320:" capability. Thus the unit MIPS was useful to measure integer performance of any computer, including those without such a capability, and to account for architecture differences, similar MOPS (million operations per second) was used as early as 1970 as well. Note that besides integer (or fixed-point) arithmetics, examples of integer operation include data movement (A to B) or value testing (If A = B, then C). That's why MIPS as a performance benchmark is adequate when a computer is used in database queries, word processing, spreadsheets, or to run multiple virtual operating systems. In 1974
329:
439:
2964:, an IBM-built supercomputer now running at the Department of Energy's (DOE) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), captured the number one spot with a performance of 148.6 petaFLOPS on High Performance Linpack (HPL), the benchmark used to rank the TOP500 list. Summit has 4,356 nodes, each one equipped with two 22-core Power9 CPUs, and six NVIDIA Tesla V100 GPUs.
346:
299:
The exponentiation inherent in floating-point computation assures a much larger dynamic range – the largest and smallest numbers that can be represented – which is especially important when processing data sets where some of the data may have extremely large range of numerical values or where the
2956:
was ranked the world's fastest with 93 petaFLOPS on the LINPACK benchmark (out of 125 peak petaFLOPS). The system was installed at the
National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi, and represented more performance than the next five most powerful systems on the TOP500 list did at the time combined.
324:
coined the terms flops and megaflops for the description of supercomputer performance of the day by the number of floating-point calculations they performed per second. This was much better than using the prevalent MIPS to compare computers as this statistic usually had little bearing on the
2990:
network has over 2.3 exaFLOPS of total computing power. It is the most powerful distributed computer network, being the first ever to break 1 exaFLOPS of total computing power. This level of performance is primarily enabled by the cumulative effort of a vast array of powerful
504:
434:{\displaystyle {\text{FLOPS}}={\text{racks}}\times {\frac {\text{nodes}}{\text{rack}}}\times {\frac {\text{sockets}}{\text{node}}}\times {\frac {\text{cores}}{\text{socket}}}\times {\frac {\text{cycles}}{\text{second}}}\times {\frac {\text{FLOPs}}{\text{cycle}}}.}
2762:
announced the second generation of its top supercomputer, dubbed Blue Gene/P and designed to continuously operate at speeds exceeding one petaFLOPS, faster than the Blue Gene/L. When configured to do so, it can reach speeds in excess of three petaFLOPS.
2696:
was the world's first computer to achieve one teraFLOPS and beyond. Sandia director Bill Camp said that ASCI Red had the best reliability of any supercomputer ever built, and "was supercomputing's high-water mark in longevity, price, and performance".
316:. However, before the late 1980s floating-point hardware (it's possible to implement FP arithmetic in software over any integer hardware) was typically an optional feature, and computers that had it were said to be "scientific computers", or to have "
2923:
operations. Intel emphasized during the demonstration that this was a sustained teraFLOPS (not "raw teraFLOPS" used by others to get higher but less meaningful numbers), and that it was the first general purpose processor to ever cross a teraFLOPS.
4135:
4763:
251:, or computations that require a large dynamic range. Floating-point representation is similar to scientific notation, except everything is carried out in base two, rather than base ten. The encoding scheme stores the sign, the
450:
4144:
5281:"Thanks to our AMAZING community, we've crossed the exaFLOP barrier! That's over a 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 operations per second, making us ~10x faster than the IBM Summit!pic.twitter.com/mPMnb4xdH3"
2835:
In June 2008, AMD released ATI Radeon HD 4800 series, which are reported to be the first GPUs to achieve one teraFLOPS. On August 12, 2008, AMD released the ATI Radeon HD 4870X2 graphics card with two
2854:. Kraken was declared the world's fastest university-managed supercomputer and sixth fastest overall in the 2009 TOP500 list. In 2010 Kraken was upgraded and can operate faster and is more powerful.
2846:
at the
Department of Energy's (DOE's) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) raised the system's computing power to a peak 1.64 petaFLOPS, making Jaguar the world's first petaFLOPS system dedicated to
2744:
chip, which achieves 1 teraFLOPS at 3.13 GHz. The 80-core chip can raise this result to 2 teraFLOPS at 6.26 GHz, although the thermal dissipation at this frequency exceeds 190 watts.
291:(used for intermediate results). Floating-point representations can support a much wider range of values than fixed-point, with the ability to represent very small numbers and very large numbers.
4767:
2722:. The computer's performance tops out at one petaFLOPS, almost two times faster than the Blue Gene/L, but MDGRAPE-3 is not a general purpose computer, which is why it does not appear in the
3380:
desktop computer reaching 16 TFLOPS of single-precision, 4 TFLOPS of double-precision computing performance. Total system cost was $ 3000; built using only commercially available hardware.
312:
are units of measure for the numerical computing performance of a computer. Floating-point operations are typically used in fields such as scientific computational research, as well as in
7781:
6671:
3863:
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4659:
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6753:
2931:, based at the U.S. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), reached 16 petaFLOPS, setting the world record and claiming first place in the latest TOP500 list.
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graphics cards provide just over 75 TFLOPS half precision (38 TFLOPS SP or 2.6 TFLOPS DP when combined with the CPU) at ~$ 2,050 for the complete system.
5502:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
2919:
On
November 15, 2011, Intel demonstrated a single x86-based processor, code-named "Knights Corner", sustaining more than a teraFLOPS on a wide range of
7097:
5855:"lowest_$ /fp16 - mattebaughman's Saved Part List - Celeron G3930 2.9GHz Dual-Core, Radeon RX VEGA 64 8GB (3-Way CrossFire), XON-350_BK ATX Mid Tower"
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4391:
4377:
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6666:
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C2050 GPU computing processors perform around 515 gigaFLOPS in double precision calculations, and the AMD FireStream 9270 peaks at 240 gigaFLOPS.
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2801:, the most powerful supercomputing system in the world for open science research, which operates at sustained speed of 0.5 petaFLOPS.
530:
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499:{\displaystyle {\text{FLOPS}}={\text{cores}}\times {\frac {\text{cycles}}{\text{second}}}\times {\frac {\text{FLOPs}}{\text{cycle}}}.}
6275:
3778:
7833:
7661:
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7013:
6314:
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3668:
Digital
Edition is listed as having a peak performance of 10.28 TFLOPS (20.58 TFLOPS at half precision) at a retail price of $ 399.
3570:
Built using commercially available parts. AMD Ryzen 7 1700 CPU combined with AMD Radeon Vega FE cards in CrossFire tops out at over
6984:
5356:
5330:
3941:
5522:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
5193:
4091:
8648:
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5357:"Sony Computer Entertainment's Support for Folding@home Project on PlayStation™3 Receives This Year's "Good Design Gold Award""
4789:
2798:
1222:
309:
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300:
range may be unpredictable. As such, floating-point processors are ideally suited for computationally intensive applications.
7368:
6803:
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1002:
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896:
822:
264:
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as the world's fastest supercomputer per the LINPACK benchmark, at 17.59 petaFLOPS. It was developed by Cray Inc. at the
2820:). The computer is located at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. The computer's name refers to the New Mexico
8260:
8105:
8100:
8022:
7498:
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6855:
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6270:
5529:
5509:
4898:"Intel's Core i7-980X Extreme Edition – Ready for Sick Scores?: Mathematics: Sandra Arithmetic, Crypto, Microsoft Excel"
2661:
892:
845:
556:
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5001:
3714:
is listed as having a peak performance of 82.6 TFLOPS (1.32 PFLOPS at 8-bit precision) at a retail price of $ 1599.
3691:
is listed as having a peak performance of 12.15 TFLOPS (24.30 TFLOPS at half precision) at a retail price of $ 499.
1043:
8537:
8184:
7601:
7092:
7060:
6830:
6818:
6798:
6720:
6637:
5580:
5115:
4160:
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2001:
1978:
1951:
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1110:
1011:
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is the most powerful supercomputer on TOP500, reaching 1102 petaFlops (1.102 exaFlops) on the LINPACK benchmarks.
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4750:
Any researcher at a U.S. institution can submit a proposal to request an allocation of cycles on the system.
2996:
2942:
and combines AMD Opteron processors with "Kepler" NVIDIA Tesla graphics processing unit (GPU) technologies.
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75:
38:
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6385:
5471:"Internet PrimeNet Server Distributed Computing Technology for the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search"
3734:
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31:
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4122:
https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/03/amds-moment-of-zen-finally-an-architecture-that-can-compete/2/
328:
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8128:
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6649:
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6401:
6375:
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5558:
4360:
3783:
3522:
3477:
2727:
60:
8653:
8255:
5093:"Oak Ridge Claims No. 1 Position on Latest TOP500 List with Titan | TOP500 Supercomputer Sites"
4433:"Estimation via power consumption that FP32 is 1/4 of FP16 and that clock frequency is below 1.5GHz"
2908:
in 864 racks, with theoretical performance of 11.28 petaFLOPS. It is named after the
Japanese word "
8638:
8458:
8309:
8291:
8243:
7897:
7844:
7649:
7644:
7621:
7537:
7419:
7274:
7169:
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6708:
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1350:
1301:
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1114:
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260:
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8502:
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8329:
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6355:
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5980:
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3196:
2825:
2211:
2205:
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2182:
2165:
2160:
2143:
2137:
2120:
2114:
1798:
5904:
4342:
3880:
3275:
KLAT2 was the first computing technology which scaled to large applications while staying under
2778:
features the first CPU capable of a peak vector performance of 102.4 gigaFLOPS per single core.
