1280:
timing of breeding differs between populations in the
Caribbean and Pacific lowlands. On the Pacific side, mating took place between September and November, with females giving birth between April and June. The average number of offspring was 18.6 (five to 40) in this population. Neonates ranged in total length from 28 to 34.6 centimeters (11.0 to 13.6 in) and in weight from 6.7 to 13.1 grams (0.24 to 0.46 oz). On the Atlantic side, mating was observed in March, and births occurred between September and November. The average number of offspring was 41.1 (14–86), whereas the total length of neonates ranged from 27 to 36.5 centimeters (10.6 to 14.4 in), and weighed from 6.1 to 20.2 grams (0.22 to 0.71 oz). In both populations, gestation time ranged from six to eight months, and the size of a litter correlated significantly with the size of the female. This species is considered to be the most prolific of all snakes in the Americas.
1272:
1293:
44:
803:
987:
88:
780:
1012:, these snakes have been described as excitable and unpredictable when disturbed. They can, and often will, move very quickly, usually opting to flee from danger, but are capable of suddenly reversing direction to vigorously defend themselves. Adult specimens, when cornered and fully alert, are dangerous. In a review of bites from this species suffered by field biologists, Hardy (1994) referred to it as the "ultimate pit viper".
63:
220:
793:
species can be distinguished by their broad, flattened heads which are set apart from the rest of their bodies. The head of this snake is light to dark brown or even black. Although usually absent, it may have occipital blotches or streaks that range from indistinct to distinct. The underside is most
1035:
prey in adults, particularly small mammals. However both juveniles and adults, regardless of size or age, are known to opportunistically prey on ectothermic and endothermic species. Reports of invertebrate and insect remains in the digestive tracts along with frog and lizard remains are believed to
1000:
is nocturnal and solitary. It is less active in colder and drier periods. This species is often found near rivers and streams, basking in the sun during the day and lying still while well camouflaged in leaf litter or under forest cover waiting to ambush prey such as rats and mice that come within
957:
This species likes moist environments, and occurs in most life zones located at low or middle elevations (up to 600 metres (2,000 ft)), excluding those with strong seasonal dry periods. They are, however, sometimes found at much higher elevations. This is true in the premontane forest in Costa
831:
It is found on the Gulf - Atlantic versant of eastern Mexico as far north as the state of
Tamaulipas, southward through the entire Yucatán Peninsula extending into Central America, including Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. An isolated population occurs in southeastern
843:
This is mostly a lowland species that, in Mexico and
Central America, occurs from about sea level to 1,200 to 1,300 meters (3,900 to 4,300 ft) altitude. In South America, it apparently ranges to considerably higher elevations: up to 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) in Venezuela and at least 2,640
799:
blotches. Specimens may have a yellow zig-zag-shaped line on each side of the body. There is a great variety of colours on its dorsal side: olive, gray, light brown to dark brown, tan or sometimes nearly black. To prevent water loss where they occur in drier regions, this species has more scales.
1283:
Male-male combat in this species has not been observed. Females will mate with more than one male during mating season. Mating includes a series of movements of the male, which then slowly chases an accepting female. The female then stops movement and extends her posture to mate. It is not known
815:
of all snakes. The two sexes are born the same size, but by age 7 to 12 months, females begin to grow at a much faster rate than males. Females have thick, heavy bodies and grow significantly larger than males. They also have heads two or three times the size of males relative to their size and
798:
has interchanging gray scales which are more pale towards the medial line. Dark triangles with pale edges can be seen laterally, which range in number from 18 to 25. Apices either alternate or are reflective of each other over the middorsal line. In the interspaces, there are dark, paravertebral
1279:
The timing of the reproductive cycle and the litter size of this species vary according to location: in some parts of Costa Rica, for example, it is more prolific than in others. Reproduction is highly seasonal and in Costa Rica, reproductive cycles are tightly related to rainfall patterns. The
794:
often pale yellow. This species has different patterns and colors on its dorsal and ventral sides and it exhibits a postorbital stripe. The ventral side is yellow, cream, or a whitish gray, with dark blotches that are more frequent closer to the posterior end. Ventrolaterally,
1001:
range during the night. When cornered or threatened, this species can be very defensive and may exhibit an S-coiled defense display. Juveniles are often semiarboreal, and even adults are sometimes encountered in bushes and low trees. Juveniles are also known to exhibit
855:
area of the RĂo
Catamayo Valley. This species is reported to occur from seven (BolĂvar, Carchi, Chimborazo, Esmeraldas, Guayas, Los RĂos and Pichincha) of the fourteen provinces along the Pacific slope of Ecuador. There are even a few records from northern coastal
553:. It is light to dark brown in color, often with yellowish, zig-zag patterning on either side of its body. Dubbed "the ultimate pit-viper" for its defensiveness, large size, fangs and potent venom yield, it has a fearsome reputation, responsible for the most
1367:, Venezuela, it is responsible for 78% of all envenomations and all snakebite fatalities (Dao-L., 1971). One of the reasons so many people are bitten is because of its association with human habitation; many bites occur indoors (Sasa & Vázquez, 2003).
