33:
42:
507:
be collected from trees between July and
September typically by picking the brown pods with ripe seeds. They can be easily stored which is another advantage for farmers and can be spread on other crops to protect them from pests while they are also in storage. It is a cheap solution for farmers without access to veterinary medicine, and can ensure protection of their domestic animals. For more information on this topic, there are various online resources that can be used, specifically in the
224:
415:. In fact, studies have shown a 46.2-52.2% decrease in grain damage. Grain damage was measured by the amount of kernels that were destroyed and also by the net weight loss of the crop. This number varies based on method of storage, type of insect measured, and type of stored grain. In one particular study, the extract killed 40% of the attacking insects after a 21-day period. This decrease is about what would be expected from most chemical pesticides.
55:
819:
273:. It is commonly used to deter pests and diseases, specifically fleas and ticks on animals. It is not suitable for livestock or human consumption because it is not highly nutritious and can be poisonous for fish and some other animals. Since it is a nitrogen-fixing plant, it can be intercropped with other plants and used as a source of green manure.
506:
This plant can be very useful for farmers as it can help improve soil fertility, rid pests from storage crops and livestock, and can be used as a pesticide on other crops in the field. Planting seeds is easy after the simple germination process. The plant only takes 3 months to mature, and seeds can
460:
can be used in any environment, but it is best used in an arid environment such as southern and eastern Africa where crops are extremely difficult to grow alone. Using it, farmers can maximize the amount of crop yield by increasing soil fertility and removing insects and other pests. If this species
364:
grows better in acidic soils, and forms root nodules while fixing atmospheric nitrogen. It grows more slowly in poor soils and is also more prone to diseases, though it is still typically fairly successful. It grows best where the average temperature sits between 12 and 27 degrees
Celsius which is a
279:
is commonly known as the “fish bean”, “fish-poison bean”, or “vogel’s tephrosia”. It is a small tree used by farmers in numerous countries in Africa to get rid of pests on livestock, control pests in cultivated fields as an organic pesticide, improves soil fertility, as a medicine for skin diseases
486:
One limitation to this crop is that because it is used as a fish poison and is poisonous to various species, the Kenyan authorities have banned its cultivation near large bodies of water. This means that people that live in coastal areas cannot grow this crop close to where they live because of its
434:
showed a large increase in nitrogen and carbon. To determine this, researchers used weeds and insects to measure nitrogen and potassium content of the soil, respectively. Therefore, a well designed intercropping system could dramatically increase crop production in arid land. Normally, if different
365:
moderate temperature and makes this plant adaptable in many places. It needs about 850–2650 mm of rainfall annually on average. It grows well on andosols soil type which is not subject to flooding. This unique plant is also tolerant to poor soils with a low pH though it is not the best for it.
493:
is not adopted in a more broad spectrum due to the fact that it is not for livestock or human consumption. If it had nutritional values and was safe to eat, it might be more commonly grown or sold for profit. Because it is mainly used to deter pests from livestock, it is often forgotten about when
383:
plant are ground up and a juice is extracted which is then used on the animal. The green liquid from the plant is mixed with water and is then applied to the animal's skin with a piece of cloth or a sponge. A little bit of soap can be added to the liquid to make it stick to the skin. Usually it is
352:
reproduces through seeds. Without pesticide and chemical treatment, the seedling survival rate is 60%. Germination is stimulated when it is soaked in warm water. Since it grows slowly, it does not compete with maize or other crops, though there may be some competition with weeds. Planting stations
291:
is a soft, woody herb with dense foliage. It stands 0.5–4 m tall, and contains stems and branches with short and long white or rusty brown hairs. Long, narrow leaves branch out from stems, as well as sack like shapes that contain the seeds of the plant for reproduction.
353:
require weeding and care during the beginning of the growth period. It is tolerant to pruning, drought, strong wind, and grazing. However, drought often stops it from re-sprouting, so the more water it has, the more successful it will be for future use.