5520:
5500:
5306:"Folding@Home Crushes Exascale Barrier, Now Faster Than Dozens of Supercomputers - ExtremeTech"
5280:
3963:
2812:', reached the computing milestone of one petaFLOPS. It headed the June 2008 and November 2008
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8346:
8278:
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7129:
7124:
7006:
6922:
6691:
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6365:
6253:
4989:
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3624:
2953:
2861:
Jaguar performed at 1.75 petaFLOPS, beating the IBM Roadrunner for the number one spot on the
1955:
1928:
4611:
8633:
8566:
8407:
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8268:
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6703:
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6611:
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5516:
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4545:
4065:
3921:
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2708:
1671:
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1599:
1576:
1553:
1530:
1507:
1485:
1464:
1435:
1394:
1375:
313:
5854:
8547:
8532:
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8384:
8359:
8196:
8189:
8040:
8035:
8030:
7969:
7877:
7867:
7589:
7424:
7376:
7139:
7023:
6991:
6892:
6887:
6808:
6659:
6584:
6319:
6263:
6130:
3867:
3638:
Total system cost incl. realistic but low cost parts; matched with other example = $ 2839
3350:
This $ 30,000 cluster was built using only commercially available "gamer" grade hardware.
3239:
4432:
4405:
4189:
4092:"New instructions support for Bulldozer (FMA3) and Piledriver (FMA3+4 and CVT, BMI, TBM)"
5360:
8658:
8492:
8475:
8468:
8364:
8221:
7958:
7872:
7803:
7386:
7348:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7001:
6825:
6500:
6226:
6135:
4521:
4172:
3773:
3049:
2902:
2876:
2817:
2809:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1037:
68:
5092:
8678:
8453:
8369:
7409:
7391:
7184:
6877:
6536:
6280:
6176:
6155:
3688:
3665:
3659:
3402:
3396:
3034:
3023:
2847:
2481:
1480:
333:
276:
5448:
4816:
4793:
4108:
2897:
In
November 2011, it was announced that Japan had achieved 10.51 petaFLOPS with its
8663:
8601:
8417:
8394:
8206:
7927:
6865:
6543:
6118:
6096:
6091:
5661:
5426:
5404:
4737:
4077:
3487:
3473:
3163:
2987:
2891:
1641:
1636:
1087:
928:
924:
444:
This can be simplified to the most common case: a computer that has exactly 1 CPU:
5359:(Press release). Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. November 6, 2008. Archived from
4056:
Dolbeau, Romain (2017). "Theoretical Peak FLOPS per instruction set: a tutorial".
3737:
is listed as having a peak performance of 21.5 TFLOPS at a retail price of $ 269.
5788:
5762:
5736:
5070:
4857:
4305:
8448:
8412:
8123:
8095:
7953:
7808:
6713:
6531:
6406:
6206:
6145:
3218:
3128:
2928:
1502:
1102:
990:
686:
615:
577:
272:
268:
248:
4711:
8334:
8324:
8319:
8301:
8201:
8174:
7436:
7269:
7239:
6959:
6601:
6569:
6526:
6416:
6181:
6113:
4459:
4069:
3825:"Understand measures of supercomputer performance and storage system capacity"
3564:
2898:
2880:
2747:
In June 2007, Top500.org reported the fastest computer in the world to be the
2738:
2641:
2624:
2607:
788:
657:
321:
5142:"Titan supercomputer debuts for open scientific research | Cutting Edge"
8425:
8422:
8164:
7234:
7212:
6632:
6191:
6069:
4605:"Sandia's ASCI Red, world's first teraflop supercomputer, is decommissioned"
4277:
3592:
3185:
3012:
2748:
2719:
2583:
2510:
986:
778:
768:
739:
712:
64:
6002:
4005:
3938:""Nodes, Sockets, Cores and FLOPS, Oh, My" by Dr. Mark R. Fernandez, Ph.D."
2872:, a supercomputer that operates at a peak computing rate of 2.5 petaFLOPS.
2770:
Corporation of Japan issued a press release announcing its SX series model
509:
FLOPS can be recorded in different measures of precision, for example, the
5382:
2714:
In June 2006, a new computer was announced by
Japanese research institute
1789:(GeForce (except Titan and Titan Black), Quadro (except K6000), Tesla K10)
8440:
7312:
7259:
6731:
6579:
6064:
3711:
3705:
2946:
2909:
2869:
2752:
2704:
2693:
2549:
2531:
2514:
1079:
1033:
900:
775:
765:
709:
252:
17:
5584:
5218:
4591:
4549:
7249:
7207:
6473:
6340:
6285:
6201:
6186:
6150:
6081:
5879:
4255:
4226:
3793:
3439:
3428:
2850:. In early 2009 the supercomputer was named after a mythical creature,
2588:
1191:
647:
606:
229:
4689:
8552:
7264:
7229:
7194:
6370:
6360:
6246:
6241:
6171:
6125:
6108:
6086:
5254:
5194:"China Races Ahead in TOP500 Supercomputer List, Ending US Supremacy"
3907:
3895:
3803:
3788:
3443:
3408:
3250:
3123:
2862:
2851:
2813:
2723:
2566:
2416:
2410:
2392:
2386:
2237:
1816:(GeForce GTX Titan and Titan Black, Quadro K6000, Tesla (except K10))
1616:
1593:
1570:
1142:
510:
215:
201:
187:
5719:
3848:
2982:
uses the
Internet to link personal computers to achieve more FLOPS:
5830:"Building a 50 Teraflops AMD Vega Deep Learning Box for Under $ 3K"
5792:
5470:
1288:
7254:
7224:
6478:
6463:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6411:
5766:
5740:
5331:"Folding@Home exceeds 1.5 ExaFLOPS in the battle against Covid-19"
3620:
3484:
3100:
3038:
3027:
3016:
3005:
2920:
2774:, claiming it to be the world's fastest vector supercomputer. The
2734:
2715:
2689:
2488:
1912:
1333:
1322:
857:
327:
159:
145:
131:
117:
103:
3438:
Built using commercially available parts, a system using one AMD
8586:
7734:
7654:
7244:
6468:
6458:
6236:
5815:"Radeon R9 295X2 8 GB Review: Project Hydra Gets Liquid Cooling"
4873:"China Unveils 2507 Petaflop Supercomputer, the World's Fastest"
4734:"University of Texas at Austin, Texas Advanced Computing Center"
4137:
A New x86 Core Architecture for the Next Generation of Computing
3988:
3798:
2858:
2775:
2771:
2497:
1908:
1547:
1524:
1337:
1326:
1281:
1241:
1196:
906:
863:
801:
744:
718:
543:
Floating-point operations per clock cycle for various processors
275:). While several similar formats are in use, the most common is
173:
37:"Operations per second" redirects here. Not to be confused with
6735:
6006:
7174:
7164:
5631:
5606:
3374:
2805:
2790:
2767:
2759:
2700:
623:
582:
340:
FLOPS on an HPC-system can be calculated using this equation:
256:
5955:"Nvidia Announces RTX 4090 Coming October 12, RTX 4080 Later"
5167:"Chinese Supercomputer Is Now The World's Fastest – By A Lot"
4660:"29th TOP500 List of World's Fastest Supercomputers Released"
279:. This standard defines the format for 32-bit numbers called
74:
For such cases, it is a more accurate measure than measuring
3926:. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards.
3254:
computing technology. It won the Gordon Bell Prize in 2000.
4212:"Entertainment Systems and High-Performance Processor SH-4"
3824:
2751:
supercomputer, measuring a peak of 596 teraFLOPS. The
67:, useful in fields of scientific computations that require
4764:"IBM's Roadrunner smashes 4-minute mile of supercomputing"
4124:"each core now has a pair of 128-bit FMA units of its own"
325:
arithmetic capability of the machine on scientific tasks.
4712:"NEC Launches World's Fastest Vector Supercomputer, SX-9"
4278:"Inside Volta: The World's Most Advanced Data Center GPU"
3632:
3Ă— NVIDIA RTX 3080 @ 29,770 GFLOPS each & $ 699.99
5242:
4406:"250 TFLOPs/s for two chips with FP16 mixed precision"
3885:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1970.
2949:
was ranked the world's fastest with 33.86 petaFLOPS.
2916:, corresponding to the target speed of 10 petaFLOPS.
2208:(only Radeon Instinct MI50 / MI60 and Radeon Pro VII)
453:
349:
5002:"Intel's Knights Corner: 50+ Core 22nm Co-processor"
3331:"personal" Beowulf cluster can be built for $ 1256.
2816:
list of the most powerful supercomputers (excluding
2804:
On May 25, 2008, an American supercomputer built by
8616:
8565:
8501:
8439:
8393:
8345:
8300:
8220:
8147:
8116:
8021:
7942:
7906:
7860:
7760:
7686:
7620:
7570:
7481:
7472:
7445:
7400:
7367:
7339:
7330:
7150:
7053:
7042:
6913:
6769:
6620:
6562:
6514:
6394:
6333:
6219:
6164:
6047:
6040:
5071:"US Titan supercomputer clocked as world's fastest"
1325:(Ryzen 3000 series, Threadripper 3000 series, Epyc
1280:(Ryzen 1000 series, Threadripper 1000 series, Epyc
548:Floating-point operations per clock cycle per core
5682:Adam Stevenson, Yann Le Du, and Mariem El Afrit. "
5583:. Loki-www.lanl.gov. July 13, 1997. Archived from
4560:
4558:
4546:Epiphany-III 16-core 65nm Microprocessor (E16G301)
498:
433:
5981:"AMD Radeon RX 7600 Review: Incremental Upgrades"
5658:"Microwulf: A Personal, Portable Beowulf Cluster"
4588:Epiphany-IV 64-core 28nm Microprocessor (E64G401)
4249:"SH-4 Next-Generation DSP Architecture for VoIP"
3861:Summary: Fixed-point (integer) vs floating-point
3602:Built using commercially available parts. Three
3528:Built using commercially available parts. Intel
2934:On November 12, 2012, the TOP500 list certified
4792:. Top500.org. November 14, 2008. Archived from
4306:"NVIDIA A100 GPUs Power the Modern Data Center"
4109:"Agner's CPU blog - Test results for AMD Ryzen"
3635:Total system GFLOPS = 89,794 / TFLOPS= 89.2794
3041:infrastructure, computes at 847 teraFLOPS.
