total fatalities 135: 134: 132: 131: 130: 125: 121: 118: 117: 116: 113: 79:Runway collision 52: 45: 43: 42: 21: 5794: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5677: 5675: 5665: 5663: 5653: 5651: 5641: 5639: 5631: 5629: 5624: 5618: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5301: 5295: 5293: 5288: 5286: 5256: 5251: 5243: 5232: 5224: 5216: 5208: 5197: 5189: 5178: 5174:(February 1985) 5170: 5166:(December 1983) 5162: 5158:(November 1983) 5154: 5146: 5138: 5127: 5119: 5111: 5103: 5099:(December 1972) 5095: 5087: 5079: 5071: 5060: 5052: 5044: 5040:(December 1958) 5036: 5028: 5017: 5014: 4984: 4979: 4963: 4917: 4881: 4828: 4802: 4761: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4712: 4707: 4686: 4672:Delta Air Lines 4662:Air France-KLM‎ 4650: 4641:Camiel Eurlings 4614: 4600:KLM Flight 4805 4496: 4489: 4461: 4423: 4407: 4391: 4386: 4356: 4351: 4337: 4323: 4310: 4117: 4116:Accidents & 4104: 4088: 4083: 4033: 3996: 3985:– Airliners.net 3978: 3972:– Airliners.net 3965: 3949: 3936: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3836:. Pomerado News 3825: 3824: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3764:10.1.1.526.8574 3745: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3582: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3555: 3549: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3433: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3417:(2.70a MB) 3416: 3410: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3360: 3359: 3352: 3344: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3299:(18): 986–987. 3288: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3270: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3225: 3223: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3198: 3196: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3168: 3166: 3158: 3157: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3091:Chicago Tribune 3082: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3064:. 28 March 1977 3050: 3049: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3011: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2930: 2929: 2922: 2912: 2910: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2853: 2851: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2726: 2725: 2718: 2716: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2687: 2686: 2679: 2677: 2670:AirDisaster.com 2664: 2663: 2656: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2634: 2632: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2589: 2582: 2576: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2547: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2518: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2467: 2460: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2436: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2376: 2370: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2354: 2348: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2329: 2327: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2302: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2272: 2270: 2257: 2256: 2247: 2233: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2183: 2181: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2153: 2151: 2146: 2145: 2138: 2131: 2111: 2110: 2095: 2088: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2062:AirDisaster.com 2056:Kilroy, Chris. 2055: 2054: 2047: 2037: 2035: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2007: 2005: 2000:Baron, Robert. 1999: 1998: 1994: 1977: 1976: 1969: 1961: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1940: 1930: 1928: 1919: 1918: 1893: 1880: 1879: 1870: 1857: 1856: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1797: 1777:Fred Warshofsky 1705: 1689:Rancho Bernardo 1674: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1634: 1633: 1627: 1575: 1524: 1481: 1447: 1423: 1379: 1338: 1310: 1267: 1230:"We're going." 