808:(1992), the Supreme Court invalidated part of the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985. The act provided three incentives for states to comply with statutory obligations to provide for the disposal of low-level radioactive waste. The first two incentives were monetary. The third, which was challenged in this case, obliged states to take title to any waste within their borders that was not disposed of prior to January 1, 1996, and made each state liable for all damages directly related to the waste. The Court ruled that imposing that obligation on a state violates the Tenth Amendment. Justice
895:, the Court ruled that federal regulation of wheat production could constitutionally be applied to wheat grown for "home consumption" on a farm (i.e., fed to animals or otherwise consumed on the premises). The rationale was that a farmer's growing "his own" can have a substantial cumulative effect on interstate commerce, because if all farmers were to exceed their production quotas, a significant amount of wheat would either not be sold on the market or would be bought from other producers. Hence, in the aggregate, if farmers were allowed to consume their own wheat, it would affect the interstate market.
62:
427:
567:
439:
451:
908:" on and around public school campuses was struck down. The Supreme Court ruled that there was no clause in the Constitution authorizing the federal law. This was the first modern Supreme Court opinion to limit the government's power under the Commerce Clause. The opinion did not mention the Tenth Amendment or the Court's 1985
1000:
Appeals for the Eighth
Circuit reversed the district court's decision on August 18, 1958, and stayed its mandate pending appeal to the Supreme Court. By this time, the incident had evolved into a national issue: it had become a debate not only on racism and segregation but also on states' rights and the Tenth Amendment.
1177:. The Court classified the ACA's language as coercive because it effectively forced States to join the federal program by conditioning the continued provision of Medicaid funds on states agreeing to materially alter Medicaid eligibility to include all individuals who fell below 133% of the poverty line.
686:
I find, from looking into the amendments proposed by the State conventions, that several are particularly anxious that it should be declared in the
Constitution, that the powers not therein delegated should be reserved to the several States. Perhaps words which may define this more precisely than the
734:
The amendment states but a truism that all is retained which has not been surrendered. There is nothing in the history of its adoption to suggest that it was more than declaratory of the relationship between the national and state governments as it had been established by the
Constitution before the
1035:
Nullification refers to a legal theory suggesting that states may evaluate the legality of federal laws and declare them unconstitutional with respect to the US Constitution. The intended effect is to invalidate (nullify) the laws within the state's boundaries. A related notion of interposition
999:
Five months after the integration crisis happened, the school board filed suit in the United States
District Court of the Eastern District of Arkansas requesting a two-and-a-half-year delay in implementing desegregation. Although the district court granted the relief, the United States Court of
666:
opposed the amendments, stating that "it was impossible to confine a
Government to the exercise of express powers; there must necessarily be admitted powers by implication, unless the Constitution descended to recount every minutia." When a vote on this version of the amendment with "expressly
1144:. One example of the exercise of this device was to condition allocation of federal funding where certain state laws do not conform to federal guidelines. For example, federal educational funds may not be accepted without implementation of special education programs in compliance with
856:
when the law was enacted from legalizing it, violated the anti-commandeering doctrine and invalidated the entire law. The Court ruled that the anti-commandeering doctrine applied to congressional attempts to prevent the states from taking a certain action as much as it applied in
1036:
refers to a belief that it is a right of a state to thwart enforcement of federal laws that the state considers unconstitutional and as such are harmful to its inhabitants. The state is said to be "interposing" itself between the federal government and the people of the state.
687:
whole of the instrument now does, may be considered as superfluous. I admit they may be deemed unnecessary: but there can be no harm in making such a declaration, if gentlemen will allow that the fact is as stated. I am sure I understand it so, and do therefore propose it.