810:
Specimens of this species may weigh up to 6 kilograms (13 lb) and are often 1.2 to 1.8 meters (3.9 to 5.9 ft) in length. Very big females can reach lengths up to 2.5 metres (8.2 ft), although this is uncommon. These are among the most
1380:. Its large size and habit of raising its head high off the ground can result in bites above the knee. It has also been observed to eject venom over a distance of at least 6 ft (1.8 m) in fine jets from the tips of its fangs (Mole, 1924).
1677:
Liner, Ernest A. and
Gustavo Cass-Andreu. (2008). Standard Spanish, English and Scientific Names of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Mexico (2nd. ed.). Herpetological Circular No. 38. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. iv, 162 pp.
1532:
Bonilla, F., Sunyer, J., Porras, L.W., Chaves, G., Lamar, W., Solórzano, A., Rivas, G., Caicedo, J.R., Gutiérrez-Cárdenas, P. & Cisneros-Heredia, D.F. 2021. Bothrops asper. The IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species 2021: e.T197464A2486766.
1336:
It is considered the most dangerous snake in Costa Rica, responsible for 46% of all bites and 30% of all hospitalized cases; before 1947, the fatality rate was 9%, but this has since declined to almost 0% (Bolaños, 1984), mostly due to the
734:, but popular usage has rarely recognized any distinction. In their seminal opus on the venomous reptiles of the Western hemisphere, Campbell & Lamar stated: "The name fer-de lance, widely used in North America with reference to
1383:
Bite symptoms include pain, oozing from the puncture wounds, local swelling that may increase for up to 36 hours, bruising that spreads from the bite site, blisters, numbness, mild fever, headache, bleeding from the nose and gums,
1655:
Liner, Ernest A. (1994). Scientific and common names for the amphibians and reptiles of Mexico in
English and Spanish. Herpetological Circular No. 23. Society for the Study Amphibians and Reptiles. i-iii, 1-113 pp.
1464:, are still capable of succumbing to the venom of this snake. This is especially the case if the opossum is not fully grown (and thus the venom is more concentrated per gram). Indeed, the extremely potent venom of
2192:
1345:(which are also exported to other countries in Latin America and Africa) and scientific research on serpents and their venoms, as well as educational and extension programs in rural areas and hospitals.
564:, the terciopelo actively avoids contact with humans and larger animals, with bites generally only occurring when the snake is cornered, pursued, or threatened. No subspecies are currently recognized.
1044:) are believed to reflect insects as primary prey too. Cannibalism has been reported in both captive and wild juveniles and the species is known to scavenge on dead frogs and rodents.
2065:
1901:
Savage, Jay M. (2002). The
Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, A Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. xx, 934 pp.
1472:
between these snakes and didelphine opossums, as a defensive adaptation to prevent predation by opossums, an adaptation that allowed fer-de-lances to prey on large opossums, or both.
670:
is French (or possibly Créole), translating to "iron of the lance", "iron spear point" or simply "spearhead" or "lancehead". In
English the name lancehead is applied to the genus
2299:
Voss, Robert S. (May 2013). "Opossums (Mammalia: Didelphidae) in the diets of
Neotropical pitvipers (Serpentes: Crotalinae): Evidence for alternative coevolutionary outcomes?".
1885:
Lee, Julian C. (2000). A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of the Maya World. Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. xi + 402 pp.
2610:
742:, has no legitimate origin of use in regions inhabited by this snake." In an effort to establish standardized names for the amphibians and reptiles of North America, the
2208:
1639:
743:
1933:
Lemos Espinal, Julio A. and James R. Dixon. (2013). Amphibians and Reptiles of San Luis PotosĂ. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC. Eagle Mountain, Utah. i-xii, 1-300 pp.
2527:
1271:
2566:
2013:
Farr, William L. and David Lazcano. 2017. Distribution of Bothrops asper in Tamaulipas, Mexico and a review or prey items. Southwestern Naturalist 62(1): 77-84.
1005:, a use of their differently colored tail tips to lure prey. Although both males and females display this behavior, only males have bright coloured tail tips.
2674:
1400:. In untreated cases, local necrosis frequently occurs and may cause gangrene which often requires amputation. In 12 fatal cases, the cause of death was
819:
Across its geographic range, this species varies greatly phenotypically. As a result, great confusion between it and other related species, most notably
2265:
Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates.
915:
Due to the casual and informal application of the name "Fer-de-lance" being applied to any number of species of Latin America pit vipers in the genus
2501:
1551:
McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp.
970:, but it also occurs in drier areas of tropical deciduous forest, thorn forest and pine savannah near lakes, rivers and streams. The home range of
2646:
2540:
1699:
1292:
2141:
1959:
1938:
1874:
1683:
594:, which mean 'pit' and 'face' (or 'eye'), respectively. This is a reference to these snakes' highly sensitive heat-detecting pit organs. The
2108:
746:(SSAR), a not-for-profit organization and one of the largest international herpetological societies, applied the following nomenclature:
2724:
1807:
Greene, Harry W. (1997). Snakes: The Evolution of Mystery in Nature. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. xiii, 351 pp.