394:
is not used for human or livestock consumption, although another great use is for a natural, organic pesticide on farmer's crops. Its leaves contain high amounts of nutrients, including nitrogen, which is important for good plant development 3. When
477:
seeds are typically sold for around $ 0.20 per kilo, which is very inexpensive compared to most other crop seeds offered on the market. In Kenya specifically it is readily available at the Kenya
Organic Agricultural Network offices and KIOF.
447:
might not grow well alone, but if it is grown along with another crop, it can grow up to 6 times more than it would alone. Its poor growth is often due to the high acidity of the soil, as well as low calcium, low sodium, and low potassium.
303:
is native to tropical Africa. It was introduced as a cover crop in tropical
America as well as South and Southeast Asia. In 1908, it was introduced to Java and is now grown and found throughout regions of Malesia. In Sub-Saharan Africa,
410:
are used as chemical pesticides. Crops that have had this extract applied show significant decreases in insect and other pest activity. Therefore, crops can grow in areas that they could not before, if they are grown alongside
384:
left on the animal for a week after which results appear. It is only effective against ticks that still have soft skin and are immature. This is a great practice for farmers that do not have access to veterinary medicine.
455:
is to increase nitrogen content in the soil. This increase can be measured using organisms that feed off the nitrogen. However, as this is not a direct measurement, the crop yield might be over or underestimated.
336:
comes with many benefits. Firstly, it only takes three months to mature. It is also good as a shade or boundary crop and can be planted between rows of other plants or around the circumference. Planting of
312:, it has been used by Samburu and Maasai pastoralists to get rid of ticks on their livestock. Recently, it has been investigated for its use within smallscale dairy herds in Mashonaland Central Province in
348:
is grown in vegetations similar to the savannah, grassland areas, forest margina, shrubland, wasteland and fallow fields. Since it is highly adaptable, this plant a great option to grow in most areas.
280:
and internal worms, and for storage of crops. The use of “Tephrosia leaf extract as a low cost acaricide is spreading to farmers in central Kenya” and has been very successful in terms of its results.
379:
can be used for various purposes besides human and livestock consumption which makes it a diverse and helpful plant. Its most common use is for organic tick control. First, leaves from the
422:
can also increase various nutrients in the soil and is often used in intercropping. Studies have shown a 30% increase in soil nutrients, and as a result, a 23-26% greater crop yield.
760:
Chebet F, Deng AL, Ogendo JO, Kamau AW, Bett PK (2013). “Bioactivity of
Selected Plant Powders against Prostephanus truncates (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in Stored Maize Grains.”
790:
Ngegba MS, Mugasha AG, Chamshama SAO, Kimaro AA (2007). “Tephrosia biomass yield and soil fertility in one season relay intercropping with maize in semiarid gairo, Tanzania.”
747:
Kuntashula E, Sileshi G, Manfongoya PL, Banda J (2006). Farmer participatory evaluation for the potential for organic vegetable production in the wetlands of Zambia.
1034:
1138:
1073:
435:
crops are grown together, there is less yield than if they were grown alone, but when grown together with
Tephrosia, the crop yield increased. This shows that
982:
1047:
995:
610:
601:
426:
treatments increased organic carbon and mineral nitrogen in the soil. The experiment that discovered this used pots with various concentration of
320:
extract and
Triatix dip, which is the most common conventional acaricide. Research has revealed that there is no difference between the two, and
388:
can also be used as a fish poison, because chemicals in the plant react to chemicals in the fish and stupefy them so they can be easily caught.
1112:
549:
399:
plants are cut down, the leaves are worked into the soil and the nutrients can then be used by the plants that are grown in the field after.
806:
Sileshi G, Mafongoya PL (2003). “Effect of rotational fallows on abundance of soil insects and weeds in maize crops in eastern Zambia.”
823:
1197:
469:
Though this plant is not typically used for trade or profit, it is very economical to the farmers themselves. The affordability of
694:
32:
461:
is developed further, it might be able to provide an even greater synergistic effect and crop yield in these arid environments.
1021:
658:
World
Agroforestry Centre. A Tree Species Reference and Selection Guide: Tephrosia Vogelii. Agroforestry Tree Data Base. 2011.
