597:) is a special mode of RDS, available in Windows Server 2008 R2 and later, where remote session configuration is integrated into the client operating system. The RDP 6.1 client ships with Windows XP SP3, KB952155 for Windows XP SP2 users, Windows Vista SP1 and Windows Server 2008. The UI for the RemoteApp is rendered in a window over the local desktop, and is managed like any other window for local applications. The end result of this is that remote applications behave largely like local applications. The task of establishing the remote session, as well as redirecting local resources to the remote application, is transparent to the end user. Multiple applications can be started in a single RemoteApp session, each with their own windows.
647:. Unlike Terminal Services, which creates a new user session for every RDP connection, Windows Desktop Sharing can host the remote session in the context of the currently logged in user without creating a new session, and make the Desktop, or a subset of it, available over RDP. Windows Desktop Sharing can be used to share the entire desktop, a specific region, or a particular application. Windows Desktop Sharing can also be used to share multi-monitor desktops. When sharing applications individually (rather than the entire desktop), the windows are managed (whether they are minimized or maximized) independently at the server and the client side.
404:
hosting the UI is intercepted by the drivers, and transmitted over RDP to the server. It also creates the other virtual channels and sets up the redirection. RDP communication can be encrypted; using either low, medium or high encryption. With low encryption, user input (outgoing data) is encrypted using a weak (40-bit RC4) cipher. With medium encryption, UI packets (incoming data) are encrypted using this weak cipher as well. The setting "High encryption (Non-export)" uses 128-bit RC4 encryption and "High encryption (Export)" uses 40-bit RC4 encryption. When setting the
Security Layer to 'SSL (TLS 1.0)',
388:, which allow other devices, such as disc, audio, printers, and COM ports to be redirected, i.e., the channels act as replacement for these devices. The channels connect to the client over the TCP connection; as the channels are accessed for data, the client is informed of the request, which is then transferred over the TCP connection to the application. This entire procedure is done by the terminal server and the client, with the RDP mediating the correct transfer, and is entirely transparent to the applications. RDP communications are encrypted using 128-bit
3448:
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as well as create shortcuts to launch it. A RemoteApp can also be registered as handler for file types or URIs. Opening a file registered with RemoteApp will first invoke Remote
Desktop Connection, which will connect to the terminal server and then open the file. Any application which can be accessed
615:
file (which contains the address of the RemoteApp server, authentication schemes to be used, and other settings), a RemoteApp can be launched by double clicking the file. It will invoke the Remote
Desktop Connection client, which will connect to the server and render the UI. The RemoteApp can also be
303:
For an organization, RDS allows the IT department to install applications on a central server instead of multiple computers. Remote users can log on and use those applications over the network. Such centralization can make maintenance and troubleshooting easier. RDS and
Windows authentication systems
403:
Once a client initiates a connection and is informed of a successful invocation of the terminal services stack at the server, it loads up the device as well as the keyboard/mouse drivers. The UI data received over RDP is decoded and rendered as UI, whereas the keyboard and mouse inputs to the Window
367:
graphics subsystem is then initiated, which handles the job of authenticating the user and presenting the GUI. These executables are loaded in a new session, rather than the console session. When creating the new session, the graphics and keyboard/mouse device drivers are replaced with RDP-specific
259:
The first two are individual utilities that allow a user to operate an interactive session on a remote computer over the network. In case of Remote
Assistance, the remote user needs to receive an invitation and the control is cooperative. In case of RDC, however, the remote user opens a new session
554:
Enables a server to host RemoteApp programs as session-based desktops. Users can connect to RD Session Host servers in a session collection to run programs, save files, and use resources on those servers. Users can access Remote
Desktop Session Host server by using the Remote Desktop Connection
419:
is the server component of
Terminal services. It handles the job of authenticating clients, as well as making the applications available remotely. It is also entrusted with the job of restricting the clients according to the level of access they have. The Terminal Server respects the configured
545:
Allows users to reconnect to their existing virtual desktop, RemoteApp programs, and session-based desktops. It enables even load distribution across RD Session Host servers in a session collection or across pooled virtual desktops in a pooled virtual desktop collection, and provides access to
279:
does not accept any RDC connections at all, reserving RDS for Fast User
Switching and Remote Assistance only. Other client versions of Windows only allow a maximum of one remote user to connect to the system at the cost of the user who has logged onto the console being disconnected.
