530:
821:
1493:
partial removal is associated with fantasies, beliefs, myths, and cultural norms surrounding the testes, which can lead to severe psychological trauma and consequences for the individual. Consequently, worries regarding sexual and reproductive capabilities may induce feelings of despair, inadequacy, and emotional turmoil. Factors that are associated with a decrease in psychological outcomes are early adulthood, partnership status, work status, sexual dysfunction, diminished masculinity, and adaptive mechanisms.
1548:
psychological problem faced by men diagnosed with testicular cancer is anxiety. New research suggested that there was no direct comparison between people who have been diagnosed with testicular cancer and the general population. Studies show that anxiety is more frequent among testicular cancer survivors of similar gender and age compared to the general population, affecting about 1 in 5 survivors. Depression doesn't seem to burden testicular cancer patients as much as anxiety.
1605:
both young and older adults, have reported benefits and personal growth in the months and even years following their diagnosis. Furthermore, researchers have discovered that while the journey of testicular cancer initially brings physical and emotional challenges, it also leads many survivors to develop a newfound gratitude for life. Besides improving mental outlook, going through testicular cancer might also motivate men to adopt healthier behaviors such as:
1519:, which is when males develop enlarged breasts during puberty, is a common and normal part of growing up. However, only up to 11% of patients diagnosed with testicular cancer have gynecomastia when they first seek medical attention, and about 4% of males checked for gynecomastia turn out to have testicular cancer. After testicular cancer, some men feel less masculine, but how much cancer affects masculinity varies from person to person.
1227:(RPLND). However, this approach, while standard in many places, especially the United States, is out of favor due to costs and the high level of expertise required to perform successful surgery. Sperm banking is frequently carried out prior to the procedure (as with chemotherapy), as there is a risk that RPLND may damage the nerves involved in ejaculation, causing ejaculation to occur internally into the bladder rather than externally.
1511:
a higher risk of poorer psychological outcomes that are correlated with an impairment of sexual functions and masculinity. Another factor that is related to experiencing negative effects related to masculinity is not having children, due to not being able to meet traditional expectations of being a protector or provider. Men who felt that losing a testicle made them less masculine also felt negative psychological effects.
1541:
50:
1575:
a similar intense experience, questioning the purpose of their existence, and becoming more aware of life's fragility and the certainty of death. New research suggests that certain testicular cancer survivors think their cancer was triggered by their stress sensitivity. This may be why some survivors have a fear of recurrence more than 10 years after treatment, even though the actual risk of recurrence is around 1%.
352:
1185:). While it may be possible, in some cases, to remove testicular cancer tumors from a testis while leaving the testis functional, this is almost never done, as the affected testicle usually contains pre-cancerous cells spread throughout the entire testicle. Thus removing the tumor alone without additional treatment greatly increases the risk that another cancer will form in that testicle.
534:
borders with nuclear overlapping, pleomorphism, and frequent mitoses. The seminoma component (upper center) shows large, round-polyhedral cells with distinct cell membranes, abundant clear/watery cytoplasm, large central nuclei and prominent nucleoli. The yolk sac component (lower right, hugging the embryonal component) exhibits microcystic/reticular growth pattern.
1431:(secondary cancers) are detected early and cured. This approach ensures that chemotherapy and or radiotherapy is only given to the patients that need it. The number of patients ultimately cured is the same using surveillance as post-operative "adjuvant" treatments, but the patients have to be prepared to follow a prolonged series of visits and tests.
507:
1604:
Not every survivor of testicular cancer has negative outcomes of depression and some even may gain positive outcomes from their experience. This means that when looking at outcomes across all testicular cancer survivors, the positives and negatives could balance each other out. Many cancer survivors,
1510:
Youthful males aged 18-24 encounter distinct gender-specific social factors that are linked to a decrease in mental health outcomes. These social factors include limited access to health services and engagement, stigma related to masculinity, and cultural expectations. Single or unemployed men are at
1455:
For patients treated for stage I seminoma who choose surveillance rather than undergoing adjuvant therapy, there have been no randomized trials to determine the optimum frequency of scans and visits, and the schedules vary very widely across the world, and within individual countries. In the UK there
1255:
of the tumor (i.e., the size and shape of its cells under the microscope) and the stage of progression at the time of surgery (i.e., how far cells have 'escaped' from the testicle, invaded the surrounding tissue, or spread to the rest of the body). If the cancer is not particularly advanced, patients
1574:
Being diagnosed with testicular cancer often destroys many men's feelings of being invincible and brings up unexpected questions about life and purpose. They feel a sense of being in between or on the threshold of a new identity. This involves feeling disconnected from those who haven't been through
1547:
After having the testicles removed through orchiectomy, testicular cancer survivors may experience long-lasting feelings of sadness or embarrassment. Research has shown that these emotions are more prevalent among younger and unmarried men compared to older and partnered individuals. The most common
1527:
New studies show that 16% of survivors have serious concerns about how they look after the removal of a testicle. These survivors worry about feeling awkward and anxious because of their missing testicles, and they feel different from other people. Even though 52% of survivors felt that their bodies
700:
The stressful event of testicular cancer not only affects the patient that is diagnosed but also affects the caregiver. The psychological stress model consists of stressful experiences that a patient with testicular cancer may go through after diagnosis, that caregivers may want to look out for. The
656:
Inguinal orchiectomy is the preferred method because it lowers the risk of cancer cells escaping. This is because the lymphatic system of the scrotum, through which white blood cells (and, potentially, cancer cells) flow in and out, links to the lower extremities, while that of the testicle links to
1592:
and satisfaction remain unaffected by the type of treatment received. Nonetheless, treatment approaches for testicular cancer can induce physiological alterations while simultaneously eliciting emotional responses. Therefore, diminished sexual function (such as decreased libido or inhibition)
1501:
Biological ideas about masculinity say that our bodies confirm our gender, so changes or damage to our reproductive system can affect how men feel about being men. Since testicles have long been seen as symbols of strength, bravery, and masculinity, having surgery to remove them can change how men
1492:
Although testicular cancer has a low mortality rate and better prognosis outcomes, psychological factors still affect cancer patients struggling with a diagnosis. This means that the absence of testicles can influence perceptions of masculinity, sexual identity, and body image. Castration or
1418:
For many patients with stage I cancer, adjuvant (preventative) therapy following surgery may not be appropriate and patients will undergo surveillance instead. The form this surveillance takes, e.g. the type and frequency of investigations and the length time it should continue, will depend on the
1405:
Treatment of testicular cancer is one of the success stories of modern medicine, with sustained response to treatment in more than 90% of cases, regardless of stage. In 2011 overall cure rates of more than 95% were reported, and 80% for metastatic disease—the best response by any solid tumor, with
1556:
Around one out of every three testicular cancer survivors experience significant fear of the cancer coming back, and this fear is considered the most troubling issue for them. Unmarried men reported they felt less fear of cancer recurrence than men who were in a relationship. Survivors who have a
1531:
How survivors feel about their bodies is a big factor in deciding whether to get a testicular prosthesis. Many worry about losing their masculinity, and how they see themselves, and just want to look and feel normal again. Looking back at how testicular prostheses were used, especially with many
1463:
For more advanced stages of testicular cancer, and for those cases in which radiation therapy or chemotherapy was administered, the extent of monitoring (tests) after treatment will vary on the basis of the circumstances, but normally should be done for five years in uncomplicated cases and for
359:
One of the first signs of testicular cancer is often a lump or swelling in the testes. The U.S. Preventive
Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends against routine screening for testicular cancer in asymptomatic adolescent and adults including routine testicular self-exams. However, the American
533:
Mixed germ cell tumor containing embryonal carcinoma, seminoma, and yolk sac tumor. The embryonal carcinoma component (upper left, upper right, and lower left) shows pseudoglandular growth with high-grade features of large, epithelioid, anaplastic cells with prominent nucleoli, indistinct cell
1514:
New research shows that testicular cancer survivors who have low testosterone levels feel less masculine than those with normal testosterone levels. These concerns are important for teenage boys going through puberty or recently experiencing physical changes, which can shape their developing
1373:
as an alternative to radiation therapy in the treatment of seminoma is increasing, because radiation therapy appears to have more significant long-term side effects (for example, internal scarring, increased risks of secondary malignancies, etc.). Two doses, or occasionally a single dose of
1587:
can stem from biological factors, psychological factors, or a blend of both. Difficulties in physiological aspects such as achieving erection and ejaculation are correlated with the severity of the disease and the methods of treatment employed such as surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy.
691:
may be used to detect high levels of chorionic gonadotropin; however, the first sign of testicular cancer is usually a painless lump. Note that only about 25% of seminomas have elevated chorionic gonadotropin, so a pregnancy test is not very sensitive for making out testicular cancer.
