129:. Due to its likelihood of cracking, terrazzo was used at a small scale in comparison to the large expanses we see today. Two inventions resulted in its rise in popularity: divider strips and the electric grinding machine. The invention of divider strips by L. Del Turco and Bros. in 1924 contained the cracking of terrazzo by allowing the material greater space to expand and shrink after installation. This invention made terrazzo a durable and reliable material in addition to allowing for further design work within the floor. Installers use the dividing strips as guides when they work with different colored terrazzo. Additionally, the electric grinding machine and mechanization of the production process cut down on costs and installation time, making terrazzo an affordable flooring option.
266:. Marble-chip, cementitious terrazzo requires three layers of materials. First, cement masons or terrazzo workers build a solid, level concrete foundation that is 3 to 4 inches (76 to 102 mm) deep. After the forms are removed from the foundation, workers add a 1 inch (25 mm) layer of sandy concrete. Before this layer sets, terrazzo workers partially embed metal divider strips in the concrete wherever there is to be a joint or change of color in the terrazzo. For the final layer, terrazzo workers blend and place into each of the panels a fine marble chip mixture that may be color-pigmented. While the mixture is still wet, workers toss additional marble chips of various colors into each panel and roll a weighted roller (100–125 pounds (45–57 kg)) over the entire surface.
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88:(for physical binding), or a combination of both. Metal strips often divide sections, or changes in color or material in a pattern. Additional chips may be sprinkled atop the mix before it sets. After it is cured it is ground and polished smooth or otherwise finished to produce a uniformly textured surface. "Terrazzo" is also often used to describe any pattern similar to the original terrazzo floors.
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Thin-set terrazzo does not require a concrete sub-floor. Instead, a flexible membrane can be installed so that cracks do not appear on the surface. Unbonded includes the sand cushion method which uses wire reinforcing, an isolation sheet, and sand dusting that absorbs any movement from the concrete slab.
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These floors are almost impenetrable to moisture and very durable, but their construction involved a high input of energy. Gourdin and
Kingery (1975) estimate that the production of any given amount of lime requires about five times that amount of wood. Recent experiments by Affonso and Pernicka have
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for which workers tossed larger marble chips into the cement that was then ground and polished. Together, these methods create the generic form of terrazzo that involves pieces of stone that are bonded to a cement bed. Terrazzo was first introduced in the United States in the late 1890s, but did not
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resin). Bonded terrazzo is applied over a sand-cement mortar underbed which sits on top of a concrete slab. The sand-cement layer allows for variations in the finished concrete slab that it sits on. Monolithic terrazzo is applied directly over an extremely flat and high quality concrete sub-floor.
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inch (6.4 to 9.5 mm) installation thickness, lighter weight, faster installation, impermeable finish, higher strength, and less susceptibility to cracking. The disadvantage of epoxy resin–based terrazzo is that it can only be used for interior, not exterior, applications. Epoxy-based terrazzo
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Although terrazzo derives from the mosaic artform, it does not place individual pieces in a decorative pattern. Instead, small pieces are thrown into the mortar base creating a more uniform surface appearance. Decorative patterns are created by using dividers which creates lines between different
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can deteriorate the bonding agents used in terrazzo. As the aggregates are often marble dust which is calcium carbonate, strong acid can also cause deterioration to the aggregates. When partial replacement is necessary, a "bracketing" system mixing and matching different chips is used to create
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styles from the 1920s to 1940s favored terrazzo with the dividers allowing for straight or curved lines that increased the decorative potential. The popularity of terrazzo led to an increase in installers in the 1920s. The
National Terrazzo and Mosaic Organization was formed in 1931 to further
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resins were used as the binder resin. Today, most of the terrazzo installed is epoxy terrazzo. The advantages of this material over cementitious terrazzo include a wider selection of colors,
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shown that only twice the amount is needed, but that would still amount to 4.5 metric tonnes of dry wood for the floors in Çayönü. Other sites with terrazzo floors include Nevalı Çori,
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will lose its color and slightly peel when used outdoors, whereas cement-based terrazzo will not. In addition to marble aggregate blends, other aggregates have been used, such as
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Terrazzo installation includes both bonded and unbonded methods. Bonded systems include: bonded underbed, monolithic, chemically bonded, and the most recent, thin set method (
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Cracking is the most common form of failure and is typically caused by the structural system that supports the terrazzo rather than the material itself. Contact with
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shell. Recycled aggregates include: glass, porcelain, concrete, and metal. Shapes and medallions can be fabricated on site by bending divider strips, or off site by
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and polished. The embedded crushed limestone gives it a slightly mottled appearance. The use of fire to produce burnt lime, which was also used for the
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of Egypt, its more recent predecessors come from Italy. The form of terrazzo used today derives partly from the 18th century
541:. Internationale Archäologie: Studia honoraria Volume 12. Rahden/Westfallen, Germany: Verlag Marie Leidorf. pp. 9–13.
