Testicular cancer - Knowledge

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partial removal is associated with fantasies, beliefs, myths, and cultural norms surrounding the testes, which can lead to severe psychological trauma and consequences for the individual. Consequently, worries regarding sexual and reproductive capabilities may induce feelings of despair, inadequacy, and emotional turmoil. Factors that are associated with a decrease in psychological outcomes are early adulthood, partnership status, work status, sexual dysfunction, diminished masculinity, and adaptive mechanisms.

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psychological problem faced by men diagnosed with testicular cancer is anxiety. New research suggested that there was no direct comparison between people who have been diagnosed with testicular cancer and the general population. Studies show that anxiety is more frequent among testicular cancer survivors of similar gender and age compared to the general population, affecting about 1 in 5 survivors. Depression doesn't seem to burden testicular cancer patients as much as anxiety.

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both young and older adults, have reported benefits and personal growth in the months and even years following their diagnosis. Furthermore, researchers have discovered that while the journey of testicular cancer initially brings physical and emotional challenges, it also leads many survivors to develop a newfound gratitude for life. Besides improving mental outlook, going through testicular cancer might also motivate men to adopt healthier behaviors such as:

1519:, which is when males develop enlarged breasts during puberty, is a common and normal part of growing up. However, only up to 11% of patients diagnosed with testicular cancer have gynecomastia when they first seek medical attention, and about 4% of males checked for gynecomastia turn out to have testicular cancer. After testicular cancer, some men feel less masculine, but how much cancer affects masculinity varies from person to person. 1227:(RPLND). However, this approach, while standard in many places, especially the United States, is out of favor due to costs and the high level of expertise required to perform successful surgery. Sperm banking is frequently carried out prior to the procedure (as with chemotherapy), as there is a risk that RPLND may damage the nerves involved in ejaculation, causing ejaculation to occur internally into the bladder rather than externally. 1511:

a higher risk of poorer psychological outcomes that are correlated with an impairment of sexual functions and masculinity. Another factor that is related to experiencing negative effects related to masculinity is not having children, due to not being able to meet traditional expectations of being a protector or provider. Men who felt that losing a testicle made them less masculine also felt negative psychological effects.

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a similar intense experience, questioning the purpose of their existence, and becoming more aware of life's fragility and the certainty of death. New research suggests that certain testicular cancer survivors think their cancer was triggered by their stress sensitivity. This may be why some survivors have a fear of recurrence more than 10 years after treatment, even though the actual risk of recurrence is around 1%.

352: 1185:). While it may be possible, in some cases, to remove testicular cancer tumors from a testis while leaving the testis functional, this is almost never done, as the affected testicle usually contains pre-cancerous cells spread throughout the entire testicle. Thus removing the tumor alone without additional treatment greatly increases the risk that another cancer will form in that testicle. 534:

borders with nuclear overlapping, pleomorphism, and frequent mitoses. The seminoma component (upper center) shows large, round-polyhedral cells with distinct cell membranes, abundant clear/watery cytoplasm, large central nuclei and prominent nucleoli. The yolk sac component (lower right, hugging the embryonal component) exhibits microcystic/reticular growth pattern.

1431:(secondary cancers) are detected early and cured. This approach ensures that chemotherapy and or radiotherapy is only given to the patients that need it. The number of patients ultimately cured is the same using surveillance as post-operative "adjuvant" treatments, but the patients have to be prepared to follow a prolonged series of visits and tests. 507: 1604:

Not every survivor of testicular cancer has negative outcomes of depression and some even may gain positive outcomes from their experience. This means that when looking at outcomes across all testicular cancer survivors, the positives and negatives could balance each other out. Many cancer survivors,

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Youthful males aged 18-24 encounter distinct gender-specific social factors that are linked to a decrease in mental health outcomes. These social factors include limited access to health services and engagement, stigma related to masculinity, and cultural expectations. Single or unemployed men are at

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For patients treated for stage I seminoma who choose surveillance rather than undergoing adjuvant therapy, there have been no randomized trials to determine the optimum frequency of scans and visits, and the schedules vary very widely across the world, and within individual countries. In the UK there

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of the tumor (i.e., the size and shape of its cells under the microscope) and the stage of progression at the time of surgery (i.e., how far cells have 'escaped' from the testicle, invaded the surrounding tissue, or spread to the rest of the body). If the cancer is not particularly advanced, patients

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Being diagnosed with testicular cancer often destroys many men's feelings of being invincible and brings up unexpected questions about life and purpose. They feel a sense of being in between or on the threshold of a new identity. This involves feeling disconnected from those who haven't been through

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After having the testicles removed through orchiectomy, testicular cancer survivors may experience long-lasting feelings of sadness or embarrassment. Research has shown that these emotions are more prevalent among younger and unmarried men compared to older and partnered individuals. The most common

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New studies show that 16% of survivors have serious concerns about how they look after the removal of a testicle. These survivors worry about feeling awkward and anxious because of their missing testicles, and they feel different from other people. Even though 52% of survivors felt that their bodies

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The stressful event of testicular cancer not only affects the patient that is diagnosed but also affects the caregiver. The psychological stress model consists of stressful experiences that a patient with testicular cancer may go through after diagnosis, that caregivers may want to look out for. The

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Inguinal orchiectomy is the preferred method because it lowers the risk of cancer cells escaping. This is because the lymphatic system of the scrotum, through which white blood cells (and, potentially, cancer cells) flow in and out, links to the lower extremities, while that of the testicle links to

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and satisfaction remain unaffected by the type of treatment received. Nonetheless, treatment approaches for testicular cancer can induce physiological alterations while simultaneously eliciting emotional responses. Therefore, diminished sexual function (such as decreased libido or inhibition)

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Biological ideas about masculinity say that our bodies confirm our gender, so changes or damage to our reproductive system can affect how men feel about being men. Since testicles have long been seen as symbols of strength, bravery, and masculinity, having surgery to remove them can change how men

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Although testicular cancer has a low mortality rate and better prognosis outcomes, psychological factors still affect cancer patients struggling with a diagnosis. This means that the absence of testicles can influence perceptions of masculinity, sexual identity, and body image. Castration or

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For many patients with stage I cancer, adjuvant (preventative) therapy following surgery may not be appropriate and patients will undergo surveillance instead. The form this surveillance takes, e.g. the type and frequency of investigations and the length time it should continue, will depend on the