3019:software platform, averages 896 teraFLOPS.
2140:(all except Radeon Pro W 8100–9100, Vega 10–20)
5720:Sony Sparks Price War With PS4 Priced at $ 399
5024:"Intel unveils 1 TFLOP/s Knight's Corner"
3989:"Floating-Point Operations Per Second (FLOPS)"
3075:Platform providing the lowest cost per GFLOPS
2711:to exceed 100 gigaFLOPS per single core.
513:supercomputer list ranks computers by 64 bit (
6747:
6018:
5116:"Oak Ridge Labs Builds Fastest Supercomputer"
4946:"AMD FireStream 9270 GPU Compute Accelerator"
4173:"The microarchitecture of Intel and AMD CPUs"
2890:are considerably more powerful. For example,
1291:(Ryzen 2000 series, Threadripper 2000 series)
8:
4968:"'K computer' Achieves Goal of 10 Petaflops"
4372:
4370:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
2755:hit second place with 101.7 teraFLOPS.
7752:Computer performance by orders of magnitude
5255:"Folding@Home Active CPUs & GPUs by OS"
3754:Computer performance by orders of magnitude
3630:AMD Ryzen 3600 @ 484 GFLOPS & $ 199.99
3160:performs one floating-point multiply every
2591:compiler (ANSI 77 with vector extensions)
1720:(only GeForce GTX 465–480, 560 Ti, 570–590)
8217:
7857:
7478:
7336:
7050:
6754:
6740:
6732:
6044:
6025:
6011:
6003:
5114:Montalbano, Elizabeth (October 11, 2011).
3483:Built using commercially available parts.
3405:is listed as having a peak performance of
3030:network, is crunching at 3 petaFLOPS.
546:
85:
5607:"Kentucky Linux Athlon Testbed 2 (KLAT2)"
4460:"Introducing Graphcore's Mk2 IPU systems"
4378:"Introduction to the Xe-HPG Architecture"
4190:"AMD CEO Lisa Su's COMPUTEX 2019 Keynote"
3008:network averages about 31 petaFLOPS.
2842:In November 2008, an upgrade to the Cray
483:
470:
462:
454:
452:
418:
405:
392:
379:
366:
358:
350:
348:
3065:
1848:(all except Quadro GP100 and Tesla P100)
517:) operations per second, abbreviated to
5684:High-performance computing on gamer PCs
5538:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
4200:from the original on December 11, 2021.
3908:Data manipulation and math calculation.
3816:
2004:(all GeForce and Quadro, Tesla A40/A10)
247:is needed for very large or very small
4840:"Cray Dethrones IBM in Supercomputing"
4494:ENIAC]] @ 100 kHz with 385 Flops
2789:opened full scale research runs on an
515:double-precision floating-point format
5536:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
4924:"NVIDIA Tesla Personal Supercomputer"
4838:Greenberg, Andy (November 16, 2009).
4292:"NVIDIA Ampere Architecture In-Depth"
4017:
4015:
4000:
3998:
3923:Computer System Capacity Fundamentals
3131:-based) electronic digital computer.
3052:, is sustaining 1,354 teraFLOPS.
3004:As of December 2020, the entire
2193:1/2 (locked by driver, 1 in hardware)
1728:1/4 (locked by driver, 1 in hardware)
521:. Similar measures are available for
7:
7723:Floating-point operations per second
4636:Richard Swinburne (April 30, 2007).
4565:Feldman, Michael (August 22, 2012).
4323:Schilling, Andreas (June 10, 2019).
4023:"Computing Power throughout History"
2886:) in double precision calculations.
2868:In October 2010, China unveiled the
2707:supercomputer was the world's first
1801:: locked by driver, 2/3 in hardware)
45:Floating point operations per second
6351:Input–output memory management unit
4638:"The Arrival of TeraFLOP Computing"
3784:Performance per watt#FLOPS per watt
2730:for simulating molecular dynamics.
283:, as well as 64-bit numbers called
5702:"HD7970 Quadfire Eyefinity Review"
5140:Tibken, Shara (October 29, 2012).
4858:"China claims supercomputer crown"
4817:"Supercomputer sets petaflop pace"
4143:. HotChips 28. AMD. Archived from
2929:IBM's Sequoia supercomputer system
1874:(only Quadro GP100 and Tesla P100)
1238:(128-bit) (Bulldozer, Steamroller)
25:
5828:Perez, Carol E. (July 13, 2017).
4871:Dillow, Clay (October 28, 2010).
4815:Fildes, Jonathan (June 9, 2008).
3107:in 1945 and $ 7,916,000 in 2022.
2967:In June 2022, the United States'
8649:Semiconductor device fabrication
5046:"IBM Computer Sets Speed Record"
4361:"AMD Instinct MI100 Accelerator"
4325:"Die RDNA-Architektur - Seite 2"
3565:AMD Radeon Vega Frontier Edition
8624:History of general-purpose CPUs
6851:Nondeterministic Turing machine
5449:"MilkyWay@Home Credit overview"
5427:"Einstein@Home Credit overview"
5279:Folding@home (March 25, 2020).
5243:https://en.wikipedia.org/TOP500
5095:. Top500.org. November 12, 2012
4766:. Computerworld. Archived from
4666:. June 23, 2007. Archived from
4567:"Adapteva Unveils 64-Core Chip"
3910:Retrieved on December 25, 2009.
3898:Retrieved on December 25, 2009.
3870:Retrieved on December 25, 2009.
3851:Retrieved on December 25, 2009.
2015:2 (FP32) + 0 (INT32)
265:IBM Floating Point Architecture
27:Measure of computer performance
6804:Deterministic finite automaton
4762:Sharon Gaudin (June 9, 2008).
4134:Mike Clark (August 23, 2016).
2019:1 (FP32) + 1 (INT32)
1992:2 (FP32) + 2 (INT32)
1969:2 (FP32) + 2 (INT32)
1942:2 (FP32) + 2 (INT32)
1766:(only Quadro 4000–7000, Tesla)
1:
7595:Simultaneous and heterogenous
5905:"AMD Playstation 5 GPU Specs"
5700:Tom Logan (January 9, 2012).
4860:. BBC News. October 28, 2010.
4343:"AMD Radeon RX 5700 XT Specs"
3779:Multiply–accumulate operation
2975:Distributed computing records
2940:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
2839:GPUs totaling 2.4 teraFLOPS.
2787:University of Texas at Austin
2726:list. It has special-purpose
2610:IMS T800-20 @ 20 MHz in 1987
2548:60-bit processor @ 10 MHz in
2530:60-bit processor @ 10 MHz in
2117:(only Radeon Pro W 8100–9100)
8279:Integrated memory controller
8261:Translation lookaside buffer
7460:Memory dependence prediction
6903:Random-access stored program
6856:Probabilistic Turing machine
5530:American Antiquarian Society
5510:American Antiquarian Society
5044:Clark, Don (June 18, 2012).
3964:"FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS"
3896:Fixed versus floating point.
2879:reached 109 gigaFLOPS (
2662:Instruction set architecture
2458:Graphcore Colossus GC200 Mk2
2363:Intel Xe-HPC (Ponte Vecchio)
2346:Intel Xe-HPG (Arc Alchemist)
557:Instruction set architecture
7735:Synaptic updates per second
5930:"Xbox Series X | Xbox"
5405:"SETI@Home Credit overview"
4392:"Intel Data Center GPU Max"
3072:Approximate USD per GFLOPS
2986:As of April 2020, the
1304:(128-bit, 256-bit decoding)
295:Dynamic range and precision
8711:
8139:Heterogeneous architecture
7061:Orthogonal instruction set
6831:Alternating Turing machine
6819:Quantum cellular automaton
3866:December 31, 2009, at the
3149:had a cost at the time of
2952:On June 20, 2016, China's
2945:On June 10, 2013, China's
2875:As of 2010 the fastest PC
2737:unveiled the experimental
1697:2.0 (GeForce GTX 260–295)
287:and longer numbers called
255:(in base two for Cray and
36:
29:
8629:Microprocessor chronology
8592:Dynamic frequency scaling
7747:Cache performance metrics
4070:10.1007/s11227-017-2177-5
4058:Journal of Supercomputing
3578:for the complete system.