260:
on the remote computer and has every power granted by its user account's rights and restrictions. Fast User
Switching allows users to switch between user accounts on the local computer without quitting software and logging out. Fast User Switching is part of
424:
which is stored at the server. Session directories are used to store state information about a session, and can be used to resume interrupted sessions. The terminal server also has to manage these directories. Terminal
Servers can be used in a
440:
account, the credentials from the same sign-on can be used to authenticate the remote session. However, this requires Windows Server 2008 to be the terminal server OS, while the client OS is limited to Windows Server 2008, Windows Vista and
571:
Enables users to access RemoteApp and Desktop Connection through the Start Menu or through a web browser. RemoteApp and Desktop Connection provides users with a customized view of RemoteApp programs, session-based desktops, and virtual
1747:
580:
Enables a server to manage RDS client access licenses (RDS CALs) that are required for each device or user to connect to a Remote Desktop Session Host server. RDS CALs are managed using the Remote Desktop Licensing Manager
330:
for the Windows platform, enabling its developers to improve the security and performance of the Terminal Services platform. In late December 2004 the two companies announced a five-year renewal of this arrangement to cover
475:. It is, however, not available in client versions of Windows OS, where the server is pre-configured to allow only one session and enforce the rights of the user account on the remote session, without any customization.
735:
Originally, if a user opened an RDP (remote desktop) session to a server it would load the login screen from the server for the user. This would use up resources on the server, and was a potential area for
810:
To use Network Level Authentication in Remote Desktop Services, the client must be running Windows XP SP3 or later, and the host must be running Windows Vista or later or Windows Server 2008 or later.
1549:
420:
software restriction policies, so as to restrict the availability of certain software to only a certain group of users. The remote session information is stored in specialized directories, called
994:
631:
includes built-in support for RemoteApp publishing, but it has to be enabled manually in registry, since there is no RemoteApp management console in client versions of Microsoft Windows.
3496:
453:. It includes the TS Web Access Web Part control which maintains the list of RemoteApps deployed on the server and keeps the list up to date. Terminal Server can also integrate with
1727:
822:
The IP addresses of the clients trying to log in will not be stored in the security audit logs, making it harder to block brute force or dictionary attacks by means of a firewall.
197:
are displayed from the server onto the client system and input from the client system is transmitted to the server - where software execution takes place. This is in contrast to
662:
for the viewer. Multiple viewer objects can be instantiated for one Session object. A viewer can either be a passive viewer, who is just able to watch the application like a
1690:
384:
acts as keyboard and mouse driver; it receives keyboard and mouse input over the TCP connection and presents them as keyboard or mouse inputs. It also allows creation of
3748:
3591:
2463:
1269:
843:
is a primary client for Remote Desktop Services. RDC presents the desktop interface (or application GUI) of the remote system, as if it were accessed locally.
3489:
816:
Not possible to change password via CredSSP. This is a problem when "User must change password at next logon" is enabled or if an account's password expires.
767:
Service Pack 3, CredSSP was introduced on that platform and the included RDP 6.1 Client supports NLA; however CredSSP must be enabled in the registry first.
467:
snap-in. It can be used to configure the sign in requirements, as well as to enforce a single instance of remote session. It can also be configured by using
445:. In addition, the terminal server may be configured to allow connection to individual programs, rather than the entire desktop, by means of a feature named
3743:
2478:
363:
and associated with a freshly spawned console session (Session 0, keyboard, mouse and character mode UI only). The login subsystem (winlogon.exe) and the
2643:
1720:
1567:
189:
architecture, where Windows software, and the entire desktop of the computer running RDS, are made accessible to any remote client machine that supports
1639:
1047:
525:
In October 2021, Thincast, the main contributor of the FreeRDP project, published the first Remote Desktop Gateway solution running natively on Linux.
1614:
1013:
3482:
2300:
848:
835:
1305:
537:
Enables authorized users to connect to virtual desktops, Remote-App programs, and session-based desktops over a private network or the Internet.
1593:
151:
3525:
3334:
1713:
1155:
1436:
3733:
3463:
1736:
873:, a discontinued Microsoft product also provides Shared-desktop feature, in the similar time-frame of Windows NT Terminal Services Edition
2713:
2353:
1937:
1772:
825:
Smart card authentication from one domain to another using a remote desktop gateway is not supported with NLA enabled on the end client.
760:
749:
275:
Although RDS is shipped with most editions of all versions of Windows NT since Windows 2000, its functionality differs in each version.
1219:
2885:
2794:
2310:
1942:
472:
170:
family of operating systems, receiving updates and improvements with each version of Windows. Terminal Services were then renamed to
860:
252:
813:
Support for RDP Servers requiring Network Level Authentication needs to be configured via registry keys for use on Windows XP SP3.
654:, which can be used by any application to provide screen sharing functionality. Windows Desktop Sharing API exposes two objects:
264:
and uses RDS to accomplish its switching feature. Third-party developers have also created client software for RDS. For example,
1672:
2633:
2613:
2576:
2538:
2523:
454:
895:
3379:
2961:
2488:
297:
284:
allows two users to connect at the same time. This licensing scheme, called "Remote Desktop for Administration", facilitates
732:(RDP Client) that requires the connecting user to authenticate themselves before a session is established with the server.