1043:
suggesting that because the states created the federal government by agreement ("compact") to join the Union, they alone can determine how much power they delegate to the federal authorities. This is in opposition to the current practice where only federal courts perform
1114:
Today, laws that appear to circumvent some
Supreme Court decisions or federal law may sometimes be called laws of nullification, including in cases if they do not explicitly urge to defy federal law or resist federal authority. Examples of this usage include the
581:
619:, originally proposed the text of what would later become the Tenth Amendment as an amendment to the Articles of Confederation. Thomas Burke wanted to ensure that there was no ambiguity concerning differences in state or federal power. Other
767:
to cover government-run mass transit systems also provided substantial funding for those systems, the Court concluded that the structure created by the
Framers had indeed protected the states from overreaching by the federal government.
691:
The states ratified the Tenth
Amendment, declining to signal that there are unenumerated powers in addition to unenumerated rights. The amendment rendered unambiguous what had previously been at most a mere suggestion or an implication.
580:
2940:
337:
2758:
735:
amendment or that its purpose was other than to allay fears that the new national government might seek to exercise powers not granted, and that the states might not be able to exercise fully their reserved powers.
2695:
2796:
1064:, several states relied on this interpretation to declare nullification of federal laws or decisions of the US Supreme Court, but the Supreme Court struck down all such efforts. Among the most famous was the
533:
in 1789 during its first term following the adoption of the
Constitution. It was considered by many members as a prerequisite before they would ratify the Constitution, and particularly to satisfy demands of
1191:
608:
Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this
Confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.
877:
became one of the most frequently-used sources of Congress's power. Its interpretation is important in determining the allowable scope of federal government. Complex economic challenges arising from the
3165:
541:
The purpose of this amendment is to reaffirm the principles of federalism and reinforce the notion of the Federal Government maintaining only limited, enumerated powers. Some legal scholars (including
2935:
682:
When James Madison introduced the Tenth Amendment in Congress, he explained that many states were eager to ratify this amendment, despite critics who deemed the amendment superfluous or unnecessary:
3882:
3897:
413:
2768:
2652:
2452:
2384:
996:. The tension became severe when Governor Faubus ordered the National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school and President Eisenhower responded with federal troops to escort them.
280:
126:
2638:
272:
839:
to show that the act violated the Tenth Amendment. Since the act "forced participation of the State's executive in the actual administration of a federal program", it was unconstitutional.
3416:
2623:
2613:
257:
245:
2633:
2628:
2618:
2608:
481:
267:
262:
252:
240:
2588:
2318:
1161:
218:
2598:
2593:
2562:
2557:
849:
755:, the determination of whether there was state immunity from federal regulation turned on whether the state activity was "traditional" for or "integral" to the state government. In
230:
225:
203:
198:
2603:
2583:
2567:
2323:
2036:
2017:
1998:
1973:
1948:
1847:
1822:
1792:
1764:
1717:
1692:
1667:
1642:
1617:
235:
213:
208:
967:(1958), the Supreme Court dealt with states' rights and the Tenth Amendment. The case came about when conflicts arose in direct response to the ruling of another landmark case,
3160:
2534:
1662:
1140:
For this reason, Congress often seeks to exercise its powers by encouraging States to implement national programs consistent with national minimum standards; a system known as
812:
wrote that the federal government can encourage the states to adopt certain regulations through the spending power (e.g. attach conditions to the receipt of federal funds, see
741:
703:
The Tenth Amendment, which makes explicit the idea that the powers of the federal government are limited to those powers granted in the Constitution, has been declared to be a
188:
3411:
2539:
2503:
193:
166:
3815:
2508:
2488:
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1842:
1120:
844:
171:
151:
141:
3255:
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2513:
2498:
2493:
2483:
2473:
1013:. Expectedly, many states' right advocates and state officials criticized the ruling as an attack on the Tenth Amendment. Moreover, they claimed the Court's decision on
831:
violated the Tenth Amendment. The act required state and local law enforcement officials to conduct background checks on people attempting to purchase handguns. Justice
176:
161:
156:
146:
136:
2118:
406:
1156:
were imposed through this method; the states would lose highway funding if they refused to pass such laws (though the national speed limit has since been repealed).