836: 816: 776: 744:holding pattern 716: 711: 660: 601: 599:KLM Flight 4805 581: 520:KLM Flight 4805 436: 425:, United States 409: 404: 377:ICAO flight No. 369:IATA flight No. 333: 331: 321:Second aircraft 272: 257: 225:ICAO flight No. 217:IATA flight No. 186:Boeing 747-206B 176: 174: 156:Total survivors 128: 126: 122: 119: 114: 111: 109: 107: 106: 105: 104: 57: 55: 36: 35: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5792: 5790: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5673: 5661: 5649: 5626: 5625: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5544:TAP Flight 425 5542: 5539: 5538: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5262: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5222: 5220:(October 2001) 5214: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5168: 5160: 5152: 5144: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5117: 5109: 5101: 5093: 5085: 5083:(January 1972) 5077: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5050: 5042: 5034: 5030:Hubert Le Blon 5025: 5023: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4990: 4981: 4980: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4929:New Netherland 4925: 4923: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4762: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4733: 4726: 4718: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4631:Anthony Fokker 4628: 4626:Albert Plesman 4622: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4605:KLM Flight 867 4602: 4597: 4595:KLM Flight 861 4592: 4590:KLM Flight 823 4587: 4585:KLM Flight 844 4582: 4580:KLM Flight 633 4577: 4575:KLM Flight 608 4572: 4567: 4565:KLM Flight 592 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4501: 4499: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4447: 4442: 4440:KLM Cityhopper 4437: 4431: 4429: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4419:Air France-KLM 4415: 4413: 4412:Parent company 4409: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4377: 4370: 4362: 4353: 4352: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334:Pan Am Express 4331: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4215:Clipper Panama 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4131:Hawaii Clipper 4128: 4125:Samoan Clipper 4121: 4119: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4074: 4067: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4022: 4009: 4008: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3974: 3973: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3954:External media 3948: 3947:External links 3945: 3944: 3943: 3935: 3934: 3917: 3903: 3875: 3847: 3818: 3793: 3733: 3713:978-0692471876 3712: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3651: 3632: 3608:(in Spanish). 3593: 3589:(2.70 MB) 3560: 3556:(2.70 MB) 3531: 3524: 3502: 3498:(5.98 MB) 3480: 3444:(3): 571–593. 3421: 3392: 3378: 3372:978-1906308469 3371: 3350: 3326: 3281: 3277:(5.98 MB) 3259: 3248:. 5 April 2021 3233: 3206: 3176: 3164:Newspapers.com 3148: 3123: 3105: 3075: 3043: 3021: 2999: 2995:(5.98 MB) 2977: 2952: 2946:978-9043504522 2945: 2920: 2890: 2860: 2837: 2815: 2804:on 13 May 2006 2798:Air Line Pilot 2784: 2775: 2739: 2700: 2615: 2599:"Final Report" 2587: 2583:(2.70 MB) 2558: 2554:(2.70 MB) 2529: 2525:(2.70 MB) 2500: 2496:(5.98 MB) 2478: 2474:(2.70 MB) 2449: 2425: 2421:(5.98 MB) 2403: 2399:(5.98 MB) 2381: 2377:(5.98 MB) 2359: 2355:(5.98 MB) 2337: 2310: 2300: 2280: 2245: 2221: 2191: 2161: 2136: 2130:978-1875671113 2129: 2113:Job, Macarthur 2093: 2089:(5.98 MB) 2071: 2045: 2015: 1992: 1967: 1938: 1891: 1868: 1845: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1790:(2023) by Neo. 1788:Under Exposure 1780: 1767: 1758: 1752:An episode of 1750: 1736: 1727: 1720:Episode 12 of 1718: 1704: 1701: 1668: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1559: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1535: 1531: 1523: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1500: 1480: 1479:Dutch response 1477: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1446: 1445:Probable cause 1443: 1422: 1419: 1392:U.S. Air Force 1378: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1359: 1345: 1337: 1334: 1309: 1306: 1266: 1263: 1221: 1220: 1218: 1217: 1210: 1209: 1202: 1201: 1198:PAN AM CAPTAIN 1191: 1190: 1180: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1159: 1158: 1148: 1147: 1144:PAN AM CAPTAIN 1137: 1136: 1125: 1124: 1112: 1111: 1099: 1098: 1088: 1087: 1075: 1074: 1062: 1061: 1051: 1050: 1040: 1039: 1036:PAN AM CAPTAIN 1024: 1023: 1020:TENERIFE TOWER 1013: 1012: 1009:PAN AM (RADIO) 1002: 1001: 998:TENERIFE TOWER 991: 990: 987:PAN AM (RADIO) 980: 979: 976:PAN AM CAPTAIN 969: 968: 965:TENERIFE TOWER 958: 957: 951: 950: 937: 936: 930: 929: 919: 918: 908: 907: 898:TENERIFE TOWER 891: 890: 880: 879: 873: 863: 862: 845: 844: 835: 832: 815: 812: 775: 772: 766:or backtrack. 