1338:
549:. With a mass of up to 6 kilograms (13 lb), and a maximal length of 2.5 metres (8.2 ft), the terciopelo is among the largest
2684:
1823:
Tipton, Bob L. (2005). Snakes of the Americas, Checklist and Lexicon. Krieger Publishing Co. Malabar, Florida. xiv, 477 pp. (With CD)
2381:
Sasa M, Vázquez S. 2003. Snakebite envenomation in Costa Rica: a revision of incidence in the decade 1990–2000. Toxicon 41(1): 19–22.
347:
2270:
1922:
1906:
1890:
1851:
1828:
1812:
1796:
1661:
1623:
1564:
1556:
832:
Chiapas (Mexico) and southwestern Guatemala. In northern South America, it is found in Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana and Venezuela. The
2367:. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. Vol. VIII, No. 3. xxxi + 185 pp. + 10 Plates. (
2719:
1747:
921:, there is much confusion and misunderstanding, particularly in popular literature, as to proper nomenclature. Populations of
2699:
2651:
2545:
1917:
Köhler, Gunther (2008). Reptiles of Central America, 2nd Edition. Herpeton, Verlag Elke Köhler, Offenbach, Germany. 400 pp.
1695:
1036:
represent secondary ingestion, however the dissection of several specimens containing only insect remains such as beetles (
2714:
2704:
2694:
959:
1308:
and the doctors had to amputate the leg above the knee. The victim was an 11-year-old boy, bitten two weeks earlier in
2709:
2689:
2261:
Warrell DA. 2004. Snakebites in Central and South America: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Clinical Management.
2392:
1193:
720:. Several herpetologists have preferred and argued to restrict the name fer-de-lance to the Martinique lancehead (
694:) etc.). The name fer-de-lance has been used inconsistently and very informally with several species in the genus
2571:
433:
87:
1791:
Lillywhite, Harvey B. (2008). Dictionary of Herpetology. Krieger Publishing Co. Malabar, Florida. viii, 376 pp.
1721:
1047:
Just a few of the documented ectothermic prey items include: small to moderately-sized centipedes (specifically
1229:
848:
823:, which is similar in color but usually has yellow or rust-like tones and rectangular or trapezoidal blotches.
470:
2374:
Otero R, TobĂłn GS, Fernando GĂłmez L, Osorio R, Valderrama R, Hoyos D, Urreta JE, Molina S, Arboleda JJ. 1992.
1376:
This species is irritable and fast-moving. It is also regarded as being more excitable and unpredictable than
676:
as a whole, and in combination with the majority of the species within the genus (e.g.: Alcatrazes lancehead (
43:
1453:, Belize Central America, where the thick jungle inhabited by these snakes was used as a defensive boundary.
847:
According to Campbell and Lamar (2004), its range in Ecuador extends as far south along the Pacific coast as
2229:
1405:
1253:
833:
595:
334:
2376:
Accidente ofĂdico en Antioquia y ChocĂł. Aspectos clĂnicos y epidimiolĂłgicos (marzo de 1989-febrero de 1990)
2415:
1469:
364:
1235:
1223:
1199:
684:
192:
1775:
2024:
321:
2488:
2462:
2308:
2176:
2084:
1427:
Venom yield (dry weight) averages 458 mg, with a maximum of 1530 mg (Bolaños, 1984) and an
1349:
1133:
1049:
945:
905:
722:
716:
604:, which is a Latin word meaning 'rough' or 'harsh', may allude to the species' keeled dorsal scales.
376:
1534:
560:
within its range, largely due to its proximity to humans, livestock and pets. Nonetheless, like all
2453:
1409:
1353:
1247:
1217:
963:
931:
852:
710:
389:
275:
52:
802:
487:
483:
1633:
1428:
1417:
1211:
1205:
236:
82:
2532:
1023:
is a diet generalist and is known to prey on a remarkably wide range of animals. A generalized
986:
2679:
2592:
2475:
2324:
2266:
2137:
2100:
1955:
1934:
1918:
1902:
1886:
1870:
1847:
1824:
1808:
1792:
1679:
1657:
1619:
1560:
1552:
1446:
1421:
1325:
1091:
882:
valleys of Colombia across the Caribbean coastal plain through central Venezuela north of the
865:
837:
812:
690:
678:
360:
1456:
The venom of the fer-de-lance is so potent that didelphine opossums (i.e., opossums like the
2605:
2558:
2316:
2092:
1457:
967:
2597:
1844:
Amphibians and Reptile of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History
2579:
1435:
1259:
561:
523:
428:
305:
2312:
2157:
2088:
779:
2467:
2171:
1181:
958:
Rica, the cloud forest of Guatemala and Mexico, or the lower montane wet forest in the
704:
457:
1751:
2668:
2553:
2404:
2360:
1241:
1097:
1002:
901:
887:
861:
727:
527:
288:
209:
72:
67:
2282:
2637:
1450:
1413:
1364:
1139:
1109:
554:
219:
2480:
2320:
2096:
900:, although the situation there is complicated due to proximity of Trinidad to the
2514:
2447:
1393:
1370:
1079:
1028:
1024:
926:
264:
1983:
1385:
1330:
1313:
1157:
1103:
1058:
1054:
1037:
940:
731:
557:
2438:
1461:
1389:
1342:
1163:
1085:
1066:
1041:
1032:
546:
519:
99:
2328:
2104:
767:
In recent decades, herpetologists have preferred the name 'terciopelo' for
978:
and 5.95 ha, which is comparatively small in relation to other pitvipers.