3244:Bunyip was the first sub-
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
2781:On February 4, 2008, the
2496:0.004 (~0.00000003 FLOPS/
2480:
2432:
2379:
2329:Intel Xe-LP (Iris Xe MAX)
2323:
2026:
1656:
1366:
1336:(Ryzen 5000 series, Epyc
1130:
571:
566:
563:
560:
555:
552:
304:Computational performance
263:formats, and base 16 for
245:Floating-point arithmetic
82:Floating-point arithmetic
8644:Hardware security module
7987:Digital signal processor
7964:Graphics processing unit
7776:Graphics processing unit
6381:Video display controller
6034:Graphics processing unit
5559:"The IBM 7030 (STRETCH)"
5073:. BBC. November 12, 2012
3327:As of August 2007, this
3301:KASY0 was the first sub-
3145:A basic installation of
715:(Willamette, Northwood)
8597:Dynamic voltage scaling
8380:Memory address register
8274:Branch target predictor
8238:Address generation unit
7981:Physics processing unit
7770:Central processing unit
7729:Transactions per second
7717:Instructions per second
7640:Array processing (SIMT)
6784:Stored-program computer
5383:"BOINC Computing Power"
5050:The Wall Street Journal
4714:. NEC. October 25, 2007
4522:"IMS T800 Architecture"
2912:", which stands for 10
2830:Geococcyx californianus
2684:Single computer records
2649:2 (50.0 GFLOPS/W)
2627:E16 @ 1000 MHz in 2012
2509:48-bit processor @ 208
2491:@ 100 kHz in 1945
1256:(Piledriver, Excavator)
277:ANSI/IEEE Std. 754-1985
76:instructions per second
39:Instructions per second
8685:Benchmarks (computing)
8403:Hardwired control unit
8285:Memory management unit
8250:Memory management unit
7999:Secure cryptoprocessor
7993:Tensor Processing Unit
7975:Vision processing unit
7709:Cycles per instruction
7703:Instructions per cycle
7650:Associative processing
7341:Instruction pipelining
6763:Processor technologies
6496:Shared graphics memory
4478:"Bow-2000 IPU-Machine"
3412:, at a price of $ 400
3308:computing technology.
3240:Bunyip Beowulf cluster
3044:As of June 2020,
3033:As of June 2018,
3026:, a project using the
3022:As of June 2018,
3011:As of June 2018,
2644:E64 @ 800 MHz in 2012
2632:2 (5.0 GFLOPS/W)
2438:Graphcore Colossus GC2
1743:(only Quadro 600–2000)
1372:ARM Cortex-A7, A9, A15
771:(Prescott, Cedar Mill)
500:
435:
337:
318:scientific computation
259:, base two or ten for
87:Multipliers for flops
8486:Sum-addressed decoder
8232:Arithmetic logic unit
7359:Classic RISC pipeline
7313:Epiphany architecture
7160:Motorola 68000 series
6682:Hardware acceleration
6386:Video processing unit
5664:on September 12, 2007
3167:. Second-generation (
2980:Distributed computing
2766:On October 25, 2007,
2586:205 @ 50 MHz in 1981
2092:Radeon HD 6000 series
2065:Radeon HD 5000 series
2038:Radeon HD 4000 series
1981:(only Tesla A100/A30)
1244:(128-bit) (Excavator)
781:(Smithfield, Presler)
501:
436:
332:FLOPS by the largest
331:
8607:Performance per watt
8185:replacement policies
7851:Package on a package
7741:Performance per watt
7645:Pipelined processing
7415:Tomasulo's algorithm
7220:Clipper architecture
7076:Application-specific
6789:Finite-state machine
6607:Performance per watt
6376:Texture mapping unit
6325:Unified shader model
5961:. September 20, 2022
5769:on December 19, 2013
5743:on November 16, 2013
4796:on February 22, 2012
4770:on December 24, 2008
3944:on February 13, 2019
3920:Kuck, D. J. (1974).
3540:at a grand total of
3453:for a total cost of
3195:. Third-generation (
3127:. First-generation (
2844:Jaguar supercomputer
2797:supercomputer named
1954:(all except GeForce
451:
347:
61:computer performance
30:For other uses, see
8639:Digital electronics
8292:Instruction decoder
8244:Floating-point unit
7898:Soft microprocessor
7845:System in a package
7420:Reservation station
6950:Transport-triggered
6549:Integrated graphics
5795:on January 10, 2015
5363:on January 31, 2009
5004:. November 16, 2011
4617:on November 5, 2010
4497:"Computers of Yore"
4439:. October 25, 2017.
4412:. October 26, 2018.
4394:. November 9, 2022.
3882:NASA Technical Note
3593:Intel Celeron G3930
3449:reaches a total of
2679:Performance records
1391:ARM Cortex-A32, A35
549:
261:IEEE floating point
88:
8695:Units of frequency
8511:Integrated circuit
8355:Processor register
8009:Baseband processor
7354:Operand forwarding
6814:Cellular automaton
6699:Parallel computing
6575:Display resolution
6356:Render output unit
6346:Geometry processor
5192:Feldman, Michael.
4482:docs.graphcore.ai/
3769:LINPACK benchmarks
3759:Exascale computing
3644:/GFLOP = $ 0.0314
3397:Sony PlayStation 4
3199:-based) computer.
3197:integrated circuit
3171:-based) computer.
2927:On June 18, 2012,
2826:greater roadrunner
2758:On June 26, 2007,
2658:Microarchitecture
2461:Graphcore Bow-2000
553:Microarchitecture
547:
496:
431:
338:
289:extended precision
271:(number after the
86:
59:) is a measure of
8672:
8671:
8561:
8560:
8180:Instruction cache
8170:Scratchpad memory
8017:
8016:
8004:Network processor
7933:Network on a chip
7888:Ultra-low-voltage
7839:Multi-chip module
7682:
7681:
7468:
7467:
7455:Branch prediction
7432:Register renaming
7326:
7325:
7308:VISC architecture
7130:Quantum computing
7125:VISC architecture
7007:Secondary storage
6923:Microarchitecture
6883:Register machines
6729:
6728:
6544:External graphics
6527:Discrete graphics
6491:Memory controller
6254:Graphics pipeline
6215:
6214:
5834:Intuition Machine
5690:. March 31, 2011.
5638:. August 22, 2003
5581:"Loki and Hyglac"
5259:foldingathome.org
4740:on August 1, 2009
4594:(August 19, 2012)
4552:(August 19, 2012)
4027:alternatewars.com
3764:Gordon Bell Prize
3741:
3740:
3536:tops out at over
3496:4.848 TFLOPS
3451:6.771 TFLOPS
3213:Two 16-processor
3057:Cost of computing
2954:Sunway TaihuLight
2735:Intel Corporation
2676:
2675:
2569:@ 80 MHz in 1976
2185:(only Radeon VII)
491:
490:
487:
478:
477:
474:
465:
457:
426:
425:
422:
413:
412:
409:
400:
399:
396:
387:
386:
383:
374:
373:
370:
361:
353:
242:
241:
16:(Redirected from
8702:
8634:Processor design
8526:Power management
8408:Instruction unit
8269:Branch predictor
8218:
7916:System on a chip
7858:
7698:Transistor count
7622:Flynn's taxonomy
7479:
7337:
7140:Addressing modes
7051:
6997:Memory hierarchy
6861:Hypercomputation
6779:Abstract machine
6756:
6749:
6742:
6733:
6704:Vector processor
6687:Image processing
6677:Graphics library
6612:Transistor count
6554:System on a chip
6486:Memory bandwidth
6366:Stream processor
6045:
6027:
6020:
6013:
6004:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5985:tomshardware.com
5977:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5959:tomshardware.com
5951:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5884:pcpartpicker.com
5880:"System Builder"
5876:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5859:pcpartpicker.com
5851:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5817:. April 8, 2014.
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5791:. Archived from
5785:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5765:. Archived from
5759:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5739:. Archived from
5733:
5727:
5726:. June 11, 2013.
5716:
5710:
5709:
5697:
5691:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5660:. Archived from
5654:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5587:on July 21, 2011
5577:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5533:
5527:
5513:
5507:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5337:. March 26, 2020
5327:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5251:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5009:
4998:
4992:
4990:Japanese numbers
4986:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4904:. March 10, 2010
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4745:
4736:. Archived from
4730:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4616:
4610:. Archived from
4609:
4601:
4595:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4562:
4553:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4466:. July 15, 2020.
4447:
4441:
4440:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4374:
4365:
4364:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4253:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4216:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4196:. May 27, 2019.
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4169:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4150:on July 31, 2020
4149:
4142:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4064:(3): 1341–1377.
4053:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4019:
4010:
4009:
4002:
3993:
3992:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3877:
3871:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3821:
3643:
3577:
3573:
3561:AMD Ryzen 7 1700
3551:
3543:
3539:
3538:11.5 TFLOPS
3509:
3501:
3497:
3464:
3456:
3452:
3419:
3411:
3387:
3357:
3338:
3330:
3315:
3307:
3305:
3289:
3281:
3279:
3261:
3253:
3248:
3230:
3221:microprocessors
3194:
3166:
3158:IBM 7030 Stretch
3152:
3151:US$ 7.78 million
3147:IBM 7030 Stretch
3126:
3121:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3097:$ 2 quadrillion
3066:
3048:, searching for
3015:, employing the
2901:. It has 88,128
2709:vector processor
2574:2 (700 FLOPS/W)
1672:GeForce 7 series
1668:GeForce 6 series
550:
505:
503:
502:
497:
492:
488:
485:
484:
479:
475:
472:
471:
466:
463:
458:
455:
440:
438:
437:
432:
427:
423:
420:
419:
414:
410:
407:
406:
401:
397:
394:
393:
388:
384:
381:
380:
375:
371:
368:
367:
362:
359:
354:
351:
314:machine learning
285:double precision
281:single precision
89:
21:
8710:
8709:
8705:
8704:
8703:
8701:
8700:
8699:
8675:
8674:
8673:
8668:
8654:Tick–tock model
8612:
8568:
8557:
8497:
8481:Address decoder
8435:
8389:
8385:Program counter
8360:Status register
8341:
8296:
8256:Load–store unit
8223:
8216:
8143:
8112:
8013:
7970:Image processor
7945:
7938:
7908:
7902:
7878:Microcontroller
7868:Embedded system
7856:
7756:
7689:
7678:
7616:
7566:
7464:
7441:
7425:Re-order buffer
7396:
7377:Data dependency
7363:
7322:
7152:
7146:
7045:
7044:Instruction set
7038:
7024:Multiprocessing
6992:Cache hierarchy
6985:Register/memory
6909:
6809:Queue automaton
6765:
6760:
6730:
6725:
6616:
6558:
6510:
6390:
6329:
6320:Tiled rendering
6211:
6160:
6131:InfiniteReality
6036:
6031:
6001:
6000:
5990:
5988:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5964:
5962:
5953:
5952:
5948:
5938:
5936:
5928:
5927:
5923:
5913:
5911:
5909:techpowerup.com
5903:
5902:
5898:
5888:
5886:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5863:
5861:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5838:
5836:
5827:
5826:
5822:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5798:
5796:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5772:
5770:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5746:
5744:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5717:
5713:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5681:
5677:
5667:
5665:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5641:
5639:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5615:
5613:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5590:
5588:
5579:
5578:
5574:
5564:
5562:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5542:
5540:
5535:
5525:
5517:McCusker, J. J.
