795:(RA) is significant in embryonic development. It induces the function of limb patterning of a developing embryo in species such as mice and other vertebrate limbs. For example, during the process of regenerating a newt limb an increased amount of RA moves the limb more proximal to the distal blastoma and the extent of the proximalization of the limb increases with the amount of RA present during the regeneration process. A study looked at the RA activity intracellularly in mice in relation to human regulating CYP26 enzymes which play a critical role in metabolizing RA. This study also helps to reveal that RA is significant in various aspects of limb development in an embryo, however irregular control or excess amounts of RA can have teratogenic impacts causing malformations of limb development. They looked specifically at
456:, and neural tube defects. Trisomy 21 is the most common type of Down Syndrome. About 95% of infants born with Down Syndrome have this disorder and it consists of 3 separate copies of chromosomes. Translocation Down syndrome is not as common, as only 3% of infants with Down Syndrome are diagnosed with this type. VSD, ventricular septal defect, is the most common type of heart defect in infants. If an infant has a large VSD it can result into heart failure. Infants with a smaller VSD have a 96% survival rate and those with a moderate VSD have about an 86% survival rate. Lastly, NTD, neural tube defect, is a defect that forms in the brain and spine during early development. If the spinal cord is exposed and touching the skin it can require surgery to prevent an infection.
540:, among others. There has been no association between congenital malformations and vaccination â for example, a population-wide study in Finland in which expectant mothers received the oral polio vaccine found no difference in infant outcomes when compared with mothers from reference cohorts who had not received the vaccine. However, on grounds of theoretical risk, it is still not recommended to vaccinate for polio while pregnant unless there is risk of infection. An important exception to this relates to provision of the influenza vaccine while pregnant. During the
609:
809:
showed a similar impact to limb patterning if the mice did have the CYP26B1 deficiency meaning that there was still a proximal distal patterning deficiency observed when excess RA was present. This then concludes that RA plays the role of a morphogen to identify proximal distal patterning of limb development in mice embryos and that CYP26B1 is significant to prevent apoptosis of those limb tissues to further proper development of mice limbs in vivo.
902:
653:
704:
fetus. Exposure to lead during pregnancy is well known to have teratogenic effects on the development of a fetus. Specifically, fetal exposure to lead can cause cognitive impairment, premature births, unplanned abortions, ADHD, and much more. Lead exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy leads to the greatest predictability of cognitive development issues after birth.
683:
and much more. Fetal
Alcohol Syndrome has numerous symptoms which may include cognitive impairments and impairment of the facial features. PAE remains the leading cause of birth defects and neurodevelopmental abnormalities in the United States, affecting 9.1 to 50 per 1000 live births in the U.S. and 68.0 to 89.2 per 1000 in populations with high levels of alcohol use.
473:
control concurrently. Men and women who use it should not donate blood for three years after using it, because of the possibility that the blood might be used in a pregnant patient and cause birth defects. In addition, it may cause nausea, headache, itching, dry, red or flaky skin, dry or red eyes, dry or chapped lips, swollen lips, dry mouth, thirst,
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which is highly expressed in regions of limb development in mice. The lack of CYP26B1 was shown to cause a spread of RA signal towards the distal section of the limb causing proximo-distal patterning irregularities of the limb. Not only did it show spreading of RA but a deficiency in the CYP26B1 also
579:
that are not only essential for reproductive health, but also pose concerns when it comes to the synthetic alternatives to these. This can cause a multitude of congenital abnormalities and deformities, many of which can ultimately affect the fetus and even the mother's reproductive system in the long
472:
is highly teratogenic and noted for the possibility of severe birth defects. It should not be used by pregnant women or women planning to get pregnant within 3 years following the use of acitretin. Sexually active women of childbearing age who use acitretin should also use at least two forms of birth
682:
There are a wide range of affects that
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (PAE) can have on a developing fetus. Some of the most prominent possible outcomes include the development of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, a reduction in brain volume, still births, spontaneous abortions, impairments of the nervous system,
588:
and thyroid hormone. When hormones such as estrogen and testosterone are replaced, this can cause the fetus to become stunted in growth, born prematurely with a lower birth weight, develop mental retardation, while in turn causing the mother's ovarian reserve to be depleted while increasing ovarian
297:
mice are commonly used for this purpose. In addition, pregnancy registries are large, prospective studies that monitor exposures women receive during their pregnancies and record the outcome of their births. These studies provide information about possible risks of medications or other exposures in
279:
Studies designed to test the teratogenic potential of environmental agents use animal model systems (e.g., rat, mouse, rabbit, dog, and monkey). Early teratologists exposed pregnant animals to environmental agents and observed the fetuses for gross visceral and skeletal abnormalities. While this is