1624:
Globally testicular cancer resulted in 8,300 deaths in 2013 up from 7,000 deaths in 1990. Testicular cancer has the highest prevalence in the U.S. and Europe, and is uncommon in Asia and Africa. Worldwide incidence has doubled since the 1960s, with the highest rates of prevalence in
3806:"Randomized trial of two or five computed tomography scans in the surveillance of patients with stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis: Medical Research Council Trial TE08; ISRCTN56475197—the National Cancer Research Institute Testis Cancer Clinical Studies Group"
1441:
CT scans are performed on the abdomen (and sometimes the pelvis) and also the chest in some hospitals. Chest x-rays are increasingly preferred for the lungs as they give sufficient detail combined with a lower false-positive rate and significantly smaller radiation dose than CT.
1406:
improved survival being attributed primarily to effective chemotherapy. By 2013 more than 96 per cent of the 2,300 men diagnosed each year in the U.K. were deemed cured, a rise by almost a third since the 1970s, the improvement attributed substantially to the chemotherapy drug
498:. An isochromosome 12p (the short arm of chromosome 12 on both sides of the same centromere) is present in about 80% of the testicular cancers, and also the other cancers usually have extra material from this chromosome arm through other mechanisms of genomic amplification.
1593:
may result from treatment-related physical factors like fatigue, overall discomfort, hair loss, and significant weight fluctuations, as well as emotional factors including concerns about sexual performance, fear of losing control, and ambiguity regarding what lies ahead.
3707:
Krege S, Beyer J, Souchon R, Albers P, Albrecht W, Algaba F, et al. (2008). "European consensus conference on diagnosis and treatment of germ cell cancer: a report of the second meeting of the
European Germ Cell Cancer Consensus group (EGCCCG): part I".
525:
The main way testicular cancer is diagnosed is via a lump or mass inside a testis. More generally, if a young adult or adolescent has a single enlarged testicle, which may or may not be painful, this should give doctors reason to suspect testicular cancer.
4616:
4601:
1230:
Many patients are instead choosing surveillance, where no further surgery is performed unless tests indicate that the cancer has returned. This approach maintains a high cure rate because of the growing accuracy of surveillance techniques.
1690:
In the UK, approximately 2,000 people are diagnosed a year. Over a lifetime, the risk is roughly 1 in 200 (0.5%). It is the 16th most common cancer in men. It accounts for less than 1% of cancer deaths in men (around 60 men died in 2012).
360:
Cancer
Society suggests that some men should examine their testicles monthly, especially if they have a family history of cancer, and the American Urological Association recommends monthly testicular self-examinations for all young men.
452:(undescended testicles). It is generally believed that the presence of a tumor contributes to cryptorchidism; when cryptorchidism occurs in conjunction with a tumor then the tumor tends to be large. Other risk factors include
614:, which can determine exact location, size, and some characteristics of the lump, such as cystic vs solid, uniform vs heterogeneous, sharply circumscribed, or poorly defined. The extent of the disease is evaluated by
661:). A trans-scrotal biopsy or orchiectomy will potentially leave cancer cells in the scrotum and create two routes for cancer cells to spread, while in an inguinal orchiectomy, only the retroperitoneal route exists.
4297:
1438:. However, the requirements of a surveillance program differ according to the type of disease since, for seminoma patients, relapses can occur later, and blood tests are not as good at indicating relapse.
1460:(MRI) can be used instead of CT scans. MRI is being investigated because it does not expose the patient to radiation and so, if it is shown to be as good at detecting relapses, it may be preferable to CT.
1965:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1532:
teenagers, there were noticeable improvements in how people felt about their bodies and themselves overall one year after getting an implant. They also felt more comfortable during sexual activities.
1914:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1173:. While treatment success depends on the stage, the average survival rate after five years is around 95%, and stage 1 cancer cases, if monitored properly, have essentially a 100% survival rate.
1188:
Since only one testis is typically required to maintain fertility, hormone production, and other male functions, the affected testis is almost always removed completely in a procedure called
2045:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
1452:
TE08) showed that, when combined with the standard surveillance tests described above, 2 CT scans at 3 and 12 months were as good as 5 over 2 years in detecting relapse at an early stage.
1397:
Since seminoma can recur decades after the primary tumor is removed, patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy should remain vigilant and not assume they are cured 5 years after treatment.
1192:. (The testicle is almost never removed through the scrotum; an incision is made beneath the belt line in the inguinal area.) In the UK, the procedure is known as a radical orchidectomy.
3147:"The World Health Organization 2016 classification of testicular germ cell tumours: a review and update from the International Society of Urological Pathology Testis Consultation Panel"
1472:
A man with one remaining testis may maintain fertile. However, sperm banking may be appropriate for men who still plan to have children, since fertility may be adversely affected by
1275:, the outlook has improved substantially. Although 7000 to 8000 new cases of testicular cancer occur in the United States yearly, only 400 men are expected to die of the disease.
1391:
3847:
856:. Testicular tumors are best classified by radical inguinal orchiectomy, which allows for both histologic evaluation of the whole testicle and provides local tumor control.
2092:
1293:(preventative) therapy in the case of stage I seminomas, to minimize the likelihood that tiny, non-detectable tumors exist and will spread (in the inguinal and para-aortic
4294:
3923:"An Updated Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies Assessing Anxiety, Depression, Fear of Cancer Recurrence or Psychological Distress in Testicular Cancer Survivors"
4733:
3922:
3015:
2197:
2411:"Aetiology of testicular cancer: association with congenital abnormalities, age at puberty, infertility, and exercise. United Kingdom Testicular Cancer Study Group"
2950:
4907:
4902:
2701:
3877:"Would it be better to use MRI scans instead of CT scans to monitor men with early stage testicular cancer? And is it safe to use less CT scans than we do now?"
2567:
2175:
331:
Globally testicular cancer affected about 686,000 people in 2015. That year it resulted in 9,400 deaths up from 7,000 deaths in 1990. Rates are lower in the
4482:
3090:"The 2022 World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs—Part A: Renal, Penile, and Testicular Tumours"
2915:
1353:
Lymph node surgery may also be performed after chemotherapy to remove masses left behind (stage 2B or more advanced), particularly in the cases of large
471:
is associated with increased risk. Early onset of male characteristics is associated with increased risk. These may reflect endogenous or environmental
401:
It is not very common for testicular cancer to spread to other organs, apart from the lungs. If it has, however, the following symptoms may be present:
1314:
Chemotherapy is the standard treatment for non-seminoma when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body (that is, stage 2B or 3). The standard
4241:"Romantic and Sexual Relationships, Body Image, and Fertility in Adolescent and Young Adult Testicular Cancer Survivors: A Review of the Literature"
1445:
The frequency of CT scans during surveillance should ensure that relapses are detected at an early stage while minimizing the radiation exposure.
1434:
For both non-seminomas and seminomas, surveillance tests generally include physical examination, blood tests for tumor markers, chest x-rays, and
3351:
3146:
3778:
844:. Correct diagnosis is necessary to ensure the most effective and appropriate treatment. To some extent, this can be done via blood tests for
1616:
These positive changes in lifestyle could contribute to better psychological well-being, which can offset any initial difficulties they face.
3876:
2283:
2025:
1679:
1224:
727:
529:
4726:
4767:
3660:
833:
1427:), but the aim is to avoid unnecessary treatments in the many patients who are cured by their surgery, and ensure that any relapses with
4914:
4631:
4577:
4567:
4465:
3624:
2231:
1251:—to kill any cancerous cells that may exist outside of the affected testicle. The type of adjuvant therapy depends largely on the
937:
3235:
1278:
In the UK, a similar trend has emerged: since improvements in treatment, survival rates have risen rapidly to cure rates of over 95%.
747:
4533:
3762:
3328:
1746:
2883:
3539:
3210:
2167:
2686:
942:
3488:
4947:
4719:
4171:"A systematic review of quantitative observational studies investigating psychological distress in testicular cancer survivors"
2235:
4777:
742:
because it better conserves some morphological details such as nuclear conformation. Then the testicular tumor is staged by a
3848:"A trial to find the best way of using scans to monitor men after treatment for seminoma testicular cancer (TRISST MRC TE24)"
1640:
Although testicular cancer is most common among men aged 15–40 years, it has three peaks: infancy through the age of four as
828:
Although testicular cancer can be derived from any cell type found in the testicles, more than 95% of testicular cancers are
437:
1528:
had changed a lot because of cancer and treatment, 88% of the spouses didn't think their partners were any less attractive.
1215:(in a separate operation) to accurately determine whether the cancer is in stage I or stage II and to reduce the risk that
758:). The size of the tumor in the testis is irrelevant to staging. In broad terms, testicular cancer is staged as follows:
5000:
3880:
3547:
2209:
1449:
1410:. In the United States, when the disease is treated while it is still localized, more than 99% of people survive 5 years.