5515:
5505:
5497:McCusker, J. J.
5495:
5493:
5489:
5479:
5477:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5454:
5452:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5432:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5410:
5408:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5388:
5386:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5366:
5364:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5340:
5338:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5314:
5312:
5310:extremetech.com
5304:
5303:
5299:
5289:
5287:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5263:
5261:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5241:
5237:
5227:
5225:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5202:
5200:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5176:
5174:
5173:. June 17, 2013
5171:Forbes Magazine
5165:
5164:
5160:
5150:
5148:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5124:
5122:
5120:Informationweek
5113:
5112:
5108:
5098:
5096:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5076:
5074:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5054:
5052:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5007:
5005:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4987:
4983:
4973:
4971:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4951:
4949:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4929:
4927:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4907:
4905:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4881:
4879:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4799:
4797:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4773:
4771:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4743:
4741:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4717:
4715:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4695:
4693:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4673:
4671:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4643:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4556:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4528:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4505:
4503:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4458:
4455:Wayback Machine
4448:
4444:
4431:
4428:Wayback Machine
4421:
4417:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4376:
4375:
4368:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4294:. May 14, 2020.
4290:
4289:
4285:
4280:. May 10, 2017.
4276:
4275:
4271:
4261:
4259:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4232:
4230:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4120:
4116:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4055:
4054:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4021:
4020:
4013:
4004:
4003:
3996:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3972:
3970:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3945:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3906:
3902:
3894:
3890:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3868:Wayback Machine
3859:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3833:
3831:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3749:
3743:
3696:September 2022
3641:
3625:NVIDIA RTX 3080
3575:
3571:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3534:Radeon R9 295X2
3523:Radeon R9 295X2
3507:
3499:
3498:grand total of
3495:
3462:
3454:
3450:
3447:GeForce GTX 760
3433:GeForce GTX 760
3429:AMD Sempron 145
3417:
3406:
3385:
3368:AMD Radeon 7970
3355:
3336:
3328:
3313:
3303:
3302:
3287:
3277:
3276:
3259:
3246:
3245:
3228:
3193:0.8 GFLOPS
3192:
3191:$ 15,000,000 /
3161:
3150:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3094:$ 130 trillion
3064:
3059:
3050:Mersenne primes
2977:
2749:IBM Blue Gene/L
2686:
2681:
2464:
2242:
1851:
1343:
1294:
1259:
1174:
1107:
1084:Knights Landing
1008:
869:
851:
798:
662:
620:
545:
449:
448:
345:
344:
306:
297:
84:
71:calculations.
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8708:
8706:
8698:
8697:
8692:
8690:Floating point
8687:
8677:
8676:
8670:
8669:
8667:
8666:
8661:
8659:Pin grid array
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8620:
8618:
8614:
8613:
8611:
8610:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8573:
8571:
8563:
8562:
8559:
8558:
8556:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8529:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8507:
8505:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8495:
8493:Barrel shifter
8490:
8489:
8488:
8483:
8476:Binary decoder
8473:
8472:
8471:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8445:
8443:
8437:
8436:
8434:
8433:
8428:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8399:
8397:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8365:Stack register
8362:
8357:
8351:
8349:
8343:
8342:
8340:
8339:
8338:
8337:
8332:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8306:
8304:
8298:
8297:
8295:
8294:
8289:
8288:
8287:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8265:
8264:
8258:
8247:
8241:
8235:
8228:
8226:
8215:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8193:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8157:
8151:
8149:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8120:
8118:
8114:
8113:
8111:
8110:
8109:
8108:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8027:
8025:
8019:
8018:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7990:
7984:
7978:
7972:
7967:
7961:
7959:AI accelerator
7956:
7950:
7948:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7930:
7925:
7922:Multiprocessor
7919:
7912:
7910:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7873:Microprocessor
7870:
7864:
7862:
7861:By application
7855:
7854:
7848:
7842:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7804:Tile processor
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7785:
7784:
7773:
7766:
7764:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7738:
7732:
7726:
7720:
7714:
7713:
7712:
7700:
7694:
7692:
7684:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7676:
7675:
7674:
7664:
7659:
7658:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7632:
7626:
7624:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7598:
7597:
7592:
7590:Hyperthreading
7582:
7576:
7574:
7572:Multithreading
7568:
7567:
7565:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7553:
7552:
7542:
7541:
7540:
7535:
7525:
7524:
7523:
7518:
7508:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7496:
7485:
7483:
7476:
7470:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7462:
7457:
7451:
7449:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7428:
7427:
7422:
7412:
7406:
7404:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7373:
7371:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7349:Pipeline stall
7345:
7343:
7334:
7328:
7327:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7302:
7301:
7300:
7298:z/Architecture
7295:
7290:
7285:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7156:
7154:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7101:
7100:
7090:
7089:
7088:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7057:
7055:
7048:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7010:
7009:
7004:
7002:Virtual memory
6994:
6989:
6988:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6930:
6925:
6919:
6917:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6826:Turing machine
6823:
6822:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6786:
6781:
6775:
6773:
6767:
6766:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6751:
6744:
6736:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6717:
6716:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6695:
6694:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6657:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6624:
6622:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6577:
6572:
6566:
6564:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6534:
6524:
6518:
6516:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6501:Texture memory
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6409:
6404:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6337:
6335:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6295:
6290:
6289:
6288:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6261:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6229:
6227:Compute kernel
6223:
6221:
6217:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6168:
6166:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6051:
6049:
6042:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6022:
6015:
6007:
5999:
5998:
5987:. May 24, 2023
5972:
5946:
5921:
5896:
5871:
5846:
5820:
5806:
5780:
5754:
5728:
5711:
5692:
5675:
5649:
5623:
5598:
5572:
5561:. Norman Hardy
5550:
5534:1800–present:
5487:
5462:
5440:
5418:
5396:
5374:
5348:
5322:
5297:
5285:@foldingathome
5271:
5246:
5235:
5210:
5184:
5158:
5132:
5106:
5084:
5062:
5036:
5015:
4993:
4981:
4959:
4937:
4915:
4889:
4863:
4849:
4830:
4807:
4790:"Austin ISC08"
4781:
4754:
4725:
4703:
4681:
4670:on May 9, 2008
4651:
4640:. bit-tech.net
4628:
4596:
4580:
4554:
4538:
4526:transputer.net
4513:
4501:clear.rice.edu
4487:
4469:
4442:
4415:
4397:
4383:
4366:
4352:
4334:
4315:
4297:
4283:
4269:
4240:
4219:Hitachi Review
4203:
4181:
4164:
4126:
4114:
4100:
4083:
4039:
4011:
3994:
3980:
3955:
3940:Archived from
3929:
3912:
3900:
3888:
3872:
3853:
3849:Floating Point
3841:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3729:Radeon RX 7600
3726:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3708:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3673:November 2020
3670:
3669:
3662:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3650:November 2020
3647:
3646:
3628:
3621:AMD Ryzen 3600
3618:
3615:
3612:
3611:November 2020
3608:
3607:
3604:AMD RX Vega 64
3600:
3597:AMD RX Vega 64
3590:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3574:at just under
3572:50 TFLOPS
3568:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3526:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3481:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3442:145 and three
3436:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3399:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3371:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3329:26 GFLOPS
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3273:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3242:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3217:clusters with
3211:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3189:
3183:
3182:$ 100,000,000
3180:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3154:
3143:
3142:$ 204 billion
3140:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3108:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3063:
3062:Hardware costs
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3042:
3031:
3020:
3009:
3001:
3000:
2976:
2973:
2960:In June 2019,
2903:SPARC64 VIIIfx
2818:grid computers
2688:In June 1997,
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2414:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2013:
2010:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1927:(only GeForce
1920:
1919:
1916:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1452:ARM Cortex-A76
1448:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1411:ARM Cortex-A53
1407:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1330:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1091:
1076:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1038:Knights Corner
1029:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1006:
975:
968:Devil's Canyon
955:
952:
951:
948:
945:
942:
936:
920:
919:
916:
913:
910:
904:
880:
879:
876:
873:
870:
868:
867:
861:
854:
852:
850:
849:
834:
818:
815:
814:
811:
808:
805:
799:
797:
796:
782:
772:
761:
758:
757:
754:
751:
748:
742:
732:
731:
728:
725:
722:
716:
705:
704:
701:
698:
695:
689:
679:
678:
675:
672:
669:
663:
661:
660:
651:
640:
637:
636:
633:
630:
627:
621:
619:
618:
609:
599:
596:
595:
592:
589:
586:
580:
574:
573:
569:
568:
565:
562:
559:
554:
544:
541:
537:) operations.