3341:
3063:
2442:
2422:
2377:
949:
enter the stream of interstate commerce, even if it clearly had not been grown for that purpose and was unlikely ever to reach any market (the same reasoning as in
116:
96:
3826:
3265:
2432:
2427:
106:
101:
562:
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
3250:
3245:
3235:
3215:
3195:
3140:
2437:
2417:
2412:
111:
91:
86:
1488:
1088:, however, ended all appeals to state sovereignty and the Supreme Court's authority as the highest interpreter of constitutional law stopped to be challenged.
3633:
2685:
1225:
571:
474:
317:
1554:
1991): "The ninth amendment was added to the Bill of Rights to ensure that the maxim expressio unius est exclusio alterius would not be used at a later time
787:
would be when a state lacked "any right to participate" in the federal political process or was left "politically isolated and powerless" by a federal law.
3346:
3145:
1145:
2881:
2407:
2370:
1166:
675:
drafted the Tenth Amendment in its ratified form, omitting "expressly." Sherman's language allowed for an expansive reading of the powers implied by the
78:
43:
2258:
763:
believed state sovereignty could be maintained by the political system established by the Constitution. Noting that the same Congress that extended the
2285:
799:
has ruled the Tenth Amendment prohibits the federal government from forcing states to pass or not pass certain legislation, or to enforce federal law.
3120:
3090:
2876:
2841:
2821:
643:
349:
344:
327:
3923:
3125:
941:. Even though the woman grew cannabis strictly for her own consumption and never sold any, the Supreme Court stated that growing one's own cannabis
612:
1737:
3336:
655:
519:
467:
1131:
The federal system limits the ability of the federal government to use state governments as an instrument of the national government, as held in
392:
383:
818:,) or through the commerce power (directly pre-empt state law). However, Congress cannot directly compel states to enforce federal regulations.
3426:
3095:
2973:
3918:
3648:
2738:
2733:
2660:
1927:
1902:
828:
620:
590:
The hand-written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights, 1789, cropped to show only the text that would later be ratified as the Tenth Amendment
288:
882:
triggered a reevaluation in both Congress and the Supreme Court of the use of Commerce Clause powers to maintain a strong national economy.
3861:
3381:
3175:
1045:
720:
States and local governments have occasionally attempted to assert exemption from various federal regulations, especially in the areas of
522:
has only those powers delegated to it by the Constitution, and that all other powers not forbidden to the states by the Constitution are
3757:
3376:
2968:
1867:
3938:
3013:
1687:
1471:
1092:
796:
747:
714:
361:
3356:
2718:
2393:
2123:
1637:
1415:
1330:
1061:
1057:
1026:
930:
726:
69:
51:
3856:
3200:
31:
3205:
3190:
922:
511:
356:
3612:
624:
2132:
1003:
The Court cited the Supremacy Clause of Article VI, which declares the Constitution to be the supreme law of the land, and
3933:
3326:
2915:
929:
crop was seized and destroyed by federal agents. Medical cannabis was explicitly made legal under California state law by
1600:
The message of the Tenth Amendment is that expressio unius est exclusio alterius applies to lists of governmental powers.
1292:"Freedom and Diversity in a Federal System: Perspectives on State Constitutions and the Washington Declaration of Rights"
3876:
3674:
3105:
2978:
2783:
2665:
2465:
507:
368:
295:
2300:
3890:
3794:
3752:
3747:
3150:
2836:
2801:
977:, the Supreme Court unanimously declared racial segregation of children in public schools unconstitutional. Following
969:
676:
1080:
void in the state, but it was resolved when tariffs were lowered to South Carolina's satisfaction and when President
3928:
2061:
992:
were to attend the previously all-white Central High School under the school board's attempt to follow the order of
3844:
3291:
3260:
3110:
2983:
2748:
2743:
1170:
1107:. Ten ex-Confederate states passed declarations of interposition to oppose these efforts. But the Supreme court in
1069:
759:, the Court noted that this analysis was "unsound in principle and unworkable in practice", and concluded that the
530:
503:
2158:
1464:
The First Congress: How James Madison, George Washington, and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government
1354:
3592:
3472:
3271:
3003:
2826:
2703:
2549:
2091:
1759:
981:, the court ordered district courts and school boards to proceed with desegregation "with all deliberate speed".