255:
The access of adverse influences to developing tissues depends on the nature of the influence. Several factors affect the ability of a teratogen to contact a developing conceptus, such as the nature of the agent itself, route and degree of maternal exposure, rate of placental transfer and systemic
808:
maturation, which are cells that secrete a cartilage matrix which is significant for limb structure. They also looked at what happened to development of the limbs in wild type mice, that are mice with no CYP26B1 deficiencies, but which had an excess amount of RA present in the embryo. The results
703:
described the effects of lead exposure as something that "makes the mind give way." Lead exposure in adults can lead to cardiological, renal, reproductive, and cognitive issues that are often irreversible, however, lead exposure during pregnancy can be detrimental to the long-term health of the
817:
There has been evidence of teratogenic effects of lead in rats as well. An experiment was conducted where pregnant rats were given drinking water, before and during pregnancy, that contained lead. Many detrimental effects, and signs of teratogenesis were found, such as negative impacts on the
162:
referred to a discourse on prodigies and marvels of anything so extraordinary as to seem abnormal. In the 19th century, it acquired a meaning more closely related to biological deformities, mostly in the field of botany. Currently, its most instrumental meaning is that of the medical study of
730:
Evidence for congenital deformities found in the fossil record is studied by paleopathologists, specialists in ancient disease and injury. Fossils bearing evidence of congenital deformity are scientifically significant because they can help scientists infer the evolutionary history of life's
2050:
Although no adverse effects of IPV have been documented among pregnant women or their fetuses, vaccination of pregnant women should be avoided on theoretical grounds. However, if a pregnant woman is at increased risk for infection and requires immediate protection against polio, IPV can be
551:
pandemics, mortality from influenza in pregnant women was 45%. In a 2005 study of vaccination during pregnancy, Munoz et al. demonstrated that there was no adverse outcome observed in the new infants or mothers, suggesting that the balance of risk between infection and vaccination favored
628:
through interaction with the insulin like growth factor(IGF-1) and fibroblast like growth factor 2 (FGF-2) pathways. In the 1960s, it became apparent that thalidomide altered embryo development and led to limb deformities such as thumb absence, underdevelopment of entire limbs, or
711:. Researchers have found that female fetuses developed at a higher rate than male fetuses in Flint when compared to surrounding areas. The higher rate of female births indicated a problem because male fetuses are more sensitive to pregnancy hazards than female fetuses.
623:
was once prescribed therapeutically from the 1950s to early 1960s in Europe as an anti-nausea medication to alleviate morning sickness among pregnant women. While the exact mechanism of action of thalidomide is not known, it is thought to be related to inhibition of
97:. The extent to which teratogens will impact an embryo is dependent on several factors, such as how long the embryo has been exposed, the stage of development the embryo was in when exposed, the genetic makeup of the embryo, and the transfer rate of the teratogen.
830:, teratology investigates the theoretical implications of abnormal specimens. For example, the discovery of abnormal flowersâfor example, flowers with leaves instead of petals, or flowers with staminoid pistilsâfurnished important evidence for the "
451:
About 3% of newborns have a "major physical anomaly", meaning a physical anomaly that has cosmetic or functional significance. Congenital disorders are responsible for 20% of infant deaths. The most common congenital diseases are heart defects,
2198:
Steckler T, Wang J, Bartol FF, Roy SK, Padmanabhan V (July 2005). "Fetal programming: prenatal testosterone treatment causes intrauterine growth retardation, reduces ovarian reserve and increases ovarian follicular recruitment".
284:
level, seeking the mechanism(s) of action by which these agents act. One example of this is the use of mammalian animal models to evaluate the molecular role of teratogens in the development of embryonic populations, such as the
771:
is a teratogen known to be significantly detrimental to organ and limb development during embryogenesis. It has been observed in chick embryos that exposure to thalidomide can induce limb outgrowth deformities, due to increased
741:, it means that vertebrae have been developing the same basic way since at least the most recent common ancestor of dinosaurs and mammals. Other notable fossil deformities include a hatchling specimen of the bird-like dinosaur,
228:
put forth six principles of teratogenesis to guide the study and understanding of teratogenic agents and their effects on developing organisms. These principles were derived from and expanded on by those laid forth by zoologist
1147:
Until 1940, it was assumed that congenital defects were caused primarily by hereditary factors. In 1941, the first well-documented cases were reported that an environmental agent (rubella virus) could produce severe anatomic
4053:
248:
Susceptibility to teratogenesis varies with the developmental stage at the time of exposure to an adverse influence. There are critical periods of susceptibility to agents and organ systems affected by these
566:
There are a number of ways that a fetus can be affected in pregnancy, specifically due to exposure to various substances. There are a number of drugs that can do this, specifically drugs such as female
1324:
Cartwright MM, Smith SM (December 1995). "Stage-dependent effects of ethanol on cranial neural crest cell development: partial basis for the phenotypic variations observed in fetal alcohol syndrome".