17:
2631:
2584:
2432:
1357:
1305:
1297:
1169:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1074:
917:
897:
892:
869:
672:
535:
169:
139:
119:
2398:
2506:
1309:
1062:
975:
883:
844:
metres (8,660 ft) in Colombia according to herpetologist Lancini.
649:
583:
539:
129:
698:
having been called fer-de-lance at one time or another, most commonly
530:. At low to moderate elevations, its habitat ranges from northeastern
2519:
1401:
1397:
1175:
1151:
1145:
879:
550:
531:
109:
2409:
1869:. University Press of Florida. Gainesville, Florida. xxiv, 495 pp.
1838:
1836:
771:, although the term fer-de-lance is still common in popular usage.
1846:. University of Florida Press. Gainesville, Florida. xvi, 720 pp.
1618:. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. p. 870.
1445:
has been suggested to have been a factor in the choice of certain
1291:
1270:
1187:
985:
801:
778:
573:
542:
159:
149:
2023:
Cisneros-Heredi, Diego F.; Touzet, Jean-Marc (30 December 2004).
1861:
1859:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1535:
https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T197464A2486766.en
1396:, nausea, vomiting, impaired consciousness and tenderness of the
857:
2493:
2413:
2286:
1284:
whether this species exhibits annual or biannual reproduction.
2193:"Reproductive biology and the distribution of the Terciopelo,
1070:
816:
proportionally bigger fangs (typically 2.5 cm), as well.
589:
581:
2241:
1360:
rate of 9% and a fatality rate of 6% (Otero et al., 1992).
2064:
Sasa, Mahmood; Dennis K. Wasko; William W. Lamar (2009).
2009:
2007:
2005:
2350:. Editoria Universidad de Costa Rica, San José. 136 pp.
1373:
Douglas March died after being bitten by this species.
1275:
Young terciopelo on a hotel couch, El Remate, Guatemala
1031:
prey in juveniles, changing to a greater percentage of
1867:
Natural History of West Indian Reptiles and Amphibians
1787:
1785:
1783:
2621:
2422:
925:often referred to as Fer-de-lance on the island of
612:Some of the common names applied to this snake are
2405:https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/197464/2486766
1842:Schwartz, Albert and Robert W. Henderson. (1991).
1480:This species was once regarded as a subspecies of
632:(Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua; "yellow beard"),
1468:has been suggested to have evolved as part of an
2348:Serpientes, venenos, y ofidismo en Centroamérica
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
1865:Henderson, Robert W. and Robert Powell. (2009).
744:Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles
2136:. New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press.
1616:The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere
1304:envenomation – The tissue necrosis resulted in
1191:). Endothermic prey species include: bay wren (
1027:diet shift occurs, with a higher percentage of
1651:
1649:
2365:The Reptiles and Batrachians of North America
2197:Garman (Serpentes, Viperidae), in Costa Rica"
1954:. United States: New Holland Publishers Ltd.
1460:), which are normally immune to the venom of
1356:, it causes 50–70% of all snakebites, with a
939:referred to as Fer-de-lance on the island of
8:
1748:"Bosque Petrificado Puyango :: Ecuador"
1638:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
2191:SolĂłrzano, Alejandro; Cerdas, Luis (1989).
1614:Campbell; Lamar, Jonathan; William (2004).
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
599:
2410:
860:, with these snakes being reported in the
218:
61:
42:
31:
2355:Emponzoñamiento ofĂcido en el Estado Lara
2025:"Distribution and conservation status of
1484:and can still often be confused with it.
1772:Diccionario de la Real Academia Española
1508:("four noses") in Spanish, often called
2357:. Gaceta Medica de Caracas 79: 383–410.
2059:
2057:
1700:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1547:
1545:
1543:
1525:
1493:
1329:, is the leading cause of snakebite in
249:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1631:
864:. It is also known from the island of
2378:. Acta Médica Colombiana 17: 229–249.
2242:"Clodomiro Picado Research Institute"
2070:(Serpentes: Viperidae) in Costa Rica"
896:species that occurs on the island of
7:
1341:, responsible for the production of
1215:), Central American woolly opossum (
763:(Garman, 1884): Terciopelo (English)
2675:IUCN Red List least concern species
2066:"Natural history of the terciopelo
1339:Clodomiro Picado Research Institute
1227:), Desmarest's spiny pocket mouse (
755:Wagler, 1824: Lanceheads (English)
1988:A collection of captive care notes
1512:among many other colloquial names.