2503:
678:
objects representing their on-screen windows. Per-application filters capture the application Windows and package them as
3344:
3213:
2900:
2890:
2764:
2668:
2528:
1885:
1840:
464:
3753:
3452:
2820:
2779:
2678:
2533:
2330:
2045:
1995:
248:
916:
682:
objects. A viewer must authenticate itself before it can connect to a sharing session. This is done by generating an
1698:
3042:
2922:
2628:
2127:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1457:"How to enable RemoteApp (via RDP 7.0) within VirtualBox or VMWare running Windows 7, Vista SP1+ or Windows XP SP3"
1394:"Description of the Remote Desktop Connection 6.1 client update for Terminal Services in Windows XP Service Pack 2"
500:
323:
92:
1506:
3676:
3374:
3339:
2769:
2759:
2698:
2608:
2498:
2468:
2117:
1815:
876:
865:
840:
706:
364:
237:
231:
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953:
844:
737:
504:
405:
397:
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3163:
3158:
3118:
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3028:
2774:
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2388:
2363:
2325:
2295:
2245:
2057:
1980:
1905:
1825:
1800:
1361:
729:
436:, it has been significantly overhauled. While logging in, if the user logged on to the local system using a
356:
276:
190:
81:
3304:
3268:
2880:
2865:
2623:
2581:
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is the device driver and it captures the UI rendering calls into a format that is transmittable over RDP.
212:
175:
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3198:
3138:
3123:
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It can help mitigate Remote Desktop vulnerabilities that can only be exploited prior to authentication.
741:
702:
437:
315:
198:
155:
943:
748:). Network Level Authentication delegates the user's credentials from the client through a client-side
819:
Requires "Access this computer from the network" privilege, which may be restricted for other reasons.
205:, in which computer programs are streamed to the client on-demand and executed on the client machine.
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2005:
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2035:
2020:
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970:
519:
433:
319:
243:
127:
76:
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666:, or an interactive viewer, who is able to interact in real time with the remote application. The
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2993:
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1970:
1965:
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492:
1550:"Description of the Credential Security Support Provider (CredSSP) in Windows XP Service Pack 3"
292:. Only by acquiring additional licenses (in addition to that of Windows) can a computer running
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was created in 2012 by Microsoft as a client with a touch-friendly interface. Additionally,
449:. Terminal Services Web Access (TS Web Access) makes a RemoteApp session invocable from the
143:
56:
643:
onwards, Terminal Services also includes a multi-party desktop sharing capability known as
3541:
3405:
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1975:
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791:
563:
Enables users to connect to virtual desktops by using RemoteApp and Desktop Connection.
293:
281:
194:
1568:"Description of the Remote Desktop Connection 6.1 client update for Terminal Services"
3727:
3681:
3384:
3243:
3143:
2483:
2443:
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2195:
2187:
2122:
1990:
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995:"4: Remote Desktop Services and VDI: Centralizing Desktop and Application Management"
756:
691:
640:
332:
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3153:
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3000:
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2147:
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2010:
1830:
1810:
710:
468:
227:
159:
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755:
Network Level Authentication was introduced in RDP 6.0 and supported initially in
752:
and prompts the user to authenticate before establishing a session on the server.
3474:
759:. It uses the new Security Support Provider, CredSSP, which is available through
515:
supports RD Gateway as of version 8. This is also available for iOS and Android.
17:
3223:
3168:
3073:
2927:
2815:
2693:
2548:
2340:
2315:
1910:
1679:"Configure Network Level Authentication for Remote Desktop Services Connections"
1615:"Configure Network Level Authentication for Remote Desktop Services Connections"
1283:
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1005:
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until the user is authenticated, reducing the risk of denial-of-service attacks.
450:
327:
186:
1705:
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1920:
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44:
3646:
3576:
3546:
2749:
2744:
2378:
2267:
2215:
1985:
1644:
1571:
1291:
1220:"Citrix and Microsoft Sign Technology Collaboration and Licensing Agreement"
1179:
1103:
1052:
628:
442:
182:
49:
1078:
3671:
3661:
3656:
3631:
3601:
3329:
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2853:
2718:
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2015:
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745:
393:
352:
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that allow a user to initiate and control an interactive session on a
3707:
3636:
3423:
3273:
2942:
2723:
2648:
312:
308:
1594:"Prevent a worm by updating Remote Desktop Services (CVE-2019-0708)"
690:. It contains an authentication ticket and password. The object is
3389:
2825:
2653:
2358:
2132:
1845:
512:
496:
396:
compliant encryption scheme, or encrypt communications using the
3712:
2917:
2591:
2410:
2373:
1640:"Technical Overview of Terminal Services in Windows Server 2003"
1048:"Technical Overview of Terminal Services in Windows Server 2003"
269:
3478:
1709:
1201:
359:(RDP) client connects to this port, it is tagged with a unique
2835:
2167:
2137:
2062:
1270:"Configuring authentication and encryption: Terminal Services"
651:
389:
620:
database, installing which can register the RemoteApp in the
783:
resources initially, by preventing the initiation of a full
670:
object contains all the shared applications, represented as
518:
This feature was introduced in the Windows Server 2008 and
392:
encryption. From Windows Server 2003 onwards, it can use a
1691:"What types of Remote Desktop connections should I allow?"