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Treatment of testicular cancer is one of the success stories of modern medicine, with sustained response to treatment in more than 90% of cases, regardless of stage. In 2011 overall cure rates of more than 95% were reported, and 80% for metastatic disease—the best response by any solid tumor, with

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Around one out of every three testicular cancer survivors experience significant fear of the cancer coming back, and this fear is considered the most troubling issue for them. Unmarried men reported they felt less fear of cancer recurrence than men who were in a relationship. Survivors who have a

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How survivors feel about their bodies is a big factor in deciding whether to get a testicular prosthesis. Many worry about losing their masculinity, and how they see themselves, and just want to look and feel normal again. Looking back at how testicular prostheses were used, especially with many

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For more advanced stages of testicular cancer, and for those cases in which radiation therapy or chemotherapy was administered, the extent of monitoring (tests) after treatment will vary on the basis of the circumstances, but normally should be done for five years in uncomplicated cases and for

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One of the first signs of testicular cancer is often a lump or swelling in the testes. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends against routine screening for testicular cancer in asymptomatic adolescent and adults including routine testicular self-exams. However, the American

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Mixed germ cell tumor containing embryonal carcinoma, seminoma, and yolk sac tumor. The embryonal carcinoma component (upper left, upper right, and lower left) shows pseudoglandular growth with high-grade features of large, epithelioid, anaplastic cells with prominent nucleoli, indistinct cell

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New research shows that testicular cancer survivors who have low testosterone levels feel less masculine than those with normal testosterone levels. These concerns are important for teenage boys going through puberty or recently experiencing physical changes, which can shape their developing

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as an alternative to radiation therapy in the treatment of seminoma is increasing, because radiation therapy appears to have more significant long-term side effects (for example, internal scarring, increased risks of secondary malignancies, etc.). Two doses, or occasionally a single dose of

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can stem from biological factors, psychological factors, or a blend of both. Difficulties in physiological aspects such as achieving erection and ejaculation are correlated with the severity of the disease and the methods of treatment employed such as surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy.

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may be used to detect high levels of chorionic gonadotropin; however, the first sign of testicular cancer is usually a painless lump. Note that only about 25% of seminomas have elevated chorionic gonadotropin, so a pregnancy test is not very sensitive for making out testicular cancer.

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Globally testicular cancer resulted in 8,300 deaths in 2013 up from 7,000 deaths in 1990. Testicular cancer has the highest prevalence in the U.S. and Europe, and is uncommon in Asia and Africa. Worldwide incidence has doubled since the 1960s, with the highest rates of prevalence in

3864:"Randomized trial of two or five computed tomography scans in the surveillance of patients with stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis: Medical Research Council Trial TE08; ISRCTN56475197—the National Cancer Research Institute Testis Cancer Clinical Studies Group" 1441:

CT scans are performed on the abdomen (and sometimes the pelvis) and also the chest in some hospitals. Chest x-rays are increasingly preferred for the lungs as they give sufficient detail combined with a lower false-positive rate and significantly smaller radiation dose than CT.

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improved survival being attributed primarily to effective chemotherapy. By 2013 more than 96 per cent of the 2,300 men diagnosed each year in the U.K. were deemed cured, a rise by almost a third since the 1970s, the improvement attributed substantially to the chemotherapy drug

498:. An isochromosome 12p (the short arm of chromosome 12 on both sides of the same centromere) is present in about 80% of the testicular cancers, and also the other cancers usually have extra material from this chromosome arm through other mechanisms of genomic amplification. 1593:

may result from treatment-related physical factors like fatigue, overall discomfort, hair loss, and significant weight fluctuations, as well as emotional factors including concerns about sexual performance, fear of losing control, and ambiguity regarding what lies ahead.

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Krege S, Beyer J, Souchon R, Albers P, Albrecht W, Algaba F, et al. (2008). "European consensus conference on diagnosis and treatment of germ cell cancer: a report of the second meeting of the European Germ Cell Cancer Consensus group (EGCCCG): part I".

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The main way testicular cancer is diagnosed is via a lump or mass inside a testis. More generally, if a young adult or adolescent has a single enlarged testicle, which may or may not be painful, this should give doctors reason to suspect testicular cancer.

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Many patients are instead choosing surveillance, where no further surgery is performed unless tests indicate that the cancer has returned. This approach maintains a high cure rate because of the growing accuracy of surveillance techniques.

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In the UK, approximately 2,000 people are diagnosed a year. Over a lifetime, the risk is roughly 1 in 200 (0.5%). It is the 16th most common cancer in men. It accounts for less than 1% of cancer deaths in men (around 60 men died in 2012).

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Cancer Society suggests that some men should examine their testicles monthly, especially if they have a family history of cancer, and the American Urological Association recommends monthly testicular self-examinations for all young men.

452:(undescended testicles). It is generally believed that the presence of a tumor contributes to cryptorchidism; when cryptorchidism occurs in conjunction with a tumor then the tumor tends to be large. Other risk factors include 614:, which can determine exact location, size, and some characteristics of the lump, such as cystic vs solid, uniform vs heterogeneous, sharply circumscribed, or poorly defined. The extent of the disease is evaluated by 661:). A trans-scrotal biopsy or orchiectomy will potentially leave cancer cells in the scrotum and create two routes for cancer cells to spread, while in an inguinal orchiectomy, only the retroperitoneal route exists. 4355: 1438:. However, the requirements of a surveillance program differ according to the type of disease since, for seminoma patients, relapses can occur later, and blood tests are not as good at indicating relapse. 1460:(MRI) can be used instead of CT scans. MRI is being investigated because it does not expose the patient to radiation and so, if it is shown to be as good at detecting relapses, it may be preferable to CT. 1981:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 1532:

teenagers, there were noticeable improvements in how people felt about their bodies and themselves overall one year after getting an implant. They also felt more comfortable during sexual activities.

1915:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 1173:. While treatment success depends on the stage, the average survival rate after five years is around 95%, and stage 1 cancer cases, if monitored properly, have essentially a 100% survival rate. 1188:

Since only one testis is typically required to maintain fertility, hormone production, and other male functions, the affected testis is almost always removed completely in a procedure called

2076:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 1452:

TE08) showed that, when combined with the standard surveillance tests described above, 2 CT scans at 3 and 12 months were as good as 5 over 2 years in detecting relapse at an early stage.

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Since seminoma can recur decades after the primary tumor is removed, patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy should remain vigilant and not assume they are cured 5 years after treatment.

