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challenges in democratic development. Term limits typically receive greater domestic and international recognition than other mechanisms of democracy, and attempts to violate term limits are typically met with strong resistance by a country's population and on the world stage. The violation of term limits is strongly correlated with
682:
A president may attempt to circumvent term limits indirectly by extending their rule without an additional term. This may be done by extending the length of the term or postponing elections. In some cases, a president may circumvent term limits by officially stepping down from office but maintaining
543:
limits the president to a maximum of two five-year terms just like county governors. Before the promulgation of the 2010 constitution, term limits did not exist. The first president, Mzee Jomo
Kenyatta ruled for 15 years and died in office. His vice president, Daniel Moi took over in 1978 and ruled
286:
modeled presidential republics after the government of the United States in the 19th century, they established term limits for their presidents based on two-term precedent of the United States. In response to presidents overstaying their term, some of these term limits were eventually replaced by a
666:
Many presidents have tried to overstay their respective term limits by various methods. Between 1960 and 2010, more than one quarter of term-limited presidents successfully extended or violated their term limits to stay in power, and the enforcement of term limits is recognized as one of the great
636:
which means some parliaments can last for mere months while others can continue until their expiration dates. Nevertheless, such countries may impose term limits on the holders of other officesâin republics, for example, a ceremonial presidency may have a term limit, especially if the office holds
612:
Term limits may take the form of consecutive term limits or lifetime term limits. With consecutive term limits, an officeholder can only serve a certain number of terms before they have to stop running for that office. After a set period of time, the clock resets on the limit, and the officeholder
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political party, precedent in the region, and the likelihood of facing criminal prosecution upon leaving office. Presidents are more likely to be successful in violating term limits if they control the other branches of government, whether through their political parties or through insufficient
674:
Whether a president seeks to subvert term limits may be affected by how much wealth can be gained from the office, opportunities for acquiring wealth after leaving office, what constraints are in place to enforce term limits, how much control leader has over other branches of government or a
520:
in the mid-20th century, most of the new governments established presidential systems, but term limits were rarely established. The
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Rwanda, and Togo were the only countries to establish them, but they were abolished soon afterward. After the
570:
In the Sub-Saharan Africa, only Ghana (since 1993), Kenya (since 1964), and
Nigeria (since 1999) have experienced smooth transition of power from one president to another after the expiry of term limits. Some countries either scrap the requirement or do not have it in their laws.
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may run for election to their original office and serve up to the limit again. With lifetime limits, once an officeholder has served up to the limit, they may never again run for election to that office. Lifetime limits are much more restrictive than consecutive limits.
399:
was overthrown. The two term limit was restored, but it was expanded to three terms in 1969 and abolished again in 1972. In 1981, the
President of South Korea has been limited to one seven-year term, which was reduced to five years in 1988.
788:... Political scientist Mark Petracca has outlined the importance of rotation in the ancient Republics of Athens, Rome, Venice, and Florence. The Renaissance city-state of Venice required rotation....
679:. Though violation of term limits is more common in less democratic countries, political opposition, foreign governments, and the citizenry can still enforce term limits in nondemocratic countries.
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of government are less likely to employ term limits on their leaders. This is because such leaders rarely have a set "term" at all: rather, they serve as long as they have the
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had previously served two terms, but these were not counted toward the new two term limit. The term limit was abolished in 2005, allowing
Museveni to continue as president.
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is subjected to a term limit. Once elected, he is only allowed to serve for a single five-year term and cannot renew for a second term consecutively. This rule makes
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took over. Kibaki ruled for ten years, in a tenure that was characterized by major political reforms leading to the 2010 constitution. Immediate former
President
422:
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party revealed plans to scrap the term limits on 7 November 2022 but the leadership dismissed him saying that was his personal opinion which he was entitled to.
217:
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passed a set of constitutional amendments including removal of term limits for the president and vice president, as well as enhancing the central role of the
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the presidential and vice-presidential terms were unlimited but since the first amendment in 1999 holders of both offices are limited to two terms each.
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limits the
President at the Federal level, and Governors at the state level to serving two four-year terms. This has been strictly followed since 1999.
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was initially permitted to serve a maximum of two four-year terms when the office was created in 1948, but the term limit was removed in 1954 so that
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evaded term limits, running for eight terms before being forced into exile in 1911. A new constitution in 1917 established a limit to one term. After
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was nearly unrestricted with the exception that it was limited to a single six-month term. Successive Roman leaders weakened this restriction until
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580:
525:
and ensuing wave of democratization in
Eastern Europe, many African engaged in similar political democratizations and established term limits.
363:
373:. He was initially subject to a maximum of two five-year terms, but the term was then lengthened to ten years and the term limit was removed.
212:
Many post-Soviet republics established presidential systems with five-year term limits after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The
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could be held for an indefinite number of terms. In the Roman
Republic, a law was passed imposing a limit of a single term on the office of
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80:. Term limits may be a lifetime limit on the number of terms an officeholder may serve, or a limit on the number of consecutive terms.
