Knowledge (XXG)

Terminology extraction

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95: 590:. Noun phrases include compounds (e.g. "credit card"), adjective noun phrases (e.g. "local tourist information office"), and prepositional noun phrases (e.g. "board of directors"). In English, the first two (compounds and adjective noun phrases) are the most frequent. Terminological entries are then filtered from the candidate list using statistical and 25: 934:: a Web Application to Learn the Shared Terminology of Emergent Web Communities. To appear in Proc. of the 3rd International Conference on Interoperability for Enterprise Software and Applications (I-ESA 2007). Funchal (Madeira Island), Portugal, March 28–30th, 2007. 630:
statistics, candidates for term translations can be obtained. Bilingual terminology can be extracted also from comparable corpora (corpora containing texts within the same text type, domain but not translations of documents between each other).
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methods. Once filtered, because of their low ambiguity and high specificity, these terms are particularly useful for conceptualizing a knowledge domain or for supporting the creation of a
1121: 1281: 43: 455: 1870: 1259: 358: 914:, International Conference On Computational Linguistics, Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Computational linguistics - Taipei, Taiwan, 2002. 791:
Collier, N.; Nobata, C.; Tsujii, J. (2002). "Automatic acquisition and classification of terminology using a tagged corpus in the molecular biology domain".
467: 1085: 493: 1670: 1114: 1839: 440: 1027: 998: 978: 944: 716: 327: 302: 1875: 1580: 1271: 1107: 911: 758: 575:. Several methods to automatically extract technical terms from domain-specific document warehouses have been described in the literature. 1834: 1441: 353: 834:, In: ECDL '98 Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries, pp. 585-604. 445: 1595: 1426: 839: 435: 343: 61: 1366: 1010:
Alrehamy, Hassan H; Walker, Coral (2018). "SemCluster: Unsupervised Automatic Keyphrase Extraction Using Affinity Propagation".
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Alrehamy, Hassan H; Walker, Coral (2018). "SemCluster: Unsupervised Automatic Keyphrase Extraction Using Affinity Propagation".
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In: C. Nikolau and C. Stephanidis (Eds.) International Journal on Digital Libraries, Vol. 3, No. 2., pp. 115-130.
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is to collect a vocabulary of domain-relevant terms, constituting the linguistic surface manifestation of domain
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era, a growing number of communities and networked enterprises started to access and interoperate through the
853:"Glossary extraction and utilization in the information search and delivery system for IBM Technical Support" 852: 1748: 1718: 1385: 312: 220: 159: 134: 1605: 1276: 1266: 1234: 1209: 579: 526: 395: 281: 179: 149: 1465: 557: 450: 307: 210: 154: 139: 1818: 1494: 1470: 1323: 603: 462: 322: 317: 164: 78: 1798: 1728: 1685: 1641: 1413: 1403: 1398: 1286: 680: 611: 599: 389: 246: 205: 195: 169: 144: 1808: 1680: 1545: 1308: 1291: 1149: 665: 251: 129: 124: 901:. Proceedings of Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP 2015), 2015, pp. 473–479 598:
or a terminology base. Furthermore, terminology extraction is a very useful starting point for
1813: 1525: 1333: 1244: 1023: 994: 974: 835: 712: 561: 374: 225: 109: 529:. The goal of terminology extraction is to automatically extract relevant terms from a given 1690: 1575: 1550: 1351: 1254: 1064: 1056: 1045:"TExSIS: Bilingual terminology extraction from parallel corpora using chunk-based alignment" 1015: 867: 800: 704: 660: 591: 568: 400: 1044: 1802: 1763: 1758: 1626: 1356: 1229: 1204: 1186: 778: 655: 623: 583: 545: 405: 384: 94: 971:
Determining Termhood for Learning Domain Ontologies using Domain Prevalence and Tendency
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Term Extraction+Term Clustering: an integrated platform for computer-aided terminology
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Typically, approaches to automatic term extraction make use of linguistic processors (
1864: 1773: 1585: 1565: 1346: 627: 297: 200: 586:) to extract terminological candidates, i.e. syntactically plausible terminological 1753: 537: 1014:. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 650. pp. 222–235. 927: 703:. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 650. pp. 222–235. 544:. Modeling these communities and their information needs is important for several 1019: 708: 1710: 1590: 1303: 1219: 1196: 1144: 991:
Determining Termhood for Learning Domain Ontologies in a Probabilistic Framework
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TBXTools: A Free, Fast and Flexible Tool for Automatic Terminology Extraction
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L. Kozakov; Y. Park; T. Fin; Y. Drissi; Y. Doganata & T. Cofino. (2004).