1192:. (The testicle is almost never removed through the scrotum; an incision is made beneath the belt line in the inguinal area.) In the UK, the procedure is known as a radical orchidectomy. 3205:"The World Health Organization 2016 classification of testicular germ cell tumours: a review and update from the International Society of Urological Pathology Testis Consultation Panel" 1472:

A man with one remaining testis may maintain fertile. However, sperm banking may be appropriate for men who still plan to have children, since fertility may be adversely affected by

1275:, the outlook has improved substantially. Although 7000 to 8000 new cases of testicular cancer occur in the United States yearly, only 400 men are expected to die of the disease. 1391: 3905: 856:. Testicular tumors are best classified by radical inguinal orchiectomy, which allows for both histologic evaluation of the whole testicle and provides local tumor control. 2150: 1293:(preventative) therapy in the case of stage I seminomas, to minimize the likelihood that tiny, non-detectable tumors exist and will spread (in the inguinal and para-aortic 4352: 3981:"An Updated Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies Assessing Anxiety, Depression, Fear of Cancer Recurrence or Psychological Distress in Testicular Cancer Survivors" 4791: 3073: 2255: 2469:"Aetiology of testicular cancer: association with congenital abnormalities, age at puberty, infertility, and exercise. United Kingdom Testicular Cancer Study Group" 2136: 3008: 4965: 4960: 2759: 3935:"Would it be better to use MRI scans instead of CT scans to monitor men with early stage testicular cancer? And is it safe to use less CT scans than we do now?" 2625: 2233: 331:

Globally testicular cancer affected about 686,000 people in 2015. That year it resulted in 9,400 deaths up from 7,000 deaths in 1990. Rates are lower in the

4540: 3148:"The 2022 World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs—Part A: Renal, Penile, and Testicular Tumours" 2973: 1353:

Lymph node surgery may also be performed after chemotherapy to remove masses left behind (stage 2B or more advanced), particularly in the cases of large

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is associated with increased risk. Early onset of male characteristics is associated with increased risk. These may reflect endogenous or environmental

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It is not very common for testicular cancer to spread to other organs, apart from the lungs. If it has, however, the following symptoms may be present:

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Chemotherapy is the standard treatment for non-seminoma when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body (that is, stage 2B or 3). The standard

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The frequency of CT scans during surveillance should ensure that relapses are detected at an early stage while minimizing the radiation exposure.

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For both non-seminomas and seminomas, surveillance tests generally include physical examination, blood tests for tumor markers, chest x-rays, and

3409: 3204: 3836: 844:. Correct diagnosis is necessary to ensure the most effective and appropriate treatment. To some extent, this can be done via blood tests for 2028: 1962: 1616:

These positive changes in lifestyle could contribute to better psychological well-being, which can offset any initial difficulties they face.

3934: 2341: 2055: 1679: 1224: 727: 529: 4784: 4825: 3718: 833: 1427:), but the aim is to avoid unnecessary treatments in the many patients who are cured by their surgery, and ensure that any relapses with 4972: 4689: 4635: 4625: 4523: 3682: 2289: 1251:—to kill any cancerous cells that may exist outside of the affected testicle. The type of adjuvant therapy depends largely on the 937: 3293: 1278:

In the UK, a similar trend has emerged: since improvements in treatment, survival rates have risen rapidly to cure rates of over 95%.

747: 4591: 3820: 3386: 1746: 2941: 3597: 3268: 2225: 2744: 942: 3546: 5005: 4777: 4229:"A systematic review of quantitative observational studies investigating psychological distress in testicular cancer survivors" 2293: 4835: 742:

because it better conserves some morphological details such as nuclear conformation. Then the testicular tumor is staged by a

3906:"A trial to find the best way of using scans to monitor men after treatment for seminoma testicular cancer (TRISST MRC TE24)" 1640:

Although testicular cancer is most common among men aged 15–40 years, it has three peaks: infancy through the age of four as

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Although testicular cancer can be derived from any cell type found in the testicles, more than 95% of testicular cancers are

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had changed a lot because of cancer and treatment, 88% of the spouses didn't think their partners were any less attractive.

1215:(in a separate operation) to accurately determine whether the cancer is in stage I or stage II and to reduce the risk that 758:). The size of the tumor in the testis is irrelevant to staging. In broad terms, testicular cancer is staged as follows: 5058: 3938: 3605: 2267: 1449: 1410:. In the United States, when the disease is treated while it is still localized, more than 99% of people survive 5 years. 3868: 3445:"Radiotherapy role in non-seminomatous germ cell tumors, radiobiological and technical issues of an unexplored scenario" 3242: 3020: 677: 1779: 5053: 4982: 4884: 2777: 883: 1484:

will be infertile after the procedure, though he may elect to bank viable, cancer-free sperm prior to the procedure.

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Feldman DR, Bosl GJ, Sheinfeld J, Motzer RJ (13 February 2008). "Medical treatment of advanced testicular cancer".

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These side effects may need physical and emotional care which in turn can cause the caregiver an emotional burden.

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in 1983. The landmark trial published in 1987 which established BEP as the optimum treatment was conducted by Dr.

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Wollina U, Schreiber G, Zollmann C, Hipler C, Günther E (1989). "Lectin-binding sites in normal human testis".

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is an ongoing clinical trial called TRISST. This is assessing how often scans should take place and whether

809: 340: 218: 4616: 4474:"Testicular cancer incidence trends in the United States (1975−2004): Plateau or shifting racial paradigm?" 2693: 4909: 3203:

Williamson SR, Delahunt B, Magi-Galluzzi C, Algaba F, Egevad L, Ulbright TM, et al. (February 2017).

2420:"Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects" 1648:, ages 25–40 years as post-pubertal seminomas and non-seminomas, and from age 60 as spermatocytic tumors. 626: 286: 170: 122: 4059:

Schepisi G, De Padova S, De Lisi D, Casadei C, Meggiolaro E, Ruffilli F, et al. (25 February 2019).

4562: 3499:"The treatment of metastatic germ-cell testicular tumours with bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin (BEP)" 3067: 2117: 2022: 1956: 1597: 1315: 1209: 1087: 1081: 801: 778: 681: 3598:"MRC trial shows single dose of drug is as effective as two weeks' radiotherapy for testicular cancer" 3421: 1583:

Sexual dysfunction can present as a symptom in people who have been diagnosed with testicular cancer.