198:
Until the 1940s, teratologists regarded birth defects as primarily hereditary. In 1941, the first well-documented cases of environmental agents being the cause of severe birth defects were reported.
2006:
Harjulehto-Mervaala T, Aro T, Hiilesmaa VK, Saxén H, Hovi T, Saxén L (September 1993). "Oral polio vaccination during pregnancy: no increase in the occurrence of congenital malformations".
2910:
Mousa AM, Al-Fadhli AS, Rao MS, Kilarkaje N (January 2015). "Gestational lead exposure induces developmental abnormalities and up-regulates apoptosis of fetal cerebellar cells in rats".
2151:"Thyroid hormone replacement therapy in pregnancy and motor function, communication skills, and behavior of preschool children: The Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study"
302:. Current evidence suggests that craniofacial malformations occur via: apoptosis of neural crest cells, interference with neural crest cell migration, as well as the disruption of
707:
Low socioeconomic status correlates to a higher probability of lead exposure. A well-known recent example of lead poisoning - and the impacts it can have on a community - was the
2695:
Molnar, R. E., 2001, Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey: In: Mesozoic
Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, p. 337-363.
313:
causes its effect is not only important in preventing congenital abnormalities but also has the potential for developing new therapeutic drugs safe for use with pregnant women.
167:
or individuals with significant malformations. Historically, people have used many pejorative terms to describe/label cases of significant physical malformations. In the 1960s,
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term. According to a study conducted from 2015 till 2018, it was found that there was an increased risk of both maternal and neonatal complications developing as a result of
1297:
Shi Y, Li J, Chen C, Gong M, Chen Y, Liu Y, et al. (September 2014). "5-Mehtyltetrahydrofolate rescues alcohol-induced neural crest cell migration abnormalities".
691:
Consuming tobacco products while pregnant or breastfeeding can have significant negative impacts on the health and development of the unborn child and newborn infant.
3595:
3096:
1702:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
1844:
183:. With the growth of understanding of the origins of birth defects, the field of teratology as of 2015 overlaps with other fields of science, including
3562:
1359:
Boschen KE, Fish EW, Parnell SE (19 October 2019). "Prenatal alcohol exposure disrupts Shh pathway and primary cilia genes in the mouse neural tube".
3064:
2063:
Munoz FM, Greisinger AJ, Wehmanen OA, Mouzoon ME, Hoyle JC, Smith FA, et al. (April 2005). "Safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy".
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85:. Defects include malformations, disruptions, deformations, and dysplasia that may cause stunted growth, delayed mental development, or other
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Long before modern science, it was understood that heavy metals could cause negative effects to those who were exposed. The Greek physician
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4032:
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2485:
Kasten-Jolly J, Lawrence DA (November 2017). "Sex-specific effects of developmental lead exposure on the immune-neuroendocrine network".
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399:
834:", the theory that all flower parts are highly specialised leaves. In plants, such specimens are denoted as 'lusus naturae' ('
831:
676:
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299:
252:
Teratogenic agents act in specific ways on developing cells and tissues to initiate sequences of abnormal developmental events.
2871:"Regulation of retinoic acid distribution is required for proximodistal patterning and outgrowth of the developing mouse limb"
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human pregnancies. Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can produce craniofacial malformations, a phenotype that is visible in
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Knox RV (August 2005). "Recruitment and selection of ovarian follicles for determination of ovulation rate in the pig".
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356:
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2100:"Increased risk of maternal and neonatal complications in hormone replacement therapy cycles in frozen embryo transfer"
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1949:
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There are four manifestations of deviant development (death, malformation, growth retardation and functional defect).
2048:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). 13 January 2021.
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has become readily available, and is important for the prevention of various communicable diseases such as
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still part of the teratological evaluation procedures today, the field of
Teratology is moving to a more
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3211:
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Holt D, Webb M (April 1986). "The toxicity and teratogenicity of mercuric mercury in the pregnant rat".
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formation of the cerebellum, fetal mortality, and developmental issues for various parts of the body.