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Sharoff, Serge; Rapp, Reinhard; Zweigenbaum, Pierre; Fung, Pascale (2013),
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Learning Domain Ontologies from Document Warehouses and Dedicated Web Sites
831: 804: 560:, etc. The development of terminology extraction is also essential to the 1656: 1636: 1621: 1600: 1570: 1515: 1480: 1361: 645: 541: 871: 832:
The C-value/NC-value Method of Automatic Recognition of Multi-word Terms
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Automatic recognition of multi-word terms: the C-value/NC-value method.
261: 993:. In: 6th Australasian Conference on Data Mining (AusDM); Gold Coast. 973:. In: 6th Australasian Conference on Data Mining (AusDM); Gold Coast. 1159: 1154: 420: 415: 748:, in ACM SIGMOD Record archive Volume 34 , Issue 1 (March 2005). 1849: 1485: 912:"Automatic glossary extraction: beyond terminology identification" 960:, in Proc. of K-CAP'05, October 2–5, 2005, Banff, Alberta, Canada 888:. Computational Linguistics. 30 (2), MIT Press, 2004, pp. 151-179 761:, in ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), 23(3), 2005. 1371: 1103: 947:, IEEE Intelligent Systems, 23(5), IEEE Press, 2008, pp. 18-25. 1646: 18: 622:
The methods for terminology extraction can be applied to
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Macken, Lieve; Lefever, Els; Hoste, Veronique (2013).
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may be too technical for most readers to understand
757:Yan Zheng Wei, Luc Moreau, Nicholas R. Jennings. 945:Mining the Web to Create Specialized Glossaries 830:K. Frantzi, S. Ananiadou and J. Tsujii. (1998) 1012:Advances in Computational Intelligence Systems 817:K. Frantzi, S. Ananiadou and H. Mima. (2000). 759:A market-based approach to recommender systems 733:Topic-Driven Crawlers: machine learning issues 701:Advances in Computational Intelligence Systems 1115: 989:Wong, W., Liu, W. & Bennamoun, M. (2007) 969:Wong, W., Liu, W. & Bennamoun, M. (2007) 958:Finding New terminology in Very large Corpora 487: 8: 1533: 1329: 1122: 1108: 1100: 494: 480: 73: 1068: 62:Learn how and when to remove this message 46:, without removing the technical details. 691: 366: 335: 289: 233: 187: 101: 85: 731:Menczer F., Pant G. and Srinivasan P. 446:Bhagavad-gita translations by language 1087:Building and Using Comparable Corpora 943:P. Velardi, R. Navigli, P. D'Amadio. 303:Internationalization and localization 44:make it understandable to non-experts 7: 1871:Tasks of natural language processing 1581:Simple Knowledge Organization System 910:Y. Park, R. J. Byrd, B. Boguraev. 567:One of the first steps to model a 436:Books and magazines on translation 14: 1596:Thesaurus (information retrieval) 746:A Snapshot of Public Web Services 16:Subtask of information extraction 618:Bilingual terminology extraction 93: 23: 770:Bourigault D. and Jacquemin C. 1177:Natural language understanding 468:Kural translations by language 441:Bible translations by language 216:Dynamic and formal equivalence 1: 1701:Optical character recognition 456:List of most translated works 257:Translation management system 1394:Multi-document summarization 1020:10.1007/978-3-319-66939-7_19 709:10.1007/978-3-319-66939-7_19 1876:Library science terminology 1724:Latent Dirichlet allocation 1696:Natural language generation 1561:Machine-readable dictionary 1556:Linguistic Linked Open Data 1131:Natural language processing 897:Oliver, A. and Vàzquez, M. 884:Navigli R. and Velardi, P. 651:Natural language processing 1897: 1476:Explicit semantic analysis 1225:Deep linguistic processing 744:Fan J. and Kambhampati S. 1319:Word-sense disambiguation 1172:Computational linguistics 1093:, Berlin: Springer-Verlag 781:, in Proc. of EACL, 1999. 