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is a composite material, poured in place or precast, which is used for floor and wall treatments. It consists of chips of
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measure about 80 m (860 sq ft). They are 15 cm (5.9 in) thick, and contain about 10–15% lime.
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of implements, predates production of fired pottery by almost a thousand years. In the early
Neolithic settlement of
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about 90 m (970 sq ft) of terrazzo floors have been uncovered. The floors of the PPN B settlement of
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had workers place marble fragments next to each other in a mortar base. Terrazzo is also related to the technique
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Gourdin, W. H.; Kingery, W. D. (1975). "The
Beginnings of Pyrotechnology: Neolithic and Egyptian Lime Plaster".
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When the terrazzo is thoroughly cured, helpers grind it with a terrazzo grinder, which is somewhat like a
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professionalize the practice of terrazzo installation. One of the best-known examples of terrazzo is the
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Lux orientis: Archäologie
Zwischen Asien und Europa. Festschrift für Harald Hauptmann zum 65. Geburtstag
144:. Created in 1958, the walk honors celebrities in the form of a terrazzo star that displays their name.
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achieve popularity until the 1920s. Until then it was hand polished with a long handled tool called a
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402:"Terrazzo used to be kitschy. Now it's on everything from Spalding basketballs to Madewell dresses"
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potential matches. Aged terrazzo can be resurfaced to restore its original look by re-polishing.
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535:"Neolithic Lime Plasters and Pozzolanic Reactions: Are They Occasional Occurrences?"
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One of the most well known examples of terrazzo flooring is the
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Cementitious composite material, usually used in flooring
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Affonso, Maria Thais
Crepaldi; Pernicka, Ernst (2001).
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Twentieth
Century Materials: History and Conservation
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Century Materials: History and Conservation
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Century Materials: History and Conservation
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Century Materials: History and Conservation
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Terrazzo with stylized Native-American design at the
537:. In Boehmer, Rainer Michael; Maran, Joseph (eds.).
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582:Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2012–13 Edition
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250:Terrazzo artisans create walls, floors,
41:Terrazzo entryway on Beverley Street in
612:"Flooring - Terrazzo - archtoolbox.com"
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642:. New York: McGraw Hill. p. 207.
481:. New York: McGraw Hill. p. 205.
466:. New York: McGraw Hill. p. 204.
435:. New York: McGraw Hill. p. 203.
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152:Archaeologists have adopted the term
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578:"Cement Masons and Terrazzo Workers"
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400:Brooke, Eliza (15 October 2019).
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493:"Hollywood Chamber of Commerce"
84:binder (for chemical binding),
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654:"Regrinding Terrazzo Floors"
508:Journal of Field Archaeology
339:colored terrazzo mixtures.
176:and clay, colored red with
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586:Bureau of Labor Statistics
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113:pavement) and the cheaper
30:For the Italian town, see
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168:, ca. 9,000–8,000 BC) in
590:U.S. Department of Labor
431:Johnson, Walter (1995).
118:Pavimento alla Veneziana
107:pavimento alla Veneziana
638:Jester, Thomas (1995).
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230:Hoover Dam
220:Production
557:646779465
245:Stockholm
158:Neolithic
115:seminato.
86:polymeric
677:Terrazzo
360:See also
256:concrete
154:terrazzo
133:Art Deco
122:seminato
111:Venetian
62:Terrazzo
596:15 June
562:15 June
349:alkalis
304:abalone
292:⁄
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271:polymer
210:Kastros
206:Jericho
182:hafting
137:Moderne
103:mosaics
92:History
74:granite
18:Terazzo
698:Floors
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252:patios
214:Cyprus
208:, and
190:Turkey
186:Çayönü
127:galera
70:quartz
66:marble
45:, U.S.
353:acids
327:epoxy
260:epoxy
178:ochre
78:glass
598:2013
564:2013
553:OCLC
543:ISBN
415:2019
302:and
174:lime
166:PPNB
164:and
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