1008:Compared to the common lancehead,
644:(Colombia), mapanare (Venezuela),
25:
962:and Ecuador. It chiefly inhabits
86:
2158:"Fer-de-Lance (Bothrops asper)"
1722:"Bothrops asper (GARMAN, 1883)"
2134:The New Encyclopedia of Snakes
1537:. Accessed on 16 January 2023.
1:
2399:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
2321:10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.01.013
2172:"Bothrops asper (Terciopelo)"
2097:10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.06.024
1388:, gastrointestinal bleeding,
580:, comes from the Greek words
272:Trigonocephalus xanthogrammus
2207:(4): 444–450. Archived from
1952:Venomous Snakes of the World
1434:in mice of 2.844 mg/kg
960:Caribbean Region of Colombia
878:occurs throughout the inter-
636:(Ecuador and Panama; "x"),
478:Bothrops atrox xanthogrammus
397:Trigonocephalus xantogrammus
2401:. Accessed 6 December 2007.
1728:. Zoological Museum Hamburg
1462:pit vipers and rattlesnakes
1348:In the Colombian states of
1245:), Rothschild's porcupine (
806:Coiled terciopelo in Panama
659:, nose; "four noses"), and
2741:
2725:Reptiles described in 1884
2029:(GARMAN, 1884) in Ecuador"
1990:. www.venomousreptiles.org
1194:Cantorchilus nigricapillus
682:), Patagonian lancehead, (
465:Bothrops lanceolatus asper
2685:Snakes of Central America
2289:. Accessed 15 March 2008.
2132:Mattison, Chris (2007) .
1984:"Captive care of B.asper"
1500:Its common names include
1251:), Brazilian cottontail (
1209:), blue-black grassquit (
890:region. This is the only
868:off the Pacific coast of
836:given is "Obispo, on the
242:
235:
226:
217:
198:
191:
83:Scientific classification
81:
59:
50:
41:
34:
2285:by C. Michael Hogan, at
1776:Consulted March 27, 2009
1312:, but treated only with
1230:Heteromys desmarestianus
1197:), grey-headed tanager (
1406:intracranial hemorrhage
1254:Sylvilagus brasiliensis
616:("velvet" in Spanish),
590:
582:
452:Bothrops andianus asper
2720:Reptiles of Costa Rica
1470:evolutionary arms race
1343:snake antiophidic sera
1317:
1276:
994:
974:averages between 3.71
807:
787:
600:
441:Bothrops xanthogrammus
329:Lachesis xanthogrammus
227:Geographical range of
2700:Reptiles of Guatemala
2623:Trigonocephalus asper
2369:Trigonocephalus asper
1950:O'Shea, Mark (2011).
1449:settlements, such as
1441:The venomous bite of
1295:
1274:
1236:Melanomys caliginosus
1224:Didelphis marsupialis
1200:Eucometis penicillata
989:
805:
782:
688:), Andean lancehead (
685:Bothrops ammodytoides
406:Lachesis xantogrammus
384:Bothrops xantogrammus
342:Bothrops xanthogramma
301:atrox septentrionalis
284:Trigonocephalus asper
2715:Reptiles of Colombia
2705:Reptiles of Honduras
2177:Animal Diversity Web
1257:), and least shrew (
1050:Scolopendra angulata
946:Bothrops lanceolatus
723:Bothrops lanceolatus
717:Bothrops lanceolatus
661:yellow-jaw tommygoff
447:Orejas-Miranda, 1970
415:Bothrops xantogramma
355:Bothrops atrox asper
2695:Reptiles of Ecuador
2313:2013Txcn...66....1V
2089:2009Txcn...54..904S
1410:acute kidney injury
1248:Coendou rothschildi
1233:), dusky rice rat (
1221:), common opossum (
1218:Caluromys derbianus
1131:), amphisbaenians (
964:tropical rainforest
932:Bothrops caribbaeus
886:as far east as the
711:Bothrops caribbaeus
53:Conservation status
2710:Reptiles of Panama
2690:Reptiles of Mexico
1418:metabolic acidosis
1318:
1277:
1212:Volatinia jacarina
995:
813:sexually dimorphic
808:
788:
518:) is a species of
445:– J. Peters &
2662:
2661:
2593:Open Tree of Life
2416:Taxon identifiers
2346:Bolaños R. 1984.
