603:"The copy of the words of Zebulun, which he enjoined on his sons before he died in the hundred and fourteenth year of his life, two years after the death of Joseph. 2 And he said to them: Hearken to me, ye sons of Zebulun, attend to the words of your father. 3 I, Zebulun, was born a good gift to my parents. 4 For when I was born my father was increased very exceedingly, both in the flocks and herds, when with the straked rods he had his portion. 5 I am not conscious that I have sinned all my days, save in thought. 6 Nor yet do I remember that I have done any iniquity, except the sin of ignorance which I committed against Joseph; for I covenanted with my brethren, because they had all agreed that if any one should declare the secret, he should be slain."
246:
31:
671:, his mother, whose father is said to be Rotheus. His vision represents Levi seizing the sun and Judah the moon. The young man with the twelve palm branches seems to be a reference to the Apostles. Joseph seizes a bull and rides on it. He has a further dream in which he sees a storm at sea and the brethren being separated. Again, there is a reference to the recurrent theme of sexual relations.
1549:
781:
847:
1627:
359:, and the author of the Testament argues that Simeon had wanted to kill Joseph due to jealousy, allowing the Testament to continue with a discourse about envy. The narrative of the Testament explains that it was Judah who had sold Joseph into slavery, and goes on to portray Joseph as the ideal of virtue and generosity.
218:
Love yea one another from the heart; and if a man sin against thee, speak peacefully to him, and in thy soul hold not guile; and if he repent and confess, forgive him. But if he deny it, do not get into a passion with him, lest catching the poison from thee he take to swearing, and so then sin doubly
524:
as idealistically courageous, involving bravery in front of wild beasts, as well as successful military expeditions, sometimes basing the narrative on acts that the canonical bible attributes to Jacob. However, it goes on to present a xenophobic focus, criticizing his marriage to a non-Israelite, as
536:
The narrative argues that Judah had sex with Tamar and his wife due to drunkenness, and that he bribed his wife's father in order to be allowed to marry her. It then goes on to instruct that the role of a king is lesser than that of a priest, and that Levi is more important, clearly pointing to the
742:
that the canonical bible portrays. The narrative contains a large expansion on the attempts of
Potiphar's wife to seduce Joseph, portraying her as first threatening Joseph, then employing torture, then flattering Joseph, then plotting to kill her husband so that Joseph would be able to marry her
624:
Dan then goes on to explain how the spirit of anger works. It covers your eyes, and distorts your vision. Through this you do not recognise people for who they really are. In the case of Joseph, Dan speaks from experience. Furthermore, it disturbs the mind so that the Lord departs from it and
926:
The heavens shall be opened, and from the temple of glory shall come upon him sanctification, with the Father's voice as from
Abraham to Isaac. And the glory of the Most High shall be uttered over him, and the spirit of understanding and sanctification shall rest upon him in the water. (Levi
104:
With the critical methods of the 16th century, Grosseteste's view of the
Testaments was rejected, and the book was disparaged as a mere Christian forgery for nearly four centuries. Currently, scholarly opinions are still divided as to whether it is an originally Jewish document that has been
492:, Aramaic Levi is a composite of two documents. One source was "a wisdom apocalypse derived from the exegetical elaboration of Malachi 2:4-7". The other, based on the same exegesis, "described Levi's actual initiation into the priesthood by angels". The narrative frame is based from the
209:
He writes that the
Testaments help to "bridge the chasm that divides the ethics of the Old and New Testaments." To a modern reader, the main value of the Testaments, is not in the variations on biblical text, but in their ethical teachings, as amplified by the following citations:
421:
In chapters 14-18 Levi cites a "book of Enoch", describing the sins of his descendants, with the promise that at the end there will be a glorious priest who will restore the righteousness of his office. The tropes of Levi's "Book" match those of the "Apocalypse of Weeks" in
702:'s hatred for Joseph. Chapter 2 begins with Gad talking about loving one another. He says 'and now, my children, I exhort you, love ye each one his brother, and put away hatred from your hearts, love'. The moral of Gad is to not hate one another and love all your brethren.