304:
prevent unauthorized users from accessing apps or data.
1437:"Terminal Services RemoteApp Session Termination Logic"
971:"Whats new in Terminal Services in Windows Server 2008"
223:
Windows includes four client components that use RDS:
166:
as an optional component in the server editions of the
709:
for providing application sharing functionality among
296:
service multiple remote users at one time and achieve
1079:"How to change the listening port for Remote Desktop"
988:
986:
158:
that allowed users to log in remotely. Starting with
775:
The advantages of Network Level Authentication are:
3690:
3534:
3513:
3402:
3297:
3066:
2985:
2978:
2951:
2834:
2808:
2732:
2557:
2424:
2339:
2286:
2186:
1951:
1781:
457:to throttle resource usage of remote applications.
87:
75:
67:
55:
43:
35:
625:over Remote Desktop can be served as a RemoteApp.
511:as the RDP client. The official MS RDP client for
1122:
1120:
1099:"Frequently Asked Questions about Remote Desktop"
694:and sent to the viewers, who need to present the
546:virtual desktops in a virtual desktop collection.
326:). In this arrangement, Citrix has access to key
650:The functionality is only provided via a public
499:channel. This increases the security of RDS by
965:
963:
146:connection. RDS was first released in 1998 as
3592:Microsoft System Center Configuration Manager
3490:
1721:
1306:"Incorrect TLS is displayed - Windows Server"
1284:"Connection Configuration in Terminal Server"
307:Microsoft has a long-standing agreement with
8:
1417:"Terminal Services RemoteApp (TS RemoteApp)"
1411:
1409:
30:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1130:; Solomon, David A.; Ionescu, Alex (2012).
896:"Windows Remote Desktop Services spotlight"
3497:
3483:
3475:
3458:
2982:
1728:
1714:
1706:
1524:
1522:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
507:(TLS). This also allows the option to use
311:to facilitate sharing of technologies and
29:
807:No support for other credential providers
130:and earlier, is one of the components of
1476:
1474:
1472:
1320:"Terminal Services Gateway (TS Gateway)"
600:A RemoteApp can be packaged either as a
318:between Microsoft Terminal Services and
993:Russel, Charlie; Zacker, Craig (2009).
938:
936:
887:
836:List of Remote Desktop Protocol clients
701:Windows Desktop Sharing API is used by
3749:Windows remote administration software
917:"Remote Desktop Sessions - Win32 apps"
555:client or by using RemoteApp programs.
162:, it was integrated under the name of
152:Windows NT 4.0 Terminal Server Edition
3526:Comparison of remote desktop software
3335:Next-Generation Secure Computing Base
1172:"Architecture of Fast User Switching"
542:Remote Desktop Connection Broker Role
7:
1596:. Microsoft Security Response Center
1343:. Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN)
2464:Distributed Transaction Coordinator
343:The key server component of RDS is
3744:Windows communication and services
2795:User Interface Privilege Isolation
1673:Welcome to Remote Desktop Services
1002:Introducing Windows Server 2008 R2
560:Remote Desktop Virtualization Host
473:Windows Management Instrumentation
460:Terminal Server is managed by the
25:
1382:TechNet: Remote Desktop Licensing
861:BlueKeep (security vulnerability)
487:service component, also known as
3457:
3447:
3446:
794:(SSO) to extend to RDP Services.
728:) is a feature of RDP Server or
408:up to version 1.2 is available.
234:(Windows XP through Windows 8.1)
2524:Remote Differential Compression
1530:"About Windows Desktop Sharing"
455:Windows System Resource Manager
322:(formerly Citrix MetaFrame and
27:Components of Microsoft Windows
3380:Windows System Assessment Tool
915:QuinnRadich (19 August 2020).
446:
298:virtual desktop infrastructure
1:
3691:Controversial Implementations
1507:"Windows Desktop Sharing API"
1249:"How Terminal Services Works"
849:several non-Microsoft clients
611:package. When packaged as an
2669:Open XML Paper Specification
2529:Remote Installation Services
1737:Microsoft Windows components
1226:. 2004-12-21. Archived from
722:Network Level Authentication
717:Network Level Authentication
658:for the sharing session and
465:Microsoft Management Console
211:was added to RDS as part of
3734:Microsoft server technology
2821:Windows Subsystem for Linux
2780:Mandatory Integrity Control
2534:Windows Deployment Services
2331:Wireless Zero Configuration
944:"Remote Desktop Connection"
604:file or distributed via an
551:Remote Desktop Session Host
249:Windows Subsystem for Linux
230:(Windows 10 and later) and
154:, a stand-alone edition of
3770:
2923:Universal Windows Platform
2629:Kernel Transaction Manager
2614:Hardware Abstraction Layer
2311:Multimedia Class Scheduler
1362:"RD Gateway Documentation"
833:
324:Citrix Presentation Server
3677:Virtual Network Computing
3442:
3375:Windows Services for UNIX
2760:Data Execution Prevention
2609:Graphics Device Interface
2499:Network Access Protection
2118:Remote Desktop Connection
1743:
1592:Simon Pope (2019-05-14).
