243:
visible swelling. Then, with the thumb placed on the upper surface and the index and middle finger placed on the lower surface, each testicle can be rolled between the thumb and fingers to feel for potential findings. It is also recommended to locate and feel the epididymis, a soft, rope- or tube-like structure that runs behind each testicle, in order to avoid confusing this structure for a potentially abnormal finding.
26:
157:
uncertain due to there being no randomized control trial studying the use of TSE. Many organizations have established their own guidelines in regard to the utilization of testicular self examination as well as the use of testicular examination by a medical provider as a diagnostic tool. These guidelines can be found in the table below.
156:
for recommendations on TSE. The effectiveness of performing TSE in reducing morbidity and mortality from testicular cancer is not known. Not all organizations endorse the procedure as a screening test, arguing that it may lead to unnecessary treatments, and unnecessary anxiety. The benefit of TSE is
242:
Existing guidelines indicate that TSE is best performed in the standing position. Individuals performing TSE may choose to stand in front of a mirror in order to visualize the scrotum and testicles from various angles. First, the scrotum and testicles may be visually examined for any skin changes or
318:
Testicular self-examination has generally low rates of practice in part because young men have very low rates of health-seeking behaviors, leading to higher rates of mortality and morbidity. This is likely influenced by the fact that men face potential perceived societal pressures and judgement,
90:
at an early, potentially treatable stage, which can lead to a 5-year survival rate of 98%. In men aged 15 to 40, testicular cancer is the most common cancer, and the annual rate of increase over the last 10 years in cases of testicular cancer has been shown to be approximately 1% each year.
277:
The effectiveness of performing routine TSE in men without symptoms in reducing morbidity and mortality from testicular cancer is not clear, and as such, not all organizations endorse the procedure as a screening test, arguing that it may lead to unnecessary treatments. Additionally, some
238:
For men who choose to perform TSE, it is recommended to perform TSE once monthly, at approximately the same time every month. Performing TSE during or after a warm bath or shower may help to relax the skin of the scrotum and make the structures within the scrotum easier to feel.
115:
Monthly self-examination of the testicles, starting at puberty, may be an effective way of detecting testicular cancer at an early, and potentially treatable stage. Recommendations vary with some physicians recommending the use of monthly TSE for men ages 15 to 55.
94:
TSE is also indicated if there are certain risk factors present, such as a family history of testicular cancer. Additionally, outside of the possible early detection of testicular cancer, other "off label" uses of TSEs include detection of indirect inguinal
85:
for possible lumps or swelling. It is usually undertaken at home while standing in front of a mirror and after having a warm bath or shower. Monthly self-examination of the testicles starting at puberty may be an effective way of detecting
251:
Normal findings during TSE include testicles that feel round, smooth, and homogenous in texture, and that are mobile within the scrotum. It is normal and common for one testicle to be larger and hang lower in the scrotum than the other.
107:. The efficacy of TSEs in detection of these pathologies relies on proper technique, but if done correctly, TSEs can be very beneficial to the health of the individual and have many public health benefits as well.
310:, which may prompt medical attention to preserve reproductive and urinary function. These potential false positives may cause unnecessary concern or anxiety to patients.
413:
194:
805:
542:
van As, N. J.; Gilbert, D. C.; Money-Kyrle, J.; Bloomfield, D.; Beesley, S.; Dearnaley, D. P.; Horwich, A.; Huddart, R. A. (June 2008).
998:"Recommendations for Treating Males: An Ethical Rationale for the Inclusion of Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) in a Standard of Care"
838:"Recommendations for Treating Males: An Ethical Rationale for the Inclusion of Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) in a Standard of Care"
406:
91:
Testicular cancer typically presents with a painless testicular swelling or lump or any change in shape or texture of the testicles.
199:
Recommend against screening due to high cure rates of advanced disease, false-positives, and harms caused by diagnostic procedures.
174:
217:
Recommend against screening since there is no evidence that those who routinely screen will be able to detect early stage tumors.
1300:
286:
of testicular cancer found during TSE are common to other disorders of the male urinary tract and reproductive organs, including
303:
222:
184:
996:
Rovito, Michael J.; Manjelievskaia, Janna; Leone, James E.; Lutz, Michael; Cavayero, Chase T.; Perlman, David (May 2018).
372:
1305:
916:
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544:"Evidence-based pragmatic guidelines for the follow-up of testicular cancer: optimising the detection of relapse"
209:
No defined recommendation but state it should be conducted when completing a thorough routine cancer screening.
1310:
299:
328:
204:
1112:"Exploring women's perceptions about their role in supporting partners' and sons' reproductive health care"
600:
333:
268:
Changes in testicular size or the relative size of both testicles, compared to the individual's baseline
295:
135:
189:
List TSE as a screening test in their “Men’s Health
Checklist” for urologists and other clinicians
119:
Practitioners may recommend testicular self-exam (TSE) when the following risk factors are present:
779:
1257:
1202:
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601:"XISTunmethylated DNA fragments in male-derived plasma as a tumour marker for testicular cancer"
1222:""Normative content" and health inequity enculturation: a logic model of men's health advocacy"
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432:""Off-Label" Usage of Testicular Self-Examination (TSE): Benefits Beyond Cancer Detection"
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Findings that may be abnormal and should be discussed with healthcare providers include:
1110:
Marcell, Arik V.; Howard, Terry Lee; Plowden, Keith; Watson, Catherine (December 2010).