580:) or inflammations which have spread to and caused swelling in the vessels of the testicles or scrotum 4977: 1394:. However, very long-term data on the efficacy of adjuvant carboplatin in this setting do not exist. 1189: 1162: 1036: 634: 457: 328:. Even in cases in which cancer has spread widely, chemotherapy offers a cure rate greater than 80%. 4472:

Holmes L, Escalante C, Garrison O, Foldi BX, Ogungbade GO, Essien EJ, et al. (September 2008).

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Atkin NB, Baker MC (December 1982). "Specific chromosome change, i(12p), in testicular tumours?".

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Testicular cancer is highly treatable and usually curable. Treatment options may include surgery,

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Francolini G, Trodella LE, Marvaso G, Matrone F, Nicosia L, Timon G, et al. (October 2021).

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In the United States, about 8,900 cases are diagnosed a year. The risk of testicular cancer in

1169:. In most patients with testicular cancer, the disease is cured readily with minimal long-term 4806: 4740: 4711: 4587: 4503: 4454: 4446: 4405: 4328: 4266: 4258: 4170: 4152: 4100: 4082: 4020: 4002: 3887: 3816: 3783: 3699: 3662: 3579: 3528: 3464: 3382: 3349: 3224: 3177: 3169: 3128: 3110: 3089:"Radical inguinal orchidectomy: the gold standard for initial management of testicular cancer" 3055: 2967: 2915: 2880: 2667: 2596: 2547: 2498: 2449: 2441: 2393: 2385: 2337: 2207: 2105: 2051: 2010: 1944: 1859: 1742: 1147: 1057: 673: 478:

Higher rates of testicular cancer in Western nations have been linked to the use of cannabis.

317: 273:, family history of the disease, and previous history of testicular cancer. More than 95% are 198: 146: 70: 4520: 3146:

Moch H, Amin MB, Berney DM, Compérat EM, Gill AJ, Hartmann A, et al. (1 November 2022).

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Forman D, M C Pike, G Davey, S Dawson, K Baker, C E D Chilvers, et al. (28 May 1994).

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of the testis are the most common cancer in young men between the ages of 15 and 35 years.

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should not be performed, as it raises the risk of spreading cancer cells into the scrotum.

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in the United States is about 95%. Outcomes are better when the disease remains localized.

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Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (8 October 2016).

1651: 1331: 1297:). Radiation is ineffective against and is therefore never used as a primary therapy for 1205: 1022: 932: 829: 797: 774: 658: 453: 339:. Onset most commonly occurs in males 20 to 34 years old, rarely before 15 years old. The 336: 187: 183: 4769: 2948: 1181:

The initial treatment for testicular cancer is surgery to remove the affected testicle (

4955: 4914: 4498: 4473: 4400: 4373: 4323: 4298: 4228: 4165: 4133:"The impact of testicular cancer and its treatment on masculinity: A systematic review" 4132: 4095: 4060: 4015: 3980: 3811: 3657: 3632: 3609: 3523: 3498: 3344: 3319: 3123: 3088: 2911: 2875: 2850: 2591: 2566: 2542: 2517: 2493: 2468: 2202: 2177: 2100: 2075: 2005: 1980: 1939: 1914: 1842: 1671: 1645: 1540: 1390:

as a single-dose therapy was developed by Tim Oliver, Professor of Medical Oncology at

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Before 1970, survival rates from testicular cancer were low. Since the introduction of

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Van Hemelrijck M, Shanmugalingam T, Soultati A, Chowdhury S, Rudman S (October 2013).

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Dax V, Ftanou M, Tran B, Lewin J, Wallace R, Seidler Z, et al. (September 2022).

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Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (8 October 2016).

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Further information on the detailed staging system is available on the website of the

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Peckham MJ, Barrett A, Liew KH, Horwich A, Robinson B, Dobbs HJ, et al. (1983).

3476: 3189: 2329: 2193: 1808: 1711:(affected stallions may become extremely vicious, suggesting excessive production of 433: 394: 294: 151: 2927: 4751: 3862:

Rustin GJ, Mead GM, Stenning SP, Vasey PA, Aass N, Huddart RA, et al. (2007).

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is between that of white and Asian men. The cause of these differences is unknown.

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Cancer Staging Manual. Testicular cancer is categorized as being in one of three

518: 4705: 4581: 3779: 3164: 3147: 1342:. An alternative, equally effective treatment involves the use of four cycles of 4735: 3573: 1634: 1626: 1420: 1387: 1375: 1354: 1298: 1294: 1272: 1201: 1182: 853: 837: 743: 593: 569: 487: 429: 351: 306: 302: 282: 263: 163: 159: 133: 118: 62: 17: 4754: 4716: 4489: 3633:"Adjuvant radiation therapy in stage I seminoma: 20 years of oncologic results" 3460: 4757: 3648: 3631:

De Felice F, Musio D, Gravina GL, Marampon F, Tombolini V (29 November 2016).

3378: 2484: 2436: 2419: 2373: 1481: 1428: 1220: 1212: 1166: 793: 782: 770: 642: 619: 611: 558: 553: 510: 495: 414: 310: 298: 155: 4450: 4262: 4156: 4086: 4077: 4006: 3882: 3863: 3703: 3335: 3173: 3114: 2760:"Pregnancy Test, Used by a Man as Joke, Reveals Testicular Cancer - ABC News" 2445: 2389: 4746: 4668: 3444: 3105: 2866: 1407: 1347: 1343: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1286: 1268: 1252: 1216: 1170: 1158: 849: 746:

according to the TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors as published in the

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recommends against screening males without symptoms for testicular cancer.

4441: 4424: 3532: 2919: 2671: 2551: 2502: 804:. Stage 3 is further subdivided into non-bulky stage 3 and bulky stage 3. 4929: 4919: 4874: 4802: 3997: 3979:

Rincones O, Smith A', Naher S, Mercieca-Bebber R, Stockler M (May 2021).

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GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (17 December 2014).

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Stressful Experiences Caregivers of Testicular Cancer Patients May Notice

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are the typical tumor markers used to spot testicular germ cell tumors.

2582: 1675: 1630: 1435: 1378:, typically delivered three weeks apart, is proving to be a successful 1143: 1102: 1097: 669: 615: 607: 472: 406: 397:(lumbago) due to the cancer spreading to the lymph nodes along the back 375: 259: 92: 4651: 3220: 1502:

with testicular cancer view themselves and what it means to be a man.

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Other conditions may also have symptoms similar to testicular cancer:

141:, family history of the disease, previous history of testicular cancer 4663: 4244: 4148: 1589: 1330:(BEP). BEP as a first-line treatment was first reported by Professor 763: 650: 638: 587: 247: 2987: 672:

present in the bloodstream) that are specific to testicular cancer.