3810:
3387:"Radiotherapy role in non-seminomatous germ cell tumors, radiobiological and technical issues of an unexplored scenario"
3184:
2962:
677:
1779:
4995:
4924:
4826:
2719:
883:
1484:
will be infertile after the procedure, though he may elect to bank viable, cancer-free sperm prior to the procedure.
1840:
Feldman DR, Bosl GJ, Sheinfeld J, Motzer RJ (13 February 2008). "Medical treatment of advanced testicular cancer".
1457:
718:
These side effects may need physical and emotional care which in turn can cause the caregiver an emotional burden.
1884:
1334:
in 1983. The landmark trial published in 1987 which established BEP as the optimum treatment was conducted by Dr.
4969:
2765:
2013:
860:
596:, or other conditions of the lymph nodes or vessels near the scrotum, testicles, pubis, anorectal area, and groin
325:
206:
2579:
4990:
4964:
4642:
2840:
Wollina U, Schreiber G, Zollmann C, Hipler C, Günther E (1989). "Lectin-binding sites in normal human testis".
820:
255:
4571:
4562:
2958:
2205:
1704:
1456:
is an ongoing clinical trial called TRISST. This is assessing how often scans should take place and whether
809:
340:
218:
4558:
4416:"Testicular cancer incidence trends in the United States (1975−2004): Plateau or shifting racial paradigm?"
2635:
4851:
3145:
Williamson SR, Delahunt B, Magi-Galluzzi C, Algaba F, Egevad L, Ulbright TM, et al. (February 2017).
2362:"Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects"
1648:, ages 25–40 years as post-pubertal seminomas and non-seminomas, and from age 60 as spermatocytic tumors.
626:
286:
170:
122:
4001:
Schepisi G, De Padova S, De Lisi D, Casadei C, Meggiolaro E, Ruffilli F, et al. (25 February 2019).
4504:
3441:"The treatment of metastatic germ-cell testicular tumours with bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin (BEP)"
3009:
1597:
1315:
1209:
1087:
1081:
801:
778:
681:
3540:"MRC trial shows single dose of drug is as effective as two weeks' radiotherapy for testicular cancer"
3363:
1583:
Sexual dysfunction can present as a symptom in people who have been diagnosed with testicular cancer.
580:) or inflammations which have spread to and caused swelling in the vessels of the testicles or scrotum
4919:
1394:. However, very long-term data on the efficacy of adjuvant carboplatin in this setting do not exist.
1189:
1162:
1036:
634:
457:
328:. Even in cases in which cancer has spread widely, chemotherapy offers a cure rate greater than 80%.
4414:
Holmes L, Escalante C, Garrison O, Foldi BX, Ogungbade GO, Essien EJ, et al. (September 2008).
4846:
4821:
4782:
4620:
1006:
921:
468:
3884:
2592:
Atkin NB, Baker MC (December 1982). "Specific chromosome change, i(12p), in testicular tumours?".
316:
Testicular cancer is highly treatable and usually curable. Treatment options may include surgery,
4959:
4787:
3855:
3414:
3385:
Francolini G, Trodella LE, Marvaso G, Matrone F, Nicosia L, Timon G, et al. (October 2021).
3359:
3127:
2865:
2617:
1584:
1339:
1067:
786:
755:
583:
368:
82:
4954:
3668:
1736:
1662:
In the United States, about 8,900 cases are diagnosed a year. The risk of testicular cancer in
1169:. In most patients with testicular cancer, the disease is cured readily with minimal long-term
4748:
4682:
4653:
4529:
4445:
4396:
4388:
4347:
4270:
4208:
4200:
4112:
4094:
4042:
4024:
3962:
3944:
3829:
3758:
3725:
3641:
3604:
3521:
3470:
3406:
3324:
3291:
3166:
3119:
3111:
3070:
3052:
3031:"Radical inguinal orchidectomy: the gold standard for initial management of testicular cancer"
2997:
2909:
2857:
2822:
2609:
2538:
2489:
2440:
2391:
2383:
2335:
2327:
2279:
2149:
2074:
2021:
1994:
1943:
1859:
1742:
1147:
1057:
673:
478:
Higher rates of testicular cancer in
Western nations have been linked to the use of cannabis.
317:
273:, family history of the disease, and previous history of testicular cancer. More than 95% are
198:
146:
70:
4462:
3088:
Moch H, Amin MB, Berney DM, Compérat EM, Gill AJ, Hartmann A, et al. (1 November 2022).
2239:
4435:
4427:
4378:
4337:
4327:
4260:
4252:
4190:
4182:
4102:
4086:
4032:
4014:
3952:
3934:
3819:
3748:
3717:
3633:
3594:
3586:
3460:
3452:
3398:
3316:
3281:
3273:
3158:
3101:
3060:
3042:
2849:
2812:
2804:
2661:
2601:
2528:
2520:
2479:
2471:
2430:
2422:
2373:
2139:
2131:
2064:
2056:
1984:
1976:
1933:
1925:
1851:
1335:
1264:
1240:
1115:
332:
274:
110:
4552:
3310:
2409:
Forman D, M C Pike, G Davey, S Dawson, K Baker, C E D Chilvers, et al. (28 May 1994).
1654:
of the testis are the most common cancer in young men between the ages of 15 and 35 years.
653:
should not be performed, as it raises the risk of spreading cancer cells into the scrotum.
343:
in the United States is about 95%. Outcomes are better when the disease remains localized.
4889:
4866:
4838:
4808:
4799:
4469:
4301:
1651:
1331:
1297:). Radiation is ineffective against and is therefore never used as a primary therapy for
1205:
1022:
932:
829:
797:
774:
658:
453:
339:. Onset most commonly occurs in males 20 to 34 years old, rarely before 15 years old. The
336:
187:
183:
4711:
2890:
1181:
The initial treatment for testicular cancer is surgery to remove the affected testicle (
4897:
4856:
4440:
4415:
4342:
4315:
4265:
4240:
4170:
4107:
4075:"The impact of testicular cancer and its treatment on masculinity: A systematic review"
4074:
4037:
4002:
3957:
3753:
3599:
3574:
3551:
3465:
3440:
3286:
3261:
3065:
3030:
2853:
2817:
2792:
2533:
2508:
2484:
2459:
2435:
2410:
2144:
2119:
2069:
2044:
1989:
1964:
1938:
1913:
1842:
1671:
1645:
1540:
1390:
as a single-dose therapy was developed by Tim Oliver, Professor of
Medical Oncology at
1263:
Before 1970, survival rates from testicular cancer were low. Since the introduction of
1029:
926:
897:
751:
739:
688:
646:
449:
425:
270:
138:
49:
4625:
4314:
Van
Hemelrijck M, Shanmugalingam T, Soultati A, Chowdhury S, Rudman S (October 2013).
4073:
Dax V, Ftanou M, Tran B, Lewin J, Wallace R, Seidler Z, et al. (September 2022).
2605:
2555:
2060:
1980:
1929:
808:
Further information on the detailed staging system is available on the website of the
4984:
4942:
4934:
4256:
4166:
3682:
3492:
3439:
Peckham MJ, Barrett A, Liew KH, Horwich A, Robinson B, Dobbs HJ, et al. (1983).
3418:
3131:
2271:
2135:
1808:
1711:(affected stallions may become extremely vicious, suggesting excessive production of
433:
394:
294:
151:
2869:
17:
4693:
3804:
Rustin GJ, Mead GM, Stenning SP, Vasey PA, Aass N, Huddart RA, et al. (2007).
1682:
is between that of white and Asian men. The cause of these differences is unknown.
1667:
1663:
1516:
1477:
1473:
1383:
1370:
1248:
1244:
1151:
1017:
969:
845:
841:
665:
548:
544:
388:
321:
202:
179:
175:
2621:
750:
Cancer
Staging Manual. Testicular cancer is categorized as being in one of three
518:
4647:
4523:
3721:
3106:
3089:
1342:. An alternative, equally effective treatment involves the use of four cycles of
4677:
3515:
1634:
1626:
1420:
1387:
1375:
1354:
1298:
1294:
1272:
1201:
1182:
853:
837:
743:
593:
569:
487:
429:
351:
306:
302:
282:
263:
163:
159:
133:
118:
62:
4696:
4658:
4431:
3575:"Adjuvant radiation therapy in stage I seminoma: 20 years of oncologic results"
3402:
4699:
3590:
3573:
De Felice F, Musio D, Gravina GL, Marampon F, Tombolini V (29 November 2016).
