466:. It was the only transport whose destination was known to the deportees; other transports simply departed for "the East". The next day, the SS publicly hanged nine men for smuggling letters out of the ghetto, an event that caused widespread outrage and disquiet. The first transports targeted mostly able-bodied people. If one person in a family was selected for a transport, family members would typically volunteer to accompany them, which has been analyzed as an example of family solidarity or social expectations. From June 1942, the SS interned elderly and "prominent" Jews from the Reich at Theresienstadt. To accommodate these Jews, the non-Jewish Czechs living in Theresienstadt were expelled, and the town was closed off by the end of June. In May, the self-administration had reduced rations for the elderly in order to increase the food available to hard laborers, as part of its strategy to save as many children and young people as possible to
229:
951:) was responsible for their housing, care, and education. Before June 1942, when the Czech civilians were evicted from the town, children lived with their parents in the barracks and were left unsupervised during the day. After the eviction, some of the houses were taken over by the Youth Welfare Office for use as children's homes. The intention was to keep the children somewhat insulated from the harsh conditions in the ghetto so that they would not succumb to "demoralization". Aided by teachers and helpers recruited from former educators and students, the children lived in collectives of 200–300 per house, separated by language. Within each house, children were assigned to rooms by gender and age. Their housing was superior to that of other inmates and they were also better fed.
875:) most of the privileged positions in the ghetto fell to this group. Those in charge of distributing food typically skimmed off the deliveries to save more for themselves or their friends, which heightened the starvation for elderly Jews in particular. The SS also stole deliveries of food intended for prisoners. Many of the functionaries in the Transport Department enriched themselves by accepting bribes. Powerful individuals attempted, and often succeeded, to exempt their friends from deportation, a fact that was noted by prisoners at the time. Because Czech Zionists had a disproportionate influence in the self-administration, they were often able to secure better jobs and exemptions to transport for other Czech Zionists.
1133:("Free Time Department", FZG), led by Otto Zucker. Zucker's department had a wide variety of artists to choose from. Although most performers had to work full-time at other jobs in addition to their creative activity, a few were hired by the FZG. However, the FZG was unusually effective at exempting performers from deportation. Because women were expected to take care of domestic chores in addition to full-time work and men were appointed as the conductors and directors who selected performers, very few women were able to participate in cultural life. Official efforts to improve the quality of performances increased during the "beautification" process that began in December 1943.
1486:
1401:
656:
1217:, who individually approved borrowers. It eventually grew to over 100,000 volumes from Jewish libraries all over Europe or brought by prisoners to the ghetto. The library was criticized for the high proportion of Hebrew-language works and the lack of fiction, but prisoners were desperate for any kind of reading material. At least 2,309 lectures were delivered in the ghetto, on a variety of subjects including Judaism, Zionism, art, music, science, and economics, by 489 different people, leading the ghetto to be described as an "open university".
731:
Jiří Vogel, a Czech Jewish communist, was appointed elder and served until the ghetto was dissolved. Theresienstadt was the only Nazi ghetto liberated with a significant population of survivors. On 14 May, Soviet authorities imposed a strict quarantine to contain the typhoid epidemic; more than 1,500 prisoners and 43 doctors and nurses died around the time of liberation. After two weeks, the quarantine ended and the administration focused on returning survivors to their countries of origin; repatriation continued until 17 August 1945.
578:
530:
703:
56:
7945:
1086:
381:
1221:
1097:
8002:
927:
847:'s list of all of the departments and sub-departments was 22 pages long. In 1943, when representatives of the Austrian and German Jewish community arrived at the ghetto, the administration was reorganized to include Austrian and German Jews. Paul Eppstein, from Berlin, was appointed as the liaison with the SS command, while Edelstein was obliged to act as his deputy. The SS used the national divisions to sow intrigue and disunity.
856:
451:
7933:
6242:
5160:
1329:
The Danish government also pressured the Nazis to allow a visit, because of the Danish Jews who had been deported there in late 1943. On a visit to
Denmark in November 1943, Eichmann promised the Danish representatives that they would be allowed to visit in the spring of 1944. In late May, Eppstein, Zucker, and other Theresienstadt leaders were allowed to sign SS-dictated letters, which were sent to the
1059:) in the attics of the barracks. Some "prominent" prisoners and Danish Jews were granted private apartments in spring 1944 for the Red Cross visit. Even before the Red Cross visit, "prominent" individuals received better living conditions and more food, and their deportation could only be ordered by the SS (not the self-administration), resulting in a significantly higher possibility of surviving.
5219:
7957:
5207:
1353:
549:. This incident was one of the only clues as to what happened to those deported from Theresienstadt. The children were held in strict isolation for six weeks before deportation to Auschwitz; none survived. On 9 November 1943, Edelstein and other ghetto administrators were arrested, accused of covering up the escape of fifty-five prisoners. Two days later, commandant
597:. Many "prominent" prisoners and Danish Jews were re-housed in private, superior quarters. The streets were renamed and cleaned; sham shops and a school were set up; the SS encouraged the prisoners to perform an increasing number of cultural activities, which exceeded that of an ordinary town in peacetime. As part of the preparations, 7,503 people were sent to the
1168:, was first performed at Theresienstadt on 23 September 1943. A hit, it was performed 55 times (about once a week) until the transports of autumn 1944. The work of the musicians was exploited by the Nazis in the two propaganda films made in the ghetto. Only the social elite could get tickets for events, and attending musical and theatrical performances became a
7985:
1365:
describing
Theresienstadt as "a normal country town" of which he was "mayor", and give the visitors fabricated statistical data on the ghetto. He still had a black eye from a beating administered by Rahm, and attempted to warn Rossel that there was "no way out" for Theresienstadt prisoners. A soccer game and performance of the children's opera
1206:, who were officially employed by the Arts Department of the self-administration to create drawings and graphs of work at Theresienstadt on the orders of the SS. The artists, however, depicted the ghetto's actual conditions in their spare time. Several of these artists were caught smuggling their work out of the ghetto. Accused of "
836:, initially planned to convert Theresienstadt into a productive economic center and thereby avoid deportations; they were unaware that the Nazis already planned to deport all the Jews and convert Theresienstadt into a German settlement. Theresienstadt was the only Jewish community in Nazi-occupied Europe that was led by Zionists.
214:
life. This spiritual legacy has attracted the attention of scholars and sparked interest in the ghetto. In the postwar period, a few of the SS perpetrators and Czech guards were put on trial, but the ghetto was generally forgotten by the Soviet authorities. The Terezín Ghetto Museum is visited by 250,000 people each year.
367:
have drawn attention from abroad. To lull victims into a false sense of security, the SS advertised
Theresienstadt as a "spa town" where Jews could retire, and encouraged them to sign fraudulent home purchase contracts, pay "deposits" for rent and board, and surrender life insurance policies and other assets.