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For patients treated for stage I non-seminoma, a randomized trial (

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Motzer RJ, Bosl GJ (2005). "82. Testicular Cancer". In Kasper DL,

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Since testicular cancers can spread, patients are usually offered

819: 528: 505: 461: 410: 350: 4061:"Psychosocial Issues in Long-Term Survivors of Testicular Cancer" 4694: 1382:

treatment, with recurrence rates in the same ranges as those of

4773: 602:

Metastasis to the testicles from another, primary tumor site(s)

2567:"Marijuana Use Linked To Increased Risk Of Testicular Cancer" 1223:

to lymph nodes in the lower abdomen. This surgery is called

4227:, Olver I, Luckett T, Grimison P, et al. (April 2018). 3680:

Huang WC (5 June 2008). "Book Review: Urological Oncology".

2798: 448:

A major risk factor for the development of testis cancer is

4423:

Leendert H. J. Looijenga, J. Wolter Oosterhuis (May 1999).

2849:

Bonin S, Petrera F, Rosai J, Stanta G (29 September 2011).

1715:), and the latter are found in young horses and are large. 467:. Physical activity is associated with decreased risk and 3294:"Removing a testicle (orchidectomy) for testicular cancer" 2260:

Testicular Cancer: Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging

1579:

Biological and Psychological Factors of Sexual Dysfunction

3837:"Safer Ways to Detect Testicular Cancer Recurrence - NCI" 2824:"American Academy of Family Physicians | Choosing Wisely" 1707:

and teratomas. Typically, the former are found in older

3042:

Gill MS, Shah SH, Soomro IN, Kayani N, Hasan SH (2000).

2720:"Testicular Cancer - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | NORD" 1506:

Social Stigma Related to Masculinity and Sexual Identity

363:

Symptoms may also include one or more of the following:

2418:

Skakkebaek NE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Main KM (May 2001).

2178:"Testicular Cancer: A Prototypic Tumor of Young Adults" 848:, but definitive diagnosis requires examination of the 420:

a lump in the neck due to metastases to the lymph nodes

381:

a feeling often described as "heaviness" in the scrotum

2799:"UroToday - The Global Online Community of Urologists" 1557:

fear of recurrence of their cancer tend to have more:

1289:

may be used to treat stage II seminoma cancers, or as

1204:

that appear to be stage I, surgery may be done on the

1515:

understanding of their sexual identity. For example,

1392:

Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry

4641: 2778:"Serum tumor markers in testicular germ cell tumors" 701:

stressful experiences consist of 4 main categories:

4991: 4946: 4895: 4865: 4856: 4824: 4815: 4726: 4645: 4374:"Global incidence and outcome of testicular cancer" 2614:Testicular Cancer Risk Linked To Marijuana Smoking 1699:Testicular tumors occur also in other animals. In 1042:

Mixed teratoma and yolk sac tumor, prepubertal type

233: 225: 212: 193: 169: 145: 132: 106: 98: 81: 69: 39: 34: 4613:, self-exam app from the Testicular Cancer Society 2988:"Testicular Cancer Resource Center's Staging Page" 2516:Swerdlow AJ, Huttly SR, Smith PG. (January 1987). 1738:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1 998:Germ cell tumors unrelated to germ cell neoplasia 894:Specific forms of intratubular germ cell neoplasia 664:Blood tests are also used to identify and measure 2851:"DNA and RNA obtained from Bouin's fixed tissues" 1260:and blood tests, in place of adjuvant treatment. 355:Image showing the first sign of testicular cancer 3719:"Male cancer is almost beaten after chance find" 2336:(16th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 550–553. 1256:may be offered careful surveillance by periodic 637:—that is, surgical excision of the entire 4586:(6th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 1210. 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 486:Most testicular germ cell tumors have too many 4961:High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia 4425:"Pathogenesis of testicular germ cell tumours" 3803:Diagnostic Imaging for the Emergency Physician 2374:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Testicular Cancer" 1464:longer in those with higher risks of relapse. 1124:Sex cord-stromal tumor not otherwise specified 792:Stage III: the cancer involves the testis and 4785: 4297:Carpentier MY, Fortenberry JD (August 2010). 863:classification system for testicular tumors: 769:Stage II: the cancer involves the testis and 762:Stage I: the cancer remains localized to the 371:in one testis which may or may not be painful 8: 3072:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3044:"Morphological pattern of testicular tumors" 1908: 1906: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 869:Germ cells derived from germ cell neoplasia 629:of testicular cancer requires examining the 2638:Smoking Marijuana Tied to Testicular Cancer 2518:"Testicular cancer and antecedent diseases" 2176:Hayes-Lattin B, Nichols CR (October 2009). 1974: 1972: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1666:men is approximately 4-5 times the risk in 4862: 4821: 4792: 4778: 4770: 4642: 3449:International Journal of Clinical Oncology 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2334:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1809:"Cancer of the Testis - Cancer Stat Facts" 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1741:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1253. 1588:Conversely, psychological aspects such as 1488:Psychological Factors of Testicular Cancer 1165:; and chemotherapy is the work of medical 738:After removal, the testicle is fixed with 48: 31: 4497: 4440: 4399: 4389: 4322: 4252: 4164: 4094: 4076: 4014: 3996: 3881: 3810: 3656: 3522: 3370:An Illustrated Guide to Pediatric Urology 3343: 3163: 3122: 3104: 2874: 2590: 2541: 2492: 2435: 2201: 2099: 2069: 2067: 2004: 1938: 1730: 1728: 824:Relative incidences of testicular tumors. 599:Benign tumors or lesions of the testicles 4541:"Testicular cancer incidence statistics" 2694:"Testicular Cancer - Symptoms and Signs" 2151:"Testicular cancer incidence statistics" 2135:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1109:Mixed and other sex cord-stromal tumors 1072:Large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor 572:), bladder infections or inflammations ( 3410:"Testicular Cancer survival statistics" 3087:Koschel SG, Wong LM (9 December 2020). 2256:"Can testicular cancer be found early?" 1724: 1670:men, and more than three times that of 1318:is three, or sometimes four, rounds of 1161:; radiation therapy is administered by 1142:The three basic types of treatment are 606:The nature of any palpated lump in the 374:sharp pain or a dull ache in the lower 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4054: 3801:Broder J (2011). "Imaging the Chest". 3741:"SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Testis Cancer" 3320:"Sperm banking and the cancer patient" 3065: 2972:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2965: 2125: 2115: 2020: 1954: 1674:men. The risk of testicular cancer in 1219:testicular cancer cells that may have 832:(GCTs). Most of the remaining 5% are 657:the back of the abdominal cavity (the 568:Prostate infections or inflammations ( 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3572:Reyhanoglu G, Tadi P (11 July 2022). 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2626:Cannabis linked to testicular cancer 1570:Experience poorer physical well-being 1225:retroperitoneal lymph node dissection 1196:Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection 1094:The fibroma thecoma family of tumors 1049:Sex cord-stromal tumors of the testis 728:American Academy of Family Physicians 417:) from metastatic spread to the lungs 7: 4543:. Cancer Research UK. 25 August 2011 2745:"How is testicular cancer diagnosed" 2616:Medical News Today 2 September 2009. 2565:Daling J, Swartz S (15 March 2009). 2424:Human Reproduction (Oxford, England) 1267:, chiefly platinum-based drugs like 962:Mixed germ cell tumors of the testis 313:is then done to determine the type. 293:. Diagnosis is typically based on a 4973:List of people with prostate cancer 4580:Jones TC, Hunt RD, King NW (1997). 4521:CancerStats, 2007 UK incidence data 3683:The New England Journal of Medicine 3243:"Testicular Cancer Treatment (PDQ)" 3093:Translational Andrology and Urology 2628:. The Independent 2 September 2009. 2290:"Testicular Self-Examination (TSE)" 2234:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 2046:. In Goldman L, Schafer AI (eds.). 938:Placental site trophoblastic tumour 4632:information and resource page (UK) 4353:Some facts about testicular cancer 3812:10.1016/B978-1-4160-6113-7.10005-5 3269:"Testicular Cancer Survival Rates" 3009:"How is testicular cancer staged?" 2912:10.1111/j.1439-0272.1989.tb02380.x 2027:: CS1 maint: overridden setting ( 1961:: CS1 maint: overridden setting ( 25: 3019:. 19 January 2011. Archived from 2266:. 19 January 2011. Archived from 2230:uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org 576:), or kidney (renal) infections ( 4315:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.04.005 3420:. 9 October 2009. Archived from 2194:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2009.07.006 985:Germ cell tumors of unknown type 943:Epithelioid trophoblastic tumour 917:Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors 834:sex cord–gonadal stromal tumours 641:along with attached structures ( 391:) from hormonal effects of β-hCG 307:Surgical removal of the testicle 164:surgical removal of the testicle 3324:Therapeutic Advances in Urology 2294:American Urological Association 1497:Masculinity and Sexual Identity 878:Noninvasive germ cell neoplasia 680:(the "pregnancy hormone"), and 592:Infection, inflammation, retro- 4563:"Testicular cancer statistics" 3985:Cancer Management and Research 3608:. 22 July 2005. Archived from 2226:"Testicular Cancer: Screening" 1132:Secondary tumors of the testis 905:The germinoma family of tumors 610:is often evaluated by scrotal 438:testicular dysgenesis syndrome 436:make up the syndrome known as 1: 3318:Williams DH (February 2010). 2855:Journal of Clinical Pathology 2664:10.1016/s0140-6736(82)91557-4 2092:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 1997:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 1931:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 1885:"Testicular Cancer Treatment" 1780:"Testicular Cancer Treatment" 756:which have subclassifications 5006:Extramammary Paget's disease 4636:Testicular cancer statistics 4303:Journal of Adolescent Health 3869:Journal of Clinical Oncology 3780:10.1016/j.eururo.2007.12.024 3165:10.1016/j.eururo.2022.06.016 1112:Mixed sex cord-stromal tumor 956:with somatic-type malignancy 678:human chorionic gonadotropin 4983:Transitional-cell carcinoma 4885:Germ cell neoplasia in situ 3547:"Chemotherapy - BEP and EP" 2372:Shaw J (15 February 2008). 