1052:
606:
891:
1078:
1125:
773:
Bucagu C, Vanlauwe B, Giller KE (2013). “Managing
Tephrosia mulch and fertilizer to enhance coffee productivity on
54:
439:
has a synergistic effect with multiple crops including coffee and corn. Increased nutrients are yet another way
406:
is not consumed directly, it can be used to increase the yield of various crops. For example, leaf extracts of
1130:
969:
974:
961:
41:
956:
834:
872:
324:
has been recommended for smallscale farmers in regions where veterinary drugs are not readily available.
181:
1000:
592:
930:
197:
1192:
1164:
1117:
922:
553:
205:
49:
1065:
1039:
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farmers think about planting or adapting to new crops to plant. This is a disadvantage because
1086:
904:
344:
It is found in various habitats and can adapt to many different climates and weather types.
1091:
223:
92:
1143:
1099:
706:
79:
1186:
1104:
1060:
528:
473:
makes it very attractive to subsistence and small scale farmers who raise livestock.
1169:
909:
774:
896:
883:
1008:
866:
857:
818:
341:
should be done at the beginning or middle of the rainy season in the region.
943:
258:
158:
148:
1156:
451:
Although an increase in organic carbon is important, the main function of
1151:
851:
313:
138:
105:
987:
917:
128:
1013:
266:
118:
828:
508:
1026:
948:
309:
222:
66:
270:
935:
832:
498:
would be a very helpful crop if more farmers knew about it.
564:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
269:
and has also been used in tropical
America as well as
265:
It is a herb or small tree that is native to tropical
529:"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species"
430:
to be grown along with corn. The pots that contained
256:(Spanish), is a flowering plant species in the genus
841:
316:. Striking similarities have been found between
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
8:
829:
418:However, insecticide is not its only use.
308:is a wild growing plant. Traditionally in
40:
31:
20:
777:farms in the Eastern African Highlands.”
332:When it comes to its growing conditions,
487:dangers to the lives of marine animals.
611:United States Department of Agriculture
602:Germplasm Resources Information Network
520:
738:. Pace Project. Action Sheet 53. 2013.
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
443:can improve the yield of other crops.
802:
800:
699:Leaf Offers Low-Cost Tick Protection"
688:
686:
684:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
562:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
7:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
296:History, geography and ethnography
14:
1131:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:521002-1
817:
53:
227:Plants growing in a greenhouse
1:
607:Agricultural Research Service
482:Constraints to wider adoption
779:European Journal of Agronomy
693:Koigi, Bob (November 2011).
1214:
211:
204:
187:
180:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
1198:Plants described in 1849
792:Discovery and Innovation
762:Plant Protection Science
271:South and Southeast Asia
749:Outlook on Agriculture
228:
502:Practical information
226:
808:Applied Soil Ecology
511:or paceproject.net.
709:on 3 November 2012.
703:New Agriculturalist
509:New Agriculturalist
328:Growing conditions
229:
216:(Hook. f.) Kuntze
1180:
1179:
1087:Open Tree of Life
873:Tephrosia vogelii
843:Tephrosia vogelii
835:Taxon identifiers
824:Tephrosia vogelii
736:Tephrosia vogelii
595:Tephrosia vogelii
556:Tephrosia vogelii
475:Tephrosia vogelii
458:Tephrosia vogelii
453:Tephrosia vogelii
441:Tephrosia vogelii
437:Tephrosia vogelii
428:Tephrosia vogelii
420:Tephrosia vogelii
413:Tephrosia vogelii
408:Tephrosia vogelii
404:Tephrosia vogelii
392:Tephrosia vogelii
334:Tephrosia vogelii
306:Tephrosia vogelii
301:Tephrosia vogelii
289:Tephrosia vogelii
277:Tephrosia vogelii
254:barbasco guineano
238:Vogel's tephrosia
233:Tephrosia vogelii
221:
220:
191:Tephrosia vogelii
25:Tephrosia vogelii
16:Species of legume
1205:
1173:
1172:
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913:
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822:Data related to
821:
811:
804:
795:
788:
782:
771:
765:
758:
752:
745:
739:
732:
711:
710:
705:. Archived from
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617:
589:
574:
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571:
569:
546:
540:
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357:Stress tolerance
252:(Portuguese) or
242:fish-poison-bean
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58:
57:
44:
35:
21:
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870:
865:
856:
855:
850:
837:
826:at Wikispecies
815:
814:
810:23(3): 211-222.