2287:Megalithic Portal
2143:978-0-691-13295-2
1961:978-1-84773-871-4
1939:978-0-9720154-7-9
1875:978-0-8130-3394-5
1684:978-0-916984-75-5
1422:hemorrhagic shock
1326:Crotalus durissus
1092:Eleutherodactylus
1057:), grasshoppers (
935:. Populations of
838:Isthmus of Darien
691:Bothrops andianus
679:Bothrops alcatraz
506:
505:
499:
491:
474:
461:
448:
437:
420:
411:
402:
393:
380:
368:
351:
338:
325:
309:
292:
279:
268:
76:
16:(Redirected from
2732:
2655:
2654:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2614:
2613:
2601:
2600:
2588:
2587:
2575:
2574:
2562:
2561:
2549:
2548:
2536:
2535:
2523:
2522:
2510:
2509:
2497:
2496:
2484:
2483:
2471:
2470:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2411:
2333:
2332:
2296:
2290:
2280:
2274:
2259:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2211:on 19 April 2013
2188:
2182:
2181:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2107:. Archived from
2074:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2033:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1979:
1966:
1965:
1947:
1941:
1931:
1925:
1915:
1909:
1899:
1893:
1883:
1877:
1863:
1854:
1840:
1831:
1821:
1815:
1805:
1799:
1789:
1778:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1750:. Archived from
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1726:Reptile-Database
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1696:"Bothrops asper"
1692:
1686:
1675:
1664:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1629:
1611:
1568:
1549:
1538:
1530:
1513:
1498:
1458:Virginia opossum
1363:In the state of
1323:, together with
1065:), hemipterans (
968:evergreen forest
943:are regarded as
904:where it may be
622:mapepire balsain
603:
596:specific epithet
593:
587:
497:
481:
471:Sandner-Montilla
468:
455:
444:
426:
418:
409:
400:
387:
374:
358:
345:
332:
320:
304:
287:
274:
263:
222:
204:
91:
90:
70:
65:
64:
46:
32:
27:Species of snake
21:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2650:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2617:
2609:
2604:
2596:
2591:
2583:
2580:Observation.org
2578:
2570:
2565:
2557:
2552:
2544:
2539:
2531:
2526:
2518:
2513:
2505:
2500:
2492:
2487:
2479:
2474:
2466:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2418:
2389:
2384:
2371:, p. 124.)
2353:Dao-L. L. 1971.
2342:
2340:Further reading
2337:
2336:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2281:
2277:
2260:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1981:
1980:
1969:
1962:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1932:
1928:
1916:
1912:
1900:
1896:
1884:
1880:
1864:
1857:
1841:
1834:
1822:
1818:
1806:
1802:
1790:
1781:
1770:
1766:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1676:
1667:
1654:
1647:
1630:
1626:
1613:
1612:
1571:
1550:
1541:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1504:in English and
1499:
1495:
1490:
1478:
1432:
1298:tissue necrosis
1290:
1269:
1260:Cryptotis parva
1167:), and snakes (
1083:); caecilians (
1018:
984:
955:
849:El Oro Province
829:
777:
610:
570:
562:venomous snakes
502:
480:
467:
454:
446:
443:
432:
417:
408:
399:
386:
357:
344:
331:
319:
303:
286:
262:
248:
247:
213:
206:
200:
187:
85:
77:
66:
62:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2738:
2736:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2643:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2602:
2589:
2576:
2563:
2550:
2537:
2524:
2511:
2498:
2485:
2472:
2468:Bothrops_asper
2459:
2454:Bothrops asper
2444:
2428:
2426:
2424:Bothrops asper
2420:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2394:Bothrops asper
2388:
2387:External links
2385:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2372:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2291:
2275:
2247:
2233:
2222:
2195:Bothrops asper
2183:
2163:
2149:
2142:
2124:
2083:(7): 904–922.
2068:Bothrops asper
2053:
2042:(3/4): 135–141
2027:Bothrops asper
2015:
2001:
1967:
1960:
1942:
1926:
1910:
1894:
1878:
1855:
1832:
1816:
1800:
1779:
1764:
1739:
1712:
1687:
1665:
1645:
1624:
1569:
1539:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1506:cuatro narices
1492:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1477:
1474:
1430:
1289:
1286:
1268:
1265:
1239:), black rat (
1182:Erythrolamprus
1021:Bothrops asper
1017:
1014:
983:
980:
954:
951:
828:
825:
821:Bothrops atrox
776:
773:
769:Bothrops asper
765:
764:
760:Bothrops asper
756:
705:Bothrops atrox
700:Bothrops asper
648:(MĂ©xico; from
630:barba amarilla
626:carpet labaria
609:
606:
569:
566:
528:South Americas
515:Bothrops asper
504:
503:
501:
500:
498:– Greene, 1997
495:Bothrops asper
492:
475:
462:
449:
438:
434:Orejas-Miranda
424:Bothrops asper
421:
412:
403:
394:
381:
372:Bothrops asper
369:
352:
339:
326:
317:quadriscutatus
310:
294:
280:
269:
245:
244:
243:
240:
239:
233:
232:
229:Bothrops asper
224:
223:
215:
214:
207:
202:Bothrops asper
196:
195:
189:
188:
181:
179:
175:
174:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
79:
78:
60:
57:
56:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
36:Bothrops asper
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2737:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2271:0-8014-4141-2
2268:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:Herpetologica
2198:
2196:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2125:
2114:on 2012-04-26
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2028:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1923:3-936180-28-8
1920:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1907:0-226-73537-0
1904:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1891:0-8014-3624-9
1888:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1852:0-8130-1049-7
1849:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1829:1-57524-215-X
1826:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:0-520-20014-4
1810:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1797:1-57524-023-8
1794:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1754:on 2011-04-26
1753:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1727:
1723:
1720:Uetz, Peter.