1121:Myoid gonadal stromal tumor 884:Germ cell neoplasia in situ 714:Social and workplace issues 633:of tissue obtained from an 618:, which are used to locate 5075: 4836:Sertoli–Leydig cell tumour 4619:– detailed guide from the 4490:10.1016/j.puhe.2007.10.010 4362:, American Cancer Society. 4065:Frontiers in Endocrinology 3717:Whipple T (29 July 2013). 3461:10.1007/s10147-021-01989-7 1458:magnetic resonance imaging 989:Regressed germ cell tumors 859:Most pathologists use the 513:(high magnification) of a 490:, and most often they are 262:. Treatment may result in 91:, swelling or pain in the 5028:Hirsuties coronae glandis 3745:National Cancer Institute 3649:10.18632/oncotarget.11374 3578:. StatPearls Publishing. 3503:British Journal of Cancer 3379:10.1007/978-3-319-44182-5 3373:. Springer. p. 585. 3247:National Cancer Institute 2485:10.1136/bmj.308.6941.1393 2378:American Family Physician 1889:National Cancer Institute 1784:National Cancer Institute 861:World Health Organization 326:stem cell transplantation 309:with examination under a 207:stem cell transplantation 56: 47: 5023:Erythroplasia of Queyrat 4223:Smith A", Rutherford C, 4078:10.3389/fendo.2019.00113 3939:Medical Research Council 3883:10.1200/JCO.2006.08.4889 3606:Medical Research Council 3336:10.1177/1756287210368279 3298:www.cancerresearchuk.org 2044:"190. Testicular cancer" 1705:interstitial cell tumors 1450:Medical Research Council 1157:Surgery is performed by 384:firmness of the testicle 269:Risk factors include an 256:male reproductive system 102:20 to 34 years old males 4638:from Cancer Research UK 4630:National Health Service 4621:American Cancer Society 4358:2 November 2014 at the 3106:10.21037/tau.2019.12.20 3017:American Cancer Society 2867:10.1136/jcp.2004.016477 2437:10.1093/humrep/16.5.972 2264:American Cancer Society 966:Mixed germ cell tumors 810:American Cancer Society 341:five-year survival rate 287:sex-cord stromal tumors 277:which are divided into 219:Five-year survival rate 123:sex-cord stromal tumors 4910:Endodermal sinus tumor 3696:10.1056/NEJMbkrev59744 2828:www.choosingwisely.org 2640:Web MD 9 October 2012. 2048:Goldman-Cecil Medicine 1856:10.1001/jama.299.6.672 1612:Reduce or stop smoking 1609:More physical activity 1600:From Testicular Cancer 1544: 1536:Anxiety and Depression 1243:—in the form of 825: 802:paraaortic lymph nodes 779:paraaortic lymph nodes 627:differential diagnosis 535: 522: 413:or coughing up blood ( 356: 285:. Other types include 171:Differential diagnosis 4530:, Cancer Research UK. 4442:10.1530/ror.0.0040090 4378:Clinical Epidemiology 3602:News and Publications 1598:Post-traumatic Growth 1543: 1316:chemotherapy protocol 1265:adjuvant chemotherapy 1163:radiation oncologists 1077:Granulosa cell tumor 823: 708:Fear of tumor relapse 532: 509: 405:shortness of breath ( 354: 250:that develops in the 5059:Urological neoplasia 4978:Small-cell carcinoma 4583:Veterinary pathology 3998:10.2147/CMAR.S198039 3805:. pp. 185–296. 3414:cancerresearchuk.org 3367:Al-Salem AH (2016). 2300:on 17 September 2014 2182:Seminars in Oncology 1991:(10053): 1459–1544. 1925:(10053): 1545–1602. 1482:loses both testicles 1190:inguinal orchiectomy 1088:granulosa cell tumor 1082:granulosa cell tumor 1037:neuroendocrine tumor 635:inguinal orchiectomy 458:Klinefelter syndrome 387:breast enlargement ( 4905:Embryonal carcinoma 4880:Spermatocytic tumor 4841:Sertoli cell tumour 4391:10.2147/CLEP.S34430 3643:(48): 80077–80082. 3553:on 26 February 2014 3515:10.1038/bjc.1983.99 3424:on 24 December 2011 2534:10.1038/bjc.1987.20 2270:on 21 November 2011 1564:Feel more depressed 1064:Sertoli cell tumor 1014:, prepubertal type 1007:Spermatocytic tumor 950:, postpubertal type 929:, postpubertal type 922:Embryonal carcinoma 852:of a specimen by a 469:sedentary lifestyle 424:Testicular cancer, 5054:Testicle disorders 5018:Bowenoid papulosis 4846:Leydig cell tumour 4727:External resources 4567:Cancer Research UK 4526:4 May 2011 at the 3914:Cancer Research UK 3418:Cancer Research UK 2954:on 11 October 2006 2830:. 24 February 2015 2583:10.1002/cncr.24159 2155:Cancer Research UK 2128:has generic name ( 2042:Enhorn LH (2020). 1585:Sexual dysfunction 1561:Intrusive thoughts 1552:Fear of Recurrence 1545: 1369:treatment, use of 1340:Indiana University 1241:adjuvant treatment 1235:Adjuvant treatment 1068:Sertoli cell tumor 1054:Leydig cell tumor 1039:, prepubertal type 1032:, prepubertal type 826: 711:Fertility problems 584:Testicular torsion 549:epididymo-orchitis 536: 523: 357: 347:Signs and symptoms 271:undescended testis 139:Undescended testis 5036: 5035: 4942: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4807:urogenital system 4767: 4766: 4626:Testicular Cancer 4617:Testicular Cancer 3945:on 4 January 2012 3876:(11): 1310–1315. 3455:(10): 1777–1783. 3249:. 15 January 2009 3221:10.1111/his.13102 3023:on 6 October 2011 2343:978-0-07-139140-5 2086:(9963): 117–171. 2057:978-0-323-55087-1 1891:. 26 January 2017 1735:Ferri FF (2017). 1386:. The concept of 1282:Radiation therapy 1148:radiation therapy 1058:Leydig cell tumor 705:Late side-effects 674:Alpha-fetoprotein 318:radiation therapy 244:Testicular cancer 241: 240: 199:radiation therapy 147:Diagnostic method 35:Testicular cancer 29:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 5066: 4863: 4822: 4794: 4787: 4780: 4771: 4643: 4598: 4597: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4537: 4531: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4501: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4444: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4403: 4393: 4369: 4363: 4350: 4337: 4336: 4326: 4294: 4275: 4274: 4256: 4245:10.1002/pon.4596 4239:(4): 1129–1137. 4220: 4179: 4178: 4168: 4149:10.1002/pon.5994 4143:(9): 1459–1473. 4128: 4109: 4108: 4098: 4080: 4056: 4029: 4028: 4018: 4000: 3976: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3941:. Archived from 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3885: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3814: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3768:European Urology 3762: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3729:on 29 July 2013. 3725:. 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1206:retroperitoneal 1200:In the case of 1198: 1179: 1140: 1023:Epidermoid cyst 933:Choriocarcinoma 818: 798:retroperitoneal 775:retroperitoneal 736: 724: 698: 659:retroperitoneum 504: 484: 446: 349: 337:developed world 188:appendix testis 184:inguinal hernia 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5072: 5070: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5041: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5009: 5008: 4997: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4958: 4956:Adenocarcinoma 4952: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4915:Gonadoblastoma 4912: 4907: 4901: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4871: 4869: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4832: 4830: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4789: 4782: 4774: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4743: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4708: 4697: 4686: 4671: 4655: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4646:Classification 4640: 4639: 4633: 4623: 4614: 4606: 4605:External links 4603: 4600: 4599: 4592: 4572: 4569:. 14 May 2015. 4554: 4532: 4513: 4484:(9): 862–872. 4464: 4415: 4364: 4338: 4309:(2): 115–125. 4276: 4180: 4110: 4030: 3956: 3926: 3897: 3854: 3841:www.cancer.gov 3828: 3821: 3793: 3774:(3): 478–496. 3757: 3732: 3709: 3672: 3623: 3589: 3564: 3538: 3509:(5): 613–619. 3489: 3435: 3401: 3387: 3359: 3310: 3285: 3273:www.cancer.org 3260: 3234: 3215:(3): 335–346. 3209:Histopathology 3195: 3158:(5): 458–468. 3138: 3079: 3034: 3000: 2979: 2933: 2906:(2): 127–130. 2890: 2841: 2815: 2783: 2769: 2750: 2736: 2711: 2700:. 25 June 2012 2685: 2658:(8311): 1349. 2642: 2630: 2618: 2606: 2577:(6): 1215–23. 2557: 2508: 2459: 2430:(5): 972–978. 2410: 2384:(4): 469–474. 