1493:
In 1947, it was decided to convert the Small
Fortress into a memorial to the victims of Nazi persecution. Adler rescued a large number of documents and paintings from Theresienstadt after the war and lodged them with the Jewish Museum in Prague; this material formed the bedrock of the collections now
903:
problem. Makeshift hospitals, staffed mostly by female nurses, were organized in each barracks for the most serious cases. Most of the nurses were untrained and had to do all the work, including cleaning sickrooms, disposing of human waste, serving food, and keeping the patients entertained. Although
1328:
to intervene in favor of Jews, requested to visit
Theresienstadt in November 1943. It is unclear to what extent the ICRC valued making an accurate report on Theresienstadt, given that it had access to independent information confirming that prisoners were transported to Auschwitz and murdered there.
917:
argues that the self-administration used its power over transports to save children and young people as much as possible, and the success of this policy is indicated by the fact that 20,000 such individuals remained at
Theresienstadt until the deportations in fall 1944, when the SS directly selected
730:
The Red Cross took over administration of the ghetto and removed the SS flag on 2 May 1945; the SS fled on 5–6 May. On 8 May, Red Army troops skirmished with German forces outside the ghetto and liberated it at 9 pm. On 11 May, Soviet medical units arrived to take charge of the ghetto; the next day,
626:
On 23 September, Eppstein, Zucker, and
Murmelstein were told that Theresienstadt's war production was inadequate and as a consequence 5,000 Jews would be deported to a new labor camp run by Zucker. On 27 September, Eppstein was arrested and shot at the Small Fortress for alleged breaches of the law.
428:
used creative methods to improve the infrastructure of the ghetto and prepare it to house an average of 40,000 people during its existence. The construction project was funded by stolen Jewish property. When the first transport arrived, there was only one vat for coffee with a capacity of 300 litres
213:
Theresienstadt was known for its relatively rich cultural life, including concerts, lectures, and clandestine education for children. The fact that it was governed by a Jewish self-administration as well as the large number of "prominent" Jews imprisoned there facilitated the flourishing of cultural
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arrived after that date, including some 500 people who were at
Theresienstadt twice, which brought the total to 154,000. Before 20 April, 33,521 people died at Theresienstadt, and an additional 1,567 people died between 20 April and 30 June. 88,196 people were deported from Theresienstadt between 9
1062:
Food was generally inadequate and its distribution was also inequitable. Those who did not work, mostly the elderly, received 60% less food than heavy laborers, leading many to starve to death. 92% of deaths were among those over sixty, and almost all elderly prisoners who were not deported died at
912:
The SS dictated quotas for the number of people to be deported by age and nationality. Within this framework, the
Transport Department selected which people would be deported. If someone were selected for a transport, it was possible to appeal, but in practice such appeals were rarely accepted. The
553:
ordered a census of the entire ghetto population, approximately 36,000 people at that time. All inmates, regardless of age, were required to stand outside in freezing weather from 7 am to 11 pm; 300 people died on the field from exhaustion. Five thousand prisoners, including
Edelstein and the other
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1st Class or a higher decoration during that war. These Jews could not plausibly perform forced labor, and therefore Theresienstadt helped conceal the true nature of deportation to the East. Later, Theresienstadt also came to house "prominent" Jews whose disappearance in an extermination camp could
437:
Jews lived in the eleven barracks in the fortress, while civilians continued to inhabit the 218 civilian houses. Segregation between the two groups was strictly enforced and resulted in harsh punishments on Jews who left their barracks. By the end of the year, 7,365 people had been deported to the
1274:
Theresienstadt's cultural life has been viewed differently by different prisoners and commentators. Adler stresses that an unusually high number of inmates were culturally active; however, cultural activity could lead to a kind of self-deception about reality. Ullmann believed that the activities
473:
101,761 prisoners entered Theresienstadt in the year of 1942, resulting in a peak population, on 18 September 1942, of 58,491. The death rate also peaked that month with 3,941 deaths. Corpses remained unburied for days and gravediggers carrying coffins through the streets were a regular sight. To
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Most Jews between the ages of 16 and 60 or 65 were forced to work an average of 69 hours per week, often in physically demanding jobs. Many women worked as housekeepers, nurses, or in lower-ranking positions in the kitchens, or in the vegetable gardens. Men controlled the administration and also
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before 12 October 1944; most were murdered there. 37 others were taken by the Gestapo on 20 February 1945. Before 1945, 37 people escaped, and twelve were recaptured and returned to Theresienstadt; according to Adler it is unlikely that most of the remainder were successful. A further 92 people
722:
Starting on 20 April, between 13,500 and 15,000 concentration camp prisoners, mostly Jews, arrived at Theresienstadt after surviving death marches from camps about to be liberated by the Allies. The prisoners were in very poor physical and mental shape, and, like the Białystok children, refused
433:
coffee in two hours. The waterworks often broke down during the first months due to inadequate capacity. To improve potable water supply, and so everyone could wash daily, workers drilled wells and overhauled the pipe system. The Germans provided the materials for these improvements, largely to
392:
On 24 November 1941, the first trainload of deportees arrived at the Sudeten barracks in Theresienstadt; they were 342 young Jewish men whose task was to prepare the town for the arrival of thousands of other Jews beginning 30 November. Another transport of 1,000 men arrived on 4 December; this
199:
came at the beginning in 1943, and prisoners of a wide variety of nationalities were sent to Theresienstadt in the last months of the war. About 33,000 people died at Theresienstadt, mostly from malnutrition and disease. More than 88,000 people were held there for months or years before being
1364:
The visitors spent eight hours inside Theresienstadt, led on a predetermined path and only allowed to speak with Danish Jews and selected representatives, including Paul Eppstein. Driven in a limousine by an SS officer posing as his driver, Eppstein was forced to deliver an SS-written speech
1046:
Conditions in the ghetto varied depending on a prisoner's status. Most prisoners had to live in overcrowded collective dormitories with sixty to eighty people per room; men, women, and children lived separately. A few prisoners, especially those who had connections, managed to create private
1316:
accurately described the ghetto's conditions: "dreadful" and "frightfully overcrowded". Hartmann reported that the prisoners were severely undernourished and medical care was completely inadequate. In July, the Vatican requested and was refused permission to send a delegation to the ghetto.
904:
nurses, who were in short supply, were exempt from deportation until October 1944, they faced the danger of contracting disease and had to work 18- to 20-hour days. After the deportations in 1944, the number of nurses was severely reduced and each nurse had to care for 65 or more prisoners.
771:
The ghetto was guarded by 150–170 Czech gendarmes at one time. The guards, who often smuggled letters and food in return for bribes, were frequently rotated to avoid contacts developing between guards and prisoners. Fourteen of the guards were imprisoned at the Small Fortress for helping or
977:. However, Redlich agreed that a good-quality non-Zionist education was preferred to a bad Zionist one. Because of this, the ideological quality of education depended on the inclination of the person who ran the home; this was formalized in a 1943 agreement. According to historian
1464:
until his death in 1991. The Czech gendarme commander, Theodor Janeček, died in prison in 1946 while awaiting trial. A Czech court in Litoměřice found a perimeter guard, Miroslaus Hasenkopf, guilty of treason and sentenced him to 15 years imprisonment; he died in prison in 1951.
1392:("The Führer Gives a City to the Jews") by Jewish prisoners. Completed on 28 March 1945, the film was intended to discredit reports of the genocide of Jews reaching the Western Allies and neutral countries, but it was only screened four times and did not achieve its objective.
