Tern - Knowledge (XXG)

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birds, with individuals typically returning for 7–10 breeding seasons. Maximum known ages include 34 for an Arctic tern and 32 for a sooty. Although several other species are known to live in captivity for up to 20 years, their greatest recorded ages are underestimates because the birds can outlive their

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Habitat enhancements used to increase the breeding success of terns include floating nest platforms for black, common and Caspian terns, and artificial islands created for a number of different species. More specialised interventions include providing nest boxes for roseate terns, which normally nest

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if their habitat is sufficiently stable. A few species nest in small or dispersed groups, but most breed in colonies of up to a few hundred pairs, often alongside other seabirds such as gulls or skimmers. Large tern species tend to form larger colonies, which in the case of the sooty tern can contain

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Most tern species are declining in numbers due to the loss or disturbance of breeding habitat, pollution and increased predation. Gull populations have increased over the last century because of reduced persecution and the availability of food from human activities, and terns have been forced out of

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does not start until after migration, the plumage then becoming more like the adult, but with some retained juvenile feathers and a white forehead with only a partial dark cap. By the second summer, the appearance is very like the adult, and full mature plumage is usually attained by the third year.

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at 48–56 cm (19–22 in), 500–700 g (18–25 oz). They are longer-billed, lighter-bodied, and more streamlined than gulls, and their long tails and long narrow wings give them an elegance in flight. Male and female plumages are identical, although the male can be 2–5% larger than the

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Research in 2007 had suggested that the noddies were not terns at all, but were basal to all the other genera in Laridae, a taxonomy that was followed by the IOC World Bird List for several years up to 2023, but more comprehensive analysis has now shown that the noddies are basal to only the other

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as adults, with a black cap to the head. The legs and bill are various combinations of red, orange, yellow, or black depending on species. The pale plumage is conspicuous from a distance at sea, and may attract other birds to a good feeding area for these fish-eating species. When seen against the

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with his mate or attracts a new female if necessary. Courtship involves ritualised flight and ground displays, and the male often presents a fish to his partner. Most species have little or no nest, laying the eggs onto bare ground, but Trudeau's tern, Forster's tern and the marsh terns construct

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created the family Sternidae for the terns in 1838, for many years they were considered to be a subfamily, Sterninae, of the gull family, Laridae. Relationships between various tern species, and between the terns and the other Charadriiformes, were formerly difficult to resolve because of a poor

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in about four weeks after hatching. Tropical species take longer because of the poorer food supply. Both parents incubate the eggs and feed the chicks, although the female does more incubating and less fishing than her partner. Young birds migrate with the adults. Terns are generally long-lived

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paler grey. The reason for their dark plumage is unknown, but it has been suggested that in tropical areas, where food resources are scarce, the less conspicuous colouration makes it harder for other noddies to detect a feeding bird. Plumage type, especially the head pattern, is linked to the

2675:", with declining populations of less than 10,000 birds. The South Asian black-bellied tern is threatened by habitat loss, egg collecting for food, pollution and predation. In New Zealand, the black-fronted tern is facing a rapid fall in numbers due to predation by introduced mammals and 2598:, and are disproportionately targeted by egg collectors. Tern skins and feathers have long been used for making items of clothing such as capes and hats, and this became a large-scale activity in the second half of the nineteenth century when it became fashionable to use feathers in 2009:

tagged 'G82' covered a staggering 96,000 km in just 10 months from the end of one breeding season to the start of the next, travelling not just the length of the Atlantic Ocean and the width of the Indian Ocean, but also half way across the South Pacific to the boundary between the

1989:, and the Arctic tern sees more annual daylight than any other animal as it migrates from its northern breeding grounds to Antarctic waters, a return journey of more than 30,000 km (19,000 mi). A common tern that hatched in Sweden and was found dead five months later on 413:) have unusual notched-wedge shaped tails, the longest tail feathers being the middle-outer, rather than the central or outermost. Although their legs are short, terns can run well. They rarely swim, despite having webbed feet, usually landing on water only to bathe. 2061:

is entirely oceanic when not breeding, and healthy young birds are not seen on land for up to five years after fledging until they return to breed. They lack waterproof plumage, so they cannot rest on the sea. Where they spend the years prior to breeding is unknown.

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Terns have sometimes benefited from human activities, following the plough or fishing boats for easy food supplies, although some birds get trapped in nets or swallow plastic. Fishermen looked for feeding tern flocks, since the birds could lead them to fish shoals.

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can lead to steep declines in the colonies relying on these prey items. More generally, the loss or disruption to tern colonies caused by human activities has caused declines in many species. Pollution has been a problem in some areas, and in the 1960s and 1970s

2671:. It has a population of fewer than 50 birds and a breeding range of just 9 km (3.5 sq mi). It is declining due to egg collection, human disturbance and the loss of coastal wetlands in China. Three other species are categorised as " 1970: 2359: 2264:. The marsh terns normally catch insects in the air or pick them off the surface of fresh water. Other species will sometimes use these techniques if the opportunity arises. An individual tern's foraging efficiency increases with its age. 2256:, since these large marine animals drive the prey to the surface. Sooty terns feed at night as the fish rise to the surface, and are believed to sleep on the wing since they become waterlogged easily. Terns of several species will feed on 2329:

in the oil drops than other species. The pigment also improves visual contrast and sharpens distance vision, especially in hazy conditions, and helps terns to locate shoals of fish, although it is uncertain whether they are sighting the

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for at least part of the year. The sexes are identical in appearance, but young birds are readily distinguishable from adults. Terns have a non-breeding plumage, which usually involves a white forehead and much-reduced black cap.

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and lay their eggs on bare ground with little or no nest material. Marsh terns construct floating nests from the vegetation in their wetland habitats, and a few species build simple nests in trees, on cliffs or in crevices. The

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Juvenile terns typically have brown- or yellow-tinged upperparts, and the feathers have dark edges that give the plumage a scaly appearance. They have dark bands on the wings and short tails. In most species, the subsequent

2123:, although trios or female-female pairings have been observed in at least three species. Most terns breed annually and at the same time of year, but some tropical species may nest at intervals shorter than 12 months or 2761: 328:). They are slender, lightly built birds with long, forked tails, narrow wings, long bills, and relatively short legs. Most species are pale grey above and white below with a contrasting black cap to the head, but the 2216:. Interbreeding between tern species is rare, and involves closely related species when it occurs. Hybrids recorded include common tern with roseate, Sandwich with lesser-crested, and black with white-winged. 742:

as well as the marine species. Some authorities consider "tearn" and similar forms to be variants of "stearn", while others derive the English words from Scandinavian equivalents such as Danish and Norwegian

2768:. Parties to the AWEA agreement are required to engage in a wide range of conservation strategies described in a detailed action plan. The plan is intended to address key issues such as species and 1997:, must have flown at least 25,000 km (16,000 mi). Actual flight distances are, of course, much greater than the shortest possible route. Arctic terns from Greenland were shown by radio 2240:

Most terns hunt fish by diving, often hovering first, and the particular approach technique used can help to distinguish similar species at a distance. Sea terns often hunt in association with

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of the terns, and the pale-capped, dark-bodied noddies are believed to have diverged earlier than the other genera from an ancestral white-headed gull, followed by the partially black-headed

541:, given as an individual takes flight in response to a more serious threat; this quietens the usually noisy colony while its residents assess the danger. Other calls include a down-slurred 3361:

de Pietri, Vanesa L; Costeur, Loïc; Güntert, Marcel; Mayr, Gerald (2011). "A revision of the Lari (Aves, Charadriiformes) from the early Miocene of Saint-Gérand-le-Puy (Allier, France)".

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Bridge, Eli S; Jones, Andrew W; Baker, Allan J (2005). "A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution".