2349: 2342: 2311: 2281: 2247: 2217: 2188:(5): 432–438. 2168: 2142: 2126:|author1= 2063: 2056: 2034: 1968: 1902: 1869: 1850:(6): 672–684. 1825: 1789: 1786:. 7 July 2016. 1754: 1747: 1723: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1696: 1693: 1687: 1686:United Kingdom 1684: 1672:Asian American 1659: 1656: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1601: 1595: 1580: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1553: 1550: 1537: 1534: 1524: 1521: 1507: 1504: 1498: 1495: 1489: 1486: 1469: 1466: 1415: 1412: 1402: 1399: 1362: 1359: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1283: 1280: 1236: 1233: 1197: 1194: 1178: 1175: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1113: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1084: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1033: 1030:Yolk sac tumor 1027: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1009: 994: 993: 992: 991: 990: 982: 981: 980: 979: 978: 972: 959: 958: 957: 951: 945: 940: 935: 930: 927:Yolk sac tumor 924: 914: 913: 912: 902: 901: 900: 898:Gonadoblastoma 895: 892: 817: 816:Classification 814: 806: 805: 790: 767: 735: 732: 723: 720: 716: 715: 712: 709: 706: 697: 694: 689:pregnancy test 647:spermatic cord 604: 603: 600: 597: 590: 581: 566: 561: 556: 551: 503: 500: 483: 480: 450:cryptorchidism 445: 442: 426:cryptorchidism 422: 421: 418: 399: 398: 392: 385: 382: 379: 372: 348: 345: 239: 238: 235: 231: 230: 229:686,000 (2015) 227: 223: 222: 216: 210: 209: 195: 191: 190: 173: 167: 166: 149: 143: 142: 136: 130: 129: 108: 104: 103: 100: 96: 95: 85: 79: 78: 73: 67: 66: 54: 53: 45: 44: 41: 37: 36: 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5071: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4894: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4788: 4783: 4781: 4776: 4775: 4772: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4595: 4593:9780683044812 4589: 4585: 4584: 4576: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4555: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4517: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4478:Public Health 4475: 4468: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4435:(2): 90–100. 4434: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3991:: 3803–3816. 3990: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3915: 3911: 3910:CancerHelp UK 3907: 3901: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3858: 3855: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3824: 3822:9781416061137 3818: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3758: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3676: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3624: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3576: 3568: 3565: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3490: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3436: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3390: 3388:9783319441825 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3363: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3314: 3311: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3080: 3075: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3035: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3004: 3001: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2975: 2969: 2950: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2894: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2842: 2829: 2825: 2819: 2816: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2751: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2712: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2528:(1): 97–103. 2527: 2523: 2522:Br. J. Cancer 2519: 2512: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2463: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2414: 2411: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2172: 2169: 2157:. 15 May 2015 2156: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2138: 2131: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2038: 2035: 2030: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1958: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1748:9780323529570 1744: 1740: 1739: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1695:Other animals 1694: 1692: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1658:United States 1657: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1619: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1586: 1578: 1576: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1551: 1549: 1542: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1512: 1505: 1503: 1496: 1494: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1480:. A man who 1479: 1475: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1453: 1451: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1355:non-seminomas 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1202:non-seminomas 1195: 1193: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1123: 1120: 1118:stromal tumor 1117: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1002: 1001: 995: 988: 987: 986: 983: 977: 973: 971: 968: 967: 965: 964: 963: 960: 955: 952: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 928: 925: 923: 920: 919: 918: 915: 911: 908: 907: 906: 903: 899: 896: 893: 891: 889: 888: 885: 881: 880: 879: 876: 875: 874: 873: 872: 866: 865: 864: 862: 857: 855: 851: 847: 846:tumor markers 843: 842:Sertoli cells 839: 836:derived from 835: 831: 822: 815: 813: 811: 803: 799: 795: 791: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 765: 761: 760: 759: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 733: 731: 729: 721: 719: 713: 710: 707: 704: 703: 702: 695: 693: 690: 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 666:tumor markers 662: 660: 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 601: 598: 595: 591: 589: 585: 582: 579: 575: 571: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 546: 543: 542: 541: 538: 531: 527: 520: 519:H&E stain 516: 512: 508: 501: 499: 497: 493: 489: 481: 479: 476: 474: 470: 466: 463: 459: 455: 451: 443: 441: 439: 435: 434:semen quality 431: 427: 419: 416: 412: 408: 404: 403: 402: 396: 395:low back pain 393: 390: 386: 383: 380: 377: 373: 370: 366: 365: 364: 361: 353: 346: 344: 342: 338: 334: 329: 327: 323: 319: 314: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 295:physical exam 292: 288: 284: 283:non-seminomas 280: 276: 272: 267: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 217: 215: 211: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 189: 185: 181: 177: 174: 172: 168: 165: 161: 157: 153: 152:Physical exam 150: 148: 144: 140: 137: 135: 131: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 109: 105: 101: 97: 94: 90: 86: 84: 80: 77: 74: 72: 68: 64: 61:in a radical 60: 57:7.4 × 5.5-cm 55: 51: 46: 42: 38: 33: 27: 19: 5049:Men's health 4816: 4805:of the male 4745: 4734: 4710: 4699: 4688: 4673: 4658: 4611:Ball Checker 4582: 4575: 4566: 4557: 4545:. Retrieved 4535: 4516: 4481: 4477: 4467: 4432: 4428: 4418: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4306: 4302: 4254:11343/283526 4236: 4232: 4140: 4136: 4068: 4064: 3988: 3984: 3947:. Retrieved 3943:the original 3929: 3917:. Retrieved 3909: 3900: 3873: 3867: 3857: 3845:. Retrieved 3840: 3831: 3802: 3796: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3748:. Retrieved 3744: 3735: 3727:the original 3722: 3712: 3690:(23): 2527. 3687: 3681: 3675: 3640: 3636: 3626: 3614:. Retrieved 3610:the original 3601: 3592: 3574: 3567: 3555:. Retrieved 3551:the original 3541: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3480:. Retrieved 3452: 3448: 3438: 3426:. Retrieved 3422:the original 3413: 3404: 3392:. Retrieved 3369: 3362: 3330:(1): 19–34. 3327: 3323: 3313: 3301:. Retrieved 3297: 3288: 3276:. Retrieved 3272: 3263: 3251:. Retrieved 3246: 3237: 3212: 3208: 3198: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3068:cite journal 3054:(4): 110–3. 3051: 3047: 3037: 3025:. Retrieved 3021:the original 3012: 3003: 2991:. Retrieved 2982: 2956:. 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