1071:. Some also worked on SS military projects. However, the high population of elderly people and the decrepit state of the ghetto infrastructure prevented the ghetto from becoming a useful industrial center for the German war effort. Over 90% of labor was used for maintenance.
750:, the chief of police in the Protectorate, as it was classified as a SS-and-police-run camp. The SS commandant was in charge of some 28 SS men, 12 civilian employees, the Czech gendarmes who guarded the ghetto, and the Jewish self-administration. The first commandant was
1248:, and other religious items with them to the ghetto. Edelstein, who was religious, appointed a team of rabbis to oversee the burial of the dead. The believers, who were largely elderly Jews from Austria and Germany, frequently gathered in makeshift areas to pray on
671:
to Theresienstadt on 23 December 1944; additional transports in 1945 brought the total to 1,447. The Slovak Jews told the Theresienstädters about the fate of those deported to the East, but many refused to believe it. 1,150 Hungarian Jews who had survived a
1210:", they were arrested on 20 July 1944 and tortured at the Small Fortress. Much of their artwork was not rediscovered until many years later, but has been a useful tool for historians to glimpse the ghetto elite as well the widespread misery in the ghetto.
1455:
Czechoslovak authorities prosecuted several SS members who had served at Theresienstadt, including all three commandants. Seidl and Rahm were both tried, convicted, and executed for their crimes, Seidl in Austria and Rahm in Czechoslovakia. Convicted
642:
at Theresienstadt. By November, only 11,000 people were left at Theresienstadt, most of them elderly; 70% were female. That month, the ashes of deceased prisoners were removed by women and children. The remains of 17,000 people were dumped in the
1439:
January 1942 and 28 October 1944. Of prisoners who arrived before 20 April, 17,320 were liberated at Theresienstadt, about 4,000 survived deportation, and 1,630 were rescued before the end of the war. In all, there were about 23,000 survivors.
493:. Many transports have no known survivors. The Germans selected a small number of healthy young people for forced labor. In all, 42,000 people, mostly Czech Jews, were deported from Theresienstadt in 1942, of whom only 356 survivors are known.
1016:
was mandatory despite the increased danger to educators if they were caught. Children also participated in cultural activities in the evenings after their lessons. Many of the children's homes produced magazines, of which the best known is
627:
Murmelstein became Jewish elder and retained the post until the end of the war. The deportation of the majority of the remaining population to Auschwitz—18,401 people in eleven transports—commenced the next day and lasted until 28 October.
1108:
Theresienstadt was characterized by a rich cultural life, especially in 1943 and 1944, which greatly exceeded that in other Nazi concentration camps and ghettos. The inmates were free from the usual rules of Nazi censorship and the ban on
604:
For the remaining prisoners conditions improved somewhat: according to one survivor, "The summer of 1944 was the best time we had in Terezín. Nobody thought of new transports." On 23 June 1944, the visitors were led on a tour through the
521:
refused, due to the increasing desire for Theresienstadt as an alibi to conceal information on the Holocaust reaching the Western Allies. There were no more transports from Theresienstadt until the deportation of 5,000 Jews to the
1381:
under close SS supervision, and edited by Pečený's company, Aktualita. One scene was filmed on 20 January 1944, but most of the filming took place during eleven days between 16 August and 11 September 1944. The film, officially
569:(ICRC) to visit Theresienstadt. The RSHA archives were transported to Theresienstadt in July 1943, reducing the space for prisoners, and stored in the Sudeten barracks until they were burned on 17 April 1945 on SS orders.
6483:
1649:
According to one of the surviving children in this photo, Paul Rabinowitsch (1930–2009) from Denmark, third from left, the date the photo was taken was the only day he was allowed to eat his fill while imprisoned at
1337:, the leader of the committee, forwarded the letter abroad, causing an unduly positive impression of Theresienstadt to develop outside German-occupied territory. The commission that visited on 23 June 1944, included
4346:
Plato, Alice v.; Schlesinger, Henriette; Conill, Montse (2001). "Prisioneros "prominentes" en Theresienstadt (Terezín, República Checa)" ["Prominent" prisoners at Theresienstadt (Terezín, Czech Republic)].
1372:
While the preparations for the Red Cross visit were underway, the SS had meanwhile ordered a prisoner, probably Jindřich Weil, to write a script for a propaganda film. It was directed by the German Jewish prisoner
8054:
7751:
788:, a police force made up of Jewish prisoners, was formed on 6 December 1941 and reported to the Jewish self-administration. It was reconstituted several times and comprised 420 men at its peak in February 1943.
474:
alleviate overcrowding, the Germans deported 18,000 mostly elderly people in nine transports in the autumn of 1942. Most of the people deported from Theresienstadt in 1942 were killed immediately, either in the
1533:
and includes a section devoted to researching the history of Theresienstadt. In 2001, the director reported that about 250,000 people visit Theresienstadt every year; prominent visitors have included the
743:. Instead, the SS commandant reported to Hans Günther, the director of the Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Prague, whose superior was Adolf Eichmann. Theresienstadt also fell under the command of
7778:
4145:
1213:
The Ghetto Central Library opened in November 1942 and contained 60,000 books and 15 full-time librarians by the end of 1943. As head of the library, the Central Secretariat appointed the philosopher
739:
Theresienstadt was a hybrid of ghetto and concentration camp, with features of both. It was established by order of the RSHA in 1941 and, unlike other concentration camps, was not administered by the
867:
The economy of Theresienstadt was highly corrupt. Besides the "prominent" prisoners, young Czech Jewish men had the highest status in the ghetto. As the first prisoners in the ghetto (whether in the
561:(in the Netherlands) in April 1943, but the rest of the 4,894 Jews eventually deported from Westerbork to Theresienstadt arrived during 1944. Four hundred fifty Jews from Denmark—the few who had not
6073:
1369:
were also staged for the guests. Rossel reported that conditions in the ghetto were favorable—even superior than for civilians in the Protectorate—and that no one was deported from Theresienstadt.
7413:
617:, a spiritual leader at Theresienstadt, stated that "The effect on our morale was devastating. We felt forgotten and forsaken." In August and September, a propaganda film that became known as
5537:
354:
on 20 January 1942, Heydrich announced that Theresienstadt would be used to house Jews over the age of 65 from the Reich, as well as those who had been severely wounded fighting for the
5413:
883:
Because of the unhygienic conditions in the ghetto and shortages of clean water, medicine, and food, many prisoners fell ill. 30% of the ghetto's population was classified as sick with
1030:. According to Rothkirchen, caring for the children was the self-administration's greatest achievement and the drawings left by children were Theresienstadt's "most precious legacy".