253:
The work is divided into twelve books, each purporting to be the last exhortations of one of the twelve titular patriarchs. In each, the patriarch first narrates his own life, focusing on his strengths, virtues, or his sins, using biographical material from both the
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As soon as Jesus was baptized, he went up out of the water. At that moment heaven was opened, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and lighting on him. And a voice from heaven said, "This is my Son, whom I love; with him I am well pleased."
413:
Chapter 2-8 involves Levi being taken to heaven and promised the priesthood forever, and then seven angels physically give him the insignia of the priesthood (as described in Exodus). This part parallels the beginning and end of a vision in the
105:
retouched by
Christians, or a Christian document written originally in Greek but based on some earlier Semitic-language material. Scholarship tends to focus on this book as a Christian work, whether or not it has a Jewish predecessor (
580:
himself as leading a godly and simple agricultural life. This is based on
Genesis 49:14-15: Issachar had loved the land such that he "bent his shoulder to the burden" and became a tiller for hire. The same exegesis is at work in the
643:
Again, Dan reminds his sons to stay near to God, and also to his interceding angel, and the saviour of the
Gentiles. If they listen to Dan's warning, then his children will be received by the saviour of the Gentiles and be saved.
192:
Another theme that has been extensively discussed by
Hollander is the role that Joseph plays in the ethics. He is often the example of an ethical man, and the deeds of the patriarchs are often weighed against those of Joseph.
204:
the main, the overwhelming value of the book lies ... in its ethical teaching, which has achieved a real immortality by influencing the thoughts and diction of the writers of the New
Testament, and even those of our
473:. The find consisted of six fragments in two manuscripts from cave 4 (4Q213-214). A small related fragment was also found in cave 1 (1Q21). According to some sources, these scrolls were dated by the
370:, Numbers 25. It does not mention the attack on Shechem, which in the Torah Simeon had mounted alongside brother Levi. Instead it posits that Simeon made war against Levi. Kugel concludes that the
296:
adds that Reuben spies Bilhah as she bathes in secret; and that when she later becomes drunk, Reuben rapes her. That trope derives from a reading of
Genesis 49:4, "wanton as water", as "wanton
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1564:
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first explains his feelings of jealousy towards his brother Joseph. The spirit of anger tempted him towards murdering Joseph. Fortunately, the Lord did not deliver Joseph into Dan's hands.
632:
Therefore, Dan's children should keep the commandments of the Lord, and stay near to the Lord. Dan goes into more depth through a prediction about the future, including one SER (
802:
1467:
1153:
1324:"The Current Controversy over the Dead Sea Scrolls, with Special Reference to the Field Museum Exhibition | the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago"
714:
is the shortest of the twelve and unlike the others does not begin with a deathbed scene. It is regarding the subject of the two ways to live. The main appeal in
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1718:
101:
were a genuine product of Jewish prophecy; he accused Jews of concealing the Testaments "on account of the prophecies of the Saviour contained in them."
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258:
and Jewish tradition. Next, he exhorts his listeners to emulate the one and to avoid the other. Most of the books conclude with prophetic visions.
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1442:
97:
translation of the work immediately became popular. He believed that it was a genuine work of the twelve sons of Jacob, and that the Christian
1999:
1608:
1419:
1994:
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but now considered to be anonymous). After that, no reference to the Testaments exists until they were rediscovered by Bishop Grosseteste.
600:
and Jacob. He is described as an inventor and philanthropist and the text relates what he learned as a result of the plot against Joseph.
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461:
One way in which this testament is distinguished from the others is by additional footnotes in a Greek version of the manuscript from
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anyway, and assigned it for Reuben to discuss due to Reuben's relationship with Bilhah being recounted in the canonical Bible.
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therefore are fundamental to the text. The Testaments have many different ethical motifs, the foremost of which is adhering to
245:
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857:
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This article, written by the author of the scholarly book cited below, contains a detailed exegesis of the Testaments.