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Marcell, Arik V.; Ford, Carol A.; Pleck, Joseph H.; Sonenstein, Freya L. (April 2007).
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1055:"Masculine beliefs, parental communication, and male adolescents' health care use"
836:
Rovito MJ, Manjelievskaia J, Leone JE, Lutz M, Cavayero CT, Perlman D (May 2018).
640:
364:
50:
44:
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Kawakami, Takahiro; Okamoto, Keisei; Ogawa, Osamu; Okada, Yusaku (2004-01-03).
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489:"Testicular self-examination amongst genitourinary medicine clinic attendees"
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Grade D rating, Not recommended to be conducted by clinician nor patient.
1278:
283:
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141:
82:
430:
Rovito, Michael J.; Leone, James E.; Cavayero, Chase T. (2018-05-01).
748:
Ilic D, Misso ML (February 2011). "Screening for testicular cancer".
96:
487:
Kennett, Alexandra; Shaw, Jonathan W; Woolley, Paul D (2014-10-01).
104:
786:. American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). 28 October 2015
657:. National Health Service United Kingdom. 24 November 2017
359:
357:
355:
353:
351:
349:
407:"Testicular Self-examination; Frequently-asked questions"
227:
Recommend screening in those with clinical risk factors.
103:, and infections that may affect the testicles, such as
319:
which create obstacles to these patients seeking care.
1165:
Addis, Michael E.; Mahalik, James R. (January 2003).
917:"Patient Information: Self-Examination of the Testes"
1167:"Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking"
214:
161:Current Recommendations for Testicular Examination
43:
35:
18:
941:Friman, Patrick C.; Finney, Jack W. (1990-12-01).
1220:Leone, James E.; Rovito, Michael J. (May 2013).
699:"Diagnosis and treatment of testicular cancer"
77:) is a procedure where a man examines his own
831:
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8:
892:. American Board of Internal Medicine. 2018
750:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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943:"Health Education for Testicular Cancer"
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175:US Preventive Services Task Force
1226:American Journal of Men's Health
1116:American Journal of Men's Health
1002:American Journal of Men's Health
842:American Journal of Men's Health
436:American Journal of Men's Health
369:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
780:"Testicular Cancer - Screening"
304:sexually transmitted infections
223:European Association of Urology
185:American Urological Association
758:10.1002/14651858.CD007853.pub2
1:
617:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15170-7
373:National Institutes of Health
30:A man examines his testicles
1285:Testicular self-examination
259:Pain or tenderness to touch
71:Testicular self-examination
19:Testicular self-examination
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959:10.1177/109019819001700408
947:Health Education Quarterly
1171:The American Psychologist
706:American Family Physician
548:British Journal of Cancer
265:Swelling or fluid buildup
57:
23:
1238:10.1177/1557988312469659
1183:10.1037/0003-066x.58.1.5
1128:10.1177/1557988309335822
1014:10.1177/1557988315620468
854:10.1177/1557988315620468
697:Shaw J (February 2008).
505:10.1177/0956462414522774
448:10.1177/1557988315584942
300:urinary tract infections
1301:Male genital procedures
329:Breast self-examination
205:American Cancer Society
148:Professional Guidelines
1071:10.1542/peds.2006-1683
813:The Urology Foundation
560:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604280
365:"Testicular self-exam"
334:Well-woman examination
412:. Leaflet No.16/135.
132:Past testicular tumor
296:genitourinary system
152:There is no general
136:Undescended testicle
806:"Testicular Cancer"
655:"Testicular cancer"
314:Society and culture
162:
1306:Testicle disorders
308:testicular torsion
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1279:Testicular Cancer
554:(12): 1894–1902.
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273:Limitations
140:Testicular
45:MedlinePlus
36:Other names
1295:Categories
1059:Pediatrics
927:2021-09-13
605:The Lancet
340:References
262:Firm lumps
101:varicocele
1246:1557-9891
1191:0003-066X
1152:206765901
1136:1557-9891
1079:1098-4275
1022:1557-9891
967:0195-8402
896:22 August
818:23 August
790:23 August
661:22 August
625:0140-6736
568:1532-1827
529:206582831
513:0956-4624
456:1557-9883
378:23 August
298:cancers,
234:Technique
79:testicles
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521:24516080
474:25990509
323:See also
284:symptoms
247:Findings
1287:. WebMD
1088:2488152
1031:5987962
983:6086822
975:2262324
863:5987962
577:2441965
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410:(PDF)
306:, or
280:signs
105:mumps
59:[
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452:ISSN
380:2019
282:and
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81:and
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444:doi
126:of
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39:TSE
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