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up to two million pairs. Large species nest very close together and sit tightly, making it difficult for aerial predators to land among them. Smaller species are less closely packed and

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under water, so they rely on accurate sighting from the air before they plunge-dive. Like other seabirds that feed at the surface or dive for food, terns have red oil droplets in the

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Paton, Tara A; Baker, Allan J (2006). "Sequences from 14 mitochondrial genes provide a well-supported phylogeny of the Charadriiform birds congruent with the nuclear RAG-1 tree".

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research in the early twenty-first century, the terns were historically treated as a separate family, Sternidae. Most terns were formerly treated as belonging to one large genus,

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make rough platforms of grass and seaweed on cliff ledges, in cavities or on other rocky surfaces. The Inca tern nests in crevices, caves and disused burrows, such as that of a

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Terns and their eggs have long been eaten by humans and island colonies were raided by sailors on long voyages since the eggs or large chicks were an easily obtained source of

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Olsen, Björn; Munster, Vincent J; Wallensten, Anders; Waldenström, Jonas; Osterhaus, D M E; Fouchier, Ron A M (2006). "Global patterns of influenza A virus in wild birds".

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van Tuinen, Marcel; Waterhouse, David M; Dyke, Gareth J (2004). "Avian molecular systematics on the rebound: a fresh look at modern shorebird phylogenetic relationships".

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nest above ground level on cliffs or in trees. Migratory terns move to the coast after breeding, and most species winter near land, although some marine species, like the

56: 2772:, management of human activities, research, education, and implementation. The North American legislation is similar, although there is a greater emphasis on protection. 2271:

is an opportunist predator, taking a wide variety of prey from marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats. Depending on what is available it will eat small crabs, fish,

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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata

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Nisbet, Ian C T; Bridge, Eli S; Szczys, Patricia; Heidinger, Britt J (2007). "Sexual dimorphism, female-female pairs, and test for assortative mating in Common Terns".

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sky, the white underparts also help to hide the hunting bird from its intended prey. The Inca tern has mainly dark plumage, and three species that mainly eat insects,

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Paton, Tara A; Baker, Allan J; Groth, Jeffrey G; Barrowclough, George F (2003). "RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds".

2083:. Most species feed on fish caught by diving from flight, but the marsh terns are insect-eaters, and some large terns will supplement their diet with small land 401:

female and often has a relatively larger bill. Sea terns have deeply forked tails, and at least a shallow "V" is shown by all other species. The noddies (genera

3850: 2127:. Most terns become sexually mature when aged three, although some small species may breed in their second year. Some large sea terns, including the sooty and 3615:"Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of Charadriiformes genera: multigene evidence for the Cretaceous origin of at least 14 clades of shorebirds" 2710: 2602:. This trend started in Europe but soon spread to the Americas and Australia. White was the preferred colour, and sometimes wings or entire birds were used. 2195:

Tropical species usually lay just one egg, but two or three is typical in cooler regions if there is an adequate food supply. The time taken to complete the

704:. These results are in disagreement with other molecular and morphological studies, and have been interpreted as showing either a large degree of molecular 650:

bill", referring to the long, pointed bills typical of this group of birds, a feature that distinguishes them from the thicker-billed gulls. Behaviour and

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Terns have a worldwide distribution, breeding on all continents including Antarctica. The northernmost and southernmost breeders are the Arctic tern and

356:; most species are declining in numbers due directly or indirectly to human activities, including habitat loss, pollution, disturbance, and predation by 1587: 4128: 1655: 6042: 505: 2203:

takes 21–28 days. The eggs of most gulls and terns are brown with dark splotches, so they are difficult for predators to spot on the beach. The

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many traditional nesting areas by the larger birds. A few species are defying the trend and showing local increases, including the Arctic tern in

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Stevenson, J G; Hutchison, R E; Hutchison, J B; Bertram B C R; Thorpe, W H (1970). "Individual recognition by auditory cues in the Common Tern (

2521:. Lice are often host specific, and the closely related common and Arctic terns carry quite different species. Internal parasites include the 1767: 5745: 5707: 5609: 5500: 5476: 5400: 5377: 2338:

sensitivity, which in any case is an adaptation more suited to terrestrial feeders like the gulls, and this protects the eye from UV damage.

734:, written in the ninth century or earlier. Variants such as "tearn" occurred by the eleventh century, although the older form lingered on in 4204: 3566:

Thomas, Gavin H; Wills, Matthew A; Székely, Tamás (2004). "Phylogeny of shorebirds, gulls, and alcids (Aves: Charadrii) from the cytochrome-

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stocks in 1972, but breeding colonies have subsequently been lost due to building, disturbance and pollution in their coastal wetlands.

372:. International agreements provide a measure of protection, but adults and eggs of some species are still used for food in the tropics. 4230:

Erwin, R Michael; Eyler, T Brian; Hatfield, Jeff S; McGary, Sabrina (1998). "Diets of nestling Gull-Billed Terns in coastal Virginia".

2679:. Disturbance by cattle and sheep and by human activities is also a factor. The Peruvian tern was initially damaged by the collapse of 5814: 5795: 5726: 5684: 5647: 5628: 5573: 5554: 5535: 5457: 5438: 5419: 5358: 5339: 5316: 3541: 3344: 2765: 2291:

and the eggs and chicks of other beach-breeding birds; least terns, little terns and members of its own species may be victims. The

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After breeding, terns moult into a winter plumage, typically showing a white forehead. Heavily worn or aberrant plumages such as

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variant being found in an outbreak involving South African birds. Several species of terns have been implicated as carriers of

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Burger, Joanna; Gochfeld, Michael; Boarman, William I (1988). "Experimental evidence for sibling recognition in Common Terns (

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of that genus. In 1961 the common tern was the first wild bird species identified as being infected with avian influenza, the

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also recognise each other's vocalisations from about the twelfth day after hatching, which helps to keep the brood together.

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area of the US. Because of their sensitivity to pollutants, terns are sometimes used as indicators of contamination levels.

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Gochfeld, M.; Burger, J. (1996). "Family Sternidae (Terns)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.).

5839: 4687: 2697:". Disturbance by humans, dogs and vehicles, predation by introduced species and inappropriate water level management in 5755: 759: 615: 496: 3854: 3820: 86: 4461: 3005:"Comprehensive taxon sampling and vetted fossils help clarify the time tree of shorebirds (Aves, Charadriiformes)" 3916:

Egevang, Carsten; Stenhouse, Iain J; Phillips, Richard A; Petersen, Aevar; Fox, James W; Silk, Janet R D (2010).

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Turner on Birds (Auium præcipuarum, quarum apud Plinium et Aristotelem mentio est, breuis et succincta historia)

4286: 2103: 1353: 3532: 3456: 2079:, uniquely, lays its single egg on a bare tree branch. Depending on the species, one to three eggs make up the 1990: 763: 655: 163: 4273:

Dies, J Ignacio; Marín, Jennifer; Pérez, Carlos (2005). "Diet of nesting Gull-Billed Terns in eastern Spain".

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Burgess, N D; Hirons, G J M (1992). "Creation and management of artificial nesting sites for wetland birds".

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Dunlop, C L; Blokpoel, H; Jarvie, S (1991). "Nesting rafts as a management tool for a declining common tern (

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Varela, F J; Palacios, A G; Goldsmith T M "Color vision in birds" in Ziegler & Bischof (1993) pp. 77–94.

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in the Arctic, and gull-billed terns in little tern colonies. Adults may be robbed of their catch by avian

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Massey, Barbara W (1976). "Vocal Differences between American Least Terns and the European Little Tern".

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terns, not the whole family; this has now been followed by the IOC World Bird List version 14.1 in 2024.