1482:"Windows Desktop Sharing"
1341:"Remote Desktop Protocol"
877:Virtual Network Computing
866:Windows MultiPoint Server
841:Remote Desktop Connection
785:remote desktop connection
750:Security Support Provider
730:Remote Desktop Connection
707:Windows Remote Assistance
568:Remote Desktop Web Access
238:Remote Desktop Connection
232:Windows Remote Assistance
107:/terminal-services-portal
2740:Security and Maintenance
2684:Security Account Manager
2278:Windows XP visual styles
845:Microsoft Remote Desktop
577:Remote Desktop Licensing
505:Transport Layer Security
495:the RDP session using a
406:Transport Layer Security
398:Transport Layer Security
3617:Remote Desktop Services
3521:Remote desktop software
3325:Media Control Interface
3159:Help and Support Center
2775:Kernel Patch Protection
2539:System Resource Manager
2519:Remote Desktop Services
2514:Print Services for UNIX
2296:Service Control Manager
1906:Windows Error Reporting
1826:DirectX Diagnostic Tool
1251:. Microsoft. 2003-03-28
763:in Windows Vista. With
645:Windows Desktop Sharing
635:Windows Desktop Sharing
462:Terminal Server Manager
357:Remote Desktop Protocol
277:Windows XP Home Edition
191:Remote Desktop Protocol
172:Remote Desktop Services
116:Remote Desktop Services
82:Remote desktop software
31:Remote Desktop Services
3305:Desktop Cleanup Wizard
2881:COM Structured storage
2582:Desktop Window Manager
2474:Windows Media Services
534:Remote Desktop Gateway
485:Remote Desktop Gateway
479:Remote Desktop Gateway
213:Windows Server 2008 R2
176:Windows Server 2008 R2
3562:Chrome Remote Desktop
3506:Remote administration
2933:Windows Mixed Reality
2604:Enhanced Write Filter
2454:Roaming user profiles
1695:Microsoft Corporation
742:remote code execution
703:Windows Meeting Space
438:Windows Server Domain
199:application streaming
185:'s implementation of
156:Windows NT 4.0 Server
3557:Apple Remote Desktop
3214:Mobile Device Center
3164:Health & Fitness
2962:Solitaire Collection
2790:User Account Control
2785:Protected Media Path
2689:Server Message Block
2639:Logical Disk Manager
1891:System Policy Editor
1876:System Configuration
871:Microsoft NetMeeting
351:), which listens on
3572:ConnectWise Control
3567:Citrix Virtual Apps
3360:Virtual DOS machine
2704:System Idle Process
2679:Resource Protection
2587:Portable Executable
2479:Active DRM Services
1881:System File Checker
1851:Performance Monitor
1685:. 17 November 2009.
1322:. Microsoft TechNet
740:attacks as well as
674:objects, each with
520:Windows Home Server
434:Windows Server 2008
244:Fast user switching
128:Windows Server 2008
32:
3754:Windows components
3597:NetSupport Manager
3365:Windows on Windows
3089:Backup and Restore
2901:Transaction Server
2619:I/O request packet
2459:Folder redirection
2128:Speech Recognition
1886:System Information
1841:Management Console
921:docs.microsoft.com
779:It requires fewer
290:headless computers
3721:
3720:
3703:Back Orifice 2000
3472:
3471:
3398:
3397:
3355:Video for Windows
3310:Games for Windows
3179:Internet Explorer
2273:Windows Spotlight
1916:Windows Installer
1683:Microsoft TechNet
1619:Microsoft TechNet
1272:. 8 October 2009.
1202:"Remote Services"
1182:. 15 January 2006
1157:978-0-7356-4873-9
1134:Windows Internals
1128:Russinovich, Mark
1019:on 29 August 2017
956:. 17 August 2011.
738:denial of service
698:when connecting.
618:Windows Installer
609:Windows Installer
509:Internet Explorer
503:the session with
422:Session Directory
339:Server components
288:of unattended or
164:Terminal Services
132:Microsoft Windows
124:Terminal Services
113:
112:
62:Microsoft Windows
39:Terminal Services
18:Terminal Services
16:(Redirected from
3761:
3622:Remote Utilities
3499:
3492:
3485:
3476:
3461:
3460:
3450:
3449:
3370:Windows SideShow
3149:Food & Drink
3043:Spider Solitaire
2983:
2876:ActiveX Document
2844:Active Scripting
2800:Windows Firewall
2755:Credential Guard
2434:Active Directory
2231:Indexing Service
1861:Resource Monitor
1856:Recovery Console
1730:
1723:
1716:
1707:
1702:
1697:. Archived from
1686:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1648:. Archived from
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1552:. Archived from
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1427:
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1424:
1423:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1290:(5.0 ed.).
1280:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1138:(6th ed.).