3320:
2426:
2378:
2361:
2315:
1481:
1428:
1220:
1212:
1166:
793:
782:
770:
642:
619:
611:
558:
553:
510:
495:
414:
310:
298:
155:
4392:
4204:
4098:
4028:
4019:
3948:
3824:
3805:
3645:
3277:
3115:
3056:
2702:"Pregnancy Test, Used by a Man as Joke, Reveals Testicular Cancer - ABC News"
2387:
2331:
4688:
4610:
3386:
3047:
2808:
1407:
1347:
1343:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1286:
1268:
1252:
1216:
1170:
1158:
849:
746:
according to the TNM Classification of
Malignant Tumors as published in the
630:
577:
213:
4449:
4400:
4351:
4274:
4212:
4116:
4046:
3966:
3833:
3729:
3637:
3608:
3525:
3410:
3295:
3170:
3123:
3074:
3001:
2985:
2826:
2542:
2395:
2339:
2153:
2078:
2020:. Vol. 1 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 1335–1337.
1998:
1947:
1863:
1855:
730:
recommends against screening males without symptoms for testicular cancer.
4383:
4366:
3474:
2861:
2613:
2493:
2444:
804:. Stage 3 is further subdivided into non-bulky stage 3 and bulky stage 3.
4871:
4861:
4816:
4744:
3939:
3921:
Rincones O, Smith A', Naher S, Mercieca-Bebber R, Stockler M (May 2021).
1712:
1708:
1641:
1424:
1379:
1366:
1290:
1257:
1011:
975:
953:
947:
909:
696:
Stressful
Experiences Caregivers of Testicular Cancer Patients May Notice
573:
563:
514:
491:
464:
290:
278:
258:. Symptoms may include a lump in the testicle or swelling or pain in the
251:
126:
114:
88:
75:
58:
4332:
4195:
3456:
2475:
684:
are the typical tumor markers used to spot testicular germ cell tumors.
2524:
1675:
1630:
1435:
1378:, typically delivered three weeks apart, is proving to be a successful
1143:
1102:
1097:
669:
615:
607:
472:
406:
397:(lumbago) due to the cancer spreading to the lymph nodes along the back
375:
259:
92:
4593:
3162:
1502:
with testicular cancer view themselves and what it means to be a man.
540:
Other conditions may also have symptoms similar to testicular cancer:
141:, family history of the disease, previous history of testicular cancer
4605:
4186:
4090:
1589:
1330:(BEP). BEP as a first-line treatment was first reported by Professor
763:
650:
638:
587:
247:
2929:
672:
present in the bloodstream) that are specific to testicular cancer.
506:
1448:
For patients treated for stage I non-seminoma, a randomized trial (
2270:
Motzer RJ, Bosl GJ (2005). "82. Testicular Cancer". In Kasper DL,
1700:
1539:
1239:
Since testicular cancers can spread, patients are usually offered
819:
528:
505:
461:
410:
350:
4003:"Psychosocial Issues in Long-Term Survivors of Testicular Cancer"
4636:
1382:
treatment, with recurrence rates in the same ranges as those of
4715:
602:
Metastasis to the testicles from another, primary tumor site(s)
2509:"Marijuana Use Linked To Increased Risk Of Testicular Cancer"
1223:
to lymph nodes in the lower abdomen. This surgery is called
4169:, Olver I, Luckett T, Grimison P, et al. (April 2018).
3622:
Huang WC (5 June 2008). "Book Review: Urological
Oncology".
2740:
448:
A major risk factor for the development of testis cancer is
4365:
Leendert H. J. Looijenga, J. Wolter Oosterhuis (May 1999).
2791:
Bonin S, Petrera F, Rosai J, Stanta G (29 September 2011).
1715:), and the latter are found in young horses and are large.
467:. Physical activity is associated with decreased risk and
3236:"Removing a testicle (orchidectomy) for testicular cancer"
2202:
Testicular Cancer: Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging
1579:
Biological and Psychological Factors of Sexual Dysfunction
3779:"Safer Ways to Detect Testicular Cancer Recurrence - NCI"
2766:"American Academy of Family Physicians | Choosing Wisely"
1707:
and teratomas. Typically, the former are found in older
2984:
Gill MS, Shah SH, Soomro IN, Kayani N, Hasan SH (2000).
2662:"Testicular Cancer - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | NORD"
1506:
Social Stigma Related to Masculinity and Sexual Identity
363:
Symptoms may also include one or more of the following:
2360:
Skakkebaek NE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Main KM (May 2001).
2120:"Testicular Cancer: A Prototypic Tumor of Young Adults"
848:, but definitive diagnosis requires examination of the
420:
a lump in the neck due to metastases to the lymph nodes
381:
a feeling often described as "heaviness" in the scrotum
2741:"UroToday - The Global Online Community of Urologists"
1557:
fear of recurrence of their cancer tend to have more:
1289:
may be used to treat stage II seminoma cancers, or as
1204:
that appear to be stage I, surgery may be done on the
1515:
understanding of their sexual identity. For example,
1392:
Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry
4583:
2720:"Serum tumor markers in testicular germ cell tumors"
701:
stressful experiences consist of 4 main categories:
4933:
4888:
4837:
4807:
4798:
4766:
4757:
4668:
4587:
4316:"Global incidence and outcome of testicular cancer"
2556:Testicular Cancer Risk Linked To Marijuana Smoking
1699:Testicular tumors occur also in other animals. In
1042:
Mixed teratoma and yolk sac tumor, prepubertal type
233:
225:
212:
193:
169:
145:
132:
106:
98:
81:
69:
39:
34:
4555:, self-exam app from the Testicular Cancer Society
2930:"Testicular Cancer Resource Center's Staging Page"
2458:Swerdlow AJ, Huttly SR, Smith PG. (January 1987).
1738:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1
998:Germ cell tumors unrelated to germ cell neoplasia
894:Specific forms of intratubular germ cell neoplasia
664:Blood tests are also used to identify and measure
2793:"DNA and RNA obtained from Bouin's fixed tissues"
1260:and blood tests, in place of adjuvant treatment.
355:Image showing the first sign of testicular cancer
3661:"Male cancer is almost beaten after chance find"
2278:(16th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 550–553.
1256:may be offered careful surveillance by periodic
637:—that is, surgical excision of the entire
4528:(6th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 1210.
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
486:Most testicular germ cell tumors have too many
4903:High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
4367:"Pathogenesis of testicular germ cell tumours"
3745:Diagnostic Imaging for the Emergency Physician
2316:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Testicular Cancer"
1464:longer in those with higher risks of relapse.
1124:Sex cord-stromal tumor not otherwise specified
792:Stage III: the cancer involves the testis and
4727:
4239:Carpentier MY, Fortenberry JD (August 2010).
863:classification system for testicular tumors:
769:Stage II: the cancer involves the testis and
762:Stage I: the cancer remains localized to the
371:in one testis which may or may not be painful
8:
3014:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2986:"Morphological pattern of testicular tumors"
1908:
1906:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
869:Germ cells derived from germ cell neoplasia
629:of testicular cancer requires examining the
2580:Smoking Marijuana Tied to Testicular Cancer
2460:"Testicular cancer and antecedent diseases"
2118:Hayes-Lattin B, Nichols CR (October 2009).
1959:
1957:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1666:men is approximately 4-5 times the risk in
4804:
4763:
4734:
4720:
4712:
4584:
3391:International Journal of Clinical Oncology
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2276:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1809:"Cancer of the Testis - Cancer Stat Facts"
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1741:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1253.
1588:Conversely, psychological aspects such as
1488:Psychological Factors of Testicular Cancer
1165:; and chemotherapy is the work of medical
738:After removal, the testicle is fixed with
48:
31:
4439:
4382:
4341:
4331:
4264:
4194:
4106:
4036:
4018:
3956:
3938:
3823:
3752:
3598:
3464:
3312:An Illustrated Guide to Pediatric Urology
3285:
3105:
3064:
3046:
2816:
2532:
2483:
2434:
2377:
2143:
2068:
2039:
2037:
1988:
1937:
1730:
1728:
824:Relative incidences of testicular tumors.
599:Benign tumors or lesions of the testicles
4483:"Testicular cancer incidence statistics"
2636:"Testicular Cancer - Symptoms and Signs"
2093:"Testicular cancer incidence statistics"
1109:Mixed and other sex cord-stromal tumors
1072:Large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor
572:), bladder infections or inflammations (
3352:"Testicular Cancer survival statistics"
3029:Koschel SG, Wong LM (9 December 2020).
2198:"Can testicular cancer be found early?"
1724:
1670:men, and more than three times that of
1318:is three, or sometimes four, rounds of
1161:; radiation therapy is administered by
1142:The three basic types of treatment are
606:The nature of any palpated lump in the
374:sharp pain or a dull ache in the lower
4290:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
3996:
3743:Broder J (2011). "Imaging the Chest".