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Manifestations of deviant development increase in frequency and degree as dosage increases from the
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407:
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1489:"Thalidomide induces limb defects by preventing angiogenic outgrowth during early limb formation"
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1441:
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Thalidomide chemical structure. The chemical structure of thalidomide allows it to act as a DNA
853:: Development of the apex (growing tip) in a flat plane perpendicular to the axis of elongation
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cycles being conducted during pregnancy, especially in regards to hormones such as estrogen,
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Yashiro K, Zhao X, Uehara M, Yamashita K, Nishijima M, Nishino J, et al. (March 2004).
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2634:
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2525:"Fetal lead exposure at each stage of pregnancy as a predictor of infant mental development"
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2015:
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877:: Unusually high multiplication of branches in the upper part of the plant, mainly in a tree
874:
773:
325:
94:
54:
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Glover BJ (2014). "Historical interpretations of flower induction and flower development".
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market in 1998 due to the high risk of birth defects. It remains on the market in Japan as
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3860:
3501:
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1985:(in German) (8 ed.). Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft. p. 728f.
1700:
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921:
747:, the tip of whose jaw was twisted. Another notably deformed fossil was a specimen of the
420:
361:
230:
225:
3027:
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University) AUTISM: THE TERATOGEN FALLOUT ISBN 978-0-9689383-1-7
2718:
1922:
1736:
1701:
1504:
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859:: Degeneration of genes, manifesting itself among other things by anomalous pigmentation
838:
of nature', abbreviated as 'lus.'); and occasionally as 'ter.', 'monst.', or 'monstr.'.
608:
3903:
3704:
3688:
3680:
3356:
3166:
2946:
2809:"Thalidomide induces limb deformities by perturbing the Bmp/Dkk1/Wnt signaling pathway"
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2019:
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1025:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division. pp. 301â331.
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93:
includes all manifestations of abnormal development that are caused by environmental
70:
3015:
2842:
2247:
1793:
1630:
Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW (May 1997). "Teratogen update: polychlorinated biphenyls".
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Baby with fetal alcohol syndrome, showing some of the characteristic facial features
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633:. Thalidomide may have caused teratogenic effects in over 10,000 babies worldwide.
625:
585:
576:
341:
286:
151:), used to designate a discourse, treaty, science, theory, or study of some topic.
2311:"Thalidomide: the tragedy of birth defects and the effective treatment of disease"
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2363:
1678:
846:
Plants can have mutations that leads to different types of deformations such as:
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3800:
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3396:
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474:
376:
17:
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3326:
2974:"(023â024) Proposals to add a new Article and some Examples under Article 5"
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Old literature referred to abnormalities of all kinds under the Latin term
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2027:
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1567:
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780:, increasing apoptosis, and damaging immature blood vessels in developing
256:
absorption, and composition of the maternal and embryonic/fetal genotypes.
245:
and the manner in which this interacts with adverse environmental factors.
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796:
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537:
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2623:"Maternal stress modulates the effects of developmental lead exposure"
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883:: Zygomorphic flower regress to their ancestral actinomorphic symmetry
30:"Teratogenesis" redirects here. For the Revocation extended play, see
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administered in accordance with the recommended schedules for adults.
1954:
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505:
345:
147:
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1010:(2nd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers.
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1023:
Casarett and Doull's
Toxicology : the basic science of poisons
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1900:
651:
607:
533:
525:
441:
416:
382:
Environmental toxins and contaminants (e.g., heavy metals such as
139:), meaning "sign sent by the gods, portent, marvel, monster", and
82:
74:
2948:
Understanding flowers and flowering : an integrated approach
1595:
Birth
Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology
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in organisms during their life span. It is a sub-discipline in
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2574:"The pathway of lead through the mother's body to the child"
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Temperatures outside the accepted range for a given organism
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2098:
Zong L, Liu P, Zhou L, Wei D, Ding L, Qin Y (May 2020).
889:: Repetitive growth of an entire organ, such as a flower
158:(lit. "freak of nature"). As early as the 17th century,
1405:
1403:
1401:
556:
Reproductive hormones and hormone replacement therapy
496:
that was approved by the FDA in 1986 to treat severe
89:
that lack structural malformations. The related term
2951:(Second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4041:
3998:
3955:
3917:
3884:
3853:
3799:
3545:
1482:
1480:
1158:
1156:
756:, which had two heads- the oldest known example of
448:resulted in about 510,000 deaths globally in 2010.
3055:Organization of Teratology Information Specialists
2445:National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
1049:MCAT biology review 2023â2024 : online + book
2807:Knobloch J, Shaughnessy JD, RĂŒther U (May 2007).