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98:
181:. In this regard, the ethics in the Testaments generally start out very precise; each testament discusses a certain
1989:
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989:
453:, intermarriage is lawful in principle between Israelites and converts. Shechem was excluded for its other crimes.
496:. The compiler of Aramaic Levi added that the priests would be kings. It is a Hasmonean compilation, 133–100 BCE.
2009:
1704:
640:) passages. In this Dan talks of a saviour arising from Levi and Judah that will set the souls free from Beliar.
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441:, sincerely offering Shechem the option of circumcision. Levi opposed the circumcision from the start. Unlike
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55:
767:. He exhorts his descendants against deceit, but, as all his brethren, he warns them against fornication.
395:
67:
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356:
352:
269:
189:. Usually this is then concluded with a very vague and general reference to God's law and commandments.
131:(AD 85 - 160), but this is not certain. Aside from that, a mention of them by name appears in a work of
81:, and reached their final form in the 2nd century CE. In the 13th century they were introduced into the
30:
62:. It is part of the Oskan Armenian Orthodox Bible of 1666. Fragments of similar writings were found at
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553:, which the text portrays as virtuous. The narrative however begins by retelling the biblical tale of
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The ladder of Jacob : ancient interpretations of the biblical story of Jacob and his children
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appears to quote a passage of the Greek text of the Testament of Benjamin in his polemic against
86:
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332:
418:, whence the body of the vision is now lost; and is thought to preserve that part of the text.
1963:
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1614:
1604:
1415:
1327:
932:
513:
465:. These footnotes were found to be translated from a non-apocalyptic precursor of the text in
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66:, but opinions are divided as to whether these are the same texts. It is generally considered
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953:
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683:
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410:'s descendants corrupted the office by their arrogant disregard for the proper regulations.
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Charles called attention to the frequent use of the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs by
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919:. Many consider this significant since several of the books are thought to predate Jesus.
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has an account of the raid on Shechem. Its take is that Jacob proposed a marriage between
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74:
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section. It is one of the longest of the Testaments, and is predominantly concerned with
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78:
51:
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1983:
1933:
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Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs. In James Crossley and Alastair Lockhart (eds.),
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1555:
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The testament ends with an apparent gloss (inasmuch as one can speak of a gloss in a
367:
82:
17:
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is very much an appendix to that of Joseph. It opens with the account Joseph gave
331:). Joseph is on the other hand portrayed as the ideal, for his resistance against
200:, who studied and translated the Testaments in the beginning of the 20th century,
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perspective, a number of statements can be associated with events in the life of
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1948:
1943:
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485:
462:
286:
249:
First page of the 10th- or 11th-century Greek manuscript acquired by Grosseteste
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The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs translated from the Editor's Greek text
1815:
1588:
The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, with introduction, notes, and indices
1187:
See for example: TJu 26.1, TZ 10.5, TD 5.1, TD 6.10, TN 8.10, TG 3.1, TJo 19.6
582:
550:
120:
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1577:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 666–668.
1299:
The apocalyptic imagination: an introduction to Jewish apocalyptic literature
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1464:"Use of the testament of the twelve patriarchs by the New Testament authors"
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399:
313:
282:
140:
43:
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1103:." Summary of lecture delivered on Feb. 20, 1997. Accessed Mar. 10, 2008.
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of his father. It is likely that the author wished to cover the topic of
277:, and the sinfulness of Reuben in his having had sexual intercourse with
124:
1630: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
922:
For example, compare the following passages from the Testament of Levi:
903:
The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs contain a substantial amount of
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treats the topics of anger and lying. The main vice, however, is anger.
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1779:
1774:
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908:
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Love the Lord through all your life, and one another with a true heart
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Joseph as an Ethical Model in the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
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136:
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875:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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1439:"www.Bibler.org - Dictionary - Twelve Patriarchs; Testament of the"
573:. Rachel is portrayed as virtuous for being more chaste than Leah.
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1554:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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A copy of the testaments is published in several works including:
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715:
651:), which points out that the prophecies of Dan did indeed happen.