507:
506:
495:
482:
469:
461:
442:
441:
430:
417:
404:
391:
378:
365:
357:
305:
302:
296:
293:
240:
239:
236:
233:
226:
225:
222:
219:
212:
211:
208:
205:
198:
197:
194:
191:
184:
183:
180:
177:
170:
169:
166:
163:
156:
155:
152:
149:
142:
141:
138:
135:
128:
127:
124:
121:
114:
113:
110:
107:
100:
99:
96:
93:
83:
80:
69:floating-point
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8707:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8682:
8680:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8621:
8619:
8615:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8574:
8572:
8570:
8564:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8513:
8512:
8509:
8508:
8506:
8504:
8500:
8494:
8491:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8478:
8477:
8474:
8470:
8467:
8466:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8454:Demultiplexer
8452:
8450:
8447:
8446:
8444:
8442:
8438:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8400:
8398:
8396:
8392:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8375:Memory buffer
8373:
8371:
8370:Register file
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8352:
8350:
8348:
8344:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8327:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8310:Combinational
8308:
8307:
8305:
8303:
8299:
8293:
8290:
8286:
8283:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8245:
8242:
8239:
8236:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8225:
8219:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8162:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8146:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8121:
8119:
8115:
8107:
8104:
8103:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8028:
8026:
8024:
8020:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7994:
7991:
7988:
7985:
7982:
7979:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7947:
7941:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7923:
7920:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7905:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7859:
7852:
7849:
7846:
7843:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7783:
7780:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7771:
7768:
7767:
7765:
7763:
7759:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7742:
7739:
7736:
7733:
7730:
7727:
7724:
7721:
7718:
7715:
7710:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7691:
7685:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7637:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7627:
7625:
7623:
7619:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7587:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7573:
7569:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7551:
7548:
7547:
7546:
7543:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7530:
7529:
7526:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7513:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7471:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7448:
7444:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7410:Scoreboarding
7408:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7399:
7393:
7392:False sharing
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7366:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7346:
7344:
7342:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7329:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7303:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7185:Stanford MIPS
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7149:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7094:
7091:
7087:
7084:
7083:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7046:architectures
7041:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7014:Heterogeneous
7012:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6965:Memory access
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6898:Random-access
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6878:Stack machine
6876:
6874:
6871:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6824:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6794:with datapath
6792:
6791:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6757:
6752:
6750:
6745:
6743:
6738:
6737:
6734:
6722:
6719:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6648:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6619:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6561:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6513:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6452:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6393:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6332:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6282:
6281:Rasterisation
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6271:HDR rendering
6269:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6177:Apple silicon
6175:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6163:
6157:
6156:Apple silicon
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6075:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6028:
6023:
6021:
6016:
6014:
6009:
6008:
6005:
5986:
5982:
5976:
5973:
5965:September 20,
5960:
5956:
5950:
5947:
5939:September 21,
5935:
5931:
5925:
5922:
5910:
5906:
5900:
5897:
5885:
5881:
5875:
5872:
5864:September 13,
5860:
5856:
5850:
5847:
5835:
5831:
5824:
5821:
5816:
5810:
5807:
5794:
5790:
5784:
5781:
5768:
5764:
5758:
5755:
5742:
5738:
5732:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5715:
5712:
5707:
5703:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5676:
5663:
5659:
5653:
5650:
5637:
5636:The Aggregate
5633:
5627:
5624:
5612:
5611:The Aggregate
5608:
5602:
5599:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5573:
5560:
5554:
5551:
5539:
5531:
5524:
5523:
5518:
5511:
5504:
5503:
5498:
5491:
5488:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5463:
5450:
5444:
5441:
5428:
5422:
5419:
5406:
5400:
5397:
5384:
5378:
5375:
5362:
5358:
5352:
5349:
5336:
5332:
5326:
5323:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5286:
5282:
5275:
5272:
5260:
5256:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5239:
5236:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5211:
5199:
5195:
5188:
5185:
5172:
5168:
5162:
5159:
5147:
5146:News.CNet.com
5143:
5136:
5133:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5107:
5094:
5088:
5085:
5072:
5066:
5063:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5037:
5025:
5019:
5016:
5003:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4985:
4982:
4970:. Fujitsu.com
4969:
4963:
4960:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4925:
4919:
4916:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4890:
4878:
4874:
4867:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4834:
4831:
4818:
4811:
4808:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4782:
4769:
4765:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4744:September 13,
4739:
4735:
4729:
4726:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4691:
4685:
4682:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4652:
4639:
4632:
4629:
4613:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4581:
4568:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4539:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4398:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4316:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4298:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4257:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4229:: 58–63. 1999
4228:
4224:
4220:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4146:
4139:
4138:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4101:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4006:"home.iae.nl"
4001:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3925:
3924:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3842:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3810:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3689:Xbox Series X
3686:
3684:
3683:Xbox Series X
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3666:PlayStation 5
3663:
3661:
3660:PlayStation 5
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3583:October 2017
3582:
3581:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3535:
3531:
3530:Celeron G1830
3527:
3524:
3520:
3519:Celeron G1830
3517:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3493:
3492:Radeon R9 290
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3478:Radeon R9 290
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:December 2013
3461:
3460:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:November 2013
3416:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3403:PlayStation 4
3400:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3179:$ 20,000,000
3178:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:$ 20 billion
3138:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3067:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3035:MilkyWay@home
3032:
3029:
3025:
3024:Einstein@Home
3021:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2881:Intel Core i7
2878:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2857:In 2009, the
2855:
2853:
2849:
2848:open research
2845:
2840:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2678:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:Supercomputer
2479:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2380:Qualcomm GPU
2378:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1742:
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1737:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1619:(Blue Gene/Q)
1618:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1481:ARM Cortex-X1
1479:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:
954:
953:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
930:
926:
922:
921:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:
877:
874:
871:
865:
862:
859:
856:
855:
853:
847:
843:
839:
835:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:
817:
816:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
794:
790:
787:
783:
780:
777:
773:
770:
767:
763:
762:
760:
759:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
741:
738:
734:
733:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
707:
706:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
688:
685:
681:
680:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
659:
656:
652:
649:
646:
642:
641:
639:
638:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
617:
614:
610:
608:
605:
601:
600:
598:
597:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
570:
558:
551:
542:
540:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
493:
480:
467:
459:
447:
446:
445:
428:
415:
402:
389:
376:
363:
355:
343:
342:
341:
335:
334:supercomputer
330:
326:
323:
319:
315:
311:
303:
301:
294:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
237:
234:
231:
228:
227:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
97:
94:
91:
90:
81:
79:
77:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
33:
19:
8664:Chip carrier
8602:Clock gating
8521:Mixed-signal
8418:Write buffer
8395:Control unit
8207:Clock signal
7946:accelerators
7928:Cypress PSoC
7722:
7585:Simultaneous
7402:Out-of-order
7034:Neuromorphic
6915:Architecture
6873:Belt machine
6866:Zeno machine
6799:Hierarchical
6709:Video coding
6596:
6310:Tessellation
6220:Architecture
5989:. Retrieved
5984:
5975:
5963:. Retrieved
5958:
5949:
5937:. Retrieved
5933:
5924:
5912:. Retrieved
5908:
5899:
5887:. Retrieved
5883:
5874:
5862:. Retrieved
5858:
5849:
5837:. Retrieved
5833:
5823:
5809:
5797:. Retrieved
5793:the original
5789:"FreezePage"
5783:
5771:. Retrieved
5767:the original
5763:"FreezePage"
5757:
5745:. Retrieved
5741:the original
5737:"FreezePage"
5731:
5723:
5714:
5705:
5695:
5688:Ars Technica
5687:
5678:
5666:. Retrieved
5662:the original
5652:
5640:. Retrieved
5635:
5626:
5614:. Retrieved
5610:
5601:
5589:. Retrieved
5585:the original
5575:
5565:February 24,
5563:. Retrieved
5553:
5543:February 29,
5541:. Retrieved
5521:
5501:
5490:
5478:. Retrieved
5474:
5465:
5453:. Retrieved
5443:
5431:. Retrieved
5421:
5409:. Retrieved
5399:
5389:December 28,
5387:. Retrieved
5377:
5367:December 11,
5365:. Retrieved
5361:the original
5351:
5339:. Retrieved
5334:
5325:
5313:. Retrieved
5309:
5300:
5288:. Retrieved
5284:
5274:
5262:. Retrieved
5258:
5249:
5238:
5226:. Retrieved
5222:
5213:
5203:December 31,
5201:. Retrieved
5197:
5187:
5175:. Retrieved
5170:
5161:
5151:February 28,
5149:. Retrieved
5145:
5135:
5123:. Retrieved
5119:
5109:
5099:February 28,
5097:. Retrieved
5087:
5077:February 28,
5075:. Retrieved
5065:
5053:. Retrieved
5049:
5039:
5029:November 16,
5027:. Retrieved
5018:
5008:November 16,
5006:. Retrieved
4996:
4984:
4972:. Retrieved
4962:
4950:. Retrieved
4940:
4928:. Retrieved
4926:. Nvidia.com
4918:
4906:. Retrieved
4901:
4892:
4880:. Retrieved
4876:
4866:
4852:
4843:
4833:
4821:. Retrieved
4810:
4798:. Retrieved
4794:the original
4784:
4772:. Retrieved
4768:the original
4757:
4749:
4742:. Retrieved
4738:the original
4728:
4716:. Retrieved
4706:
4694:. Retrieved
4684:
4672:. Retrieved
4668:the original
4663:
4654:
4642:. Retrieved
4631:
4621:November 17,
4619:. Retrieved
4612:the original
4599:
4583:
4573:September 3,
4571:. Retrieved
4541:
4531:December 28,
4529:. Retrieved
4525:
4516:
4506:February 26,
4504:. Retrieved
4500:
4490:
4481:
4472:
4463:
4451:Ghostarchive
4449:Archived at
4445:
4436:
4424:Ghostarchive
4422:Archived at
4418:
4409:
4400:
4386:
4355:
4346:
4337:
4329:Hardwareluxx
4328:
4318:
4309:
4300:
4286:
4272:
4260:. Retrieved
4243:
4231:. Retrieved
4222:
4218:
4206:
4193:
4184:
4167:
4152:. Retrieved
4145:the original
4136:
4129:
4117:
4103:
4086:
4061:
4057:
4032:February 13,
4030:. Retrieved
4026:
3983:
3971:. Retrieved
3967:
3958:
3948:February 12,
3946:. Retrieved
3942:the original
3932:
3922:
3915:
3903:
3891:
3881:
3875:
3856:
3844:
3832:. Retrieved
3828:
3819:
3742:
3687:Microsoft's
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3508:January 2015
3494:tops out at
3488:Pentium G550
3474:Pentium G550
3455:US$ 1,090.66
3347:HPU4Science
3164:microseconds
3037:, using the
2988:Folding@home
2978:
2966:
2959:
2951:
2944:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2896:
2892:Nvidia Tesla
2874:
2867:
2856:
2841:
2834:
2829:
2803:
2780:
2765:
2757:
2746:
2732:
2713:
2699:
2687:
2587:
2016:
1637:Hitachi SH-4
1615:IBM PowerPC
1088:Knights Mill
1073:Cascade Lake
999:Whiskey Lake
929:Sandy Bridge
925:Sandy Bridge
539:
534:
526:
518:
508:
443:
339:
307:
298:
288:
284:
280:
249:real numbers
243:
73:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:
8449:Multiplexer
8413:Data buffer
8124:Single-core
8096:bit slicing
7954:Coprocessor
7809:Coprocessor
7690:performance
7612:Cooperative
7602:Speculative
7562:Distributed
7521:Superscalar
7506:Instruction
7474:Parallelism
7447:Speculative
7279:System/3x0
7151:Instruction
6928:Von Neumann
6841:Post–Turing
6692:Compression
6563:Performance
6515:Form factor
6407:Framebuffer
6371:Tensor unit
6361:Shader unit
6293:Ray-tracing
6232:Fabrication
6207:Intel 2700G
6141:3dfx Voodoo
6136:NEC µPD7220
5889:December 7,
5668:February 9,
5642:February 9,
5616:February 9,
5591:February 9,
5514:1700–1799:
5494:1634–1699:
5219:"June 2018"
5125:February 9,
4974:February 9,
4952:February 9,
4930:February 9,
4908:February 9,
4882:February 9,
4800:February 9,
4690:"June 2008"
4644:February 9,
4464:youtube.com
4437:youtube.com
4410:youtube.com
4347:TechPowerUp
4194:youtube.com
3774:Moore's law
3378:Radeon 7970
3356:August 2012
3314:August 2007
3288:August 2003
3219:Pentium Pro
3129:vacuum tube
3083:Unadjusted
2914:quadrillion
2837:Radeon R770
2557:1.0 (FP60)
2539:0.3 (FP60)
2206:GCN Vega 20
2183:GCN Vega 20
2161:GCN Vega 10
2098:TeraScale 3
2088:TeraScale 3
2071:TeraScale 2
2061:TeraScale 2
2044:TeraScale 1
2034:TeraScale 1
1657:Nvidia GPU
1628:8 (as FP64)
1550:(4xx - 5xx)
1527:(1xx - 3xx)
1250:(Bulldozer)
1223:Steamroller
1103:Rocket Lake
991:Coffee Lake
687:Pentium III
616:Pentium Pro
578:Intel 80486
273:radix point
269:significand
8679:Categories
8569:management
8464:Multiplier
8325:Logic gate
8315:Sequential
8222:Functional
8202:Clock rate
8175:Data cache
8148:Components
8129:Multi-core
8117:Core count
7607:Preemptive
7511:Pipelining
7494:Bit-serial
7437:Wide-issue
7382:Structural
7304:Tilera ISA
7270:MicroBlaze
7240:ETRAX CRIS
7135:Comparison
6980:Load–store
6960:Endianness
6602:Frame rate
6570:Clock rate
6532:Clustering
6334:Components
6114:Radeon Pro
5223:Top500.org
5198:Top500.org
4877:Popsci.com
4819:. BBC News
4664:Top500.org
4154:October 8,
3968:top500.org
3811:References
3542:US$ 902.57
3500:US$ 681.84
3407:1.84
3337:March 2011
3324:Microwulf
3306:100/GFLOPS
3229:April 2000
3169:transistor
2906:processors
2899:K computer
2822:state bird
2810:Roadrunner
2739:multi-core
2724:Top500.org
2642:Parallella
2625:Parallella
2608:Transputer
2433:Graphcore
2324:Intel GPU
2316:4 (Tensor)
2313:4 (Tensor)
2294:4 (Tensor)
1797:1/12 (for
1219:Piledriver
1199:(128-bit)
1099:Tiger Lake
1003:Amber Lake
995:Comet Lake
933:Ivy Bridge
897:Silvermont
658:Pentium II
572:Intel CPU
322:David Kuck
308:FLOPS and
267:) and the
8503:Circuitry
8423:Microcode
8347:Registers
8190:coherence
8165:CPU cache
8023:Word size
7688:Processor
7332:Execution
7235:DEC Alpha
7213:Power ISA
7029:Cognitive
6836:Universal
6633:Scrolling
6537:Switching
6192:VideoCore
4948:. Amd.com
4569:. HPCWire
3834:March 23,
3829:kb.iu.edu
3719:May 2023
3710:Nvidia's
3664:The Sony
3623:& 3Ă—
3576:US$ 3,000
3550:June 2017
3401:The Sony
3386:June 2013
3210:$ 57,000
3207:$ 30,000
3186:Cray X-MP
3162:2.4
3111:$ 487,000
3105:$ 487,000
3078:Comments
3013:SETI@home
2877:processor
2808:, named '
2733:By 2007,
2728:pipelines
2720:MDGRAPE-3
2584:CDC Cyber
2409:Qualcomm
2385:Qualcomm
2261:AMD RDNA3
1596:M3 and M4
1573:M1 and M2
1546:Qualcomm
1523:Qualcomm
1501:Qualcomm
1353:(256-bit)
1227:Excavator
1215:Bulldozer
1117:(512-bit)
1069:Skylake-X
1065:Skylake-X
1046:(512-bit)
1018:(256-bit)
987:Kaby Lake
972:Broadwell
941:(256-bit)
909:(128-bit)
866:(128-bit)
860:(128-bit)
804:(64-bit)
779:Pentium D
769:Pentium 4
747:(64-bit)
740:Pentium M
721:(64-bit)
713:Pentium 4
694:(64-bit)
668:(64-bit)
626:(32-bit)
585:(32-bit)
481:×
468:×
416:×
403:×
390:×
377:×
364:×
336:over time
65:computing
18:TeraFLOPS
8441:Datapath
8134:Manycore
8106:variable
7944:Hardware
7580:Temporal
7260:OpenRISC
6955:Cellular
6945:Dataflow
6938:modified
6580:Fillrate
6259:Geometry
6119:Instinct
5934:xbox.com
5839:July 26,
5706:OC3D.net
5519:(1992).
5499:(1997).