1012:
Although education was forbidden, the teachers continued to clandestinely teach general education subjects including Czech, German, history, geography, and mathematics. Study of the
565:—arrived in October 1943. The Danish government's inquiries after them prevented their deportation, and eventually the SS authorized representatives of the Danish Red Cross and the
7803:
7448:
5196:
405:(Bohušovice), 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi) away; the walk was difficult for elderly and ill Jews, many of whom died on the journey. After arriving, prisoners were sent to the
8064:
667:
Theresienstadt became the destination of transports as the Nazi concentration camps were evacuated. After transports to Auschwitz had ceased, 416 Slovak Jews were sent from
1636:
and the ICRC. The report was published in the official newspaper of the government-in-exile in early June, before Rossel's visit. The information was also confirmed by the
1414:
Approximately 141,000 Jews, mostly from the Protectorate, Germany, and Austria, were sent to Theresienstadt before 20 April 1945. The majority came from just five cities:
401:. Deportees to the ghetto had to surrender all possessions except for 50 kilograms (110 lb) of luggage, which they had to carry with them from the railway station at
72:
228:
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6455:
4533:
3812:
6561:
4226:
1958:
4517:
7164:
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210:) in choosing those to be deported has attracted significant controversy. The total number of survivors was around 23,000, including 4,000 deportees who survived.
343:
4458:
8059:
7783:
418:
The 24 November and 4 December transports, consisting mostly of Jewish craftsmen, engineers, and other skilled workers of Zionist sympathies, were known as the
5511:
4707:
4443:
727:, an epidemic of which soon raged in the ghetto and claimed many lives. A Theresienstadt prisoner described them as "no longer people, they are wild animals".
630:
Previously, the self-administration had chosen the people to be deported but now the SS made the selections, ensuring that many members of the Jewish Council,
3851:
683:, Himmler released a transport of 1,200 Jews (mostly from Germany and Holland) from Theresienstadt to neutral Switzerland; Jews on this transport traveled in
6566:
6478:
5667:
5406:
5130:
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to Vienna arrived in March. In 1945, 5,200 Jews living in mixed marriages with "Aryans", who had been previously protected, were deported to Theresienstadt.
1129:. Švenk's "Terezín March" became the unofficial anthem for the ghetto. Later, the activities were sponsored by the self-administration and organized by the
172:. Its conditions were deliberately engineered to hasten the death of its prisoners, and the ghetto also served a propaganda role. Unlike other ghettos, the
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7306:
4423:
1113:". The origins began in the spontaneous "friendship evenings" organized by the first prisoners in December 1941; many promising artists had arrived in the
2551:
7443:
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1039:
943:
Over the lifetime of the ghetto, about 15,000 children lived in Theresienstadt, of whom about 90% perished after deportation. The Youth Welfare Office (
1232:, deportees came from a wide variety of strains of Judaism and Christianity; others were atheists. Some communities and individuals, particularly from
5189:
5143:
1474:
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in January 1944; Rahm governed the ghetto until the SS fled on 5 May 1945. All of the SS commandants were assigned to Theresienstadt with the rank SS-
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824:) and a Central Secretariat beneath which various departments administered life in the ghetto. The first of the Jewish elders of Theresienstadt was
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The inmates were also allowed slightly more privileges, including postal correspondence and the right to receive food parcels. On 24 August 1943,
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Klibanski, Bronka (1995). "Kinder aus dem Ghetto Bialystok in Theresienstadt" [Children from the Białystok Ghetto in Theresienstadt].
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ended Communist rule in Czechoslovakia, as part of the fiftieth anniversary commemorations of the former ghetto. The museum is funded by the
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Intrator, Miriam (2007). ""People were literally starving for any kind of reading": The Theresienstadt Ghetto Central Library, 1942-1945".
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687:, were provided with various luxuries, and had to remove their Star of David badges. Jewish organisations deposited a ransom of 5 million
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4739:"Between Resistance and Collaboration: The Ambiguity of the Protectorate Gendarmes' Service in the Theresienstadt Ghetto (1941–1945)"
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Margry, Karel (January 1992). "'Theresienstadt' (1944–1945): The Nazi propaganda film depicting the concentration camp as paradise".
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Pen and ink drawing of a Jewish worker in Theresienstadt assigned to Bedřich Fritta, Theresienstadt, 1942. In the collection of the
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505:. During the same month, the Jewish community leaders from Berlin and Vienna arrived, and the leadership was reorganized to include
330:, a meeting was held in which it was decided to convert Theresienstadt into a transit center for Czech Jews. Those present included
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299:(German-speaking region of Czechoslovakia). Although Leitmeritz was ceded to Germany, Theresienstadt remained in the Czechoslovak
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points out that the registration of all former Czechoslovak Army officers from Theresienstadt had been ordered in mid-July 1944.
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and in Theresienstadt itself. However, the Jewish legacy was not recognized in the post-war era because it did not fit into the
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as the basis of their educational philosophies; Communist philosophy increased after the Red Army's military victories on the
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4772:"Theresienstadt: A Geographical Picture of Transports, Demography, and Communicable Disease in a Jewish Camp-Ghetto, 1941–45"
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Hájková, Anna (2013). "Sexual Barter in Times of Genocide: Negotiating the Sexual Economy of the Theresienstadt Ghetto".
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402:
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7870:
7771:
7617:
7541:
6753:
6710:
6671:
6571:
6405:
6271:
5297:
5003:
3986:
284:
6863:
6035:
5978:
5211:
5115:
1443:
668:
4158:
Theresienstadt family camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau: proceedings of the international conference, Prague 7–8 March 1994
601:
in May; the transports targeted sick, elderly, and disabled people who had no place in the ideal Jewish settlement.
7743:
7622:
7592:
7511:
7428:
7261:
6899:
6797:
6758:
6715:
6651:
6524:
6400:
6063:
5788:
5744:
5378:
5076:
5018:
4190:"Reflections on the focus of education in the Theresienstadt ghetto based on reports by Theresienstadt's educators"
3848:
3755:
2184:
1633:
1625:
1384:
1302:
1292:
634:
workers, and cultural figures were deported and murdered at Auschwitz. The first two transports removed all former
619:
598:
523:
434:
reduce the chance of communicable disease spreading beyond the ghetto, but Jewish engineers directed the projects.
323:
319:
military base, with about 3,500 soldiers and 3,700 civilians, largely employed by the army, living there in 1941.
7381:
7196:
6743:
6720:
6631:
6493:
6345:
6333:
6320:
6146:
6025:
5265:
5243:
3837:(1984). "The Theresienstadt Ghetto: Its Characteristics and Perspective". In Gutman, Israel; Saf, Avital (eds.).
1538:
1530:
1342:
673:
562:
5874:
1447:
escaped in early 1945 and 547 departed by their own unauthorized action after the departure of the SS on 5 May.
776:, was a "rabid antisemite" whose behavior "sometimes surpass the SS in cruelty", according to Israeli historian
7860:
7815:
7361:
6680:
6661:
6608:
6592:
6539:
6534:
6445:
6435:
6425:
6377:
6360:
6350:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6030:
5882:
5698:
4811:
1629:
1602:
1330:
577:
7286:
7141:
5756:
5690:
5343:
7853:
7843:
7569:
7123:
6920:
6851:
6529:
6514:
6440:
6420:
6415:
6395:
6365:
6355:
5966:
5842:
5275:
5092:
4856:
1495:
1346:
1306:
1154:
974:
558:
545:
in Poland arrived at Theresienstadt. They refused to be disinfected due to their fear that the showers were
7075:
529:
7564:
7331:
6810:
6388:
6382:
6264:
5714:
5519:
5353:
4776:
4571:
4256:
1038:
1027:
702:
684:
5646:
781:
335:
7949:
7798:
7423:
7376:
6791:
5270:
5253:
5120:
4495:
3785:
990:
7991:
5584:
4154:
Terezínský rodinný tábor v Osvětimi-Birkenau: sborník z mezinárodní konference, Praha 7.-8. brězna 1994
424:(Work Detail) and their members were exempt from deportation until September 1943. The members of the
7761:
7698:
7627:
7281:
7065:
6956:
6934:
6829:
6824:
6805:
5914:
5485:
4941:
4141:
4039:"To Terezín and Back Again: Czech Jews and their Bonds of Belonging from Deportations to the Postwar"
3804:
1571:
unveiled a plaque at the former ghetto commemorating her 26 relatives who had been imprisoned there.