871:: Floral organs or fruits transformed into leaves
731:developmental processes. For instance, because a
1769:Robbins and Cotran's Pathologic Basis of Disease
1191:"James G. Wilson's Six Principles of Teratology"
804:effect in the developing mouse limb but delayed
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
237:Susceptibility to teratogenesis depends on the
2383:
2381:
1794:"Data & Statistics on Birth Defects | CDC"
1326:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
266:(NOAEL) to a dose producing 100% lethality (LD
105:The term was borrowed in 1842 from the French
3771:
3589:
3090:
2065:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
8:
2762:Birth Defects Research. Part C, Embryo Today
140:
106:
69:are substances that may cause non-heritable
3070:The Reproductive Toxicology Center Database
2042:"Guidelines for Vaccinating Pregnant Women"
371:Prescription and recreational drugs (e.g.,
3778:
3764:
3756:
3596:
3582:
3574:
3097:
3083:
3075:
1824:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1798:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
981:"Teratology and drug use during pregnancy"
3563:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
2989:
2886:
2824:
2783:
2773:
2646:
2597:
2548:
2415:
2405:
2326:
2174:
2125:
2115:
1735:
1725:
1606:
1522:
1512:
1416:Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science
1364:
788:Retinoic acid and mouse limb development
321:Common causes of teratogenesis include:
1981:Mutschler E, SchÀfer-Korting M (2001).
971:
504:. It was subsequently removed from the
289:, which can lead to the development of
111:, where it was formed in 1830 from the
57:which focuses on the classification of
2441:"Fetal Alcohol Exposure and the Brain"
2104:Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
1591:"Teratogen update: lead and pregnancy"
1258:Sulik KK, Cook CS, Webster WS (1988).
764:Thalidomide and chick limb development
208:For the Revocation extended play, see
3558:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2269:
2267:
2265:
1667:International Journal of Hyperthermia
1412:"Teratogenic causes of malformations"
571:or hormone replacement drugs such as
7:
4033:List of environmental health hazards
2155:Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety
737:specimen has been discovered with a
709:2014 water crisis in Flint, Michigan
664:is subject to the FDA drug labeling
2487:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
2350:MartĂnez-FrĂas ML (June 2012). "".
1767:Abas AK, Fausto N, Kumar V (eds.).
1410:Gilbert-Barness E (20 March 2010).
3918:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
3745:Evolutionary developmental biology
2020:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116873
1338:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01007.x
264:No Observable Adverse Effect Level
220:In 1959 and in his 1973 monograph
25:
2627:Environmental Health Perspectives
2529:Environmental Health Perspectives
1820:"Facts about Down Syndrome | CDC"
813:Rat development and lead exposure
400:Vertically transmitted infections
49:is the study of abnormalities of
2309:Kim JH, Scialli AR (July 2011).
2008:American Journal of Epidemiology
914:
900:
27:Study of developmental anomalies
2390:"Alcohol's Impact on the Fetus"
2248:10.1016/j.domaniend.2005.02.025
1385:The Embryo Project Encyclopedia
1195:The Embryo Project Encyclopedia
842:Types of deformations in plants
677:fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
648:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
1276:10.1242/dev.103.Supplement.213
695:Lead exposure during pregnancy
304:sonic hedgehog (shh) signaling
1:
2888:10.1016/S1534-5807(04)00062-0
2288:10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00388-3
2236:Domestic Animal Endocrinology
1771:(7th ed.). p. 470.
1718:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
1113:10.1016/S0140-6736(73)91291-9
675:). Alcohol is known to cause
222:Environment and Birth Defects
4064:Toxic Substances Control Act
4023:Persistent organic pollutant
2924:10.3109/01480545.2014.907578
2912:Drug and Chemical Toxicology
2578:Interdisciplinary Toxicology
2364:10.1016/j.medcli.2011.10.011
1679:10.3109/02656736.2011.553769
673:Contraindicated in pregnancy
500:. It is a second-generation
351:Metabolic disorders such as
135:
121:
4100:Substance-related disorders
4018:Great Pacific garbage patch
3043:European Teratology Society
2572:RĂsovĂ V (September 2019).
1006:Gilbert SF, Epel D (2015).
582:hormone replacement therapy
562:hormone replacement therapy
4121:
4059:Japan Toxic Substances Law
3854:Miscellaneous plasticizers
2499:10.1016/j.taap.2017.09.009
2117:10.1186/s12958-020-00601-3
2077:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.12.019
1589:Bellinger DC (June 2005).