1716:
1713:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1662:0-916984-32-X
1659:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1627:
1625:0-8014-4141-2
1621:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:1-893777-01-4
1562:
1558:
1557:1-893777-00-6
1554:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1371:Herpetologist
1368:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1242:Rattus rattus
1238:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1098:Leptodactylus
1094:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1073:), crayfish (
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1040:), and bugs (
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1003:caudal luring
999:
992:
988:
981:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
952:
950:
948:
947:
942:
938:
934:
933:
928:
924:
920:
919:
913:
911:
907:
903:
902:Orinoco Delta
899:
895:
894:
889:
888:Delta Amacuro
885:
881:
877:
873:
871:
867:
863:
862:Tumbes Region
859:
854:
850:
845:
841:
839:
835:
834:type locality
826:
824:
822:
817:
814:
804:
800:
797:
792:
785:
781:
774:
772:
770:
762:
761:
757:
754:
753:
749:
748:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:
719:
718:
713:
712:
707:
706:
701:
697:
693:
692:
687:
686:
681:
680:
675:
674:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
607:
605:
602:
597:
592:
586:
585:
579:
575:
567:
565:
563:
559:
556:
552:
548:
545:, as well as
544:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:
511:
496:
493:
489:
485:
479:
476:
472:
466:
463:
459:
453:
450:
442:
439:
435:
430:
425:
422:
416:
413:
407:
404:
398:
395:
391:
385:
382:
378:
373:
370:
366:
362:
356:
353:
349:
343:
340:
336:
330:
327:
323:
322:Posada Arango
318:
314:
311:
307:
302:
298:
295:
293:
290:
285:
281:
277:
273:
270:
266:
261:
257:
253:
250:
241:
238:
234:
230:
225:
221:
216:
211:
205:
203:
197:
194:
193:Binomial name
190:
186:
185:
184:B. asper
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
89:
84:
80:
74:
69:
68:Least Concern
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
2622:
2423:
2393:
2375:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2347:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2283:Nim Li Punit
2278:
2262:
2236:
2230:Leg necrosis
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2209:the original
2204:
2200:
2194:
2186:
2175:
2166:
2152:
2133:
2127:
2116:. Retrieved
2109:the original
2080:
2076:
2067:
2044:. Retrieved
2039:
2035:
2026:
2018:
1992:. Retrieved
1987:
1951:
1945:
1929:
1913:
1897:
1881:
1866:
1843:
1819:
1803:
1771:
1767:
1756:. Retrieved
1752:the original
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1725:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1690:
1615:
1528:
1510:fer-de-lance
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1481:
1479:
1465:
1455:
1451:Nim Li Punit
1442:
1440:
1426:
1414:hyperkalemia
1382:
1377:
1375:
1369:
1362:
1347:
1335:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1301:
1282:
1278:
1267:Reproduction
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1140:Alopoglossus
1138:
1137:), lizards (
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1110:Pristimantis
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1053:), beetles (
1048:
1046:
1020:
1019:
1009:
1007:
997:
996:
990:
971:
956:
944:
936:
930:
922:
916:
914:
909:
891:
875:
874:
846:
842:
840:" (Panama).
830:
827:Distribution
820:
818:
809:
795:
790:
789:
783:
768:
766:
759:
758:
751:
750:
739:
735:
721:
715:
709:
703:
699:
695:
689:
683:
677:
671:
668:fer-de-lance
667:
665:
660:
656:
655:, four, and
652:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:(Trinidad),
621:
618:fer-de-lance
617:
613:
611:
608:Common names
577:
571:
514:
513:
509:
507:
494:
477:
464:
451:
440:
423:
419:– Hoge, 1966
414:
410:– Hoge, 1966
405:
401:– Hoge, 1966
396:
383:
371:
354:
341:
328:
316:
312:
300:
296:
283:
282:
271:
259:
255:
251:
228:
201:
199:
183:
182:
170:
35:
29:
2515:iNaturalist
2448:Wikispecies
2046:31 December
1774:, 22a. ed.
1732:31 December
1394:hypotension
1314:antibiotics
1206:Troglodytes
1134:Amphisbaena
1080:Synbranchus
1033:endothermic
1029:ectothermic
1025:ontogenetic
927:Saint Lucia
775:Description
726:) from the
663:(Belize)."
638:talla equis
555:envenomated
522:, found in
2669:Categories
2638:Q109507080
2118:2011-02-10
2036:Herpetozoa
1994:6 November
1758:2011-01-23
1705:6 November
1559:(series).
1520:References
1502:terciopelo
1386:hemoptysis
1333:, Mexico.
1300:following
1158:Ctenosaura
1125:), toads (
1104:Lithobates
1089:), frogs (
1071:Formicidae
1061:), flies (
1059:Orthoptera
1055:Coleoptera
1038:Coleoptera
941:Martinique
853:Vilcabamba
732:Martinique
730:Island of
628:(Guyana),
614:terciopelo
558:snakebites
540:Ecuadorian
520:pit vipers
510:terciopelo
361:H.M. Smith
146:Suborder:
18:Terciopelo
2363:. 1884 .