1535:
1311:
785:
773:
744:
513:, an Austrian rabbi; Edelstein was forced to act as Eppstein's deputy. At the beginning of February,
510:
6984:
4734:
420:
7848:
7756:
7602:
7189:
6974:
5371:
4566:
1637:
1546:
1511:
1301:(DRK) visited the ghetto. Despite the fact that the DRK was led by SS doctors who were involved in
1253:
1207:
1122:
994:
542:
517:, head of the RSHA, proposed the deportation of an additional five thousand elderly Jews. SS chief
514:
201:
169:
134:
5951:
5330:
1515:
1378:
955:
699:, organised in cooperation with the Swedish Red Cross, repatriated the 423 surviving Danish Jews.
7228:
7223:
6730:
5545:
4793:
4352:
4313:
4129:
4073:
Hájková, Anna (2015). ""Poor devils" of the Camps: Dutch Jews in the Terezín Ghetto, 1943–1945".
4061:
4025:
3974:
3939:
3906:
1568:
833:
747:
715:
538:
475:
351:
4536:[List of transports from Theresienstadt] (in Czech). Terezín Initiative. 1 December 2016
1606:
1188:
1085:
978:
764:
913:
self-administration's role in organizing transports has led to significant criticism. However,
380:
7833:
7693:
7524:
7438:
7405:
7319:
7136:
7102:
5906:
5850:
5580:
5523:
4758:
4692:
4649:
4630:
4611:
4399:
4387:
4373:
4305:
4276:
4243:
4165:
4090:
3994:
3898:
3867:
3820:
3789:
3759:
1526:
1457:
1220:
1176:
1067:
worked in various workshops, including carpentry, leather, and tailoring, and in the mines of
860:
777:
723:
disinfection fearing that they would be gassed. They were starving and infected with lice and
635:
455:
429:(79 US gal); by the next year, there were sufficient kettles to make 50,000 cups of
347:
269:
60:
4771:
7810:
7788:
7607:
7597:
7326:
7314:
7296:
7233:
6979:
6941:
6227:
6210:
5898:
5783:
5773:
4785:
4750:
4722:
4675:
4334:
4297:
4268:
4235:
4201:
4119:
4111:
4082:
4053:
4017:
3964:
3931:
3890:
1620:
1298:
1140:
conducted an orchestra composed largely of professional musicians. Karl Fischer, a Moravian
1096:
1023:
from Home One (L417). Hundreds of children made drawings under the guidance of the Viennese
639:
606:
518:
292:
5461:
4738:
772:
contacting Jews; two died as a result of their imprisonment. The first gendarme commander,
7937:
7880:
7720:
7713:
7530:
7433:
7291:
7271:
7184:
7020:
6220:
5971:
5795:
5706:
5600:
5588:
5084:
5045:
4929:
4893:
4646:
The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia: Czech Initiatives, German Policies, Jewish Responses
4508:
4179:
Kárný, Miroslav (1999). "Fragen zum 8. März 1944" [Questions about 8 March 1944].
3855:
1499:
1275:
represented spiritual resistance to Nazism and a "spark of humanity": "By no means did we
1180:
1145:
1013:
944:
926:
839:
The self-administration was characterized by excessive bureaucracy. In his landmark study
825:
817:
805:
797:
751:
707:
680:
586:
486:
394:
326:(RSHA) was planning transports of Jews from Germany, Austria, and the Protectorate to the
280:
17:
5449:
1557:
1137:
5174:
4550:
4518:"Embellishment and the visit of the International Committee of the Red Cross to Terezín"
855:
450:
7961:
7793:
7688:
7587:
7558:
7250:
7214:
7174:
7169:
6994:
6879:
6786:
5422:
1503:
1460:
and sentenced to death, Burger managed to evade arrest and lived under a false name in
1360:
at Theresienstadt. Most of the children were murdered at Auschwitz in the fall of 1944.
1357:
1338:
1334:
1229:
1149:
1118:
1110:
1052:
610:
355:
331:
257:
241:
165:
55:
7932:
5956:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1618:
Information about Jews deported to Auschwitz from Theresienstadt was published in the
695:
secured the release of the Danish internees from Theresienstadt on 15 April 1945. The
8023:
7683:
7612:
7503:
7371:
7201:
7158:
7004:
6989:
6287:
6007:
5568:
5531:
4998:
4935:
4797:
4599:
4459:"Albright unveils plaque to family members who perished in Holocaust onTerezín visit"
4317:
4029:
3978:
3943:
3778:
1742:
1740:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1553:
1169:
1165:
1024:
970:
884:
724:
711:
506:
276:
188:
146:
4708:"Statistical Analyses of Theresienstadt Prisoners Examples and Future Possibilities"
4065:
1404:
Theresienstadt Ghetto population by country of origin, from Jurajda and Jelínek 2021
1152:
composed more than 20 works while imprisoned at Theresienstadt, including the opera
804:) nominally governed the ghetto. The self-administration included the Jewish elder (
384:
Map shows the main fortress and the Small Fortress (right) on opposite sides of the
7895:
7045:
7030:
7025:
6999:
6952:
6884:
6846:
6596:
6152:
5778:
5737:
5634:
5527:
5426:
4993:
4963:
4899:
4480:
4463:
4133:
3910:
3773:
1549:
1542:
1522:). Although there were memorial plaques in the former ghetto, none mentioned Jews.
1461:
1388:("Theresienstadt: A Documentary Film from the Jewish Settlement Area"), was dubbed
1324:, having come under increasing pressure from Denmark, Jewish organizations and the
1262:
1258:
1126:
1063:
Theresienstadt. Younger people did not face starvation, although many lost weight.
966:
896:
755:
688:
554:
arrested leaders, were sent to the family camp at Auschwitz on 15 and 18 December.
550:
546:
482:
327:
150:
97:
5039:
4754:
1271:
ministered not just to Jews but to Christian converts and others needing comfort.
1160:
350:, the RSHA chief, approved of Theresienstadt as a location for the ghetto. At the
5391:
4057:
623:("The Führer Gives a City to the Jews"), was shot, but it was never distributed.