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suggest that the terns are more closely related to the gulls than to the skimmers or skuas, and although

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has a population of less than 5,000 adults breeding on small and often stormy islands in the southern

2451:. Problems arise not only on formerly mammal-free islands, as in New Zealand, but also where an alien 2398: 6014: 5988: 5921: 4824: 4620: 4332: 4239: 3936: 3579: 3416: 3370: 3239: 3128: 3016: 2956: 2769: 2660: 2292: 1718: 1708: 705: 651: 361: 762:

had used in 1544 as a Latinisation of an English word, presumably "stern", for the black tern) or a

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Vocal differences reinforce species separation between closely related birds such as the least and

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breed only on rivers, and common, least and little terns also sometimes use inland locations. The

4874: 4797: 4758: 4644: 4298: 4290: 4255: 4208: 4068: 4060: 3386: 3179: 3152: 3097: 2980: 2714: 2694: 2680: 2672: 2652: 2648: 2526: 2420: 2160: 2030: 2022: 1910: 1896: 1826: 1796: 1636: 1422: 430: 369: 333: 81: 5155: 5125: 5095: 5065: 5035: 5005: 4975: 4945: 4318:"Trawl discards in the diets of tropical seabirds of the northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia" 4098: 3790: 1402: 1174: 782:

shows the relationships between the tern genera, and the currently recognised species, based on

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Quillfeldt, Petra; Arriero, Elena; Martínez, Javier; Masello, Juan F; Merino, Santiago (2011).

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noddies have dark plumage with a pale head cap, the other two (formerly separated in the genus

5996: 5810: 5791: 5741: 5722: 5703: 5680: 5657: 5643: 5624: 5605: 5569: 5550: 5531: 5496: 5472: 5453: 5434: 5415: 5396: 5373: 5354: 5335: 5312: 4636: 4593: 4433: 4007:"Use of sea ice by arctic terns Sterna paradisaea in Antarctica and impacts of climate change" 3964: 3644: 3595: 3485: 3432: 3340: 3255: 3144: 2972: 2676: 2042: 2038: 2026: 2001:

to average 70,000 km (43,000 mi) on their annual migrations, while another from the

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gene sequence found a close relationship between terns and a group of waders in the suborder

6047: 4866: 4832: 4789: 4750: 4717: 4628: 4583: 4573: 4512: 4423: 4415: 4340: 4282: 4247: 4052: 4018: 3954: 3944: 3634: 3626: 3587: 3475: 3465: 3424: 3378: 3333: 3282: 3247: 3136: 3089: 3024: 2964: 2542: 2487: 2402: 2366: 2304: 2268: 2189: 1836: 1531: 587: 396:, at 23 cm (9.1 in) in length and weighing 30–45 g (1.1–1.6 oz), to the 288: 5860: 2702: 2698: 2567: 2548: 2483: 2124: 1541: 1308: 735: 624: 576: 573: 138: 4851: 4317: 4207:. Queensland Government Department of Environment and Heritage Protection. Archived from 1748: 5665: 4828: 4624: 4336: 4243: 3940: 3583: 3420: 3374: 3243: 3132: 3020: 2960: 272: 261: 6037: 5877: 5865: 5696: 5389: 4588: 4428: 4403: 3959: 3639: 3614: 2729:, are expected to decline in the future due to habitat loss and disturbance. Some tern 2718: 2620: 2382: 2200: 2164: 2088: 2006: 1986: 1982: 1866: 1856: 1626: 607: 595: 321: 4836: 3983: 3853:. Palaeobiology and Biodiversity Research Group, University of Bristol. Archived from 3591: 3480: 3451: 3251: 2578: 2423:

brought by humans can seriously affect breeding birds. These can be predators such as

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uttered during social contact. Parents and chicks can locate one another by call, and

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in eastern North America and its yellow-billed subspecies, the Cayenne tern, in the

1255: 5853: 5783: 5661: 5487: 5277: 4648: 3156: 2722: 2706: 2583: 2554: 2471: 2409: 2405: 2322:; birds that have to look through an air/water interface have more deeply coloured 2284: 2257: 2213: 2173: 2128: 2015: 1816: 1728: 1519: 1497: 1318: 1216: 1189: 935: 697: 677: 676:, with just a few dark species placed in other genera; in one 1959 paper, only the 530: 397: 341: 208: 194: 73: 5926: 5469:

The animals of New Zealand: an account of the dominion's air-breathing vertebrates

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Digest of Federal Resource Laws of Interest to the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service

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The inaccessibility of many tern colonies gave them a measure of protection from

2192:. The white tern is unique in that it lays its single egg on a bare tree branch. 503: 5978: 5831: 3681: 3428: 3028: 2968: 2746: 2687: 2624: 2607: 2595: 2491: 2350: 2335: 2276: 2229: 2177: 2149: 2132: 2107: 2092: 2071: 2046: 1998: 1994: 1876: 1806: 1485: 1478: 1392: 1382: 1296: 1206: 1196: 952: 856: 725: 561: 557: 526: 448: 265: 222: 69: 5872: 3570:

gene: parsimony, Bayesian inference, minimum evolution, and quartet puzzling".

1969: 1556: 380: 4706:"Effect of floating nest platforms on the breeding performance of black terns" 2730: 2726: 2690: 2643: 2522: 2512: 2502: 2498: 2386: 2323: 2315: 2296: 2185: 2181: 2136: 2084: 2076: 2058: 2050: 2034: 1974: 1886: 1698: 1662: 1606: 1594: 1563: 1412: 1372: 1328: 1274: 1240: 1226: 1033: 1009: 985: 739: 517: 422: 393: 352:

Terns are long-lived birds and are relatively free from natural predators and

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Agreement on the conservation of African-Eurasian migratory Waterbirds (AEWA)

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mats to encourage common terns to nest in areas not vulnerable to flooding.

2599: 2552:. Terns are normally free of blood parasites, unlike gulls that often carry 2452: 2280: 2204: 2168: 1572: 1289: 779: 752: 701: 681: 385: 353: 337: 215: 98: 5717:

Svensson, Lars; Mullarney, Killian; Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter (1999).

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species are the marsh terns, and all other species comprise the sea terns.

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in a subgroup of the family Laridae, which also includes several genera of

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on which the fish feed, or other feeding birds. The red colouring reduces

5906: 5777:'There is another small bird of this type, called Stern in local dialect' 2611: 2559: 2460: 2300: 2272: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2021:

Most terns breed on open sandy or rocky areas on coasts and islands. The

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huius generis est & alia parua auis, nostrati lingua sterna apellata

4852:"Least terns nesting on natural and artificial habitats in Georgia, USA" 2705:", indicating less severe concerns or only potential vulnerability. The 2172:

floating nests from the vegetation in their wetland habitats. Black and

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respectively. Many terns breeding in temperate zones are long-distance

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Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds

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is so categorised because 95% of the population breeds on one island,

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Blaber, S J M; Milton, D A; Smith, G C; Farmer, M J (November 1995).

4142:. New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service. Archived from 3140: 2440: 2416: 2319: 2253: 2208: 1774: 1050: 672: 660: 300:, that have a worldwide distribution and are normally found near the 236: 108: 17: 5883: 4917:"Use of artificial eelgrass mats by saltmarsh-nesting Common Terns ( 4870: 4793: 4754: 4251: 3216:

Burger J; Gochfeld M "Laridae, Sternidae and Rynchopidae" in Steele

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species. An exception is the brown noddy, which sometimes harbours

2131:, are four or older when they first breed. Terns normally breed in 2070:

The terns are birds of open habitats that typically breed in noisy

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between the terns and these waders, or the retention of an ancient

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The Sound Approach to birding: a guide to understanding bird sound

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Håstad, Olle; Ernstdotter, Emma; Ödeen, Anders (September 2005).

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build nests of twigs, feathers and excreta on tree branches, and

4404:"Ultraviolet vision and foraging in dip and plunge diving birds" 2479: 2444: 2249: 738:

for several centuries. As now, the term was used for the inland

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Terns have a wide repertoire of vocalisations. For example, the

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Steele, John H; Thorpe Steve A; Turekian, Karl K, eds. (2001).