5480:June 15,
5455:June 15,
5433:June 15,
5411:June 15,
5341:April 4,
5335:TechSpot
5315:April 4,
5290:April 4,
5264:April 8,
5228:July 17,
5177:June 17,
5055:June 18,
4902:Techgage
4774:June 10,
4692:. TOP500
4453:and the
4426:and the
4262:June 21,
4233:June 21,
4198:Archived
3973:June 23,
3864:Archived
3747:See also
3712:RTX 4090
3706:RTX 4090
3532:and AMD
3490:and AMD
3280:1/MFLOPS
3267:$ 1,000
3260:May 2000
3236:$ 2,000
3233:$ 1,000
2969:Frontier
2947:Tianhe-2
2870:Tianhe-1
2785:and the
2753:Cray XT4
2694:ASCI Red
2552:in 1967
2550:CDC 7600
2534:in 1964
2532:CDC 6600
2517:in 1960
2515:CDC 1604
2027:AMD GPU
1592:Samsung
1569:Samsung
1367:ARM CPU
1145:(64-bit)
1131:AMD CPU
1095:Ice Lake
1080:Xeon Phi
1034:Xeon Phi
901:Goldmont
893:Saltwell
846:Westmere
776:NetBurst
766:NetBurst
710:NetBurst
253:exponent
8617:Related
8548:Quantum
8538:Digital
8533:Boolean
8431:Counter
8330:Quantum
8091:512-bit
8086:256-bit
8081:128-bit
7924:(MPSoC)
7909:on chip
7907:Systems
7725:(FLOPS)
7538:Process
7387:Control
7369:Hazards
7255:Itanium
7250:Unicore
7208:PowerPC
6933:Harvard
6893:Pointer
6888:Counter
6846:Quantum
6660:Texture
6590:Texel/s
6585:Pixel/s
6522:IP core
6474:HBM-PIM
6341:Blitter
6315:T&L
6286:Shading
6202:Imageon
6197:Vivante
6187:PowerVR
6151:Glaze3D
6082:GeForce
6048:Desktop
5991:May 24,
5914:May 12,
5632:"KASY0"
5451:. BOINC
5429:. BOINC
5407:. BOINC
5385:. BOINC
4823:July 8,
4718:July 8,
4696:July 8,
4674:July 8,
4256:Hitachi
4227:Hitachi
4078:3540951
3794:SPECint
3735:RX 7600
3725:$ 0.01
3722:$ 0.01
3702:$ 0.02
3699:$ 0.02
3679:$ 0.04
3676:$ 0.04
3656:$ 0.04
3653:$ 0.04
3627:system
3617:$ 0.03
3614:$ 0.03
3599:system
3589:$ 0.04
3586:$ 0.03
3567:system
3557:$ 0.07
3554:$ 0.06
3525:system
3512:$ 0.08
3480:system
3470:$ 0.16
3467:$ 0.12
3440:Sempron
3435:system
3425:$ 0.21
3422:$ 0.16
3390:$ 0.22
3373:A quad
3370:System
3360:$ 0.75
3341:$ 1.80
3215:Beowulf
2742:POLARIS
2589:FORTRAN
2000:Nvidia
1977:Nvidia
1950:Nvidia
1923:Nvidia
1911:) + 2 (
1893:Nvidia
1870:Nvidia
1844:Nvidia
1840:Maxwell
1838:Nvidia
1812:Nvidia
1785:Nvidia
1762:Nvidia
1739:Nvidia
1716:Nvidia
1693:Nvidia
1662:Nvidia
1197:SSE4/4a
1111:AVX-512
983:Skylake
979:Skylake
964:Haswell
960:Haswell
889:Bonnell
842:Nehalem
838:Nehalem
648:Pentium
607:Pentium
382:sockets
235:QFLOPS
221:RFLOPS
207:YFLOPS
193:ZFLOPS
179:EFLOPS
165:PFLOPS
151:TFLOPS
137:GFLOPS
123:MFLOPS
109:kFLOPS
8553:Switch
8543:Analog
8281:(IMC)
8252:(MMU)
8101:others
8076:64-bit
8071:48-bit
8066:32-bit
8061:24-bit
8056:16-bit
8051:15-bit
8046:12-bit
7883:Mobile
7799:Stream
7794:Barrel
7789:Vector
7778:(GPU)
7737:(SUPS)
7705:(IPC)
7557:Memory
7550:Vector
7533:Thread
7516:Scalar
7318:Others
7265:RISC-V
7230:SuperH
7199:Power
7195:MIPS-X
7170:PDP-11
7019:Fabric
6771:Models
6638:Sprite
6597:FLOP/s
6395:Memory
6264:Vertex
6247:MOSFET
6242:FinFET
6172:Adreno
6165:Mobile
6126:Matrox
6109:Radeon
6087:Quadro
6077:Nvidia
5799:May 9,
5773:May 9,
5747:May 9,
4844:Forbes
4310:NVIDIA
4258:. 2000
4161:page 7
4076:
3804:TOP500
3789:SPECfp
3733:AMD's
3595:&
3563:&
3521:&
3515:$ 0.1
3476:&
3444:Nvidia
3431:&
3409:TFLOPS
3393:$ 0.3
3298:KASY0
3295:$ 100
3264:$ 640
3251:MFLOPS
3153:each.
3124:GFLOPS
3122:
2999:units.
2962:Summit
2884:980 XE
2865:list.
2863:TOP500
2852:Kraken
2824:, the
2814:TOP500
2799:Ranger
2718:, the
2567:Cray-1
2417:Adreno
2411:Adreno
2393:Adreno
2387:Adreno
2309:CDNA 2
2304:CDNA 2
2238:RDNA 2
2002:Ampere
1979:Ampere
1952:Turing
1925:Turing
1872:Pascal
1846:Pascal
1814:Kepler
1787:Kepler
1594:Exynos
1571:Exynos
1349:&
1300:&
1282:Naples
1254:FMA3/4
1164:Jaguar
1138:Bobcat
1113:&
1093:Intel
1078:Intel
1063:Intel
1032:Intel
1014:&
977:Intel
958:Intel
923:Intel
883:Intel
836:Intel
831:Penryn
821:Intel
784:Intel
774:Intel
764:Intel
735:Intel
708:Intel
682:Intel
653:Intel
643:Intel
611:Intel
602:Intel
591:0.128
531:16-bit
529:) and
523:32-bit
511:TOP500
476:second
473:cycles
411:second
408:cycles
398:socket
232:FLOPS
230:quetta
218:FLOPS
204:FLOPS
190:FLOPS
176:FLOPS
162:FLOPS
148:FLOPS
134:FLOPS
120:FLOPS
106:FLOPS
98:Value
57:flop/s
8609:(PPW)
8567:Power
8459:Adder
8335:Array
8302:Logic
8263:(TLB)
8246:(FPU)
8240:(AGU)
8234:(ALU)
8224:units
8160:Cache
8041:8-bit
8036:4-bit
8031:1-bit
7995:(TPU)
7989:(DSP)
7983:(PPU)
7977:(VPU)
7966:(GPU)
7935:(NoC)
7918:(SoC)
7853:(PoP)
7847:(SiP)
7841:(MCM)
7782:GPGPU
7772:(CPU)
7762:Types
7743:(PPW)
7731:(TPS)
7719:(IPS)
7711:(CPI)
7482:Level
7293:S/390
7288:S/370
7283:S/360
7225:SPARC
7203:POWER
7086:TRIPS
7054:Types
6714:Codec
6672:GPGPU
6479:HBM3E
6464:HBM2E
6447:GDDR7
6442:GDDR6
6437:GDDR5
6432:GDDR4
6427:GDDR3
6422:GDDR2
6412:SGRAM
6097:Tegra
6092:Tesla
6055:Intel
5526:(PDF)
5506:(PDF)
5475:GIMPS
4615:(PDF)
4608:(PDF)
4592:admin
4550:admin
4252:(PDF)
4225:(2).
4215:(PDF)
4176:(PDF)
4148:(PDF)
4141:(PDF)
4095:(PDF)
4074:S2CID
3485:Intel
3366:Quad
3321:$ 70
3318:$ 50
3292:$ 90
3271:KLAT2
3204:1997
3176:1984
3136:1961
3115:0.000
3101:ENIAC
3091:1945
3086:2023
3069:Date
3046:GIMPS
3039:BOINC
3028:BOINC
3017:BOINC
3006:BOINC
2936:Titan
2921:DGEMM
2716:RIKEN
2690:Intel
2672:FP16
2669:FP32
2666:FP64
2615:0.08
2489:ENIAC
1913:INT32
1895:Volta
1865:1/32
1799:GK110
1764:Fermi
1741:Fermi
1718:Fermi
1695:Tesla
1664:Curie
1600:ARMv8
1577:ARMv8
1554:ARMv8
1531:ARMv8
1508:ARMv8
1503:Krait
1486:ARMv8
1465:ARMv8
1436:ARMv8
1395:ARMv8
1376:ARMv7
1338:Milan
1334:Zen 3
1323:Zen 2
1143:AMD64
858:SSSE3
827:Merom
793:Yonah
567:FP16
564:FP32
561:FP64
489:cycle
486:FLOPs
464:cores
456:FLOPS
424:cycle
421:FLOPs
395:cores
369:nodes
360:racks
352:FLOPS
216:ronna
202:yotta
188:zetta
95:Unit
92:Name
53:flops
49:FLOPS
8587:ACPI
8320:Glue
8212:FIFO
8155:Core
7893:ASIP
7834:CPLD
7829:FPOA
7824:FPGA
7819:ASIC
7672:SPMD
7667:MIMD
7662:MISD
7655:SWAR
7635:SIMD
7630:SISD
7545:Data
7528:Task
7499:Word
7245:M32R
7190:MIPS
7153:sets
7120:ZISC
7115:NISC
7110:OISC
7105:MISC
7098:EPIC
7093:VLIW
7081:EDGE
7071:RISC
7066:CISC
6975:HUMA
6970:NUMA
6721:VLIW
6667:ASIC
6643:Tile
6621:Misc
6506:VRAM
6469:HBM3
6459:HBM2
6417:GDDR
6303:SIMT
6298:SIMD
6237:CMOS
6182:Mali
5993:2023
5967:2022
5941:2021
5916:2021
5891:2020
5866:2017
5841:2017
5801:2020
5775:2020
5749:2020
5724:CNBC
5670:2012
5644:2012
5618:2012
5593:2012
5567:2017
5545:2024
5482:2018
5457:2018
5435:2018
5413:2018
5391:2020
5369:2008
5343:2020
5317:2020
5292:2020
5266:2020
5230:2018
5205:2016
5179:2013
5153:2013
5127:2012
5101:2013
5079:2013
5057:2012
5031:2011
5010:2011
4988:See
4976:2012
4954:2012
4932:2012
4910:2012
4884:2012
4825:2008
4802:2012
4776:2008
4746:2010
4720:2008
4698:2008
4676:2008
4646:2012
4623:2011
4575:2014
4533:2023
4508:2021
4264:2019
4235:2019
4156:2017
4034:2021
3975:2020
3950:2019
3836:2024
3799:SUPS
3642:US$
3363:$ 1
3344:$ 2
3304:US$
3278:US$
3247:US$
3188:/48
3156:The
2995:and
2888:GPUs
2859:Cray
2776:SX-9
2772:SX-9
2705:SX-9
2476:128
2419:6xx
2413:6x0
2395:5xx
2389:5x0
2335:1/2?
2302:AMD
2287:CDNA
2282:CDNA
2280:AMD
2269:1/8?
2265:RDNA
2246:RDNA
2236:AMD
2232:RDNA
2230:AMD
2204:AMD
2181:AMD
2159:AMD
2136:AMD
2113:AMD
2086:AMD
2059:AMD
2048:0.4
2032:AMD
2012:1/32
1966:1/16
1956:16XX
1939:1/16
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