7901:
7418:
7035:
6889:
6215:
5994:
5473:
4272:
3747:
1519:
1374:
844:
696:
692:
478:
463:
359:
308:
296:
196:
184:
47:
8008:
7890:
7725:
7498:
7276:
5622:
5218:
4968:
4239:
4161:
4149:
3935:
3842:
3834:
1341:, a representative of the ICRC; E. Juel-Henningsen, the head physician at the
1214:
1090:
1048:
914:
888:
660:
363:
300:
253:
237:
192:
180:
154:
83:
4834:
4821:
4762:
4627:
The Jews of Denmark in the Holocaust: Life and Death in Theresienstadt Ghetto
4338:
4309:
4280:
4247:
4094:
3894:
1197:
1193:
7730:
7536:
4958:
4905:
4301:
1431:
1276:
1268:
1203:
998:
982:
930:
900:
759:
614:
316:
7391:
5206:
3902:
415:), where they were registered and deprived of their remaining possessions.
4115:
1601:
Rothkirchen notes that the deportation of the officers coincided with the
647:
River and the remainder of the ashes were buried in pits near Leitmeritz.
7256:
7056:
4679:
4261:
Apparatus. Film, Media and Digital Cultures of Central and Eastern Europe
3969:
1245:
1184:
813:
398:
206:
4848:
4812:
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum image gallery for Theresienstadt
4789:
4356:
3881:
Brush, Barbara L. (2004). "Nursing Care and Context in Theresienstadt".
4424:"The Piano Virtuoso Who Didn't Play in Terezín, or, Why Gender Matters"
4206:
4189:
2709:
2547:
2303:
2180:
1954:
1746:
1727:
1687:
1249:
1233:
1002:
986:
829:
644:
462:
The first transport from Theresienstadt left on 9 January 1942 for the
385:
312:
249:
5804:
3864:
The Girls of Room 28: Friendship, Hope, and Survival in Theresienstadt
1279:; our endeavors in the arts were commensurate with our will to live."
993:
of the children's homes resembled kibbutzim. Different educators used
7766:
4726:
4124:
1525:
The Terezín Ghetto Museum was inaugurated in October 1991, after the
1423:
1419:
1415:
1241:
1141:
1068:
481:
or at mass execution sites in the Baltic States and Belarus, such as
467:
430:
265:
4086:
3920:"The ICRC and the detainees in Nazi concentration camps (1942–1945)"
1385:
Theresienstadt. Ein Dokumentarfilm aus dem jüdischen Siedlungsgebiet
4021:
609:"; they did not notice anything amiss and the ICRC representative,
533:
The Białystok children, drawn by Theresienstadt prisoner Otto Ungar
7131:
5058:
4257:"A False Start. The Filming at Theresienstadt of January 20, 1944"
1484:
1399:
1351:
1237:
1219:
1095:
1084:
1037:
1019:
935:
925:
892:
854:
701:
654:
576:
528:
449:
379:
227:
2068:
2066:
2029:
2027:
1640:, received in Switzerland around the same time as Rossel's visit.
1175:
The visual arts were developed by a circle of artists, including
6256:
1427:
1321:
954:
The leadership of the Youth Welfare Office, including its head,
439:
7648:
7469:
7100:
6590:
6260:
5395:
5178:
4852:
4148:[Theresienstadt family camp in the Final Solution]. In
613:, reported that no one was deported from Theresienstadt. Rabbi
3533:
3531:
3398:
3396:
3347:
3345:
3197:
3195:
3170:
3168:
3032:
3030:
7967:
4604:
Theresienstadt: Eine Geschichte von Täuschung und Vernichtung
2978:
2976:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2197:
2195:
2193:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
899:
in 1942; cold weather in the fall of that year increased the
679:
On 5 February 1945, after negotiations with Swiss politician
557:
Two hundred ninety-three Jews arrived at Theresienstadt from
4444:"Women as citizens in the Theresienstadt prisoner community"
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
4288:
Munk, Jan (2001). "The Terezín Memorial in the year 2000".
2847:
2845:
4481:"Review of Karny, Miroslav, ed., Terezinska pametni kniha"
3131:
3129:
3005:
3003:
2452:
2450:
2448:
279:
of Austria. Theresienstadt was used as a military base by
3752:
Theresienstadt 1941–1945: The Face of a Coerced Community
3224:
3222:
638:
officers, who were thought to be a threat for causing an
585:
In February 1944, the SS embarked on a "beautification" (
204:
and other killing sites; the role of the Jewish Council (
2784:
2782:
4743:
S: I.M.O.N. Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation
4715:
S: I.M.O.N. Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation
4608:
Theresienstadt: A history of deception and annihilation
3611:
3609:
2903:
2901:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2672:
2670:
2272:
2270:
1959:
Concentration/Transit Camp for German and Austrian Jews
1624:
in February 1944. News of the first liquidation of the
4770:
Smallman-Raynor, Matthew R.; Cliff, Andrew D. (2020).
4689:
The Last Ghetto: An Everyday History of Theresienstadt
3689:
3687:
3662:
3660:
3572:
3570:
3108:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2423:
2421:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
758:
on 3 July 1943. Burger was reassigned and replaced by
8055:
Buildings and structures in the Ústí nad Labem Region
7921:
4392:
The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia: Facing the Holocaust
3991:
Auschwitz, the Allies and Censorship of the Holocaust
30:"Theresienstadt" redirects here. For other uses, see
4325:
Munk, Jan (2008). "Activities of Terezín Memorial".
2369:
2367:
1228:
Although all prisoners were Jewish according to the
268:. Founded on 22 September 1784 on the orders of the
179:
The ghetto was established by the transportation of
7826:
7742:
7671:
7578:
7550:
7491:
7404:
7352:
7305:
7242:
7212:
7150:
7122:
7113:
7054:
7013:
6965:
6951:
6913:
6872:
6772:
6729:
6607:
6502:
6471:
6298:
6191:
6138:
6117:
6056:
6049:
6006:
5934:
5835:
5828:
5725:
5675:
5666:
5613:
5561:
5510:
5501:
5440:
5433:
5342:
5306:
5286:
5226:
5103:
5068:
5029:
4981:
4951:
4922:
4915:
4886:
3780:
Jews for Sale?: Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933–1945
796:
The Jewish self-administration or self-government (
501:In January, seven thousand people were deported to
127:
119:
111:
103:
93:
79:
68:
41:
3777:
2033:
4183:(in German) (6). Translated by Liebl, Petr: 9–42.
4227:Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television
1592:About 2,000 of these deportees survived the war.
1434:(4,000). Between 13,500 and 15,000 survivors of
1345:; and Franz Hvass, the top civil servant at the
275:, it was named Theresienstadt, after his mother
264:) and about 70 kilometres (43 mi) north of
168:). Theresienstadt served as a waystation to the
7424:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
291:" across the river was a prison. Following the
3803:Blodig, Vojtěch; White, Joseph Robert (2012).
344:Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Prague
315:prison in 1940 and the fortress town became a
311:on 15 March 1939. The Small Fortress became a
7784:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
6272:
5407:
5190:
4864:
4368:. Translated by Kutler, Laurence. Lexington:
3510:
3414:
1442:A further 239 people were transferred to the
8:
4625:Fracapane, Silvia Goldbaum Tarabini (2020).
4364:Redlich, Egon (1992). Friedman, Saul (ed.).