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438:
309:
244:
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47:
29:
1142:
Howell Toy, Crawford; C. Conybeare, Frederick; Jaufmann, Kohler.
225:
Anger is blindness, and does not suffer to see any man with truth
997:
The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English
597:
554:
407:
378:
30:23 in that the attack on Shechem was "righteous", and so the
348:
274:
182:
1700:
840:
774:
327:, and of man in general (excepting Bilhah, in accordance with
960:
I Thess. ii. 16 is a quotation of Test. Patr., Levi, 6:10-11;
119:
There is little external testimony regarding the Testaments:
1685:
Critical Dictionary of Apocalyptic and Millenarian Movements
747:, then using love potions, and finally threatening suicide.
1020:
The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden
366:
5:4-6 in an aside attacks Simeon's children for the sin of
34:
A 1917 edition of the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs.
1094:
A Difficult Case: The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
1692:
Jewish Encyclopedia: Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
1076:
1074:
1035:, a 10th century Greek manuscript in the collections of
956:
and other writers of the New Testament. In particular:
864:
135:(AD 185 - 253), while there are doubtful references by
1411:
The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarches: a commentary
1678:
Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs at newadvent.org
143:(AD 500 - 565), as well as specific mentions in the
1916:
1852:
1813:
1734:
1003:(Oxford Univ. Press 1913) volume 2 (pseudepigrapha)
323:portrays women as the cause of the downfall of the
1514:"Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs (MS Ff.1.24)"
663:has apocalyptic elements in it. It opens with the
976:Later scholarship has highly debated this issue.
1033:Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs (MS Ff.1.24)
355:is portrayed as having been bound in chains by
1603:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
1408:Hollander, Harm W.; de Jonge, Marinus (1985).
1029:, ed. H.F.D. Sparks (1985, Oxford Univ. Press)
382:suppressed the account to deny Simeon credit.
1712:
718:is to follow truth with singleness of faith.
27:Apocryphal scripture connected with the Bible
8:
1252:(Princeton University Press: 2006), page 110
273:is predominantly concerned with admonishing
972:Ephes. 5:6 appeared first in Naphtali, 3:1.
809:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
529:, his daughter-in-law who at that time was
1719:
1705:
1697:
1433:
1431:
891:Learn how and when to remove this message
829:Learn how and when to remove this message
576:The remainder of the narrative portrays
1221:
1209:
1080:
1070:
966:Rom. 12:21 is taken from Benjamin, 4:3;
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969:II Cor. 7:10 is a quote from Gad, 5:7;
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1144:"Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs"
1009:, Robert Henry Charles (London, 1908)
7:
1524:from the original on 28 October 2022
1489:"The Forgotten Books of Eden online"
1301:, 2nd ed. (Eerdmans: 1998); 137 n.85
1137:
1135:
1013:Ancient Testaments of the Patriarchs
807:adding citations to reliable sources
1785:Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
1565:Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
734:, and seems heavily to be based on
537:theocratic attitude of the author.
40:Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
963:Rom. 12:19 is taken from Gad, 6:7;
25:
1639:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
1590:. London: Adam and Charles Black.
585:and Samaritan Targum of Genesis.
525:well as his sexual activity with
1645:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
1625:
1547:
1156:from the original on 2022-05-19.
845:
779:
347:is primarily a diatribe against
236:. Edited by Rev. R. H. Charles.)
222:Love the Lord and your neighbor.
1898:Additions to the Book of Esther
1495:from the original on 2007-08-15
1470:from the original on 2007-09-29
1445:from the original on 2016-11-05
228:Hatred, therefore is evil; etc.
73:The Testaments were written in
1414:. BRILL. pp. XXII–XXIII.
46:scriptures connected with the
1:
1969:Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum
907:concerning the coming of the
469:, partially preserved in the
406:, the Testament explains how
54:of the dying commands of the
2000:Old Testament pseudepigrapha
1037:Cambridge University Library
1027:The Apocryphal Old Testament
508:is primarily concerned with
477:to between 100-200 BC using
445:and, if Kugel is right, the
351:. In the Genesis narrative,
151:Nicephorus of Constantinople
1995:2nd-century Christian texts
1520:. University of Cambridge.