938:
804:
601:
399:
373:
724:
and environmental controls, using the Tenth Amendment as a basis for their claim. An often-repeated quote, from
61:
3561:
3431:
3295:
3155:
2920:
2910:
2778:
2087:
1612:
953:). It therefore ruled that this practice may be regulated by the federal government under the Commerce Clause.
764:
709:
695:
The origin of the last 4 words of the 10th amendment, added by the Senate, is in dispute. See the Talk page.
3351:
3299:
3225:
3053:
2930:
2925:
2861:
2831:
2773:
1817:
1712:
1221:
1133:
823:
773:
1547:
1515:
1401:
3514:
3386:
3033:
2958:
2905:
2856:
2680:
2357:
1968:
1186:
1141:
1073:
900:
809:
312:
3721:
3100:
3068:
2899:
2728:
2675:
2327:
2040:
2021:
2002:
1977:
1952:
1851:
1826:
1796:
1768:
1721:
1696:
1671:
1646:
1621:
1438:
587:
305:
3866:
3421:
3135:
3130:
3085:
3058:
3008:
2753:
1787:
1065:
905:
814:
616:
431:
553:, a statement affirming that the federal government does not have any rights that it does not have.
3849:
3638:
3366:
3230:
3018:
2963:
2866:
2723:
1116:
984:
Among those opposing the decision (and all efforts of desegregation) was the Governor of Arkansas,
647:
639:
1434:
3551:
3535:
3396:
3210:
3185:
3170:
3080:
3048:
3038:
2998:
2988:
1943:
1591:
1516:"Bill of Rights Documents: Document 11: House of Representatives, Amendments to the Constitution"
1247:
1100:
1085:
1005:
887:
3871:
3617:
3602:
3582:
3456:
3331:
3310:
3074:
2886:
2713:
2346:
1993:
1923:
1898:
1624:
1467:
1411:
1336:
1326:
1196:
1104:
917:
632:
550:
515:
3493:
3240:
3115:
3043:
3028:
2763:
2708:
2670:
2239:
1583:
1574:
1375:
1291:
1201:
1053:
989:
926:
879:
300:
1649:
3778:
3726:
3607:
3566:
3477:
3401:
3305:
3287:
3023:
2993:
2851:
1738:"Federalism and Intergovernmental Tax Immunity Now Rest In Peace: South Carolina v. Baker"
1379:
1323:
Powers reserved for the people and the states: a history of the Ninth and Tenth Amendments
1269:
963:
934:
874:
721:
566:
535:
523:
455:
2065:
1429:
1427:
1569:
1091:
The idea of nullification gained new traction in the 1950s as the Supreme Court ordered
3716:
3695:
3679:
3643:
3587:
3556:
3371:
2330:
2043:
1980:
1955:
1829:
1799:
1771:
1724:
1699:
1674:
1081:
1077:
1040:
853:
832:
659:
651:
628:
450:
3912:
3821:
3742:
3700:
3669:
3597:
3519:
3391:
3361:
3277:
3180:
2891:
2846:
2024:
2005:
1854:
1049:
1030:
779:
672:
663:
2362:
2204:
1493:
1153:
985:
892:
1111:
rejected the declarations and held nullification and interposition impermissible.
2286:"Did SCOTUS Finally Wake Up to the Threat of State Nullification of Federal Law?"
3773:
3653:
1149:
668:
546:
529:
The amendment, with origins before the American Revolution, was proposed by the
438:
17:
3498:
3282:
1868:"Opinion analysis: Justices strike down federal sports gambling law (Updated)"
542:
443:
3406:
1340:
717:
asserted that the amendment "added nothing to the as originally ratified."
1551:
1174:
2227:
3441:
2871:
2181:
760:
1595:
1489:"Constitutional Myth #7: The 10th Amendment Protects 'States' Rights'"
635:. Nevertheless, the amendment was passed by the Continental Congress.