4146:"Terezínský rodinný tábor v konečném řešení"
3813:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
3754:. Translated by Cooper, Belinda. Cambridge:
2710:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2018
2548:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2018
2304:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2018
2181:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2018
1955:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2018
1747:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2018
1728:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2018
1688:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2018
406:
7483:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
3561:
3549:
3537:
3486:
3426:
3402:
3387:
3375:
3363:
3351:
3336:
3276:
3264:
3240:
3201:
3186:
3174:
3084:
3072:
3060:
3036:
2982:
2967:
2931:
2773:
2749:
2737:
2649:
2606:
2552:Final Weeks, Liberation, and Postwar Trials
2468:
2439:
2400:
2358:
2341:
2324:
2261:
2201:
2156:
2108:
2084:
2072:
2018:
1970:
1904:
1887:
1844:
1784:
1765:
1715:
1703:
1670:
1510:, and discredited the official position of
581:Fritta mocks the "beautification" campaign.
8065:Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany
7668:
7645:
7488:
7466:
7119:
7110:
7097:
6962:
6604:
6587:
6295:
6279:
6265:
6257:
6053:
5832:
5672:
5507:
5437:
5414:
5400:
5392:
5197:
5183:
5175:
4919:
4871:
4857:
4849:
4152:; Kárný, Miroslav; Kárná, Margita (eds.).
989:in Palestine; Rothkirchen argues that the
741:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
232:Buildings in Theresienstadt, 1909 postcard
38:
5131:Siegfried Lederer's escape from Auschwitz
4205:
4123:
3993:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3968:
3955:[The Illusion of the Objective].
3809:Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe
3048:
3009:
2994:
2456:
2144:
2120:
1475:List of works about Theresienstadt Ghetto
248:) is located in the north-west region of
4706:Jurajda, Štěpán; Jelínek, Tomáš (2021).
3951:Farré, Sébastien; Schubert, Yan (2009).
3924:International Committee of the Red Cross
3729:
3324:
3312:
3300:
3288:
3252:
2276:
1136:Many musicians performed at the ghetto.
567:International Committee of the Red Cross
7980:
7928:
6199:Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II
4577:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
4349:Historia, Antropología y Fuentes Orales
3817:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
3639:
3522:
3498:
3474:
3462:
3450:
3159:
3135:
3120:
3096:
3021:
2955:
2863:
2812:
2788:
2492:
2480:
2168:
1937:
1808:
1663:
1585:
1390:Der Führer schenkt den Juden eine Stadt
1289:Theresienstadt Ghetto and the Red Cross
981:, Zionists regarded the youth homes as
620:Der Führer schenkt den Juden eine Stadt
328:ghettos in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe
295:in September 1938, Germany annexed the
4504:
4493:
4217:Theresienstädter Studien und Dokumente
4181:Theresienstädter Studien und Dokumente
3600:
3588:
3576:
3228:
3213:
1081:Cultural life of Theresienstadt Ghetto
863:'s caricature of "prominent" prisoners
714:to Theresienstadt is liberated by the
691:in escrowed accounts. The Danish king
27:Nazi ghetto in Terezín, Czechoslovakia
3651:
3627:
3615:
3438:
3147:
2943:
2919:
2907:
2892:
2875:
2851:
2836:
2824:
2800:
2761:
2725:
2688:
2676:
2661:
2630:
2618:
2594:
2582:
2563:
2528:
2516:
2504:
2427:
2412:
2373:
2249:
2237:
2225:
2213:
2132:
2096:
2057:
2045:
2006:
1994:
1982:
1916:
1868:
1856:
1832:
1820:
1796:
1333:, a Jewish organization in Budapest.
593:) campaign to prepare the ghetto for
7:
8060:The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia
7071:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
4449:Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence
3866:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
3717:
3705:
3693:
3678:
3666:
3109:Plato, Schlesinger & Conill 2001
1277:sit weeping by the rivers of Babylon
1117:transports, including the musicians
252:, across the river from the city of
224:The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia
7876:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
6130:1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division
4549:Štěpková, Tereza (21 August 2011).
3883:Western Journal of Nursing Research
1518:and intensified following the 1967
1410:List of prisoners of Theresienstadt
985:(preparation) for future life on a
159:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
88:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
5331:Moses Levt's Stiftelse og Synagoge
4457:Lazarová, Daniela (12 June 2015).
4366:The Terezin Diary of Gonda Redlich
1481:Historiography in the Soviet Union
1297:In June 1943, a delegation of the
1042:Women's barracks in Theresienstadt
832:leader. Edelstein and his deputy,
176:was not economically significant.
25:
75:; exploitation in Nazi propaganda
8000:
7983:
7955:
7943:
7931:
7439:Polish leaders and intellectuals
6929:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
6241:
6240:
5217:
5205:
5159:
5158:
5126:Theresienstadt and the Red Cross
4516:Stránský, Matěj (19 July 2011).
1564:. In 2015, former United States
1326:Czechoslovak government-in-exile
663:, Switzerland, 11 February 1945.
438:ghetto, of whom 2,000 were from
397:and the original members of the
54:
4046:Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust
1562:President of the Czech Republic
1508:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
1224:A prayer room at Theresienstadt
1089:Self-portrait by ghetto artist
32:Theresienstadt (disambiguation)
7367:Attack on the twentieth convoy
7180:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
4534:"Seznam transportů z Terezína"
871:or through connections to the
659:Jewish children recuperate in
1:
5052:I Never Saw Another Butterfly
4610:] (in German). C.H.Beck.
918:individuals for deportation.
735:Command and control authority
107:24 November 1941 – 8 May 1945
7704:Jewish war conspiracy theory
6895:Extermination through labour
5318:Great Synagogue (Copenhagen)
4665:"Medicine in Theresienstadt"
4648:. New York: Berghahn Books.
4422:Hájková, Anna (6 May 2011).
4396:University of Nebraska Press
4370:University Press of Kentucky
4351:(in Spanish) (25): 143–150.
4058:10.1080/23256249.2014.881594
3839:The Nazi concentration camps
1102:Jewish Museum of Switzerland
503:Auschwitz concentration camp
183:in November 1941. The first
174:exploitation of forced labor
7886:Righteous Among the Nations
6572:Righteous Among the Nations
6125:1st Czechoslovak Army Corps
5213:Jews and Judaism in Denmark
4755:10.23777/SN.0221/ART_JLAN01
4691:. Oxford University Press.
4273:10.17892/app.2016.0002-3.54
3862:Brenner, Hannelore (2009).
526:at Auschwitz in September.
285:First Czechoslovak Republic
8081:
7623:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
7593:Lithuanian Security Police
7512:Reich Security Main Office
6479:Evidence and documentation
5789:Slovak Insurgent Air Force
5769:Jan Žižka partisan brigade
5019:Theresienstadt family camp
4672:Social History of Medicine
4160:] (in Czech). Prague:
3953:"L'illusion de l'objectif"
3756:Cambridge University Press
1634:Polish government-in-exile
1626:Theresienstadt family camp
1489:Memorial to Jewish victims
1478:
1472:
1407:
1303:Nazi human experimentation
1293:Theresienstadt (1944 film)
1286:
1148:performed jazz music, and
1144:, led various choirs. The
1078:
792:Jewish self-administration
780:. Janeček was replaced by
524:Theresienstadt family camp
442:and the rest from Prague.