931:with this passage from the
871:the claims made and adding
686:taken from Cave 4 (4Q215).
674:A copy of the Testament of
169:Testaments are regarded as
2026:
763:of how he was sold to the
520:. It begins by portraying
402:. Taking the theme of the
155:Synopsis Sacrae Scripturae
50:. It is believed to be a
1518:Cambridge Digital Library
948:Use in the New Testament
304:. This theme is also in
234:The Apocrypha in English
159:Athanasius of Alexandria
42:is a constituent of the
1642:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1574:Encyclopædia Britannica
1167:Paris, Matthew (1571).
1149:The Jewish Encyclopedia
990:The Ante Nicene Fathers
549:predominantly concerns
300:water", taken from the
153:(758 - 828) and in the
2005:Apocalyptic literature
945:
929:
738:'s resistance against
250:
238:
207:
85:through the agency of
68:apocalyptic literature
52:pseudepigraphical work
35:
1795:Apocalypse of Abraham
1584:Charles, Robert Henry
1561:Charles, Robert Henry
1297:John Joseph Collins,
936:
924:
757:Testament of Benjamin
661:Testament of Naphtali
596:was the sixth son of
547:Testament of Issachar
457:Aramaic Levi Document
416:Aramaic Levi Document
248:
212:
202:
115:Historical references
33:
18:Testament of Naphtali
1790:Testament of Abraham
1750:Life of Adam and Eve
1129:, Book 15, Chapter 6
1001:Robert Henry Charles
803:improve this section
533:to be a prostitute.
198:Robert Henry Charles
171:exhortatory writings
157:(long attributed to
139:(AD ~345 - 420) and
1903:Additions to Daniel
1829:Ascension of Isaiah
1800:Assumption of Moses
1250:The Ladder of Jacob
730:primarily concerns
728:Testament of Joseph
490:Bar-Ilan University
447:Testament of Simeon
345:Testament of Simeon
1959:Letter of Aristeas
1908:Prayer of Manasseh
1824:Letter of Jeremiah
1805:Joseph and Aseneth
1755:Testament of Qahat
1745:Genesis Apocryphon
1114:Adversus Marcionem
1099:2016-07-01 at the
1059:Testament of Qahat
1049:Testament of Jacob
856:possibly contains
712:Testament of Asher
678:was discovered at
563:nocturnal services
506:Testament of Judah
479:radiocarbon dating
475:Oriental Institute
308:11:2's account of
251:
179:God's commandments
87:Robert Grosseteste
36:
1990:2nd-century books
1977:
1976:
1964:Sibylline Oracles
1868:Psalms of Solomon
1735:Apocrypha in the
1658:Missing or empty
1651:cite encyclopedia
1610:978-0-691-12122-2
1421:978-90-04-07560-3
1398:, pp. 174–6.
1362:, pp. 155–6.
1127:Homilia in Josuam
933:Gospel of Matthew
901:
900:
893:
858:original research
839:
838:
831:
565:by the giving of
451:Testament of Levi
404:Levite priesthood
392:Testament of Levi
129:Marcion of Sinope
91:Bishop of Lincoln
16:(Redirected from
2017:
2010:Jewish apocrypha
1873:Testament of Job
1765:Book of Jubilees
1760:Visions of Amram
1728:Jewish apocrypha
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696:Testament of Gad
684:Dead Sea Scrolls
636:) and three LJ (
634:Sin-Exile-Return
613:Testament of Dan
494:Book of Jubilees
471:Dead Sea Scrolls
302:Book of Jubilees
149:(AD 758-828) of
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1597:Kugel, James
1587:
1572:
1526:. Retrieved
1517:
1508:
1497:. Retrieved
1483:
1472:. Retrieved
1458:
1447:. Retrieved
1410:
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1332:. Retrieved
1328:the original
1318:
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1173:(in Latin).