3683:"SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Testis Cancer"
3262:"Sperm banking and the cancer patient"
3007:
2914:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2907:
1674:men. The risk of testicular cancer in
1219:testicular cancer cells that may have
832:(GCTs). Most of the remaining 5% are
657:the back of the abdominal cavity (the
568:Prostate infections or inflammations (
4234:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4056:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3514:Reyhanoglu G, Tadi P (11 July 2022).
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2568:Cannabis linked to testicular cancer
1570:Experience poorer physical well-being
1225:retroperitoneal lymph node dissection
1196:Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection
1094:The fibroma thecoma family of tumors
1049:Sex cord-stromal tumors of the testis
728:American Academy of Family Physicians
417:) from metastatic spread to the lungs
7:
4485:. Cancer Research UK. 25 August 2011
2687:"How is testicular cancer diagnosed"
2558:Medical News Today 2 September 2009.
2507:Daling J, Swartz S (15 March 2009).
2366:Human Reproduction (Oxford, England)
1975:(10053): 1459–1544. 8 October 2016.
1924:(10053): 1545–1602. 8 October 2016.
1267:, chiefly platinum-based drugs like
962:Mixed germ cell tumors of the testis
313:is then done to determine the type.
293:. Diagnosis is typically based on a
4915:List of people with prostate cancer
4522:Jones TC, Hunt RD, King NW (1997).
4463:CancerStats, 2007 UK incidence data
3625:The New England Journal of Medicine
3185:"Testicular Cancer Treatment (PDQ)"
3035:Translational Andrology and Urology
2570:. The Independent 2 September 2009.
2232:"Testicular Self-Examination (TSE)"
2176:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
2055:(9963): 117–171. 17 December 2014.
2016:. In Goldman L, Schafer AI (eds.).
938:Placental site trophoblastic tumour
4574:information and resource page (UK)
4295:Some facts about testicular cancer
3754:10.1016/B978-1-4160-6113-7.10005-5
3211:"Testicular Cancer Survival Rates"
2951:"How is testicular cancer staged?"
2854:10.1111/j.1439-0272.1989.tb02380.x
25:
2961:. 19 January 2011. Archived from
2208:. 19 January 2011. Archived from
2172:uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org
576:), or kidney (renal) infections (
4257:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.04.005
3362:. 9 October 2009. Archived from
2136:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2009.07.006
985:Germ cell tumors of unknown type
943:Epithelioid trophoblastic tumour
917:Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors
834:sex cord–gonadal stromal tumours
641:along with attached structures (
391:) from hormonal effects of β-hCG
307:Surgical removal of the testicle
164:surgical removal of the testicle
3266:Therapeutic Advances in Urology
2236:American Urological Association
1497:Masculinity and Sexual Identity
878:Noninvasive germ cell neoplasia
680:(the "pregnancy hormone"), and
592:Infection, inflammation, retro-
4505:"Testicular cancer statistics"
3927:Cancer Management and Research
3550:. 22 July 2005. Archived from
2168:"Testicular Cancer: Screening"
1132:Secondary tumors of the testis
905:The germinoma family of tumors
610:is often evaluated by scrotal
438:testicular dysgenesis syndrome
436:make up the syndrome known as
1:
3260:Williams DH (February 2010).
2797:Journal of Clinical Pathology
2606:10.1016/s0140-6736(82)91557-4
2061:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
1981:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
1930:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
1885:"Testicular Cancer Treatment"
1780:"Testicular Cancer Treatment"
756:which have subclassifications
4948:Extramammary Paget's disease
4578:Testicular cancer statistics
4245:Journal of Adolescent Health
3811:Journal of Clinical Oncology
3722:10.1016/j.eururo.2007.12.024
3107:10.1016/j.eururo.2022.06.016
1112:Mixed sex cord-stromal tumor
956:with somatic-type malignancy
678:human chorionic gonadotropin
4925:Transitional-cell carcinoma
4827:Germ cell neoplasia in situ
3489:"Chemotherapy - BEP and EP"
2314:Shaw J (15 February 2008).
1121:Myoid gonadal stromal tumor
884:Germ cell neoplasia in situ
714:Social and workplace issues
633:of tissue obtained from an
618:, which are used to locate
5017:
4778:Sertoli–Leydig cell tumour
4561:– detailed guide from the
4432:10.1016/j.puhe.2007.10.010
4304:, American Cancer Society.
4007:Frontiers in Endocrinology
3659:Whipple T (29 July 2013).
3403:10.1007/s10147-021-01989-7
1458:magnetic resonance imaging
989:Regressed germ cell tumors
859:Most pathologists use the
513:(high magnification) of a
490:, and most often they are
262:. Treatment may result in
91:, swelling or pain in the
4970:Hirsuties coronae glandis
3687:National Cancer Institute
3591:10.18632/oncotarget.11374
3520:. StatPearls Publishing.
3445:British Journal of Cancer
3321:10.1007/978-3-319-44182-5
3315:. Springer. p. 585.
3189:National Cancer Institute
2427:10.1136/bmj.308.6941.1393
2320:American Family Physician
1889:National Cancer Institute
1784:National Cancer Institute
861:World Health Organization
326:stem cell transplantation
309:with examination under a
207:stem cell transplantation
56:
47:
4965:Erythroplasia of Queyrat
4165:Smith A", Rutherford C,
4020:10.3389/fendo.2019.00113
3881:Medical Research Council
3825:10.1200/JCO.2006.08.4889
3548:Medical Research Council
3278:10.1177/1756287210368279
3240:www.cancerresearchuk.org
2014:"190. Testicular cancer"
1705:interstitial cell tumors
1450:Medical Research Council
1157:Surgery is performed by
384:firmness of the testicle
269:Risk factors include an
256:male reproductive system
102:20 to 34 years old males
4580:from Cancer Research UK
4572:National Health Service
4563:American Cancer Society
4300:2 November 2014 at the
3048:10.21037/tau.2019.12.20
2959:American Cancer Society
2809:10.1136/jcp.2004.016477
2379:10.1093/humrep/16.5.972
2206:American Cancer Society
966:Mixed germ cell tumors
810:American Cancer Society
341:five-year survival rate
287:sex-cord stromal tumors
277:which are divided into
219:Five-year survival rate
123:sex-cord stromal tumors
4852:Endodermal sinus tumor
3638:10.1056/NEJMbkrev59744
2770:www.choosingwisely.org
2582:Web MD 9 October 2012.
2018:Goldman-Cecil Medicine
1856:10.1001/jama.299.6.672
1612:Reduce or stop smoking
1609:More physical activity
1600:From Testicular Cancer
1544:
1536:Anxiety and Depression
1243:—in the form of
825:
802:paraaortic lymph nodes
779:paraaortic lymph nodes
627:differential diagnosis
535:
522:
413:or coughing up blood (
356:
285:. Other types include
171:Differential diagnosis
4472:, Cancer Research UK.
4384:10.1530/ror.0.0040090
4320:Clinical Epidemiology
3544:News and Publications
1598:Post-traumatic Growth
1543:
1316:chemotherapy protocol
1265:adjuvant chemotherapy
1163:radiation oncologists
1077:Granulosa cell tumor
823:
708:Fear of tumor relapse
532:
509:
405:shortness of breath (
354:
250:that develops in the
5001:Urological neoplasia
4920:Small-cell carcinoma
4525:Veterinary pathology
3940:10.2147/CMAR.S198039
3747:. pp. 185–296.
3356:cancerresearchuk.org
3309:Al-Salem AH (2016).
2242:on 17 September 2014
2124:Seminars in Oncology
1482:loses both testicles
1190:inguinal orchiectomy
1088:granulosa cell tumor
1082:granulosa cell tumor
1037:neuroendocrine tumor
635:inguinal orchiectomy
458:Klinefelter syndrome
387:breast enlargement (
18:Testicular neoplasms
4847:Embryonal carcinoma
4822:Spermatocytic tumor
4783:Sertoli cell tumour
4333:10.2147/CLEP.S34430
3585:(48): 80077–80082.
3495:on 26 February 2014
3457:10.1038/bjc.1983.99
3366:on 24 December 2011
2476:10.1038/bjc.1987.20
2212:on 21 November 2011
1564:Feel more depressed
1064:Sertoli cell tumor
1014:, prepubertal type
1007:Spermatocytic tumor
950:, postpubertal type
929:, postpubertal type
922:Embryonal carcinoma
852:of a specimen by a
469:sedentary lifestyle
424:Testicular cancer,
4996:Testicle disorders
4960:Bowenoid papulosis
4788:Leydig cell tumour
4669:External resources
4509:Cancer Research UK
4468:4 May 2011 at the
3856:Cancer Research UK
3360:Cancer Research UK
2896:on 11 October 2006
2772:. 24 February 2015
2525:10.1002/cncr.24159
2097:Cancer Research UK
2012:Enhorn LH (2020).