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typically honored an informal tradition of only serving two terms in office, but this limit was not enshrined into law until the
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Liberia briefly limited its presidents to an eight-year term between 1944 and 1951. As the countries of sub-Saharan Africa were
471:. This was increased to one seven-year term in 1999 and to two seven-year terms in 2003. The term limit was reset for President
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251:
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was the first president under the new law, a position he served for two terms of 5 years each and was succeeded by his deputy
242:
A predecessor of modern term limits in the
Americas dates back to the 1682 Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties and the colonial
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with an associated cash prize to incentivize African leaders to promote human rights and democratic transfer of power.
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The Philippines established term limits following independence from the United States, but they were abolished by
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as the country's military leader. The term limit was restored after the provisions were repealed in 1991.
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they act as a method of curbing the potential for monopoly, where a leader effectively becomes "
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was amended in 1994, loosening the term limit to a maximum of two consecutive four-year terms.
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violated this law and ran for a second term, he was assassinated. Currently, members of the
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ended the practice of term limits in 1799 in much the same way as Julius Caesar had. The
949:..., 7 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1909) 5:3048, 3055â56, 3065.
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could not serve more than two consecutive terms, though there was no term limit for the
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This article is about the legal and political issue. For the book by Vince Flynn, see
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abolished the term limit for the President of the Republic of China and established
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was increased from one term to two terms before reverting to one term in 2015.
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cannot be reelected for the next immediate term under article 50 and 59 of the
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The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and other Organic Laws
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155:, were forbidden reelection until a number of years had passed. The office of
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expanded the presidential term from four to six years and allowed President
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48:
17:
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628:, a period which could potentially last for life. Many parliaments can be
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Web Archives (archived 2009-05-01), term limits information from the
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was limited to one five-year term until the limit was abolished in 2011.
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could run for a third term. After Rhee was elected to a fourth term, the
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in the world that is subjected to a term limit, the other country being
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reestablished term limits, but this was abolished by Napoleon's nephew,
27:
Legal restriction limiting the number of terms an officeholder may serve
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1055:"End to term limits at top 'may be start of global backlash for China'"
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148:
136:
140:
899:"Putin orders constitution changes allowing him to rule until 2036"
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Term limits were one of the major demands of protesters during the
1088:"Xi Jinping's power play: from president to China's new dictator?"
775:
185:
The first modern constitutional term limit was established in the
644:
Due in part to a lack of legal term limits in African countries,
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was limited to two terms, but the limit was abolished in 2004.
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for a third term over the constitutional limit of two terms.
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was initially limited to one five-year term under the 1994
609:
that serves to limit the negative effects of democracy.
274:
was elected to an unprecedented third and fourth terms.
1258:
The Law and Politics of Presidential Term Limit Evasion
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1179:
1147:"Tajikistan vote allows president to rule indefinitely"
216:
is allowed a maximum of two consecutive terms, but the
532:
was limited to two five-year terms in 1995. President
321:
was limited to one consecutive six-year term, but the
123:
were allowed a maximum of two terms. The position of
378:
Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion
166:
Term limits returned in Medieval Europe through the
163:
became a perpetual dictator and ended the republic.
119:, many officeholders were limited to a single term.
1248:, University of Chicago Law School. Chicago Unbound
475:in 2006, and the term limit was abolished in 2016.
1053:Shi, Jiangtao; Huang, Kristin (26 February 2018).
310:is limited to a single six-year term, called the
556:in September 2022. A member of President Ruto's
439:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
336:from one five-year term to two four-year terms.
925:"Controversial Belarus vote scraps term limits"
460:to retain power indefinitely until his death.
332:was amended, loosening the term limit for the
218:2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia
8:
1246:On the Evasion of Executive Term Limits 2010
250:and providing for triennial rotation of the
193:, which established five-year terms to the
1384:National Conference of State Legislatures
348:2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum
1348:Democracy, Dictatorship, and Term Limits
43:is a legal restriction on the number of
723:
581:2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum
523:collapse of the Eastern Bloc in 1989-90
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1305:
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1121:"Tajikistan: Can Rahmon Keep Running?"
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364:Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet
287:limit of one term without reelection.
1067:from the original on 27 February 2018
1022:from the original on 21 February 2009
7:
1376:Legislative Term Limits: An Overview
1366:Real Term Limits: Now More Than Ever
1119:Konstantin Parshin (23 April 2013).
350:abolished term limits in Venezuela.
1010:"Venezuelan leader wins key reform"
741:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
371:President of the Republic of China
25:
1100:from the original on 4 March 2018
959:Buckley, F.H.; Metzger, Gillian.
671:and the erosion of human rights.
487:Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia
67:". This is intended to protect a
339:In 2004, the term limit for the
238:Term limits in the United States
55:. When term limits are found in
260:Presidents of the United States
1145:Leonard, Peter (23 May 2016).
1086:Phillips, Tom (4 March 2018).
605:Term limits are an element of
441:, who usually represented the
246:of the same year, authored by
197:and banned consecutive terms.