1455:10.1016/j.adnc.2005.04.007
1137:. Howmed.net. 24 July 2011
1086:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
723:
645:
596:
559:
552:preventative vaccination.
488:(trade name Tegison) is a
433:
338:Nutrition during pregnancy
215:
207:
130:
116:
36:
29:
4054:European REACH regulation
4049:California Proposition 65
3792:polyhalogenated compounds
3740:
3611:
3112:
3060:March of Dimes Foundation
2756:Vargesson N (June 2015).
2727:10.1007/s00114-010-0654-2
1443:Advances in Neonatal Care
392:polychlorinated biphenyls
330:chromosomal abnormalities
51:physiological development
4095:Radiation health effects
2276:Biochemical Pharmacology
1923:"Soriatane Side Effects"
1818:CDC (18 November 2022).
1792:CDC (21 December 2022).
1449:(4). Medscape: 217â229.
935:Congenital abnormalities
589:follicular recruitment.
334:Maternal health factors
179:), popularized the term
173:University of Washington
165:congenital malformations
59:congenital abnormalities
37:Not to be confused with
2707:Die Naturwissenschaften
2590:10.2478/intox-2019-0001
1874:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
1514:10.1073/pnas.0901505106
1169:. London: Academic Pr.
1046:Macnow AS, ed. (2022).
599:List of withdrawn drugs
508:market in 1996 and the
3945:Perfluorooctanoic acid
3679:Indirect development:
3172:Biological engineering
2315:Toxicological Sciences
1548:Archives of Toxicology
1217:Birth Defects Research
657:
617:
419:and that emitted from
300:Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
177:fetal alcohol syndrome
141:
107:
91:developmental toxicity
65:caused by teratogens.
4090:Developmental biology
3605:Developmental biology
3257:Developmental biology
3232:Computational biology
3212:Cellular microbiology
3038:Society of Teratology
2826:10.1096/fj.06-7603com
2328:10.1093/toxsci/kfr088
1983:Arzneimittelwirkungen
1870:"Neural Tube Defects"
1727:10536/DRO/DU:30050819
778:Wnt signaling pathway
776:interfering with the
724:Further information:
655:
611:
569:reproductive hormones
185:developmental biology
3477:Reproductive biology
3362:Mathematical biology
3287:Evolutionary biology
3237:Conservation biology
3048:5 April 2010 at the
2213:10.1210/en.2004-1444
701:Pedanius Dioscorides
446:congenital disorders
309:Understanding how a
295:Genetically modified
87:congenital disorders
3975:Endocrine disruptor
3262:Ecological genetics
3106:Branches of biology
2719:2010NW.....97..423J
2677:. 22 September 2017
1712:(9859): 2095â2128.
1505:2009PNAS..106.8573T
1107:(7815): 1267â1271.
436:Congenital disorder
233:in the late 1800s:
216:Wilson's principles
4085:Alcohol and health
3990:Polymer fume fever
3694:Direct development
3685:Hypermetamorphosis
3553:History of biology
3487:Structural biology
3472:Relational biology
3297:Generative biology
3292:Freshwater biology
2875:Developmental Cell
2775:10.1002/bdrc.21096
2407:10.3390/nu13103452
1962:on 2 December 2013
1608:10.1002/bdra.20127
1560:10.1007/BF00297114
1270:(Suppl): 213â231.
1163:Wilson JG (1973).
800:showed an induced
666:Pregnancy Category
658:
637:Recreational drugs
618:
413:Ionizing radiation
291:neurocristopathies
210:Teratogenesis (EP)
32:Teratogenesis (EP)
4072:
4071:
4006:Plastic pollution
3786:Health issues of
3753:
3752:
3571:
3570:
3492:Synthetic biology
3372:Molecular biology
3227:Cognitive biology
2958:978-0-19-966159-6
2535:(11): 1730â1735.
2282:(12): 1489â1499.
1778:978-0-7216-0187-8
1499:(21): 8573â8578.
1229:10.1002/bdr2.1644
1059:978-1-5062-8295-4
1032:978-0-07-105476-8
734:Tyrannosaurus rex
494:HoffmannâLa Roche
326:Genetic disorders
16:(Redirected from
4112:
4011:Rubber pollution
3861:Organophosphates
3780:
3773:
3766:
3757:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3575:
3217:Chemical biology
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2936:
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2846:
2828:
2819:(7): 1410â1421.
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2639:10.1289/ehp.6481
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2541:10.1289/ehp.9067
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2352:Medicina Clinica
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2167:10.1002/pds.5184
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2071:(4): 1098â1106.