1585:Sexual dysfunction
1561:Intrusive thoughts
1552:Fear of Recurrence
1545:
1369:treatment, use of
1340:Indiana University
1241:adjuvant treatment
1235:Adjuvant treatment
1068:Sertoli cell tumor
1054:Leydig cell tumor
1039:, prepubertal type
1032:, prepubertal type
826:
711:Fertility problems
584:Testicular torsion
549:epididymo-orchitis
536:
523:
357:
347:Signs and symptoms
271:undescended testis
139:Undescended testis
4978:
4977:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4749:urogenital system
4709:
4708:
4568:Testicular Cancer
4559:Testicular Cancer
3887:on 4 January 2012
3818:(11): 1310–1315.
3397:(10): 1777–1783.
3191:. 15 January 2009
3163:10.1111/his.13102
2965:on 6 October 2011
2285:978-0-07-139140-5
2027:978-0-323-55087-1
1891:. 26 January 2017
1735:Ferri FF (2017).
1386:. The concept of
1282:Radiation therapy
1148:radiation therapy
1058:Leydig cell tumor
705:Late side-effects
674:Alpha-fetoprotein
318:radiation therapy
244:Testicular cancer
241:
240:
199:radiation therapy
147:Diagnostic method
35:Testicular cancer
29:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5008:
4805:
4764:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4713:
4585:
4540:
4539:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4479:
4473:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4443:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4386:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4345:
4335:
4311:
4305:
4292:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4236:
4217:
4216:
4198:
4187:10.1002/pon.4596
4181:(4): 1129–1137.
4162:
4121:
4120:
4110:
4091:10.1002/pon.5994
4085:(9): 1459–1473.
4070:
4051:
4050:
4040:
4022:
3998:
3971:
3970:
3960:
3942:
3918:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3883:. Archived from
3873:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3756:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3710:European Urology
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3671:on 29 July 2013.
3667:. Archived from
3656:
3650:
3649:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3602:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3491:. Archived from
3485:
3479:
3478:
3468:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3289:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3109:
3094:European Urology
3085:
3079:
3078:
3068:
3050:
3041:(6): 3094–3102.
3026:
3020:
3019:
3013:
3005:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2895:
2889:. Archived from
2888:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2820:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2745:www.urotoday.com
2737:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2666:rarediseases.org
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2487:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2421:(6941): 1393–9.
2406:
2400:
2399:
2381:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2311:
2290:
2289:
2267:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2238:. Archived from
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1881:
1868:
1867:
1837:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1805:
1788:
1787:
1776:
1753:
1752:
1732:
1703:, these include
1680:American Indians
1652:Germ cell tumors
1419:type of cancer (
1336:Lawrence Einhorn
1177:Testicle removal
830:germ cell tumors
740:Bouin's solution
454:inguinal hernias
275:germ cell tumors
254:, a part of the
221:rates ~ 95% (US)
111:Germ cell tumors
52:
32:
21:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5005:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4955:Bowen's disease
4929:
4876:
4867:Choriocarcinoma
4833:
4794:
4770:gonadal stromal
4769:
4753:
4740:
4710:
4705:
4704:
4664:
4663:
4596:
4549:
4544:
4543:
4536:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4470:Wayback Machine
4461:
4457:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4302:Wayback Machine
4293:
4282:
4238:
4237:
4220:
4175:Psycho-Oncology
4164:
4163:
4124:
4079:Psycho-Oncology
4072:
4071:
4054:
4000:
3999:
3974:
3920:
3919:
3900:
3890:
3888:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3860:
3858:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3788:
3786:
3785:. 19 April 2022
3777:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3689:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3557:
3555:
3554:on 24 July 2009
3538:
3537:
3533:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3498:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3242:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3006:
2990:J Pak Med Assoc
2983:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2906:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2884:"Archived copy"
2882:
2881:
2877:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2738:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2313:
2312:
2293:
2286:
2269:
2268:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1871:
1839:
1838:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1791:
1778:
1777:
1756:
1749:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1697:
1688:
1660:
1646:yolk sac tumors
1622:
1602:
1581:
1554:
1538:
1525:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1470:
1416:
1403:
1363:
1332:Michael Peckham
1312:
1307:
1284:
1237:
1206:retroperitoneal
1200:In the case of
1198:
1179:
1140:
1023:Epidermoid cyst
933:Choriocarcinoma
818:
798:retroperitoneal
775:retroperitoneal
736:
724:
698:
659:retroperitoneum
504:
484:
446:
349:
337:developed world
188:appendix testis
184:inguinal hernia
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5014:
5012:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4983:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4939:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4900:
4898:Adenocarcinoma
4894:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4857:Gonadoblastoma
4854:
4849:
4843:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4813:
4811:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4774:
4772:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4716:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4685:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4650:
4639:
4628:
4613:
4597:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:Classification
4582:
4581:
4575:
4565:
4556:
4548:
4547:External links
4545:
4542:
4541:
4534:
4514:
4511:. 14 May 2015.
4496:
4474:
4455:
4426:(9): 862–872.
4406:
4357:
4306:
4280:
4251:(2): 115–125.
4218:
4122:
4052:
3972:
3898:
3868:
3839:
3796:
3783:www.cancer.gov
3770:
3763:
3735:
3716:(3): 478–496.
3699:
3674:
3651:
3614:
3565:
3531:
3506:
3480:
3451:(5): 613–619.
3431:
3377:
3343:
3329:
3301:
3252:
3227:
3215:www.cancer.org
3202:
3176:
3157:(3): 335–346.
3151:Histopathology
3137:
3100:(5): 458–468.
3080:
3021:
2976:
2942:
2921:
2875:
2848:(2): 127–130.
2832:
2783:
2757:
2725:
2711:
2692:
2678:
2653:
2642:. 25 June 2012
2627:
2600:(8311): 1349.
2584:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2519:(6): 1215–23.
2499:
2450:
2401:
2372:(5): 972–978.
2352:
2326:(4): 469–474.
2291:
2284:
2253:
2223:
2189:
2159:
2130:(5): 432–438.
2110:
2084:
2033:
2026:
2004:
1953:
1902:
1869:
1850:(6): 672–684.
1825:
1789:
1786:. 7 July 2016.
1754:
1747:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1686:United Kingdom
1684:
1672:Asian American
1659:
1656:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1601:
1595:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1553:
1550:
1537:
1534:
1524:
1521:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1469:
1466:
1415:
1412:
1402:
1399:
1362:
1359:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1283:
1280:
1236:
1233:
1197:
1194:
1178:
1175:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1033:
1030:Yolk sac tumor
1027:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1009:
994:
993:
992:
991:
990:
982:
981:
980:
979:
978:
972:
959:
958:
957:
951:
945:
940:
935:
930:
927:Yolk sac tumor
924:
914:
913:
912:
902:
901:
900:
898:Gonadoblastoma
895:
892:
817:
816:Classification
814:
806:
805:
790:
767:
735:
732:
723:
720:
716:
715:
712:
709:
706:
697:
694:
689:pregnancy test
647:spermatic cord
604:
603:
600:
597:
590:
581:
566:
561:
556:
551:
503:
500:
483:
480:
450:cryptorchidism
445:
442:
426:cryptorchidism
422:
421:
418:
399:
398:
392:
385:
382:
379:
372:
348:
345:
239:
238:
235:
231:
230:
229:686,000 (2015)
227:
223:
222:
216:
210:
209:
195:
191:
190:
173:
167:
166:
149:
143:
142:
136:
130:
129:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
85:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
54:
53:
45:
44:
41:
37:
36:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5013:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4730:
4725:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4590:
4586:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4537:
4535:9780683044812
4531:
4527:
4526:
4518:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4497:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4459:
4456:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4420:Public Health
4417:
4410:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4377:(2): 90–100.
4376:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3933:: 3803–3816.
3932:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3857:
3853:
3852:CancerHelp UK
3849:
3843:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3800:
3797:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3766:
3764:9781416061137
3760:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3703:
3700:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3618:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3566:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3510:
3507:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3432:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3378:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3332:
3330:9783319441825
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3253:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2977:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2892:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2470:(1): 97–103.