1:
702:List of political term limits
601:List of political term limits
445:of China. In March 2018, the
1352:University of Michigan Press
575:Middle East and North Africa
565:1999 constitution of Nigeria
224:exempt from this limit. The
927:. NBC News. 18 October 2004
687:control of the government.
417:Between 1982 and 2018, the
270:was ratified in 1951 after
203:French Constitution of 1848
1425:
1346:Baturo, Alexander (2014).
758:10.4135/9781412965811.n308
734:(2008). "Term Limits". In
659:
598:
558:United Democratic Alliance
480:Prime Minister of Pakistan
469:Constitution of Tajikistan
447:National People's Congress
235:
92:
51:may serve in a particular
29:
1260:Columbia Law Review, 2020
961:"Twenty-Second Amendment"
816:Treatise on Twelve Lights
616:Countries that operate a
495:constitutional monarchies
405:Constitution of Indonesia
323:Constitution of Argentina
254:, the upper house of the
103:Term limits date back to
61:semi-presidential systems
1060:South China Morning Post
945:Francis N. Thorpe, ed.,
818:, chapter six, part II,
656:Violation of term limits
389:President of South Korea
1372:in favor of term limits
465:President of Tajikistan
451:Chinese Communist Party
397:First Republic of Korea
1399:Electoral restrictions
820:"Rotation in History."
669:democratic backsliding
330:Constitution of Brazil
319:President of Argentina
304:Constitution of Mexico
825:11 April 2016 at the
744:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
419:Constitution of China
341:President of Colombia
272:Franklin D. Roosevelt
187:French First Republic
99:Term limits in Russia
95:Term limits in France
1018:. 16 February 2009.
618:parliamentary system
585:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
544:for 24 years before
421:stipulated that the
282:As the countries of
256:colonial legislature
226:President of Belarus
191:Constitution of 1795
180:Republic of Florence
137:tribune of the plebs
1380:Library of Congress
1296:, pp. 6â8, 81.
965:Constitution Center
752:. pp. 504â06.
677:checks and balances
530:President of Uganda
403:Under the original
334:President of Brazil
308:President of Mexico
244:frame of government
214:President of Russia
32:Term Limits (novel)
812:Robert Struble Jr.
589:President of Egypt
512:Sub-Saharan Africa
369:became the second
300:Congress of Mexico
252:Provincial Council
117:Athenian democracy
113:Republic of Venice
65:president for life
1350:. United States:
1332:, pp. 47â48.
1320:, pp. 76â79.
1284:, pp. 38â39.
999:, pp. 28â29.
987:, pp. 25â27.
876:, pp. 29â30.
840:, pp. 20â21.
767:978-1-4129-6580-4
607:constitutionalism
541:2010 constitution
176:Republic of Genoa
168:Novgorod Republic
111:, as well as the
16:(Redirected from
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539:In Kenya, the
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427:vice president
414:in the 1970s.
358:Following the
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1093:The Guardian
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697:Gerontocracy
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268:Constitution
248:William Penn
241:
211:
207:Napoleon III
184:
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78:dictatorship
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57:presidential
40:
38:
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18:Term limited
1409:Term limits
1370:Doug Bandow
1330:Baturo 2014
1318:Baturo 2014
1306:Baturo 2014
1294:Baturo 2014
1282:Baturo 2014
1270:Baturo 2014
1234:Baturo 2014
1222:Baturo 2014
1210:Baturo 2014
1198:Baturo 2014
1186:Baturo 2014
1171:Baturo 2014
1071:28 February
1041:Baturo 2014
1026:16 February
997:Baturo 2014
985:Baturo 2014
886:Baturo 2014
874:Baturo 2014
862:Baturo 2014
850:Baturo 2014
838:Baturo 2014
800:Baturo 2014
662:Continuismo
546:Mwai Kibaki
518:decolonised
506:Arab Spring
367:Yuan Shikai
290:In Mexico,
133:magistrates
1393:Categories
1125:Eurasianet
903:Al Jazeera
776:2008009151
718:References
707:Reelection
660:See also:
646:Mo Ibrahim
626:parliament
622:confidence
599:See also:
493:among two
458:Xi Jinping
455:CCP leader
306:, and the
178:, and the
151:, and the
93:See also:
41:term limit
931:31 August
909:31 August
784:750831024
630:dissolved
595:Mechanism
423:president
125:Strategos
1098:Archived
1065:Archived
1020:Archived
1015:BBC News
970:28 March
823:Archived
691:See also
685:de facto
491:Malaysia
199:Napoleon
157:dictator
145:quaestor
107:and the
74:de facto
69:republic
1378:at the
1156:4 April
1151:AP News
1104:4 March
738:(ed.).
624:of the
499:Andorra
431:premier
312:Sexenio
266:to the
189:by the
149:praetor
84:History
1130:23 May
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174:, the
170:, the
153:consul
147:, the
143:, the
141:aedile
139:, the
129:censor
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49:person
45:terms
1158:2022
1132:2016
1106:2018
1073:2018
1028:2009
972:2022
933:2023
911:2023
780:OCLC
772:LCCN
762:ISBN
746:SAGE
632:for
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563:The
528:The
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