805:
798:
789:
785:
772:
768:
759:
755:
751:35(4): 299-305.
746:
742:
733:
714:
692:
691:
662:
657:
624:
615:
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591:
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577:
567:
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533:
531:
527:
526:
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517:
504:
484:
467:
374:
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330:
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286:
246:Vogel tephrosia
200:
195:
189:
176:
173:T. vogelii
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1211:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1170:wfo-0000204544
1161:
1148:
1135:
1122:
1109:
1096:
1083:
1070:
1057:
1044:
1031:
1018:
1005:
992:
979:
966:
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927:
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888:
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839:
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813:
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796:
783:
766:
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660:
622:
575:
541:
519:
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466:
463:
373:
367:
358:
355:
329:
326:
297:
294:
285:
282:
219:
218:
214:Cracca vogelii
209:
208:
202:
201:
196:
185:
184:
178:
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83:
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60:
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46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1210:
1199:
1196:
1194:
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1188:
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1158:
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1123:
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1058:
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932:
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820:
809:
803:
801:
797:
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787:
784:
780:
776:
770:
767:
764:49(1): 34-43.
763:
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741:
737:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
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182:Binomial name
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80:Tracheophytes
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29:
26:
22:
19:
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735:
707:the original
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614:. Retrieved
600:
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566:. Retrieved
561:
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532:. Retrieved
523:
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86:
73:
24:
18:
1009:iNaturalist
867:Wikispecies
775:smallholder
284:Description
248:(English),
145:Subfamily:
93:Angiosperms
1187:Categories
1100:Plant List
794:19: 24-35.
781:48: 19-29.
616:2010-11-29
568:8 December
550:USDA, NRCS
515:References
1193:Tephrosia
1066:146197294
975:242351526
962:242351526
697:Tephrosia
496:Tephrosia
491:Tephrosia
471:Tephrosia
465:Economics
445:Tephrosia
432:Tephrosia
424:Tephrosia
402:Although
397:Tephrosia
386:Tephrosia
381:Tephrosia
377:Tephrosia
371:Tephrosia
362:Tephrosia
350:Tephrosia
346:Tephrosia
339:Tephrosia
322:Tephrosia
318:Tephrosia
259:Tephrosia
167:Species:
160:Tephrosia
149:Faboideae
63:Kingdom:
1157:13033611
1152:Tropicos
1105:ild-5085
1040:10176085
1027:521002-1
858:Q3206576
852:Wikidata
552:(n.d.).
534:April 3,
369:Uses of
314:Zimbabwe
250:tefrĂłsia
206:Synonyms
139:Fabaceae
135:Family:
106:Eudicots
1144:398-134
1079:1157238
988:5342354
918:Ecocrop
198:Hook.f.
155:Genus:
129:Fabales
125:Order:
67:Plantae
1113:PLANTS
1053:506282
1014:280795
936:688978
897:116252
881:APDB:
734:PACE.
267:Africa
236:, the
119:Rosids
1139:SANBI
1118:TEVO2
1092:92899
1035:IRMNG
1001:80185
949:TEPVO
910:55D7J
884:67751
310:Kenya
113:Clade
100:Clade
87:Clade
74:Clade
1126:POWO
1074:NCBI
1061:IUCN
1048:ITIS
1022:IPNI
996:GRIN
983:GBIF
944:EPPO
923:2059
892:APNI
570:2015
536:2014
1165:WFO
970:FoC
957:FNA
931:EoL
905:CoL
244:or
1189::
1167::
1154::
1141::
1128::
1115::
1102::
1089::
1076::
1063::
1050::
1037::
1024::
1011::
998::
985::
972::
959::
946::
933::
920::
907::
894::
869::
854::
799:^
715:^
701:.
663:^
625:^
609:,
605:.
599:.
578:^
560:.
262:.
240:,
115::
102::
89::
76::
695:"
619:.
597:"
593:"
572:.
558:"
554:"
538:.
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