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2003:
1997:
1996:
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1972:
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1958:. Archived from
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368:Chemical agents
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55:medical genetics
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18:Teratogenic drug
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3705:Model organisms
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3502:Systems biology
3467:Quantum biology
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3050:Wayback Machine
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2991:10.12705/635.21
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1876:. 8 August 2021
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593:Withdrawn drugs
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430:Human pregnancy
421:nuclear fallout
357:thyroid disease
344:resulting from
319:
277:
269:
231:Camille Dareste
224:, embryologist
218:
213:
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163:teratogenesis,
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3689:hemimetabolism
3681:holometabolism
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3032:External links
3030:
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2881:(3): 411â422.
2848:
2799:
2768:(2): 140â156.
2748:
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2697:
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2633:(6): 717â730.
2613:
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2477:
2466:(9): 417â427.
2450:
2431:
2377:
2354:(in Spanish).
2342:
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2207:(7): 3185â93.
2190:
2161:(6): 716â726.
2141:
2090:
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2014:(6): 407â414.
1998:
1991:
1973:
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1849:kidshealth.org
1836:
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1366:10.1101/649673
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908:Biology portal
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739:block vertebra
726:Paleopathology
721:
718:
716:
713:
696:
693:
688:
685:
646:Main article:
643:
640:
638:
635:
605:
602:
594:
591:
560:Main article:
557:
554:
521:
518:
482:
479:
477:or hair loss.
466:
463:
461:
458:
434:Main article:
431:
428:
427:
426:
423:
410:
397:
396:
395:
380:
366:
365:
364:
359:
349:
332:
318:
315:
276:
273:
272:
271:
267:
260:
257:
253:
250:
246:
217:
214:
203:
200:
169:David W. Smith
102:
99:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4117:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3957:Health issues
3954:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3769:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3675:Metamorphosis
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3626:Embryogenesis
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3594:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3437:Phylogenetics
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Human biology
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3222:Chronobiology
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3197:Biotechnology
3195:
3193:
3192:Biostatistics
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2813:FASEB Journal
2810:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2242:(2): 385â97.
2241:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:Endocrinology
2194:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1992:3-8047-1763-2
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1422:(2): 99â114.
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1176:0-12-757750-5
1172:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1002:
999:
986:
982:
975:
972:
965:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
950:Retinoic acid
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
923:
912:
909:
903:
898:
893:
888:
887:Proliferation
885:
882:
879:
876:
875:Witch's broom
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
848:
847:
841:
839:
837:
833:
832:foliar theory
829:
821:
819:
812:
810:
807:
803:
798:
794:
793:Retinoic acid
787:
785:
783:
779:
775:
770:
763:
761:
759:
755:
754:
753:Hyphalosaurus
750:
746:
745:
740:
736:
735:
727:
720:Fossil record
719:
715:Other animals
714:
712:
710:
705:
702:
694:
692:
686:
684:
680:
678:
674:
670:
667:
663:
654:
649:
641:
636:
634:
632:
627:
622:
615:
614:intercalating
610:
603:
600:
592:
590:
587:
583:
578:
574:
570:
563:
555:
553:
550:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
519:
517:
515:
511:
510:United States
507:
503:
499:
495:
492:developed by
491:
487:
480:
478:
476:
471:
464:
459:
457:
455:
454:Down syndrome
449:
447:
443:
437:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
411:
409:
405:
401:
398:
393:
389:
385:
381:
378:
374:
370:
369:
367:
363:
360:
358:
354:
350:
347:
343:
339:
336:
335:
333:
331:
327:
324:
323:
322:
316:
314:
312:
307:
305:
301:
296:
292:
288:
283:
274:
265:
261:
258:
254:
251:
247:
244:
240:
236:
235:
234:
232:
227:
223:
211:
206:
202:Teratogenesis
201:
199:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
157:
156:Lusus naturae
152:
150:
149:
143:
137:
128:
123:
114:
109:
100:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:effect on an
76:
72:
71:birth defects
68:
64:
63:dysmorphology
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3801:Plasticizers
3731:
3720:Regeneration
3636:
3511:
3482:Sociobiology
3462:Protistology
3427:Photobiology
3422:Pharmacology
3412:Parasitology
3407:Paleontology
3387:Neuroscience
3367:Microbiology
3277:Epidemiology
3247:Cytogenetics
3207:Cell biology
3187:Biosemiotics
3177:Biomechanics
3157:Biogeography
3152:Biochemistry
3147:Bacteriology
3142:Astrobiology
2981:
2977:
2967:
2947:
2940:
2918:(1): 73â83.