2243:
1103:
to oppose it, arguing that federal desegregation orders infringed on
1017:
as being inconsistent with the constitutional vision of the Framers.
704:
2351:
646:
and ratification of the Constitution, South Carolina Representative
1587:
1152:, 0.08 legal blood alcohol limit, and the nationwide state 21-year
510:, was ratified on December 15, 1791. It expresses the principle of
2119:"The Supreme Court and the Rule of Law: Cooper v. Aaron Revisited"
1405:
1321:
McAffee, Thomas B.; Bybee, Jay S.; Bryant, A. Christopher (2006).
1169:(commonly referred to as the ACA or Obamacare) unconstitutionally
565:
2228:"The Southern Manifesto and Southern Opposition to Desegregation"
1009:
in holding that the states must abide by the Court's decision in
1544:
1522:. University of Chicago. June 8; July 21; August 13, 18-19, 1789
1192:
State legislation in protest of federal law in the United States
1084:
threatened military intervention unless the state relented. The
2366:
1148:. Similarly, the nationwide state 55 mph (89 km/h)
1060:
that lay the bedrock for arguments for nullification. In the
538:, who opposed the creation of a stronger federal government.
1270:"Essay on the Tenth Amendment:Reserved Powers of the States"
1435:"House of Representatives, Amendments to the Constitution"
1226:
United States National Archives and Records Administration
2182:"The Principles of '98: An Essay in Historical Retrieval"
945:
the interstate market of cannabis. In theory the product
658:
to powers "expressly" delegated, which would have denied
2205:"Judicial Review and its Alternatives: An American Tale"
1099:, and Southern states in response mounted a campaign of
2319:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
2301:"State Legislators Want to Nullify Federal Gun Control"
1922:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 36.
1897:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 13.
1162:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
1466:. New York City, NY: Simon and Schuster. p. 130.
1039:
The concept of nullification stems from the so-called
850:
Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992
30:"Tenth Amendment" redirects here. For other uses, see
865:
to Congress requiring states to enforce federal law.
1663:
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
1325:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers. p. 177.
1123:
Preservation Act or immigration and marijuana laws.
742:
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
654:
separately proposed similar amendments limiting the
600:
The Tenth Amendment is similar to Article II of the
3835:
3807:
3787:
3766:
3735:
3709:
3688:
3662:
3626:
3575:
3544:
3528:
3507:
3486:
3465:
3449:
3440:
3319:
2949:
2814:
2694:
2651:
2576:
2548:
2527:
2464:
2451:
2400:
3816:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
1843:Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association
845:Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association
631:(who drafted the Articles of Confederation), and
549:) have effectively classified the amendment as a
615:, a vehement supporter of states' rights in the
1568:Calabresi, Steven; Prakash, Saikrishna (1994).
732:
606:
560:
3827:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
1355:"Tenth Amendment – Reserved Powers – Contents"
2378:
2159:"Cooper v. Aaron and the Faces of Federalism"
937:being prohibited at the federal level by the
475:
8:
1457:
1455:
2347:CRS Annotated Constitution: Tenth Amendment
1570:"The President's Power to Execute the Laws"
1410:. University Press of America. p. 63.
1364:. United States Government Printing Office.
3446:
2461:
2457:
2385:
2371:
2363:
1376:"Articles of Confederation: March 1, 1781"
1167:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
482:
468:
38:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1302:(3). Digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu: 491
1290:Justice Robert F. Utter (July 18, 2010).
988:. A group of black students known as the
848:(2018), the Supreme Court ruled that the
827:(1997), the Court ruled that part of the
623:disagreed with this amendment, including
27:1791 amendment enumerating states' rights
3883:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
1782:
1780:
1213:
382:
326:
125:
68:
50:
1246:National Archives (October 30, 2015).
852:, which prohibited states that banned
2284:Dorf, Michael C. (October 25, 2023).