753:and one major 727:Clipper Victor 715: 712: 710: 707: 672:Clipper Victor 659: 656: 613:charter flight 600: 597: 580: 579:Flight history 577: 522:initiated its 490: 489: 486: 482: 481: 478: 474: 473: 470: 466: 465: 462: 458: 457: 454: 450: 449: 446: 442: 441: 431: 427: 426: 416: 412: 411: 402: 398: 397: 394: 390: 389: 386: 382: 381: 378: 374: 373: 370: 366: 365: 360: 356: 355: 353:Clipper Victor 350: 346: 345: 343:Boeing 747-121 340: 336: 335: 323: 322: 318: 317: 314: 310: 309: 306: 302: 301: 298: 294: 293: 290: 286: 285: 282: 278: 277: 267: 263: 262: 252: 248: 247: 244: 238: 237: 234: 230: 229: 226: 222: 221: 218: 214: 213: 208: 204: 203: 193: 189: 188: 183: 179: 178: 166: 165: 164:First aircraft 161: 160: 157: 153: 152: 149: 148:Total injuries 145: 144: 141: 137: 136: 98:Canary Islands 88: 86: 82: 81: 76: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 59: 58: 53: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5791: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5749:1977 in Spain 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5671:United States 5662: 5660: 5650: 5648: 5638: 5634: 5623: 5617: 5612: 5605: 5595: 5585: 5575: 5565: 5555: 5545: 5535: 5525: 5515: 5505: 5495: 5485: 5475: 5465: 5455: 5445: 5435: 5425: 5415: 5405: 5395: 5385: 5375: 5365: 5355: 5345: 5335: 5325: 5315: 5304: 5291: 5283: 5278: 5276: 5271: 5269: 5264: 5263: 5260: 5246: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5228:(August 2008) 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5212:(August 2001) 5211: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5107:(August 1973) 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5048:(August 1959) 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5011: 5006: 5004: 4999: 4997: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4978: 4977: 4966: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4824:FLUX Alliance 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4739: 4734: 4732: 4727: 4725: 4720: 4719: 4716: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4646:Pieter Elbers 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4636:Peter Hartman 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 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Airlife. 3279:, pp. 61–62 3068:20 December 3014:10 February 2965:AirSafe.com 2913:21 December 2854:10 February 2808:24 February 1187:KLM CAPTAIN 1119:KLM CAPTAIN 1095:KLM UNKNOWN 1085:Wat zeg je? 1082:KLM CAPTAIN 1022:Thank you. 944:KLM CAPTAIN 926:KLM (RADIO) 915:KLM CAPTAIN 887:KLM (RADIO) 876:KLM CAPTAIN 621:Netherlands 569:phraseology 430:Destination 266:Destination 127: / 5693:Categories 5247:(May 2015) 5115:(May 1976) 5056:(May 1965) 4667:Air France 4305:Flight 103 4293:Flight 759 4287:Flight 830 4275:Flight 812 4269:Flight 806 4263:Flight 816 4257:Flight 841 4251:Flight 845 4245:Flight 799 4239:Flight 708 4233:Flight 292 4227:Flight 843 4221:Flight 214 4209:Flight 115 4185:Flight 202 4173:Flight 151 4161:Flight 923 4155:Flight 121 3726:13 October 3606:fomento.es 3226:17 October 2970:12 October 2714:PBS Online 2326:(in Dutch) 2184:5 February 2038:29 October 1838:17 October 1813:References 1433:Boeing 747 1387:fixed-wing 1356:Russ Meyer 1294:tailstrike 1247:heterodyne 1204:1706:49.7 1182:1706:47.4 1175:1706:44.0 1161:1706:43.5 1150:1706:45.9 1139:1706:40.6 1132:1706:40.5 1114:1706:35.7 1101:1706:34.7 1090:1706:34.2 1077:1706:34.1 1064:1706:32.4 1053:1706:36.2 1042:1706:34.9 1031:1706:32.1 1015:1706:31.7 1004:1706:29.6 993:1706:25.5 982:1706:20.3 971:1706:19.3 953:1706:14.0 939:1706:12.3 932:1706:11.1 910:1706:07.4 865:1705:41.5 858:1705:36.7 630:(age 50), 589:Las Palmas 514:island of 500:Boeing 747 469:Fatalities 453:Passengers 305:Fatalities 289:Passengers 4833:Incidents 4807:Diplomacy 4495:Accidents 4478:Transavia 4450:Transavia 4445:Martinair 4299:Flight 73 4118:incidents 4093:Employees 4027:Canarias) 3759:CiteSeerX 3468:145765387 3313:0028-4793 2828:Salon.com 2214:1 October 2204:PanAm.org 1678:Amsterdam 1625:Memorials 1546:worsened. 1377:Aftermath 1348:Eve Meyer 1286:V-1 speed 1265:Collision 978:No... uh. 820:sea level 639:the 747. 485:Survivors 445:Occupants 385:Call sign 313:Survivors 281:Occupants 259:Amsterdam 233:Call sign 5739:Tenerife 5683:Aviation 4677:KLM Open 4435:Cygnific 4396:Alliance 4349:Category 4203:Flight 7 4197:Flight 6 3896:21 March 3781:11541445 3645:, NOVA, 3620:jet fuel 3472:Archived 3342:Archived 2907:Archived 2877:Archived 2875:. 1977. 2759:Archived 2441:Archived 2273:11 April 2208:Archived 2178:Archived 2115:(1995). 2032:Archived 1987:Archived 1959:Archived 1795:See also 1746:'s book 1504:football 1212:1706:50 1193:1706:48 1189:Oh shit! 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