2469:
2465:
2464:Br. J. Cancer
2461:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2099:. 15 May 2015
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1748:9780323529570
1744:
1740:
1739:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:Other animals
1694:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:United States
1657:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1578:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1496:
1494:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1480:. A man who
1479:
1475:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1355:non-seminomas
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:non-seminomas
1195:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1118:stromal tumor
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1001:
995:
988:
987:
986:
983:
977:
973:
971:
968:
967:
965:
964:
963:
960:
955:
952:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
918:
915:
911:
908:
907:
906:
903:
899:
896:
893:
891:
889:
888:
885:
881:
880:
879:
876:
875:
874:
873:
872:
866:
865:
864:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
846:tumor markers
843:
842:Sertoli cells
839:
836:derived from
835:
831:
822:
815:
813:
811:
803:
799:
795:
791:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
765:
761:
760:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
733:
731:
729:
721:
719:
713:
710:
707:
704:
703:
702:
695:
693:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:tumor markers
662:
660:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
601:
598:
595:
591:
589:
585:
582:
579:
575:
571:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
546:
543:
542:
541:
538:
531:
527:
520:
519:H&E stain
516:
512:
508:
501:
499:
497:
493:
489:
481:
479:
476:
474:
470:
466:
463:
459:
455:
451:
443:
441:
439:
435:
434:semen quality
431:
427:
419:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:
402:
396:
395:low back pain
393:
390:
386:
383:
380:
377:
373:
370:
366:
365:
364:
361:
353:
346:
344:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:physical exam
292:
288:
284:
283:non-seminomas
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
217:
215:
211:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
172:
168:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:Physical exam
150:
148:
144:
140:
137:
135:
131:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:
90:
86:
84:
80:
77:
74:
72:
68:
64:
61:in a radical
60:
57:7.4 × 5.5-cm
55:
51:
46:
42:
38:
33:
27:
19:
4991:Men's health
4758:
4747:of the male
4687:
4676:
4652:
4641:
4630:
4615:
4600:
4553:Ball Checker
4524:
4517:
4508:
4499:
4487:. Retrieved
4477:
4458:
4423:
4419:
4409:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4323:
4319:
4309:
4248:
4244:
4196:11343/283526
4178:
4174:
4082:
4078:
4010:
4006:
3930:
3926:
3889:. Retrieved
3885:the original
3871:
3859:. Retrieved
3851:
3842:
3815:
3809:
3799:
3787:. Retrieved
3782:
3773:
3744:
3738:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3690:. Retrieved
3686:
3677:
3669:the original
3664:
3654:
3632:(23): 2527.
3629:
3623:
3617:
3582:
3578:
3568:
3556:. Retrieved
3552:the original
3543:
3534:
3516:
3509:
3497:. Retrieved
3493:the original
3483:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3422:. Retrieved
3394:
3390:
3380:
3368:. Retrieved
3364:the original
3355:
3346:
3334:. Retrieved
3311:
3304:
3272:(1): 19–34.
3269:
3265:
3255:
3243:. Retrieved
3239:
3230:
3218:. Retrieved
3214:
3205:
3193:. Retrieved
3188:
3179:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3010:cite journal
2996:(4): 110–3.
2993:
2989:
2979:
2967:. Retrieved
2963:the original
2954:
2945:
2933:. Retrieved
2924:
2898:. Retrieved
2891:the original
2878:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2803:(3): 313–6.
2800:
2796:
2786:
2774:. Retrieved
2769:
2760:
2748:. Retrieved
2744:
2714:
2705:
2695:
2681:
2669:. Retrieved
2665:
2656:
2644:. Retrieved
2639:
2630:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2575:
2563:
2551:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2343:. Retrieved
2323:
2319:
2275:
2244:. Retrieved
2240:the original
2226:
2214:. Retrieved
2210:the original
2201:
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2178:. April 2011
2171:
2162:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2101:. Retrieved
2096:
2087:
2052:
2048:
2017:
2007:
1972:
1968:
1921:
1917:
1893:. Retrieved
1888:
1847:
1841:
1816:. Retrieved
1812:
1783:
1737:
1698:
1689:
1661:
1650:
1639:
1623:
1620:Epidemiology
1615:
1603:
1582:
1573:
1555:
1546:
1530:
1526:
1517:gynecomastia
1513:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1478:radiotherapy
1474:chemotherapy
1471:
1462:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1421:non-seminoma
1417:
1414:Surveillance
1404:
1396:
1384:radiotherapy
1371:chemotherapy
1364:
1352:
1313:
1310:Non-seminoma
1305:Chemotherapy
1299:non-seminoma
1285:
1277:
1262:
1249:radiotherapy
1245:chemotherapy
1238:
1229:
1221:metastasized
1199:
1187:
1180:
1156:
1152:chemotherapy
1141:
1131:
1048:
1047:
1018:Dermoid cyst
999:
997:
996:
984:
970:Polyembryoma
961:
916:
904:
890:
887:
882:
877:
870:
868:
867:
858:
838:Leydig cells
827:
807:
737:
725:
717:
699:
686:
663:
655:
624:
605:
545:Epididymitis
539:
537:
524:
485:
477:
447:
423:
400:
389:gynecomastia
362:
358:
330:
322:chemotherapy
315:
268:
243:
242:
237:9,400 (2015)
203:chemotherapy
180:epididymitis
176:Spermatocele
134:Risk factors
119:nonseminomas
87:Lump in the
43:Testis tumor
26:
4678:MedlinePlus
4371:Rev. Reprod
4326:: 417–427.
3499:16 February
3195:13 February
2935:13 December
2900:16 November
2246:13 February
2103:19 December
1895:19 December
1818:19 December
1635:New Zealand
1627:Scandinavia
1436:CT scanning
1388:carboplatin
1376:carboplatin
1295:lymph nodes
1273:carboplatin
1213:lymph nodes
1183:orchiectomy
1167:oncologists
1116:Signet ring
1035:Testicular
854:pathologist
796:beyond the
783:lymph nodes
744:pathologist
594:peritonitis
570:prostatitis
488:chromosomes
432:, and poor
430:hypospadias
303:blood tests
264:infertility
160:blood tests
99:Usual onset
63:orchiectomy
40:Other names
4985:Categories
4654:DiseasesDB
4489:10 October
3891:4 December
3861:4 December
3579:Oncotarget
3558:4 December
3370:4 December
3220:18 January
2955:cancer.org
2842:Andrologia
2700:ABC News.
2640:Cancer.Net
2272:Jameson JL
2216:4 December
1719:References
1523:Body Image
1429:metastases
1210:paraaortic
1159:urologists
794:metastasis
785:below the
771:metastasis
643:epididymis
620:metastases
612:ultrasound
559:Varicocele
554:Hematocele
511:Micrograph
496:tetraploid
482:Mechanisms
415:hemoptysis
378:or scrotum
333:developing
311:microscope
299:ultrasound
156:ultrasound
4943:Carcinoma
4800:Germ cell
4768:Sex cord–
4759:Testicles
4689:eMedicine
4393:1359-6004
4205:1057-9249
4099:1057-9249
4029:1664-2392
3949:1179-1322
3665:The Times
3646:1533-4406
3517:Etoposide
3419:235966834
3132:250630557
3116:0302-2838
3057:2223-4691
2776:14 August
2388:0268-1161
2332:1532-0650
1709:stallions
1642:teratomas
1468:Fertility
1408:cisplatin
1401:Prognosis
1348:Cisplatin
1344:Etoposide
1328:Cisplatin
1324:Etoposide
1320:Bleomycin
1287:Radiation
1269:cisplatin
1253:histology
1217:malignant
1171:morbidity
1138:Treatment
1086:Juvenile
850:histology
787:diaphragm
722:Screening
668:(usually
631:histology
578:nephritis
502:Diagnosis
335:than the
291:lymphomas
279:seminomas
252:testicles
226:Frequency
214:Prognosis
197:Surgery,
194:Treatment
127:lymphomas
115:seminomas
71:Specialty
65:specimen.
4890:Prostate
4872:Embryoma
4862:Teratoma
4817:Seminoma
4697:med/3232
4694:med/2250
4466:Archived
4450:18555499
4401:10357096
4352:24204171
4298:Archived
4275:20638003
4213:29171109
4117:35789023
4047:30858829
3967:34007213
3834:17416851
3789:2 August
3730:18191324
3692:18 March
3609:27556300
3526:32491787
3411:34273014
3296:21789080
3171:27747907
3124:35853783
3075:33457282
3002:10851829
2910:cite web
2870:83758571
2827:15735167
2750:19 April
2706:ABC News
2543:19204904
2396:11331648
2345:5 August
2340:18326165
2274:(eds.).
2182:3 August
2154:19835738
2079:25530442
1999:27733281
1948:27733282
1864:18270356
1713:androgen
1567:Stressed
1425:seminoma
1380:adjuvant
1367:adjuvant
1361:Seminoma
1291:adjuvant
1258:CT scans
1012:Teratoma
976:embryoma
974:Diffuse
954:Teratoma
948:Teratoma
910:Seminoma
670:proteins
616:CT scans
574:cystitis
564:Orchitis
515:seminoma
492:triploid
473:hormones
465:orchitis
89:testicle
83:Symptoms
76:Oncology
59:seminoma
4700:med/863
4648:D013736
4441:2551560
4343:3804606
4266:2907366
4167:Butow P
4108:9542153
4038:6397854
4013:: 113.