2152:
2150:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2056:
2054:
2052:
1222:"The Bill of Rights: A Transcription"
1048:of allegedly offending federal laws.
829:Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act
621:Founding Fathers of the United States
7:
3862:Constitution Day and Citizenship Day
1407:Thomas Burke: Restless Revolutionary
921:(2005), a California woman sued the
835:, writing for the majority, applied
3850:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
3377:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
2169:: 1087–1113 – via HeinOnline.
904:(1995), a federal law mandating a "
2941:Drafting and ratification timeline
2686:District of Columbia Voting Rights
2358:Exploring Constitutional Conflicts
2163:Saint Louis University Law Journal
1920:The Classical Liberal Constitution
1895:The Classical Liberal Constitution
1688:National League of Cities v. Usery
748:National League of Cities v. Usery
338:Drafting and ratification timeline
25:
2394:Constitution of the United States
2232:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
2124:University of Illinois Law Review
1638:United States v. Darby Lumber Co.
1165:(2012), the Court ruled that the
1058:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
1027:Nullification (U.S. Constitution)
727:United States v. Darby Lumber Co.
650:and Massachusetts Representative
2797:Convention to propose amendments
579:
449:
437:
425:
60:
32:Tenth Amendment (disambiguation)
3924:Federalism in the United States
1487:Epps, Garrett (July 11, 2011).
1021:Nullification and interposition
923:Drug Enforcement Administration
3412:Separation of church and state
127:Amendments to the Constitution
1:
2916:Virginia Ratifying Convention
2180:Powell, Jefferson H. (1994).
2062:"Brown v. Board of Education"
1462:Bordewich, Fergus M. (2016).
1296:Seattle University Law Review
642:, with the completion of the
3919:United States Bill of Rights
3877:National Constitution Center
3675:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
2974:Assemble and Petition Clause
1918:Epstein, Richard A. (2014).
1893:Epstein, Richard A. (2014).
745:(1985), the Court overruled
3748:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
2802:State ratifying conventions
2739:Equal Opportunity to Govern
2734:Electoral College abolition
2661:Congressional Apportionment
2259:"The Irrepressible Myth of
1097:Brown v. Board of Education
970:Brown v. Board of Education
677:Necessary and Proper Clause
393:Preamble and Articles I–VII
289:Congressional Apportionment
3955:
2203:Farber, Daniel A. (2003).
2157:Bhagwat, Ashutosh (2008).
1520:The Founders' Constitution
1024:
891:(1942), in the context of
777:(1988), the Court said in
570:The Bill of Rights in the
531:1st United States Congress
504:United States Constitution
29:
3939:1791 in American politics
3201:Privileges and Immunities
3014:Congressional enforcement
2936:Rhode Island ratification
2827:Articles of Confederation
2792:
2769:Parental Rights amendment
2460:
2267:The Georgetown Law Review
2226:Aucoin, Brent J. (1996).
2131:: 387–412. Archived from
1760:New York v. United States
939:Controlled Substances Act
873:In the 20th century, the
837:New York v. United States
805:New York v. United States
753:National League of Cities
707:by the Supreme Court. In
667:delegated" was defeated,
602:Articles of Confederation
374:Reconstruction Amendments
3432:Unitary executive theory
3206:Privileges or Immunities
2921:New York Circular Letter
2911:Massachusetts Compromise
1613:United States v. Sprague
765:Fair Labor Standards Act
710:United States v. Sprague
432:United States portal
42:This article is part of
3352:Dormant Commerce Clause
3196:Presidential succession
2931:Fayetteville Convention
2926:Hillsborough Convention
2862:Three-fifths Compromise
2842:Philadelphia Convention
2832:Mount Vernon Conference
2719:Campaign finance reform
2257:Blackman, Josh (2019).
2143:– via HeinOnline.
2117:Farber, Daniel (1982).