1137:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1056:. Archived from
1044:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1012:. Archived from
999:
990:
981:
980:
978:
977:
967:
958:
957:
940:
931:
930:
928:
927:
912:
906:
905:
903:
902:
892:
697:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
661:
657:
614:
607:
603:
386:virtual channels
383:
379:
375:
371:
350:
215:Service Pack 1.
109:
106:
104:
102:
100:
98:
96:
94:
57:Operating system
33:
21:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3686:
3542:Absolute Manage
3535:Implementations
3530:
3509:
3503:
3473:
3468:
3438:
3406:Microsoft Store
3404:
3394:
3340:POSIX subsystem
3320:File Protection
3293:
3264:Program Manager
3249:Phone Companion
3239:Outlook Express
3189:Make Compatible
3119:Desktop Gadgets
3079:Anytime Upgrade
3062:
2974:
2947:
2938:Windows Runtime
2830:
2804:
2770:Family features
2728:
2553:
2509:DFS Replication
2420:
2335:
2326:Error Reporting
2282:
2182:
2058:Mobility Center
2053:Movies & TV
1947:
1931:Windows Insider
1821:Driver Verifier
1816:Drive Optimizer
1783:
1777:
1768:Booting process
1739:
1734:
1689:
1677:
1669:
1664:
1655:
1653:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1624:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1599:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1577:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1528:
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1520:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1376:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1294:. 22 June 2014.
1282:
1281:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1231:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1144:Microsoft Press
1126:
1125:
1118:
1109:
1107:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1046:
1045:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1010:Microsoft Press
997:
992:
991:
984:
975:
973:
969:
968:
961:
942:
941:
934:
925:
923:
914:
913:
909:
900:
898:
894:
893:
889:
885:
857:
838:
832:
830:Client software
804:
781:remote computer
773:
719:
695:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
659:
655:
637:
612:
605:
601:
588:
531:
481:
417:Terminal Server
414:
412:Terminal Server
381:
377:
373:
369:
348:
345:Terminal Server
341:
221:
203:Microsoft App-V
195:User interfaces
148:Terminal Server
140:virtual machine
136:remote computer
91:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3767:
3765:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3739:Remote desktop
3736:
3726:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
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3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3455:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3269:Steps Recorder
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2989:
2987:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2896:OLE Automation
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2664:Object Manager
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2624:Imaging Format
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2321:Task Scheduler
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2251:Special folder
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2163:Voice Recorder
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1926:Windows Update
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1896:System Restore
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1806:Device Manager
1803:
1798:
1796:Command Prompt
1793:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:on 2016-06-08.
1687:
1675:
1668:
1667:External links
1665:
1663:
1662:
1631:
1606:
1584:
1559:
1556:on 2017-09-18.
1541:
1518:
1493:
1468:
1448:
1428:
1405:
1385:
1374:
1353:
1332:
1311:
1308:. 5 June 2024.
1297:
1275:
1261:
1240:
1211:
1193:
1163:
1156:
1116:
1090:
1070:
1030:
982:
959:
932:
907:
886:
884:
881:
880:
879:
874:
868:
863:
856:
853:
834:Main article:
831:
828:
827:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
803:
800:
799:
798:
795:
792:Single sign-on
788:
772:
769:
718:
715:
636:
633:
616:packaged in a
587:
584:
583:
582:
578:
574:
573:
569:
565:
564:
561:
557:
556:
552:
548:
547:
543:
539:
538:
535:
530:
527:
480:
477:
413:
410:
340:
337:
294:Windows Server
286:administration
282:Windows Server
257:
256:
246:
241:
235:
220:
217:
201:systems, like
111:
110:
89:
85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
59:
53:
52:
47:
41:
40:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3766:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3682:NX technology
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3500:
3495:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3465:
3456:
3454:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3401:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3385:Windows To Go
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3254:Photo Gallery
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3199:Meeting Space
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3169:HyperTerminal
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Easy Transfer
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:Compatibility
2807:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2634:Library files
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
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2394:Reparse point
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2199:
2197:
2196:Action Center
2194:
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2171:
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2149:
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2131:
2129:
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2124:
2123:Snipping Tool
2121:
2119:
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2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
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1999:
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1981:Character Map
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1802:
1801:Control Panel
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1791:App Installer
1789:
1788:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1769:
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1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:Architecture
1751:
1749:
1746:
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1738:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1711:
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1700:
1696:
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1684:
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1670:
1666:
1652:on 2003-01-26
1651:
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1244:
1241:
1230:on 2011-07-05
1229:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1206:Log me in 123
1203:
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1060:on 2003-01-26
1059:
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815:
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805:
802:Disadvantages
801:
796:
793:
790:It allows NT
789:
786:
782:
778:
777:
776:
770:
768:
766:
762:
758:
757:Windows Vista
753:
751:
747:
744:attacks (see
743:
739:
733:
731:
727:
723:
716:
714:
712:
711:network peers
708:
704:
699:
693:
665:
653:
648:
646:
642:
641:Windows Vista
634:
632:
630:
626:
623:
619:
610:
598:
596:
592:
585:
579:
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570:
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501:encapsulating
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366:
362:
358:
355:3389. When a
354:
346:
338:
336:
334:
333:Windows Vista
329:
325:
321:
320:Citrix XenApp
317:
314:
310:
305:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
273:
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263:
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137:
133:
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108:
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83:
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78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
60:
58:
54:
51:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
19:
3698:Back Orifice
3642:Secure Shell
3627:RescueAssist
3616:
3419:File Manager
3259:Photo Viewer
3194:Media Center
3154:Groove Music
3084:Address Book
3055:
3048:
3041:
3036:Purble Place
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
3001:Chess Titans
2999:
2992:
2979:Discontinued
2967:
2960:
2659:Ntoskrnl.exe
2567:Boot Manager
2559:Architecture
2518:
2449:Group Policy
2341:File systems
2241:Saved search
2148:Sticky Notes
2113:Quick Assist
2041:Media Player
2011:Feedback Hub
2006:Fax and Scan
1901:Task Manager
1831:Event Viewer
1811:Disk Cleanup
1699:the original
1654:. Retrieved
1650:the original
1643:
1634:
1623:. Retrieved
1621:. 2009-11-17
1609:
1598:. Retrieved
1587:
1576:. Retrieved
1574:. 2011-09-23
1562:
1554:the original
1544:
1533:. Retrieved
1510:. Retrieved
1485:. Retrieved
1460:. Retrieved
1451:
1440:. Retrieved
1431:
1420:. Retrieved
1397:. Retrieved
1388:
1377:
1366:. Retrieved
1356:
1345:. Retrieved
1335:
1324:. Retrieved
1314:
1300:
1287:
1278:
1264:
1253:. Retrieved
1243:
1232:. Retrieved
1228:the original
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1184:. Retrieved
1175:
1166:
1133:
1108:. Retrieved
1102:
1093:
1082:. Retrieved
1073:
1062:. Retrieved
1058:the original
1051:
1021:. Retrieved
1014:the original
1001:
974:. Retrieved
947:
924:. Retrieved
920:
910:
899:. Retrieved
890:
839:
774:
754:
734:
725:
721:
720:
700:
649:
644:
638:
627:
599:
595:TS RemoteApp
594:
590:
589:
581:application.
524:
517:
488:
484:
482:
469:Group Policy
461:
459:
431:
421:
416:
415:
402:
385:
360:
344:
342:
306:
302:
274:
258:
228:Quick Assist
222:
207:
180:
171:
163:
160:Windows 2000
147:
123:
122:), known as
119:
115:
114:
68:Service name
45:Developer(s)
3434:Minesweeper
3403:Spun off to
3224:MSN Dial-up
3219:Movie Maker
3124:Diagnostics
3074:ActiveMovie
2816:COMMAND.COM
2694:Shadow Copy
2549:Server Core
2389:Mount Point
2316:Shadow Copy
1911:Windows Ink
1146:. pp.
1140:Redmond, WA
1006:Redmond, WA
672:Application
451:web browser
328:source code
272:platforms.
187:thin client
71:TermService
36:Other names
3728:Categories
3652:TeamViewer
3607:pcAnywhere
3582:IBM BigFix
3414:DVD Player
3229:NetMeeting
3129:DriveSpace
2994:3D Pinball
2494:SharePoint
2258:Start menu
2103:Phone Link
1966:Calculator
1921:PowerShell
1782:Management
1656:2007-07-23
1625:2020-05-07
1600:2020-05-07
1578:2020-05-07
1535:2007-10-11
1512:2007-10-11
1487:2007-10-11
1462:2010-11-18
1442:2007-10-02
1422:2007-07-23
1399:2010-11-18
1368:2021-10-17
1364:. Thincast
1347:2009-09-10
1326:2009-09-10
1255:2007-07-23
1234:2012-04-13
1186:11 January
1110:2007-07-23
1084:2010-11-18
1064:2007-07-23
1023:11 January
976:2007-07-23
926:2022-07-09
901:2010-11-18
883:References
771:Advantages
765:Windows XP
696:Invitation
692:serialized
688:RDPSession
686:using the
684:Invitation
668:RDPSession
664:screencast
656:RDPSession
622:Start menu
522:products.
489:RD Gateway
400:standard.
349:termdd.sys
168:Windows NT
95:.microsoft
3647:Splashtop
3577:Crossloop
3547:AetherPal
3209:Messenger
3204:Messaging
3134:DVD Maker
3104:CD Player
3099:CardSpace
3050:Solitaire
2750:BitLocker
2745:AppLocker
2379:Hard link
2268:Task View
2246:Namespace
2216:ClearType
2036:Messaging
2021:Magnifier
1986:Clipchamp
1961:3D Viewer
1645:Microsoft
1572:Microsoft
1292:Microsoft
1180:Microsoft
1104:Microsoft
1053:Microsoft
660:RDPViewer
629:Windows 7
591:RemoteApp
586:RemoteApp
572:desktops.