641:Computational linguistics 1845:Natural Language Toolkit 1769:Pronunciation assessment 1671:Automatic identification 1501:Latent semantic analysis 1457:Distributional semantics 1342:Compound-term processing 1240:Named-entity recognition 431:Journalistic translation 1749:Automated essay scoring 1719:Document classification 1386:Automatic summarization 1061:10.1075/term.19.1.01mac 956:Wermter J. and Hahn U. 313:Video game localization 221:Contrastive linguistics 1606:Universal Dependencies 1299:Terminology extraction 1282:Semantic decomposition 1277:Semantic role labeling 1267:Part-of-speech tagging 1235:Information extraction 1220:Coreference resolution 1210:Collocation extraction 805:10.1075/term.7.2.07col 580:part of speech tagging 527:information extraction 507:Terminology extraction 396:Telephone interpreting 282:Multimedia translation 1881:Computing terminology 1367:Sentence segmentation 626:. Combined with e.g. 328:Software localization 308:Language localization 211:Translation criticism 140:Linguistic validation 1819:Voice user interface 1530:datasets and corpora 1471:Document-term matrix 1324:Word-sense induction 604:knowledge management 548:, like topic-driven 323:Website localization 1799:Interactive fiction 1729:Pachinko allocation 1686:Speech segmentation 1642:Google Ngram Viewer 1414:Machine translation 1404:Text simplification 1399:Sentence extraction 1287:Semantic similarity 872:10.1147/sj.433.0546 860:IBM Systems Journal 681:Text simplification 612:machine translation 600:semantic similarity 558:recommender systems 390:Video relay service 247:Machine translation 206:Translation project 196:Translation studies 1809:Question answering 1681:Speech recognition 1546:Corpus linguistics 1526:Language resources 1309:Textual entailment 1292:Sentiment analysis 777:2006-06-19 at the 666:Taxonomy (general) 525:) is a subtask of 252:Mobile translation 1858: 1857: 1814:Virtual assistant 1739:Computer-assisted 1665: 1664: 1422:Computer-assisted 1380: 1379: 1372:Word segmentation 1334:Text segmentation 1272:Semantic analysis 1260:Syntactic parsing 1245:Ontology learning 1029:978-3-319-66938-0 999:978-1-920682-51-4 979:978-1-920682-51-4 718:978-3-319-66938-0 608:human translation 562:language industry 521:, or terminology 517:extraction, term 504: 503: 375:Untranslatability 226:Polysystem theory 72: 71: 64: 1888: 1835:Formal semantics 1784:Natural language 1691:Speech synthesis 1673:and data capture 1576:Semantic network 1551:Lexical resource 1534: 1352:Lexical analysis 1330: 1255:Semantic parsing 1124: 1117: 1110: 1101: 1095: 1094: 1092: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1072: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1007: 1001: 987: 981: 967: 961: 954: 948: 941: 935: 921: 915: 908: 902: 895: 889: 882: 876: 875: 857: 848: 842: 828: 822: 815: 809: 808: 788: 782: 768: 762: 755: 749: 742: 736: 729: 723: 722: 696: 661:Subject indexing 624:parallel corpora 592:machine learning 569:knowledge domain 546:web applications 496: 489: 482: 451:Translated books 401:Language barrier 318:Dub localization 97: 74: 67: 60: 56: 53: 47: 27: 26: 19: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1823: 1803:Syntax guessing 1785: 1778: 1764:Predictive text 1759:Grammar checker 1740: 1733: 1705: 1672: 1661: 1627:Bank of English 1610: 1538: 1529: 1520: 1451: 1408: 1376: 1328: 1230:Distant reading 1205:Argument mining 1191: 1187:Text processing 1133: 1128: 1098: 1090: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1070:1854/LU-2128573 1042: 1041: 1037: 1030: 1009: 1008: 1004: 988: 984: 968: 964: 955: 951: 942: 938: 922: 918: 909: 905: 896: 892: 883: 879: 855: 850: 849: 845: 829: 825: 816: 812: 790: 789: 785: 779:Wayback Machine 769: 