1818:Printz v. United States
1713:South Carolina v. Baker
1134:Printz v. United States
824:Printz v. United States
774:South Carolina v. Baker
699:Judicial interpretation
3515:William Samuel Johnson
3387:Nondelegation doctrine
2959:Admission to the Union
2906:Anti-Federalist Papers
2857:Connecticut Compromise
2352:Tenth Amendment Center
2209:Wake Forest Law Review
1969:United States v. Lopez
1187:Principle of conferral
1142:cooperative federalism
1068:, when South Carolina
901:United States v. Lopez
737:
689:
610:
574:
564:
524:reserved to each state
518:, by stating that the
3722:Richard Dobbs Spaight
3191:Presidential Electors
3166:Original Jurisdiction
3106:Full Faith and Credit
2979:Assistance of Counsel
2900:The Federalist Papers
2729:Crittenden Compromise
1439:University of Chicago
1173:the states to expand
783:that an exception to
684:
596:Drafting and adoption
569:
414:Unratified Amendments
281:Unratified Amendments
70:Preamble and Articles
3934:1791 in American law
3891:A More Perfect Union
3867:Constitution Gardens
3788:Convention Secretary
3450:Convention President
3422:Symmetric federalism
3417:Separation of powers
3151:Necessary and Proper
3146:Natural-born citizen
3091:Freedom of the Press
3029:Copyright and Patent
3019:Contingent Elections
2837:Annapolis Convention
1788:South Dakota v. Dole
1066:Nullification Crisis
815:South Dakota v. Dole
730:, reads as follows:
617:Continental Congress
526:, or to the people.
54:of the United States
3898:Worldwide influence
3639:Gunning Bedford Jr.
3367:Executive privilege
3347:Criminal sentencing
3270:Title of Nobility (
3261:Taxing and Spending
3161:Oath or Affirmation
3121:House Apportionment
2984:Case or Controversy
2867:Committee of Detail
2759:"Liberty" amendment
2724:Christian amendment
2186:Virginia Law Review
1117:Texas Heartbeat Act
810:Sandra Day O'Connor
648:Thomas Tudor Tucker
640:American Revolution
456:Politics portal
407:Amendments XI–XXVII
3552:William Livingston
3536:Alexander Hamilton
3342:Criminal procedure
3337:Constitutional law
3272:Foreign Emoluments
3236:State of the Union
3221:Self-Incrimination
3211:Recess appointment
3004:Compulsory Process
2666:Titles of Nobility
2299:Osterhoudt, John.
2088:"Little Rock Nine"
1944:Wickard v. Filburn
1541:Gibson v. Matthews
1101:massive resistance
1006:Marbury v. Madison
951:Wickard v. Filburn
915:Most recently, in
888:Wickard v. Filburn
656:federal government
575:
520:federal government
318:D.C. Voting Rights
296:Titles of Nobility
3906:
3905:
3872:Constitution Week
3857:Independence Mall
3845:National Archives
3803:
3802:
3618:Gouverneur Morris
3603:Thomas Fitzsimons
3583:Benjamin Franklin
3457:George Washington
3357:Enumerated powers
3332:Concurrent powers
3327:Balance of powers
3156:No Religious Test
3096:Freedom of Speech
2887:Independence Hall
2810:
2809:
2714:Bricker amendment
2647:
2646:
1994:Gonzales v. Raich
1929:978-0-674-72489-1
1904:978-0-674-72489-1
1404:(December 1980).
1268:Cooper, Charles.
1119:and the Missouri
918:Gonzales v. Raich
633:Richard Henry Lee
572:National Archives
492:
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16:(Redirected from
3946:
3753:Charles Pinckney
3562:William Paterson
3494:Nathaniel Gorham
3447:
3226:Speech or Debate
3054:Equal Protection
2764:Ludlow amendment
2749:Flag Desecration
2744:Federal Marriage
2709:Blaine amendment
2671:Corwin Amendment
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2135:on June 22, 2018
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1121:Second Amendment
1054:Thomas Jefferson
990:Little Rock Nine
957:Supremacy Clause
927:medical cannabis
880:Great Depression
795:Since 1992, the
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3402:Reserved powers
3382:Judicial review
3315:
3111:General Welfare
3034:Double Jeopardy
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2852:New Jersey Plan
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2784:Victims' Rights
2704:Balanced budget
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3372:Implied powers
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3069:Excessive Bail
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1874:. May 14, 2018
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1582:(3): 541–665.