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1113:
1112:Tertullian,
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1092:J. Davila. "
1088:
1081:Charles 1911
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983:
980:Availability
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801:Please help
789:
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711:
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698:begins with
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256:Hebrew Bible
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146:Stichometria
144:
118:
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103:
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39:
37:
1954:4 Maccabees
1949:3 Maccabees
1944:2 Maccabees
1939:1 Maccabees
1541:Works cited
1246:James Kugel
765:Ishmaelites
518:fornication
512:, monetary
486:James Kugel
463:Mount Athos
396:apocalyptic
287:fornication
127:theologian
56:twelve sons
1984:Categories
1499:2007-08-14
1474:2007-08-14
1449:2012-07-15
1396:Kugel 2006
1384:Kugel 2006
1372:Kugel 2006
1360:Kugel 2006
1348:Kugel 2006
1334:2013-12-11
1311:Kugel 2006
1286:Kugel 2006
1274:Kugel 2006
1262:Kugel 2006
1234:Kugel 2006
1065:References
927:18:21-22)
865:improve it
682:among the
638:Levi-Judah
583:Septuagint
551:asceticism
531:pretending
121:Tertullian
44:apocryphal
1888:Psalm 151
1619:698590791
1563:(1911). "
913:Christian
911:. From a
881:June 2024
869:verifying
819:June 2024
790:does not
665:genealogy
567:mandrakes
449:: to the
431:Testament
400:arrogance
380:Testament
372:Testament
364:Testament
321:Testament
314:Bathsheba
294:Testament
283:concubine
141:Procopius
1883:2 Esdras
1878:1 Esdras
1844:3 Baruch
1839:2 Baruch
1834:1 Baruch
1599:(2006).
1586:(1908).
1522:Archived
1493:Archived
1468:Archived
1443:Archived
1313:, ch. 3.
1154:Archived
1125:Origen,
1116:, Book 1
1097:Archived
1043:See also
905:prophecy
771:Prophecy
761:Benjamin
751:Benjamin
743:without
732:Chastity
676:Naphtali
655:Naphtali
578:Issachar
541:Issachar
443:Jubilees
376:Jubilees
329:Jubilees
325:Watchers
306:2 Samuel
93:, whose
1855:Ketuvim
1816:Nevi'im
1780:3 Enoch
1775:2 Enoch
1770:1 Enoch
1634::
1571:(ed.).
1558::
909:Messiah
863:Please
811:removed
796:sources
594:Zebulun
589:Zebulun
510:courage
467:Aramaic
435:Shechem
424:1 Enoch
241:Summary
125:docetic
108:Vorlage
1617:
1607:
1567:". In
1552:
1528:29 May
1418:
1175:London
999:, ed.
745:bigamy
736:Joseph
722:Joseph
680:Qumran
669:Bilhah
627:Beliar
571:Rachel
516:, and
394:is an
357:Joseph
353:Simeon
339:Simeon
279:Bilhah
270:Reuben
262:Reuben
232:(from
187:virtue
175:ethics
165:Ethics
137:Jerome
133:Origen
75:Hebrew
64:Qumran
1737:Torah
917:Jesus
716:Asher
706:Asher
559:Jacob
527:Tamar
522:Judah
514:greed
500:Judah
439:Dinah
310:David
205:Lord.
95:Latin
79:Greek
60:Jacob
48:Bible
1664:help
1615:OCLC
1605:ISBN
1530:2020
1416:ISBN
954:Paul
794:any
792:cite
755:The
726:The
710:The
694:The
659:The
611:The
598:Leah
555:Leah
545:The
504:The
437:and
429:The
408:Levi
390:The
386:Levi
362:The
349:envy
343:The
319:The
312:and
292:The
281:, a
275:lust
266:The
183:vice
38:The
867:by
805:by
700:Gad
690:Gad
667:of
619:Dan
607:Dan
569:to
561:'s
488:at
185:or
111:).
77:or
58:of
1986::
1655::
1653:}}
1649:{{
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1466:.
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1134:^
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298:in
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