2215:1 January
1634:cite book
1567:(volume).
1390:hematuria
1350:Antioquia
1203:), wren (
1164:Gonatodes
1086:Dermophis
1077:), eels (
1075:Astacidea
1069:), ants (
1067:Hemiptera
1042:Hemiptera
906:sympatric
728:Caribbean
666:The name
568:Etymology
547:Venezuela
536:Colombian
429:J. Peters
335:Boulenger
306:F. MĂĽller
178:Species:
160:Viperidae
150:Serpentes
106:Kingdom:
100:Eukaryota
2680:Bothrops
2632:Wikidata
2533:11246897
2433:Wikidata
2361:Garman S
2329:23402839
2105:19563822
1982:Sierra.
1482:B. atrox
1476:Taxonomy
1466:B. asper
1443:B. asper
1420:(2) and
1378:B. atrox
1358:sequelae
1321:B. asper
1306:gangrene
1302:B. asper
1170:Bothrops
1128:Rhinella
1122:Smilisca
1116:Rhinella
1010:B. atrox
998:B. asper
993:, Panama
991:B. asper
982:Behavior
972:B. asper
937:Bothrops
923:Bothrops
918:Bothrops
910:B. atrox
898:Trinidad
893:Bothrops
876:B. asper
870:Colombia
851:and the
796:B. asper
791:Bothrops
786:, Panama
784:B. asper
752:Bothrops
740:B. atrox
736:B. asper
696:Bothrops
673:Bothrops
578:Bothrops
237:Synonyms
171:Bothrops
156:Family:
140:Squamata
130:Reptilia
120:Chordata
116:Phylum:
110:Animalia
96:Domain:
73:IUCN 3.1
2652:1058601
2507:5220796
2439:Q384987
2397:at the
2309:Bibcode
2307:: 1–6.
2301:Toxicon
2085:Bibcode
2077:Toxicon
1331:Yucatán
1310:Ecuador
1296:Severe
1063:Diptera
953:Habitat
884:Orinoco
866:Gorgona
714:, and
650:Nahuatl
646:nauyaca
584:bothros
574:generic
524:Central
484:Schätti
458:Mertens
212:, 1884)
166:Genus:
136:Order:
126:Class:
71: (
2559:197464
2546:585769
2494:453977
2327:
2269:
2140:
2103:
1958:
1937:
1921:
1905:
1889:
1873:
1850:
1827:
1811:
1795:
1682:
1660:
1622:
1563:
1555:
1402:sepsis
1398:spleen
1176:Dipsas
1152:Anolis
1146:Ameiva
908:with
657:yacatl
642:mapaná
576:name,
551:vipers
532:Mexico
490:, 1993
488:Kramer
486:&
473:, 1990
460:, 1987
436:, 1970
431:&
392:, 1966
379:, 1963
377:Stuart
367:, 1945
365:Taylor
363:&
350:, 1930
348:Amaral
337:, 1896
324:, 1889
308:, 1885
291:, 1884
289:Garman
278:, 1868
267:, 1863
210:Garman
2611:asper
2598:27084
2585:97544
2528:IRMNG
2520:30798
2112:(PDF)
2073:(PDF)
2032:(PDF)
1488:Notes
1447:Mayan
1424:(1).
1412:with
1408:(3),
1404:(5),
1354:ChocĂł
1288:Venom
1188:Ninia
880:Andes
653:nahui
634:equis
601:asper
543:Andes
260:dirus
258:var.
256:atrox
2647:ITIS
2572:8722
2567:NCBI
2554:IUCN
2541:ITIS
2502:GBIF
2481:MNWX
2325:PMID
2267:ISBN
2217:2012
2138:ISBN
2101:PMID
2048:2011
1996:2006
1956:ISBN
1935:ISBN
1919:ISBN
1903:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1871:ISBN
1848:ISBN
1825:ISBN
1809:ISBN
1793:ISBN
1734:2011
1707:2006
1680:ISBN
1658:ISBN
1640:link
1620:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1416:and
1365:Lara
1352:and
1016:Diet
966:and
929:are
858:Peru
738:and
588:and
572:The
538:and
508:The
390:Hoge
276:Cope
246:List
2489:EoL
2476:CoL
2463:ADW
2317:doi
2093:doi
1263:).
620:,
591:ops
534:to
526:to
265:Jan
2671::
2649::
2634::
2608::
2606:RD
2595::
2582::
2569::
2556::
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2530::
2517::
2504::
2491::
2478::
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2450::
2435::
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2303:.
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2250:^
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2056:^
2040:17
2038:.
2034:.
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1970:^
1858:^
1835:^
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1668:^
1648:^
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1632:{{
1572:^
1542:^
1438:.
1436:IP
1431:50
1429:LD
1392:,
1185:,
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1173:,
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1107:,
1101:,
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912:.
872:.
708:,
702:,
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427:–
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333:–
315:.
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2331:.
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1998:.
1964:.
1761:.
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1628:.
1316:.
512:(
313:B
297:B
252:B
208:(
75:)
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