447:RemoteApp
443:Windows 7
429:as well.
382:RdpWD.sys
378:RdpDD.sys
374:RdpWD.sys
370:RdpDD.sys
368:drivers:
361:SessionID
316:licensing
268:supports
183:Microsoft
178:in 2009.
105:/termserv
50:Microsoft
3672:UltraVNC
3667:Timbuktu
3662:TightVNC
3657:ThinLinc
3632:RustDesk
3602:NinjaOne
3508:software
3453:Category
3330:MS-DOS 7
3315:ScanDisk
3234:NTBackup
3114:Contacts
3094:Cardfile
3029:Hold 'Em
3008:FreeCell
2854:VBScript
2765:Defender
2733:Security
2719:Winlogon
2674:Registry
2288:Services
2221:Explorer
2206:AutoPlay
2093:Paint 3D
2078:OneDrive
2068:Narrator
2016:Get Help
1971:Calendar
1866:Settings
1836:IExpress
949:PC World
855:See also
746:BlueKeep
394:FIPS 140
353:TCP port
266:rdesktop
262:Winlogon
219:Overview
209:RemoteFX
101:/windows
3612:RealVNC
3587:LogMeIn
3552:AnyDesk
3514:General
3429:Mahjong
3350:Interix
3284:WinHelp
3184:Journal
3174:Imaging
3022:InkBall
2908:DirectX
2871:ActiveX
2859:JScript
2572:Console
2544:Hyper-V
2439:Domains
2263:Taskbar
2236:IFilter
2211:AutoRun
2173:WordPad
2168:Weather
2083:OneNote
2073:Notepad
1996:Cortana
1871:Sysprep
1288:Support
1176:Support
851:exist.
427:cluster
193:(RDP).
181:RDS is
144:network
142:over a
88:Website
3708:NetBus
3637:scrcpy
3462:
3451:
3424:Hover!
3298:Others
3279:Travel
3274:Syskey
3057:Tinker
3015:Hearts
2943:WinUSB
2928:WinAPI
2913:Native
2724:WinUSB
2649:MinWin
2426:Server
2226:Search
2138:Sports
2108:Photos
2098:People
1976:Camera
1224:Citrix
1154:
680:Window
676:Window
493:tunnel
491:, can
376:. The
313:patent
309:Citrix
103:/win32
99:/en-us
3390:WinFS
3289:Write
2986:Games
2953:Games
2826:WoW64
2654:NTLDR
2644:LSASS
2577:CSRSS
2384:links
2359:exFAT
2188:Shell
2153:Store
2143:Start
2133:Skype
2088:Paint
2063:Money
1991:Clock
1938:WinRE
1846:Netsh
1784:tools
1773:Games
1150:–21.
1017:(PDF)
998:(PDF)
529:Roles
513:macOS
497:HTTPS
253:MSRDC
251:(via
240:(RDC)
174:with
3713:Sub7
3464:List
3345:HPFS
3109:Chat
3067:Apps
2969:Surf
2918:.NET
2886:DCOM
2714:WHEA
2709:USER
2699:SMSS
2489:WSUS
2469:MSMQ
2411:ReFS
2374:NTFS
2349:CDFS
2306:CLFS
2301:BITS
2201:Aero
2178:Xbox
2158:Tips
2046:2022
2031:Maps
2026:Mail
2001:Edge
1953:Apps
1748:APIs
1188:2014
1152:ISBN
1025:2014
761:SSPI
705:and
613:.rdp
606:.msi
602:.rdp
593:(or
483:The
372:and
270:Unix
97:.com
93:docs
77:Type
3244:Pay
3144:Fax
2891:OLE
2866:COM
2849:WSH
2836:API
2597:DLL
2592:EXE
2504:PWS
2484:IIS
2444:DNS
2416:UDF
2404:EFS
2399:TxF
2369:FAT
2364:IFS
2354:DFS
1943:WMI
954:IDG
726:NLA
652:API
639:In
471:or
432:In
390:RC4
365:GDI
150:in
138:or
126:in
120:RDS
3730::
1761:NT
1756:9x
1693:.
1681:.
1642:.
1617:.
1570:.
1521:^
1496:^
1471:^
1408:^
1286:.
1222:.
1204:.
1178:.
1174:.
1148:20
1142::
1119:^
1101:.
1050:.
1033:^
1008::
1004:.
1000:.
985:^
962:^
952:.
946:.
935:^
919:.
713:.
335:.
300:.
3498:e
3491:t
3484:v
1729:e
1722:t
1715:v
1659:.
1628:.
1603:.
1581:.
1538:.
1515:.
1490:.
1465:.
1445:.
1425:.
1402:.
1371:.
1350:.
1329:.
1258:.
1237:.
1208:.
1190:.
1160:.
1113:.
1087:.
1067:.
1027:.
979:.
929:.
904:.
724:(
347:(
255:)
118:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.