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1095:of schools in
1082:Andrew Jackson
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833:Antonin Scalia
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508:Bill of Rights
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3136:Ineligibility
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3131:Import-Export
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3127:
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3119:
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3114:
3112:
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3102:
3099:
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3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3086:Free Exercise
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3075:Ex Post Facto
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3059:Establishment
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3009:Confrontation
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2847:Virginia Plan
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3473:John Langdon
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2577:20th century
2518:
2333: (2012).
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2133:the original
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1988:
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1942:
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1732:
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1661:
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1494:The Atlantic
1492:
1482:
1463:
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613:Thomas Burke
611:
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547:originalists
540:
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499:
495:
493:
313:Equal Rights
279:
181:
52:Constitution
36:
3774:William Few
3654:Jacob Broom
3634:George Read
3508:Connecticut
3442:Signatories
3292:Legislative
3266:Territorial
3186:Presentment
3171:Origination
3126:Impeachment
3081:Extradition
3049:Engagements
3039:Due Process
2989:Citizenship
2676:Child Labor
2046: (1954)
2027: (1958)
1857: (2018)
1727: (1988)
1702: (1976)
1625:716, 733-34
1306:October 29,
1150:speed limit
973:(1954). In
713:(1932) the
669:Connecticut
543:textualists
500:Amendment X
306:Child Labor
3913:Categories
3886:(painting)
3838:and legacy
3696:John Blair
3545:New Jersey
3499:Rufus King
3397:Preemption
3311:War Powers
3246:Suspension
3064:Exceptions
2754:Human Life
2653:Unratified
2453:Amendments
1872:SCOTUSblog
1208:References
933:, despite
925:after her
912:decision.
638:After the
512:federalism
357:Federalism
345:Convention
3407:Saxbe fix
3296:Executive
3251:Take Care
3241:Supremacy
3116:Guarantee
3044:Elections
2815:Formation
2528:1795–1804
1086:Civil War
551:tautology
502:) to the
384:Full text
3689:Virginia
3663:Maryland
3627:Delaware
3529:New York
3306:Vicinage
3300:Judicial
3024:Contract
2994:Commerce
2882:Printing
2696:Proposed
2408:Preamble
2401:Articles
2139:June 21,
1650:100, 124
1552:6th Cir.
1526:June 19,
1500:June 26,
1341:69992386
1253:March 7,
1181:See also
1175:Medicaid
1070:declared
935:cannabis
859:New York
644:drafting
79:Preamble
44:a series
3836:Display
3808:Related
3767:Georgia
3288:Vesting
3256:Takings
3141:Militia
2999:Compact
2951:Clauses
2877:Signing
2822:History
2097:May 25,
2092:History
2072:May 25,
1878:May 15,
1744:May 25,
1550:, 537 (
1362:GPO.gov
1171:coerced
943:affects
761:Framers
350:Signing
328:History
3894:(film)
3278:Treaty
3181:Postal
3176:Pardon
2322:,
2305:Reason
2068:. 2009
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1972:,
1947:,
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1358:(PDF)
1011:Brown
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253:XXIII
226:XVIII
2328:U.S.
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2141:2018
2129:1982
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2003:U.S.
1978:U.S.
1953:U.S.
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1797:U.S.
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1672:U.S.
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1622:U.S.
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1545:F.2d
1528:2015
1502:2013
1468:ISBN
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1412:ISBN
1388:2020
1337:OCLC
1327:ISBN
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1277:2014
1255:2016
1233:2010
1146:IDEA
1078:1832
1076:and
1072:the
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545:and
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219:XVII
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2324:567
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1300:7
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604::
498:(
483:e
476:t
469:v
284::
182:X
157:V
137:I
107:V
87:I
34:.
20:)
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