2915:
2911:
2905:
2878:
2874:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2691:
2679:. Retrieved
2674:
2665:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2532:
2528:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2444:
2434:
2400:(10): 3452.
2397:
2393:
2358:(1): 25â32.
2355:
2351:
2345:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2279:
2275:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2049:
2045:
2036:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1982:
1976:
1964:. Retrieved
1960:the original
1953:
1944:
1932:. Retrieved
1926:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1899:
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1873:
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1848:
1839:
1827:. Retrieved
1823:
1813:
1801:. Retrieved
1797:
1787:
1768:
1762:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1496:
1492:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1419:
1415:
1388:. Retrieved
1384:
1381:"Teratogens"
1375:
1354:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1194:
1185:
1165:
1146:
1139:. Retrieved
1129:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1085:
1082:"Teratology"
1076:
1048:
1041:
1022:
1016:
1007:
1001:
989:. Retrieved
984:
974:
845:
825:
816:
791:
767:
751:
749:Choristodera
742:
732:
729:
706:
698:
690:
681:
672:
668:
659:
626:angiogenesis
619:
586:testosterone
577:progesterone
565:
523:
513:
484:
468:
450:
439:
342:spina bifida
320:
310:
308:
287:neural crest
278:
226:James Wilson
221:
219:
205:
197:
180:
159:
155:
153:
146:
104:
66:
46:
45:
43:
4042:Regulations
3894:Bisphenol A
3698:ametabolism
3621:Compartment
3532:Xenobiology
3527:Virophysics
3497:Systematics
3452:Primatology
3397:Ornithology
3337:Ichthyology
3322:Herpetology
3317:Gerontology
3282:Epigenetics
3242:Cryobiology
3132:Agrostology
3122:Aerobiology
3117:Abiogenesis
2984:(5): 1142.
2675:www.pbs.org
2493:: 142â157.
1896:"Soriatane"
1264:Development
991:24 February
960:Thalidomide
945:Polydactyly
857:Variegation
806:chondrocyte
769:Thalidomide
758:polycephaly
660:In the US,
621:Thalidomide
604:Thalidomide
530:vaccination
520:Vaccination
475:cystic acne
377:thalidomide
348:deficiency)
108:tératologie
4105:Teratogens
4079:Categories
3970:Carcinogen
3935:Organotins
3805:Phthalates
3732:Teratology
3660:Metamerism
3655:Embryology
3637:Drosophila
3517:Toxicology
3512:Teratology
3457:Proteomics
3442:Physiology
3382:Neontology
3347:Lipidology
3342:Immunology
3312:Geobiology
3272:Embryology
3252:Dendrology
3182:Biophysics
3162:Biogeology
3008:6896520971
2584:(1): 1â6.
2439:Gordis E.
2321:(1): 1â6.
1803:5 February
1632:Teratology
1305:(67): 67.
1148:anomalies.
1141:1 November
1068:1334083218
966:References
930:Carcinogen
863:Virescence
851:Fasciation
631:phocomelia
597:See also:
490:medication
486:Etretinate
481:Etretinate
189:embryology
181:teratology
160:Teratology
67:Teratogens
47:Teratology
3999:Pollution
3965:Teratogen
3896:(BPA, in
3432:Phycology
3417:Pathology
3402:Osteology
3392:Nutrition
3352:Mammalogy
3327:Histology
3000:0040-0262
2394:Nutrients
2110:(1): 36.
1966:15 August
1934:15 August
1928:Drugs.com
1907:15 August
1245:210151171
802:apoptosis
782:limb buds
549:influenza
498:psoriasis
470:Acitretin
465:Acitretin
460:Medicines
311:teratogen
282:molecular
243:conceptus
127:word stem
101:Etymology
39:tetralogy
3980:Diabetes
3886:Monomers
3866:Adipates
3788:plastics
3710:Ontogeny
3648:polarity
3546:See also
3522:Virology
3507:Taxonomy
3447:Pomology
3377:Mycology
3307:Genomics
3302:Genetics
3127:Agronomy
3046:Archived
3016:87400780
2932:24724870
2897:15030763
2843:13467186
2835:17283219
2794:26043938
2735:20179895
2681:24 March
2657:15121516
2608:32189981
2559:17107860
2507:28911972
2472:10507240
2426:34684453
2372:22177324
2337:21507989
2296:10799645
2256:15998504
2221:15802500
2185:33314561
2136:32366332
2085:15846187
1746:23245604
1737:10790329
1687:21591900
1617:15880700
1576:22045389
1533:19433787
1471:36424689
1463:16084479
1428:20421621
1390:27 March
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