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given when an adult is approaching the nest with a fish, and a

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caused egg loss through thinning of the shells. In the 1980s,

2616: 2467: 2448: 2436: 2432: 2424: 758:. Linnaeus adopted "stearn" or "sterna" (which the naturalist 603: 301: 4673:"Exploitation of bird plumages in the German Mariana Islands" 3984:"Arctic tern in record-breaking migration from Farne Islands" 2760:

Terns are protected by international legislation such as the

433:, have black underparts in the breeding season. Three of the 5805:

Ziegler, Harris Philip; Bischof, Hans-Joachim, eds. (1993).

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Morrison, P; Gurney M (2007). "Nest boxes for roseate terns

3613:

Baker, Allan J.; Pereira, Sérgio L.; Paton, Tara A. (2007).

1929:

In addition to extant species, the fossil record includes a

1213:

sometimes considered to be a subspecies of the lesser noddy)

485: 5471:(reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5186:"Annex 2: Waterbird species to which the Agreement applies" 4776:

Lampman, K; Taylor, M; Blokpoel, H (1996). "Caspian terns (

4287:

10.1675/1524-4695(2005)028[0106:dongti]2.0.co;2

3339:(ninth ed.). Edinburgh: Chambers. 2006. p. 1510. 2631:

in the shelter of tallish vegetation, and using artificial

5807:

Vision, Brain, and Behavior in Birds: A comparative review

3450:

Thomas, Gavin H; Wills, Matthew A; Székely, Tamás (2004).

2369:

will sometimes prey on the chicks and young of other terns

1419:

formerly considered to be a subspecies of the little tern)

1409:

formerly considered to be a subspecies of the little tern)

1247:

sometimes considered to be a subspecies of the blue noddy)

4896:

on Coquet Island RSPB reserve, Northumberland, England".

4057:

10.1675/1524-4695(2007)30[169:sdfpat]2.0.co;2

1233:

this and grey noddy formerly treated in a separate genus

3503:

Moynihan, M (1959). "A revision of the family Laridae".

2701:

are the main reasons for its decline. Five species are "

728:

as early as the eighth century, and appears in the poem

416:

The majority of sea terns have light grey or white body

5640:

New generation guide to the birds of Britain and Europe

2095:

may see more daylight in a year than any other animal.

5764:(1903 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 5467:

Hutton, Frederick Wollaston; Drummond, James (2011) .

4559:"Prevalence of blood parasites in seabirds – a review" 3785: 3783: 696:

into several smaller genera. One study of part of the

590:. Within the order, the terns form a lineage with the 5837: 537:, also used as a warning to intruders, and a shorter 5667:

Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A study of bird parasites

5896: 5602:

Bird Migration (Collins New Naturalist Library 113)