3958:8123967
3600:5346772
3475:6189504
3466:2011384
3424:27 July
3336:27 July
3287:3126065
3066:7807348
2969:12 July
2862:2469362
2818:1770606
2671:26 June
2646:26 June
2614:6128640
2534:2759698
2494:2880604
2485:2001571
2445:7912596
2436:2540340
2145:2796329
2070:4340604
1990:5388903
1939:5055577
1676:Latinos
1631:Germany
1476:and/or
1144:surgery
1103:Fibroma
1098:Thecoma
1000:in situ
871:in situ
777:and/or
734:Staging
608:scrotum
407:dyspnea
376:abdomen
260:scrotum
93:scrotum
4745:Tumors
4683:001288
4637:273300
4532:
4448:
4438:
4399:
4391:
4350:
4340:
4273:
4263:
4211:
4203:
4115:
4105:
4097:
4045:
4035:
4027:
3965:
3955:
3947:
3832:
3761:
3728:
3644:
3607:
3597:
3524:
3473:
3463:
3417:
3409:
3327:
3294:
3284:
3245:4 July
3169:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3073:
3063:
3055:
3000:
2868:
2860:
2825:
2815:
2622:188534
2620:
2612:
2594:Lancet
2541:
2531:
2513:Cancer
2492:
2482:
2443:
2433:
2394:
2386:
2338:
2330:
2282:
2152:
2142:
2077:
2067:
2049:Lancet
2024:
1997:
1987:
1969:Lancet
1946:
1936:
1918:Lancet
1862:
1745:
1701:horses
1633:, and
1590:libido
1365:As an
1350:(EP).
1150:, and
1080:Adult
764:testis
752:stages
651:biopsy
639:testis
588:hernia
460:, and
444:Causes
301:, and
248:cancer
234:Deaths
4935:Penis
4908:HGPIN
4659:12966
4626:186.9
3415:S2CID
3128:S2CID
2894:(PDF)
2887:(PDF)
2866:S2CID
2618:S2CID
1668:black
1664:white
682:LDH-1
649:). A
586:or a
462:mumps
411:cough
324:, or
107:Types
4643:MeSH
4632:OMIM
4621:9-CM
4530:ISBN
4491:2013
4446:PMID
4397:PMID
4389:ISSN
4348:PMID
4271:PMID
4209:PMID
4201:ISSN
4113:PMID
4095:ISSN
4043:PMID
4025:ISSN
3963:PMID
3945:ISSN
3893:2011
3863:2011
3830:PMID
3791:2023
3759:ISBN
3726:PMID
3694:2016
3642:ISSN
3605:PMID
3560:2011
3522:PMID
3501:2009
3471:PMID
3426:2023
3407:PMID
3372:2011
3338:2023
3325:ISBN
3292:PMID
3247:2023
3222:2018
3197:2009
3167:PMID
3120:PMID
3112:ISSN
3071:PMID
3053:ISSN
3016:link
2998:PMID
2971:2011
2937:2007
2916:link
2902:2006
2858:PMID
2823:PMID
2778:2018
2752:2024
2673:2023
2648:2023
2610:PMID
2539:PMID
2490:PMID
2441:PMID
2392:PMID
2384:ISSN
2347:2010
2336:PMID
2328:ISSN
2280:ISBN
2248:2013
2218:2011
2184:2020
2150:PMID
2105:2017
2075:PMID
2022:ISBN
1995:PMID
1944:PMID
1897:2017
1860:PMID
1843:JAMA
1820:2017
1813:SEER
1743:ISBN
1678:and
1644:and
1271:and
800:and
748:AJCC
726:The
645:and
625:The
369:lump
289:and
281:and
117:and
4617:ICD
4611:C62
4602:ICD
4436:PMC
4428:doi
4424:122
4379:doi
4338:PMC
4328:doi
4261:PMC
4253:doi
4191:hdl
4183:doi
4103:PMC
4087:doi
4033:PMC
4015:doi
3953:PMC
3935:doi
3820:doi
3749:doi
3718:doi
3634:doi
3630:358
3595:PMC
3587:doi
3461:PMC
3453:doi
3399:doi
3317:doi
3282:PMC
3274:doi
3159:doi
3102:doi
3061:PMC
3043:doi
2850:doi
2813:PMC
2805:doi
2602:doi
2529:PMC
2521:doi
2517:115
2480:PMC
2472:doi
2431:PMC
2423:doi
2419:308
2415:BMJ
2374:doi
2140:PMC
2132:doi
2065:PMC
2057:doi
2053:385
1985:PMC
1977:doi
1973:388
1934:PMC
1926:doi
1922:388
1852:doi
1848:299
1423:or
1338:at
1247:or
840:or
773:to
547:or
494:to
475:.
409:),
246:is
121:),
4987::
4839:NG
4692::
4681::
4657::
4646::
4635::
4624::
4609::
4606:10
4570:–
4507:.
4444:.
4434:.
4422:.
4418:.
4395:.
4387:.
4373:.
4369:.
4346:.
4336:.
4322:.
4318:.
4283:^
4269:.
4259:.
4249:47
4247:.
4243:.
4221:^
4207:.
4199:.
4189:.
4179:27
4177:.
4173:.
4125:^
4111:.
4101:.
4093:.
4083:31
4081:.
4077:.
4055:^
4041:.
4031:.
4023:.
4011:10
4009:.
4005:.
3975:^
3961:.
3951:.
3943:.
3931:13
3929:.
3925:.
3901:^
3879:.
3854:.
3850:.
3828:.
3816:25
3814:.
3808:.
3781:.
3757:.
3724:.
3714:53
3712:.
3685:.
3663:.
3640:.
3628:.
3603:.
3593:.
3581:.
3577:.
3546:.
3542:.
3469:.
3459:.
3449:47
3447:.
3443:.
3413:.
3405:.
3395:26
3393:.
3389:.
3358:.
3354:.
3323:.
3290:.
3280:.
3268:.
3264:.
3238:.
3213:.
3187:.
3165:.
3155:70
3153:.
3149:.
3126:.
3118:.
3110:.
3098:82
3096:.
3092:.
3069:.
3059:.
3051:.
3037:.
3033:.
3012:}}
3008:{{
2994:50
2992:.
2988:.
2957:.
2953:.
2912:}}
2908:{{
2864:.
2856:.
2846:21
2844:.
2821:.
2811:.
2801:58
2799:.
2795:.
2768:.
2743:.
2728:^
2704:.
2664:.
2638:.
2616:.
2608:.
2596:.
2537:.
2527:.
2515:.
2511:.
2488:.
2478:.
2468:55
2466:.
2462:.
2439:.
2429:.
2417:.
2413:.
2390:.
2382:.
2370:16
2368:.
2364:.
2334:.
2324:77
2322:.
2318:.
2294:^
2256:^
2234:.
2204:.
2200:.
2174:.
2170:.
2148:.
2138:.
2128:36
2126:.
2122:.
2095:.
2073:.
2063:.
2051:.
2047:.
2036:^
1993:.
1983:.
1971:.
1967:.
1956:^
1942:.
1932:.
1920:.
1916:.
1905:^
1887:.
1872:^
1858:.
1846:.
1828:^
1811:.
1792:^
1782:.
1757:^
1727:^
1637:.
1629:,
1357:.
1301:.
1154:.
1146:,
812:.
789:).
687:A
676:,
622:.
517:.
456:,
440:.
428:,
367:a
320:,
305:.
297:,
266:.
205:,
201:,
186:,
182:,
178:,
162:,
158:,
154:,
125:,
4809:G
4735:e
4728:t
4721:v
4619:-
4604:-
4594:D
4538:.
4493:.
4452:.
4430::
4403:.
4381::
4375:4
4354:.
4330::
4324:5
4277:.
4255::
4215:.
4193::
4185::
4119:.
4089::
4049:.
4017::
3969:.
3937::
3895:.
3865:.
3836:.
3822::
3793:.
3767:.
3751::
3732:.
3720::
3696:.
3648:.
3636::
3611:.
3589::
3583:7
3562:.
3528:.
3503:.
3477:.
3455::
3428:.
3401::
3374:.
3340:.
3319::
3298:.
3276::
3270:2
3249:.
3224:.
3199:.
3173:.
3161::
3134:.
3104::
3077:.
3045::
3039:9
3018:)
3004:.
2973:.
2939:.
2918:)
2904:.
2872:.
2852::
2829:.
2807::
2780:.
2754:.
2722:.
2708:.
2689:.
2675:.
2650:.
2624:.
2604::
2598:2
2545:.
2523::
2496:.
2474::
2447:.
2425::
2398:.
2376::
2349:.
2288:.
2250:.
2220:.
2186:.
2156:.
2134::
2107:.
2081:.
2059::
2030:.
2001:.
1979::
1950:.
1928::
1899:.
1866:.
1854::
1822:.
1751:.
1346:-
1326:-
1322:-
1208:/
886:'
781:(
766:.
754:(
521:.
113:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.