765: 756: 752: 743: 739: 730: 726: 719: 698: 697: 693: 689: 656:Domain ontology 637: 620: 596:domain ontology 584:phrase chunking 509:(also known as 500: 406:Fan translation 385:Transliteration 175:Sense-for-sense 68: 57: 51: 48: 40:help improve it 37: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1894: 1892: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1863: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1796: 1790: 1788: 1786:user interface 1780: 1779: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1745: 1743: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1715: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1677: 1675: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1542: 1540: 1531: 1522: 1521: 1519: 1518: 1513: 1511:Word embedding 1508: 1503: 1498: 1491:Language model 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1462: 1460: 1453: 1452: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1442:Transfer-based 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1418: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1390: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1338: 1336: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1215:Concept mining 1212: 1207: 1201: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1152: 1147: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1126: 1119: 1112: 1104: 1097: 1096: 1076: 1035: 1028: 1002: 982: 962: 949: 936: 916: 903: 890: 877: 866:(3): 546–563. 843: 823: 810: 799:(2): 239–257. 783: 763: 750: 737: 724: 717: 690: 688: 685: 684: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 636: 633: 619: 616: 502: 501: 499: 498: 491: 484: 476: 473: 472: 471: 470: 465: 460: 459: 458: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 410:of video games 403: 398: 393: 387: 382: 377: 369: 368: 367:Related topics 364: 363: 362: 361: 356: 351: 346: 338: 337: 333: 332: 331: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 292: 291: 287: 286: 285: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 236: 235: 231: 230: 229: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 190: 189: 185: 184: 183: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 160:Interpretation 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 104: 103: 99: 98: 90: 89: 83: 82: 70: 69: 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1893: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1866: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1840:Hallucination 1838: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1781: 1775: 1774:Spell checker 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1668: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1586:Speech corpus 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1566:Parallel text 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1427:Example-based 1425: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1357:Text chunking 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1347:Lemmatisation 1345: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1197:Text analysis 1194: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1140: 1138:General terms 1136: 1132: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1089: 1088: 1080: 1077: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1039: 1036: 1031: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1006: 1003: 1000: 996: 992: 986: 983: 980: 976: 972: 966: 963: 959: 953: 950: 946: 940: 937: 933: 932:TermExtractor 929: 925: 920: 917: 913: 907: 904: 900: 894: 891: 887: 881: 878: 873: 869: 865: 861: 854: 847: 844: 841: 840:3-540-65101-2 837: 833: 827: 824: 820: 814: 811: 806: 802: 798: 794: 787: 784: 780: 776: 773: 767: 764: 760: 754: 751: 747: 741: 738: 734: 728: 725: 