5788:A Guide to the Birds of Fiji and Western Polynesia 5738:Emerging pests and vector-borne diseases in Europe 5695: 5388: 5327: 3723: 3680: 3332: 5307:Barlow, Clive; Wacher, Tim; Disley, Tony (1997). 2915:"Some adaptive features of seabird plumage types" 2439:, or animals that destroy the habitat, including 564:, since flight calls are unique to each species. 5309:A Field Guide to Birds of The Gambia and Senegal 5226:Birds protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act 4505:Proceedings of the United States National Museum 2659:A number of terns face serious threats, and the 663:record and the misidentification of some finds. 5638:Perrins, Christopher M; Arlott, Norman (1987). 4501:(Mallophaga: Philopteridae) occurring on terns" 4093: 4091: 3929:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2307:hatchlings, and follows trawlers for discards. 618:did not clearly separate terns from gulls, but 5740:. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers. 5736:Takken, Willem; Knols, Bart G J, eds. (2007). 5349:Constantine, Mark; The Sound Approach (2006). 3773: 3771: 2482:or gulls. Less obvious nest predators include 2156:plumage of the eggs and young for protection. 2152:have small dispersed colonies and rely on the 724:The word "stearn" was used for these birds in 4850:Krogh, Michael G; Schweitzer, Sara H (1999). 3452:"A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny" 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2749:, Forster's tern around the Great Lakes, the 2586:is trapped for food on its wintering grounds. 2260:, following the plough or hunting on foot on 8: 5619:Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsson, Hans (1995). 5489:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 3518: 3516: 3514: 2474:, and their chicks and eggs may be taken by 5677:How Animals See: Other Visions of Our World 4370: 4368: 5884: 5790:. Suva, Fiji: Environmental Con-sultants. 4005:Redfern, Chris; Bevan, Richard M. (2020). 1158: 55: 38: 4780:) breed successfully on a nesting raft". 4721: 4704:Shealer, D; Buzzell, J; Heiar, J (2006). 4587: 4577: 4460:Parkes, K C; Poole, A; Lapham, H (1971). 4427: 4344: 3958: 3948: 3638: 3479: 3469: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 2878:Gochfeld & Burger (1996) pp. 624–645. 5564:Maehr, David S; Kale, Herbert W (2005). 5370:Essentials of Avian Medicine and Surgery 5254:. UNEP/ AEWA Secretariat. Archived from 5195:. UNEP/ AEWA Secretariat. Archived from 4547:Rothschild & Clay (1953) p. 194–197. 4529:Rothschild & Clay (1953) p. 82, 130. 4462:"The Ruddy Turnstone as an egg predator" 4358: 4356: 3402: 3400: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 5844: 5517:(in Latin). Holmiae : Laurentii Salvii. 2792: 2725:. Three species, the Inca, Damara, and 2340: 1957:are collectively known as noddies, the 622:recognised the distinction in his 1758 475:are much rarer in terns than in gulls. 368:and three other species are classed as 6053:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte 4199: 4197: 4195: 3851:"Fossil record of the Charadriiformes" 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2419:predators, especially on islands, but 515: 5642:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 4661:Takken & Knols (2007) p. 137–140. 3831:. International Ornithologists' Union 3572:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3409:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3232:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3009:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2949:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2494:, skuas, other terns or large gulls. 2295:will also occasionally catch unusual 2279:and other large insects, lizards and 1153:(2005) and Černý & Natale (2021) 7: 5989:b6a593fd-ccbc-4a68-8c72-3d21aefbcb73 5252:African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement 4538:Rothschild & Clay (1953) p. 135. 4176:Hume & Pearson (1993) pp. 54–55. 3744:participating institution membership 3701:participating institution membership 3003:Černý, David; Natale, Rossy (2022). 2903:Hutton & Drummond (2011) p. 226. 5278:"Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918" 4817:Journal of Environmental Management 3888:Perrins & Arlott (1987) p. 130. 3048:Olsen & Larsson (1995) pp. 6–9. 1025: 1001: 977: 927: 920: 896: 872: 848: 824: 800: 793: 5448:Hume, Rob; Pearson, Bruce (1993). 3363:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2808:Olsen & Larsson (1995) p. 136. 2199:varies, but for temperate species 1281:also sometimes called white noddy) 388:is the most atypical of the group. 25: 5679:. Beckenham, London: Croom Helm. 5621:Terns of Europe and North America 5524:Oxford Book of British Bird Names 5412:Seabirds: An Identification Guide 5284:. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service 4167:Olsen & Larsson (1995) p. 10. 3922:reveals longest animal migration" 2826:Olsen & Larsson (1995) p. 25. 2766:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 2463:, presents an unfamiliar threat. 2353:in flight showing the forked tail 628:, placing the gulls in the genus 6043:Extant Miocene first appearances 5871: 5859: 5847: 4723:10.1111/j.1557-9263.2006.00040.x 3287:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03362.x 2374: 2358: 2343: 2057:, may wander far from land. The 1766: 1654: 1586: 1555: 1511: 1477: 1446: 1352: 1288: 1254: 1173: 516:Problems playing this file? See 501: 85: 5834:on the Internet Bird Collection 4517:10.5479/si.00963801.105-3353.83 3823:; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). 2799:Maehr & Kale (2005) p. 111. 2087:. Many terns are long-distance 5698:Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences 5391:Handbook of Birds of the World 5334:. London: Granada Publishing. 5228:. US Fish and Wildlife Service 4325:Marine Ecology Progress Series 4140:Threatened Species Information 3825:"Sandpipers, snipes, coursers" 2733:are endangered, including the 2623:caused severe declines in the 766:equivalent for his genus name 594:, and, less closely, with the 312:. Terns are treated in eleven 1: 5568:. Sarasota: Pineapple Press. 5353:. Poole: The Sound Approach. 5311:. Robertsbridge: Pica Press. 4837:10.1016/s0301-4797(11)80004-6 4671:Spennemann, Dirk H R (1999). 3670:Lockwood (1984) pp. 147, 153. 3592:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00222-7 3252:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00098-8 3196:Constantine (2006) pp. 73–77. 2466:Adult terns may be hunted by 392:Terns range in size from the 76:together, Northumberland, UK 5623:. London: Christopher Helm. 5495:. London: Christopher Helm. 5414:. London: Christopher Helm. 4710:Journal of Field Ornithology 4686:(2): 309–318. Archived from 4485:Harrison (1988) pp. 320–323. 3897:Harrison (1988) pp. 370–371. 3540:(6): 306–323. Archived from 3383:10.1080/02724634.2011.586663 2894:Harrison (1988) pp. 387–390. 2045:nest in inland marshes. The 2018:before returning back west. 1619:(or white-winged black tern 5549:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4392:Lythgoe (1979) pp. 180–183. 4374:Sinclair (1985) pp. 88–100. 4085:Watling (2003) pp. 206–207. 3829:World Bird List Version 9.2 3429:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.011 3029:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107620 2969:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.010 2913:Simmons, Keith E L (1972). 2244:or predatory fish, such as 2163:, which he defends against 786:studies, are listed below: 692:supported the splitting of 6069: 5702:. London: Academic Press. 4915:Palestis, Brian G (2009). 4497:"Biting lice of the genus 3906:Newton (2010) pp. 150–151. 2540:and members of the genera 29: 5675:Sinclair, Sandra (1985). 5587:. Encyclopædia Britannica 5486:Jobling, James A (2010). 5222:"List of Migratory Birds" 3918:"Tracking of Arctic terns 3731:Oxford English Dictionary 3688:Oxford English Dictionary 3505:American Museum Novitates 2782:Seabird breeding behavior 2764:(AEWA) and the US-Canada 2574:Relationships with humans 2310:The eyes of terns cannot 1977:breeds on inland marshes. 1715:also known as swift tern) 1689:Thalasseus albididorsalis 1685:West African crested tern 1047: 1030: 1023: 1006: 999: 982: 975: 949: 932: 925: 918: 901: 894: 877: 870: 853: 846: 829: 822: 805: 798: 176: 171: 82:Scientific classification 80: 63: 54: 41: 5809:. Cambridge: MIT Press. 5583:Merriam-Webster (2014). 5410:Harrison, Peter (1988). 5166:. BirdLife International 5136:. BirdLife International 5106:. BirdLife International 5076:. BirdLife International 5046:. BirdLife International 5016:. BirdLife International 4986:. BirdLife International 4956:. BirdLife International 4450:Hume (1993) pp. 112–119. 4109:. BirdLife International 4011:Journal of Avian Biology 3982:BBC News (7 June 2016). 3801:. BirdLife International 3457:BMC Evolutionary Biology 3275:Journal of Avian Biology 2741:race of the grey noddy. 1965:Distribution and habitat 656:Charles Lucien Bonaparte 606:. Early authors such as 5528:Oxford University Press 5326:Burton, Robert (1985). 4633:10.1126/science.1122438 4495:Ward, Ronald A (1955). 3950:10.1073/pnas.0909493107 3777:Harrison (1988) p. 382. 3765:Linnaeus (1758) p. 155. 3736:Oxford University Press 3693:Oxford University Press 3335:The Chambers Dictionary 2817:Harrison (1988) p. 368. 2394:Predators and parasites 2167:, and re-establishes a 2113:Casuarina equisetifolia 1546:Gelochelidon macrotarsa 688:. A recent analysis of 5522:Lockwood, W B (1984). 4946:"Chinese Crested Tern 4579:10.1186/1742-9994-8-26 4420:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0320 3713:Merriam-Webster (2014) 3661:Jobling (2010) p. 365. 3631:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0606 3471:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28 3322:Jobling (2010) p. 338. 3313:Linnaeus (1758) p. 84. 3304:Hume (1993) pp. 12–13. 3057:Hume (1993) pp. 68–75. 2669:BirdLife International 2656: 2610:of small fish such as 2587: 2518:Ceratophyllus borealis 2412: 2237: 2116: 1978: 1939:Sterna milne-edwardsii 1679:Thalasseus bengalensis 751:, and ultimately from 490: 389: 277: 269: 5547:The Ecology of Vision 5545:Lythgoe, J N (1979). 5368:Coles, Brian (2007). 4898:Conservation Evidence 3756:Turner (1544), p. 78. 3523:Collinson, M (2006). 3094:10.1093/auk/105.1.142 3066:Burton (1985) p. 123. 2735:California least tern 2665:critically endangered 2646: 2581: 2401: 2227: 2106: 1972: 1536:Gelochelidon nilotica 1458:— large-billed terns 1367:— little white terns 1303:— brown-backed terns 489: 383: 366:critically endangered 276:Common tern in flight 275: 264: 32:Tern (disambiguation) 5758:. Evans, A H (ed.). 5600:Newton, Ian (2010). 4976:"Black-bellied Tern 4566:Frontiers in Zoology 3791:"Black-fronted Tern 3220:(2001) p. 1469–1480. 2770:habitat conservation 2661:Chinese crested tern 2655:by human activities. 2385:is an insect-eating 2293:greater crested tern 1781:— large white terns 1755:recently split from 1719:Chinese crested tern 1709:Greater crested tern 1691:recently split from 1643:sometimes placed in 1526:— gull-billed terns 706:convergent evolution 362:Chinese crested tern 30:For other uses, see 5721:. London: Collins. 5604:. London: Collins. 5258:on 11 February 2012 4829:1992JEnvM..34..285B 4782:Colonial Waterbirds 4743:Colonial Waterbirds 4625:2006Sci...312..384O 4362:Coles (2007) p. 30. 4337:1995MEPS..127....1B 4244:1998ColWa..21..323E 4232:Colonial Waterbirds 3941:2010PNAS..107.2078E 3734:(Online ed.). 3691:(Online ed.). 3584:2004MolPE..30..516T 3421:2006MolPE..39..657P 3375:2011JVPal..31..812D 3244:2003MolPE..29..268P 3133:1970Natur.226..562S 3021:2022MolPE.17707620C 2961:2005MolPE..35..459B 2639:Conservation status 2537:Ligula intestinalis 2159:The male selects a 2119:Terns are normally 2031:black-fronted terns 1847:South American tern 1675:Lesser crested tern 1313:Onychoprion lunatus 684:were excluded from 384:The plumage of the 5719:Collins Bird Guide 5670:. London: Collins. 5658:Rothschild, Miriam 5452:. London: Hamlyn. 5433:. London: Hamlyn. 5429:Hume, Rob (1993). 4346:10.3354/meps127001 3793:Sterna albostriata 2715:Gulf of California 2677:Australian magpies 2657: 2649:black-bellied tern 2588: 2527:Reighardia sternae 2515:and fleas such as 2421:introduced species 2413: 2238: 2117: 1979: 1911:White-cheeked tern 1897:Black-bellied tern 1827:White-fronted tern 1797:Snowy-crowned tern 1637:Black-fronted tern 1502:Hydroprogne caspia 1423:Yellow-billed tern 529:has a distinctive 497:Common tern (80 s) 491: 431:black-bellied tern 390: 358:introduced mammals 334:black-bellied tern 278: 270: 27:Family of seabirds 6025: 6024: 5997:Open Tree of Life 5890:Taxon identifiers 5747:978-90-8686-053-1 5709:978-0-12-227430-5 5611:978-0-00-730732-6 5502:978-1-4081-2501-4 5478:978-1-108-04002-0 5402:978-84-87334-20-7 5379:978-1-4051-5755-1 5372:. Oxford: Wiley. 5158:Sterna balaenarum 4978:Sterna acuticauda 4948:Sterna bernsteini 4894:Sterna dougallii 4619:(5772): 384–388. 4133:(Sparrman, 1786)" 4023:10.1111/jav.02318 3920:Sterna paradisaea 3742:(Subscription or 3699:(Subscription or 3127:(5245): 562–563. 2693:is described as " 2110:nest on stump of 1927: 1926: 1617:White-winged tern 1464:Large-billed tern 1157: 1156: 1143: 1142: 1134: 1133: 1125: 1124: 1116: 1115: 1107: 1106: 1098: 1097: 1089: 1088: 1080: 1079: 1071: 1070: 1062: 1061: 964: 963: 784:mitochondrial DNA 644:rostrum subulatum 634:and the terns in 612:Francis Willughby 506: 427:white-winged tern 259: 258: 167: 16:(Redirected from 6060: 6018: 6017: 6005: 6004: 5992: 5991: 5982: 5981: 5979:NBNSYS0000161059 5969: 5968: 5956: 5955: 5943: 5942: 5930: 5929: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5885: 5876: 5875: 5864: 5863: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5843: 5820: 5801: 5779: 5771: 5769: 5751: 5732: 5713: 5701: 5690: 5671: 5653: 5634: 5615: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5579: 5560: 5541: 5518: 5506: 5494: 5482: 5463: 5444: 5425: 5406: 5394: 5383: 5364: 5345: 5333: 5322: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5201: 5190: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5066:"Kerguelen Tern 5062: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4925: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4856: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4693:on 27 June 2010. 4692: 4677: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4591: 4581: 4563: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4539: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4511:(3353): 83–100. 4492: 4486: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4466: 4457: 4451: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4431: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4363: 4360: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4322: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4211:on 10 March 2014 4201: 4190: 4183: 4177: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4149:on 5 August 2008 4148: 4137: 4129:"The White Tern 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4095: 4086: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3962: 3952: 3935:(5): 2078–2081. 3926: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3787: 3778: 3775: 3766: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3739: 3727: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3696: 3684: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3642: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3547:on 8 August 2020 3546: 3529: 3520: 3509: 3508: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3483: 3473: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3404: 3395: 3394: 3358: 3352: 3350: 3338: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3314: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3291: 3290: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3227: 3221: 3214: 3197: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3141:10.1038/226562a0 3112: 3106: 3105: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3000: 2989: 2988: 2944: 2927: 2926: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2879: 2876: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2543:Diphyllobothrium 2484:ruddy turnstones 2378: 2367:gull-billed tern 2362: 2347: 2305:green sea turtle 2299:species such as 2269:gull-billed tern 2190:Humboldt penguin 1837:Black-naped tern 1780: 1770: 1669:— crested terns 1668: 1658: 1611:Chlidonias niger 1600: 1599:Rafinesque, 1822 1590: 1559: 1532:Gull-billed tern 1525: 1515: 1492:— Caspian terns 1491: 1481: 1468:Phaetusa simplex 1450: 1427:S. superciliaris 1366: 1356: 1302: 1292: 1268: 1258: 1187: 1177: 1159: 1149:Based on Bridge 1026: 1002: 978: 928: 921: 897: 873: 849: 825: 801: 794: 789: 788: 642:the description 508: 507: 488: 162: 90: 89: 59: 45:Temporal range: 39: 21: 6068: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6028: 6027: 6026: 6021: 6013: 6008: 6000: 5995: 5987: 5985: 5977: 5972: 5964: 5959: 5951: 5946: 5938: 5933: 5925: 5920: 5911: 5910: 5905: 5892: 5882: 5870: 5858: 5848: 5846: 5838: 5828: 5823: 5817: 5804: 5798: 5782: 5767: 5765: 5756:Turner, William 5754: 5748: 5735: 5729: 5716: 5710: 5693: 5687: 5674: 5656: 5650: 5637: 5631: 5618: 5612: 5599: 5590: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5566:Florida's Birds 5563: 5557: 5544: 5538: 5521: 5509: 5503: 5492: 5485: 5479: 5466: 5460: 5447: 5441: 5431:The Common Tern 5428: 5422: 5409: 5403: 5386: 5380: 5367: 5361: 5348: 5342: 5325: 5319: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5287: 5285: 5276: 5275: 5271: 5261: 5259: 5246: 5245: 5241: 5231: 5229: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5205: 5203: 5202:on 28 July 2011 5199: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5169: 5167: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5139: 5137: 5128:Sterna aurantia 5124: 5123: 5119: 5109: 5107: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5079: 5077: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5049: 5047: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5006:"Peruvian Tern 5004: 5003: 4999: 4989: 4987: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4959: 4957: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4923: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4871:10.2307/1522218 4854: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4794:10.2307/1521819 4775: 4774: 4770: 4755:10.2307/1521499 4736: 4735: 4731: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4675: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4561: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4469:Wilson Bulletin 4464: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4408:Biology Letters 