720: 714: 710: 706: 702: 695: 692: 686: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 638: 634: 632: 629: 628:co-occurrence 625: 617: 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 576: 574: 570: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 497: 492: 490: 485: 483: 478: 477: 475: 474: 469: 466: 464: 461: 457: 454: 453: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 411: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 380:Transcription 378: 376: 373: 372: 371: 370: 365: 360: 357: 355: 354:Organizations 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 340: 339: 336:Institutional 334: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 298:Glocalization 296: 295: 294: 293: 288: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 239: 238: 237: 232: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 201:Skopos theory 199: 197: 194: 193: 192: 191: 186: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 170:Word-for-word 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 120:Bhagavad-gita 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 107: 106: 105: 100: 96: 92: 91: 88: 84: 80: 76: 75: 66: 63: 55: 52:December 2018 45: 41: 35: 32:This article 30: 21: 20: 1754:Concordancer 1298: 1150:Bag-of-words 1086: 1079: 1052: 1048: 1038: 1011: 1005: 985: 965: 952: 939: 919: 906: 893: 880: 863: 859: 846: 826: 813: 796: 792: 786: 766: 753: 740: 727: 700: 694: 621: 588:noun phrases 577: 566: 554:web services 550:web crawlers 538:semantic web 535: 522: 518: 514: 513:extraction, 510: 506: 505: 344:Associations 290:Localization 234:Technologies 58: 49: 33: 1711:Topic model 1591:Text corpus 1437:Statistical 1304:Text mining 1145:AI-complete 1055:(1): 1–30. 1049:Terminology 928:Velardi, P. 793:Terminology 676:Text mining 671:Terminology 519:recognition 463:Translators 277:Postediting 272:Pre-editing 87:Translation 1865:Categories 1432:Rule-based 1314:Truecasing 1182:Stop words 924:Sclano, F. 687:References 426:Scanlation 267:Subtitling 180:Homophonic 150:Regulatory 1741:reviewing 1539:standards 1537:Types and 155:Technical 1657:Wikidata 1637:FrameNet 1622:BabelNet 1601:Treebank 1571:PropBank 1516:Word2vec 1481:fastText 1362:Stemming 775:Archived 646:Glossary 635:See also 573:concepts 542:internet 515:glossary 165:Cultural 115:Literary 79:a series 77:Part of 1828:Related 1794:Chatbot 1652:WordNet 1632:DBpedia 1506:Seq2seq 1250:Parsing 1165:Trigram 614:, etc. 536:In the 359:Schools 262:Dubbing 145:Medical 38:Please 1801:(c.f. 1459:models 1447:Neural 1160:Bigram 1155:n-gram 1026:  997:  977:  838:  715:  531:corpus 523:mining 421:Fandub 416:Fansub 349:Awards 188:Theory 1850:spaCy 1495:large 1486:GloVe 1091:(PDF) 856:(PDF) 392:(VRS) 135:Kural 130:Quran 125:Bible 110:Legal 102:Types 1615:Data 1466:BERT 1024:ISBN 995:ISBN 975:ISBN 926:and 836:ISBN 713:ISBN 610:and 511:term 1647:UBY 1065:hdl 1057:doi 1016:doi 868:doi 801:doi 705:doi 242:CAT 42:to 1867:: 1063:. 1053:19 1051:. 1047:. 1022:. 930:. 864:43 862:. 858:. 795:. 711:. 606:, 602:, 582:, 564:. 556:, 552:, 533:. 81:on 1805:) 1528:, 1497:) 1493:( 1123:e 1116:t 1109:v 1073:. 1067:: 1059:: 1032:. 1018:: 874:. 870:: 807:. 803:: 797:7 735:. 721:. 707:: 495:e 488:t 481:v 412:) 408:( 65:) 59:( 54:) 50:( 36:.

Index

help improve it
make it understandable to non-experts
Learn how and when to remove this message
a series
Translation

Legal
Literary
Bhagavad-gita
Bible
Quran
Kural
Linguistic validation
Medical
Regulatory
Technical
Interpretation
Cultural
Word-for-word
Sense-for-sense
Homophonic
Translation studies
Skopos theory
Translation project
Translation criticism
Dynamic and formal equivalence
Contrastive linguistics
Polysystem theory
CAT
Machine translation

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