4401: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4366: 4361: 4354: 4320: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4272: 4271: 4267: 4252:10.2307/1521644 4229: 4228: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4203: 4202: 4193: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4135: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4112: 4110: 4101:Larosterna inca 4097: 4096: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3924: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3857:on 4 March 2016 3849: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3789: 3788: 3781: 3776: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3698: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3619:Biology Letters 3612: 3611: 3607: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3527: 3522: 3521: 3512: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3406: 3405: 3398: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3294: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3215: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3002: 3001: 2992: 2946: 2945: 2930: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2882: 2877: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2778: 2703:near threatened 2699:South Australia 2663:is classed as " 2641: 2621:organochlorides 2576: 2568:West Nile virus 2549:Schistocephalus 2488:kleptoparasites 2403:Kleptoparasitic 2396: 2389: 2379: 2370: 2363: 2354: 2348: 2222: 2101: 2068: 2043:Forster's terns 1967: 1851:S. hirundinacea 1791:Sterna forsteri 1778: 1757:T. sandvicensis 1743:T. sandvicensis 1666: 1641:C. albostriatus 1598: 1577:Larosterna inca 1542:Australian tern 1523: 1489: 1403:Saunders's tern 1377:Sternula nereis 1364: 1309:Spectacled tern 1300: 1266: 1221:A. tenuirostris 1185: 1144: 1135: 1126: 1117: 1108: 1099: 1090: 1081: 1072: 1063: 965: 776: 736:Norfolk dialect 722: 625:Systema Naturae 581:coastal seabird 577:Charadriiformes 570: 523: 522: 514: 512: 511: 510: 509: 502: 499: 492: 486: 481: 378: 344:have dark body 161: 139:Charadriiformes 84: 50: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6066: 6064: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6030: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6006: 5993: 5983: 5970: 5957: 5944: 5931: 5918: 5902: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5881: 5880: 5868: 5856: 5836: 5835: 5827: 5826:External links 5824: 5822: 5821: 5815: 5802: 5796: 5780: 5752: 5746: 5733: 5727: 5714: 5708: 5691: 5685: 5672: 5654: 5648: 5635: 5629: 5616: 5610: 5597: 5580: 5574: 5561: 5555: 5542: 5536: 5519: 5507: 5501: 5483: 5477: 5464: 5458: 5445: 5439: 5426: 5420: 5407: 5401: 5384: 5378: 5365: 5359: 5346: 5340: 5330:Bird Behaviour 5323: 5317: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5269: 5248:"Introduction" 5239: 5213: 5177: 5147: 5117: 5098:Sterna elegans 5096:"Elegant Tern 5087: 5068:Sterna virgata 5057: 5027: 4997: 4967: 4937: 4919:Sterna hirundo 4907: 4884: 4865:(2): 290–296. 4842: 4823:(4): 285–295. 4807: 4788:(1): 135–138. 4768: 4749:(2): 116–120. 4739:Sterna hirundo 4729: 4716:(2): 184–194. 4696: 4663: 4654: 4603: 4549: 4540: 4531: 4522: 4487: 4478: 4452: 4443: 4414:(3): 306–309. 4394: 4385: 4376: 4364: 4352: 4308: 4281:(1): 106–109. 4265: 4238:(3): 323–327. 4222: 4191: 4189:(2009) p. 206. 4178: 4169: 4160: 4120: 4087: 4078: 4051:(2): 169–179. 4035: 3997: 3974: 3908: 3899: 3890: 3881: 3879:(1987) p. 212. 3868: 3842: 3812: 3779: 3767: 3758: 3749: 3715: 3706: 3672: 3663: 3654: 3625:(2): 205–209. 3605: 3578:(3): 521–526. 3558: 3510: 3495: 3442: 3415:(3): 657–667. 3396: 3369:(4): 812–828. 3353: 3345: 3324: 3315: 3306: 3292: 3281:(3): 191–194. 3265: 3238:(2): 268–278. 3222: 3198: 3189: 3178:(4): 760–773. 3162: 3117:Sterna hirundo 3107: 3088:(1): 142–148. 3078:Sterna hirundo 3068: 3059: 3050: 3041: 2990: 2955:(2): 459–469. 2928: 2925:(11): 465–479. 2905: 2896: 2880: 2828: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2784: 2777: 2774: 2719:Kerguelen tern 2640: 2637: 2575: 2572: 2455:, such as the 2395: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2383:whiskered tern 2380: 2373: 2371: 2364: 2357: 2355: 2349: 2342: 2301:agamid lizards 2287:prey includes 2221: 2218: 2174:lesser noddies 2125:asynchronously 2100: 2097: 2067: 2064: 2039:Trudeau's tern 2007:Northumberland 1991:Stewart Island 1983:Antarctic tern 1966: 1963: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1908: 1894: 1884: 1874: 1867:Kerguelen tern 1864: 1857:Antarctic tern 1854: 1844: 1834: 1824: 1814: 1804: 1794: 1787:Forster's tern 1782: 1779:Linnaeus, 1758 1771: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1753:T. acuflavidus 1746: 1736: 1726: 1716: 1706: 1696: 1682: 1670: 1659: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1634: 1627:Whiskered tern 1624: 1621:C. leucopterus 1614: 1602: 1601:— marsh terns 1591: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1568: 1560: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1539: 1527: 1516: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1493: 1482: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1459: 1451: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1430: 1420: 1410: 1400: 1390: 1380: 1368: 1357: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1336: 1326: 1316: 1304: 1293: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1270: 1259: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1238: 1224: 1214: 1204: 1201:Anous stolidus 1192: 1186:Stephens, 1826 1178: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1155: 1154: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1005: 1000: 998: 995: 994: 991: 990: 981: 976: 974: 971: 970: 967: 966: 962: 961: 958: 957: 948: 945: 944: 941: 940: 931: 926: 924: 919: 917: 914: 913: 910: 909: 900: 895: 893: 890: 889: 886: 885: 876: 871: 869: 866: 865: 862: 861: 852: 847: 845: 842: 841: 838: 837: 828: 823: 821: 818: 817: 814: 813: 804: 799: 797: 792: 775: 772: 764:North Germanic 760:William Turner 721: 718: 616:William Turner 608:Conrad Gessner 569: 566: 513: 500: 495: 494: 493: 484: 483: 482: 480: 477: 377: 374: 257: 256: 255: 254: 247: 240: 233: 226: 219: 212: 205: 198: 191: 184: 174: 173: 169: 168: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 78: 77: 61: 60: 52: 51: 44: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6065: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6016: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5923: 5919: 5914: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5886: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5855: 5845: 5841: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5816:0-262-24036-X 5812: 5808: 5803: 5799: 5797:982-9030-04-0 5793: 5789: 5785: 5784:Watling, Dick 5781: 5778: 5776: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5730: 5728:0-00-219728-6 5724: 5720: 5715: 5711: 5705: 5700: 5699: 5692: 5688: 5686:0-7099-3336-3 5682: 5678: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5662:Clay, Theresa 5659: 5655: 5651: 5649:0-292-75532-5 5645: 5641: 5636: 5632: 5630:0-7136-4056-1 5626: 5622: 5617: 5613: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5575:1-56164-335-1 5571: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5556:0-19-854529-0 5552: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5537:0-19-214155-4 5533: 5529: 5525: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5491: 5490: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5470: 5465: 5461: 5459:0-600-57951-4 5455: 5451: 5446: 5442: 5440:0-540-01266-1 5436: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5421:0-7470-1410-8 5417: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5393: 5392: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5360:90-810933-1-2 5356: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5341:0-246-12440-7 5337: 5332: 5331: 5324: 5320: 5318:1-873403-32-1 5314: 5310: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5270: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5214: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5181: 5178: 5165: 5161: 5159: 5156:"Damara Tern 5151: 5148: 5135: 5131: 5129: 5121: 5118: 5105: 5101: 5099: 5091: 5088: 5075: 5071: 5069: 5061: 5058: 5045: 5041: 5039: 5038:Sterna nereis 5031: 5028: 5015: 5011: 5009: 5008:Sterna lorata 5001: 4998: 4985: 4981: 4979: 4971: 4968: 4955: 4951: 4949: 4941: 4938: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4920: 4911: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4778:Sterna caspia 4772: 4769: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4730: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4667: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4607: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4550: 4544: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4526: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4500: 4499:Saemundssonia 4491: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4453: 4447: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4223: 4210: 4206: 4205:"Little tern" 4200: 4198: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4132: 4124: 4121: 4108: 4104: 4102: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4036: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3998: 3985: 3978: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3921: 3912: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3869: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3800: 3796: 3794: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3726: 3719: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3689: 3683: 3676: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3658: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3609: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3559: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3534: 3533:British Birds 3526: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3507:(1928): 1–42. 3506: 3499: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3446: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3354: 3348: 3346:0-550-10105-5 3342: 3337: 3336: 3328: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2919:British Birds 2916: 2909: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2751:Sandwich tern 2748: 2742: 2740: 2739:Easter Island 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2580: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2556: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2509: 2508:Saemundssonia 2505:of the genus 2504: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2457:American mink 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2332:phytoplankton 2328: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2258:invertebrates 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2236:to a juvenile 2235: 2231: 2226: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2137:site-faithful 2134: 2130: 2129:bridled terns 2126: 2122: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2055:Aleutian tern 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2023:yellow-billed 2019: 2017: 2016:Amundsen Seas 2013: 2008: 2004: 2003:Farne Islands 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1976: 1971: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1934:palaeospecies 1932: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1901:S. acuticauda 1898: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1881:S. paradisaea 1878: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1739:Sandwich tern 1737: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1723:T. bernsteini 1720: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1667:F. Boie, 1822 1665: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1567:— Inca terns 1566: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1488: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1438: 1434: 1433:Peruvian tern 1431: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1417:S. antillarum 1414: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1387:S. balaenarum 1384: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1365:F. Boie, 1822 1363: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1344: 1340: 1339:Aleutian tern 1337: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1323:O. anaethetus 1320: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1191: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1139: 1138: 1130: 1129: 1121: 1120: 1112: 1111: 1103: 1102: 1094: 1093: 1085: 1084: 1076: 1075: 1067: 1066: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1028: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1004: 1003: 997: 996: 993: 992: 989: 988: 987: 980: 979: 973: 972: 969: 968: 960: 959: 956: 955: 954: 947: 946: 943: 942: 939: 938: 937: 930: 929: 923: 922: 916: 915: 912: 911: 908: 907: 906: 899: 898: 892: 891: 888: 887: 884: 883: 882: 875: 874: 868: 867: 864: 863: 860: 859: 858: 851: 850: 844: 843: 840: 839: 836: 835: 834: 827: 826: 820: 819: 816: 815: 812: 811: 810: 803: 802: 796: 795: 791: 790: 787: 785: 781: 773: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 754: 750: 746: 741: 737: 733: 732: 727: 719: 717: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 690:DNA sequences 687: 683: 679: 675: 674: 669: 664: 662: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 632: 627: 626: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 586: 582: 578: 575: 567: 565: 563: 559: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 521: 519: 498: 478: 476: 474: 470: 465: 459: 457: 456: 451: 450: 445: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 419: 414: 412: 408: 404: 399: 395: 387: 382: 375: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 350: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 294: 290: 286: 282: 274: 267: 263: 253: 252: 248: 246: 245: 241: 239: 238: 234: 232: 231: 227: 225: 224: 220: 218: 217: 213: 211: 210: 206: 204: 203: 199: 197: 196: 192: 190: 189: 185: 183: 182: 178: 177: 175: 170: 165: 160: 157: 154: 153: 150: 147: 144: 143: 140: 137: 134: 133: 130: 127: 124: 123: 120: 117: 114: 113: 110: 107: 104: 103: 100: 97: 94: 93: 88: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 66:Sandwich tern 62: 58: 53: 48: 47:Early Miocene 40: 37: 33: 19: 5897: 5806: 5787: 5774: 5773: 5766:. 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Oxford: 5288:25 January 5262:25 January 5232:25 January 5206:25 January 4859:Waterbirds 4475:: 306–307. 4275:Waterbirds 4131:Gygis alba 4045:Waterbirds 3746:required.) 3703:required.) 2788:References 2731:subspecies 2717:, and the 2695:vulnerable 2691:fairy tern 2673:endangered 2653:endangered 2523:crustacean 2387:marsh tern 2324:carotenoid 2297:vertebrate 2281:amphibians 2201:incubation 2135:, and are 2121:monogamous 2091:, and the 2077:white tern 2059:sooty tern 2051:white tern 1975:black tern 1959:Chlidonias 1919:Chlidonias 1905:Chlidonias 1887:River tern 1871:S. virgata 1861:S. vittata 1831:S. striata 1811:S. hirundo 1733:T. elegans 1703:T. maximus 1699:Royal tern 1693:T. maximus 1663:Thalasseus 1607:Black tern 1595:Chlidonias 1564:Larosterna 1490:Kaup, 1829 1413:Least tern 1373:Fairy tern 1329:Sooty tern 1279:Gygis alba 1275:White tern 1269:— noddies 1241:Grey noddy 1231:A. cerulea 1227:Blue noddy 1211:A. minutus 1034:Thalasseus 1010:Chlidonias 986:Larosterna 740:black tern 666:Following 652:morphology 648:awl-shaped 638:. He gave 518:media help 423:black tern 394:least tern 370:endangered 251:Thalasseus 216:Larosterna 188:Chlidonias 49:to present 5927:Sterninae 5898:Sternidae 4185:Svensson 2755:Caribbean 2711:Isla Rasa 2681:anchoveta 2612:sand eels 2600:hatmaking 2532:tapeworms 2499:parasites 2497:External 2453:carnivore 2417:mammalian 2318:of their 2242:porpoises 2228:An adult 2205:precocial 2169:pair bond 2161:territory 2066:Behaviour 2041:and some 1917:possibly 1903:possibly 1713:T. bergii 1573:Inca tern 1437:S. lorata 780:cladogram 753:Old Norse 720:Etymology 702:Thinocori 682:Inca tern 572:The bird 444:phylogeny 386:Inca tern 354:parasites 338:Inca tern 298:Sterninae 268:in flight 164:Bonaparte 159:Sterninae 105:Kingdom: 99:Eukaryota 5907:Wikidata 5786:(2003). 5664:(1953). 5513:(1758). 5450:Seabirds 4641:16627734 4598:22035144 4438:17148194 4331:: 1–13. 4303:85996773 4073:85678067 3969:20080662 3725:"Sterna" 3649:17284401 3600:15012936 3551:17 April 3490:15329156 3437:16531074 3391:84758271 3260:13678682 3149:16057385 2985:25027599 2977:15804415 2776:See also 2737:and the 2633:eelgrass 2560:protozoa 2534:such as 2501:include 2490:such as 2461:Scotland 2429:raccoons 2327:pigments 2273:crayfish 2262:mudflats 2246:bluefish 2234:sand eel 2146:Peruvian 2133:colonies 2099:Breeding 2089:migrants 2072:colonies 2049:and the 1987:migrants 1455:Phaetusa 1361:Sternula 1168:Species 905:Phaetusa 881:Sternula 710:genotype 680:and the 620:Linnaeus 596:skimmers 588:families 568:Taxonomy 551:siblings 473:albinism 469:melanism 455:Sternula 326:Rynchops 322:skimmers 320:and the 310:wetlands 285:seabirds 244:Sternula 230:Phaetusa 145:Family: 119:Chordata 115:Phylum: 109:Animalia 95:Domain: 6048:Laridae 6002:4947418 5953:3242555 5913:Q875769 5878:Biology 5866:Animals 5840:Portals 5164:Species 5134:Species 5104:Species 5074:Species 5044:Species 5014:Species 4984:Species 4954:Species 4928:In Vivo 4879:1522218 4825:Bibcode 4802:1521819 4763:1521499 4649:7795090 4621:Bibcode 4613:Science 4589:3223496 4429:1617148 4333:Bibcode 4295:1522321 4260:1521644 4240:Bibcode 4107:Species 4065:4501815 4028:24 July 3990:24 July 3960:2836663 3937:Bibcode 3875:Barlow 3835:25 June 3799:Species 3640:2375939 3580:Bibcode 3417:Bibcode 3371:Bibcode 3240:Bibcode 3184:4085004 3172:The Auk 3157:4181980 3129:Bibcode 3102:4087337 3034:24 July 3017:Bibcode 2957:Bibcode 2713:in the 2592:protein 2472:raptors 2441:rabbits 2320:retinas 2254:bonitos 2220:Feeding 2207:chicks 2154:cryptic 1931:Miocene 1190:noddies 774:Species 678:noddies 668:genetic 535:kee-yah 418:plumage 346:plumage 342:noddies 293:Laridae 287:in the 172:Genera 149:Laridae 135:Order: 125:Class: 6015:148764 5986:NZOR: 5966:113891 5940:1STNAF 5813: 5794: 5744: 5725: 5706: 5683: 5646: 5627: 5608: 5572: 5553: 5534: 5499: 5475: 5456: 5437: 5418: 5399: 5376: 5357: 5338: 5315: 4904:: 1–3. 4877: 4800: 4761: 4647: 4639: 4596: 4586: 4436: 4426: 4301: 4293: 4258: 4215:13 May 4187:et al. 4153:15 May 4071: 4063: 3967: 3957: 3877:et al. 3861:13 May 3682:"Tern" 3647: 3637: 3598: 3488: 3481:515296 3478: 3464:: 28. 3435: 3389: 3343: 3258: 3218:et al. 3182: 3155: 3147: 3121:Nature 3100: 2983: 2975: 2530:, and 2476:herons 2209:fledge 2197:clutch 2184:, and 2081:clutch 2029:, and 1775:Sterna 1645:Sterna 1165:Genus 1162:Image 1051:Sterna 768:Sterna 694:Sterna 686:Sterna 673:Sterna 661:fossil 640:Sterna 636:Sterna 614:, and 602:, and 429:, and 360:. 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