324:Reich Security Main Office
221:
63:'s drawing of the barracks
29:
18:Terezin concentration camp
7839:Books and other resources
7667:
7644:
7478:
7465:
7109:
7096:
6603:
6586:
6371:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
6294:
6236:
6147:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
6069:1st Czechoslovak Division
5891:Bratislava–Brno Offensive
5367:
5266:2015 Copenhagen shootings
5244:Rescue of the Danish Jews
5154:
4902:(July 1943–February 1944)
4896:(November 1941–July 1943)
4240:10.1080/01439689200260091
3936:10.1017/S1816383113000489
3918:Farré, Sébastien (2012).
3511:Farré & Schubert 2009
3415:Farré & Schubert 2009
1531:Czech Ministry of Culture
1514:(exemplified by the 1952
1343:Danish Ministry of Health
973:with a background in the
802:jüdische Selbstverwaltung
784:on 1 September 1943. The
412:
53:
46:
7429:People with disabilities
7362:Aid and Rescue Committee
6036:Sereď concentration camp
5757:Jan Hus partisan brigade
5699:Slovak National Uprising
4908:(February 1944–May 1945)
4339:10.1525/tph.2008.30.1.73
4219:(in German) (2): 93–106.
4188:Kasperová, Dana (2013).
3895:10.1177/0193945904265333
2264:, pp. 244, 254–255.
1630:Polish underground state
1603:Slovak National Uprising
1506:promoted in the postwar
1377:and the Czech filmmaker
1331:Aid and Rescue Committee
599:family camp at Auschwitz
509:, a German Zionist, and
454:Theresienstadt prisoner
322:In October 1941, as the
153:in the fortress town of
131:33,000 at Theresienstadt
8040:Jewish Austrian history
7570:Order Police battalions
6104:11th Infantry Battalion
5276:2023 Danish terror plot
5093:Transport from Paradise
4479:Schur, Herbert (1997).
4302:10.1111/1468-0033.00293
3807:; Dean, Martin (eds.).
2714:SS and Police Structure
2531:, pp. 34, 53, 159.
2401:Blodig & White 2012
2034:Terezín Initiative 2016
1888:Blodig & White 2012
1766:Blodig & White 2012
1732:"Retirement Settlement"
1671:Blodig & White 2012
1496:Jewish Museum in Prague
1347:Danish Foreign Ministry
1158:. The children's opera
1155:Der Kaiser von Atlantis
965:, and Redlich's deputy
458:'s drawing of a funeral
287:after 1918, while the "
145:was established by the
7419:Soviet urban residents
6510:International response
6484:Contemporary knowledge
5745:Czech National Council
5520:Konstantin von Neurath
4777:Social Science History
4687:Hájková, Anna (2020).
4663:Hájková, Anna (2018).
4572:Holocaust Encyclopedia
4503:Cite journal requires
4442:Hájková, Anna (2016).
4255:Margry, Karel (2016).
4037:Hájková, Anna (2014).
1605:(August–October), but
1539:Richard von Weizsäcker
1490:
1405:
1361:
1307:Walther Georg Hartmann
1225:
1164:, composed in 1938 by
1105:
1093:
1056:
1043:
1028:Friedl Dicker-Brandeis
948:
940:
864:
859:Theresienstadt artist
841:Theresienstadt 1941–45
821:
809:
801:
754:, who was replaced by
719:
685:Pullman passenger cars
664:
590:
582:
534:
459:
407:
389:
342:, the director of the
261:
245:
233:
191:arrived in June 1942;
8045:Jewish Danish history
8030:Theresienstadt Ghetto
7972:at Knowledge (XXG)'s
7970:Theresienstadt Ghetto
7866:Memorials and museums
7804:Reparations Agreement
7799:Holocaust restitution
7377:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
6900:Human experimentation
6739:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
6041:Theresienstadt Ghetto
5987:Kremnička and Nemecká
5491:Chief of Intelligence
5271:2015 Kundby bomb plot
5254:Theresienstadt Papers
5249:Theresienstadt Ghetto
5121:Theresienstadt Papers
4880:Theresienstadt Ghetto
4835:50.51333°N 14.16694°E
4644:Gruner, Wolf (2019).
4116:10.1353/lib.2007.0009
3805:Megargee, Geoffrey P.
3786:Yale University Press
1488:
1473:Further information:
1408:Further information:
1403:
1355:
1287:Further information:
1223:
1099:
1088:
1041:
991:intentional community
929:
858:
812:), a deputy, and the
705:
658:
580:
539:1,200 Jewish children
532:
468:emigrate to Palestine
453:
383:
338:(Jewish affairs) and
236:The fortress town of
231:
222:Further information:
143:Theresienstadt Ghetto
42:Theresienstadt Ghetto
8050:Jewish Dutch history
7066:Jewish Ghetto Police
6935:Politische Abteilung
6830:Risiera di San Sabba
6691:Natzweiler-Struthof
6109:1st Armoured Brigade
4942:Benjamin Murmelstein
4553:. Terezín Initiative
4520:. Terezín Initiative
4327:The Public Historian
4290:Museum International
3970:10.3917/lms.227.0065
3552:, pp. 256, 258.
3366:, pp. 245, 276.
2827:, pp. 309, 316.
2815:, pp. 504, 514.
1847:, pp. 234, 240.
1673:, pp. 177, 180.
922:Youth Welfare Office
908:Transport Department
745:SS and Police Leader
511:Benjamin Murmelstein
8035:Litoměřice District
7844:Days of remembrance
7757:Holocaust survivors
7752:Depopulated shtetls
7603:Rollkommando Hamann
7449:Jehovah's Witnesses
7267:Kamianets-Podilskyi
6329:Bohemia and Moravia
6158:Emergency Divisions
6064:Czechoslovak Legion
6031:Carpathian Ruthenia
5691:Vrba–Wetzler report
5652:Minister of Defence
5442:Government-in-exile
5373:List of Danish Jews
4916:Prisoner leadership
4831: /
4790:10.1017/ssh.2020.23
4428:The Orel Foundation
3957:Le Mouvement Social
3854:16 May 2017 at the
3845:. pp. 303–314.
3603:, pp. 153–154.
3591:, pp. 150–151.
3489:, pp. 255–256.
3465:, pp. 214–215.
3429:, pp. 253–254.
3279:, pp. 272–273.
3189:, pp. 266–267.
3162:, pp. 512–513.
3123:, pp. 510–511.
2970:, pp. 240–241.
2934:, pp. 238–239.
2854:, pp. 226–227.
2803:, pp. 181–204.
2776:, pp. 235–236.
2752:, pp. 234–235.
2728:, pp. 513–514.
2621:, pp. 171–172.
2566:, pp. 31, 158.
2442:, pp. 245–246.
2240:, pp. 160–161.
2087:, pp. 242–243.
2075:, pp. 239–240.
1871:, pp. 33, 605.
1638:Vrba-Wetzler Report
1628:was relayed by the
1208:atrocity propaganda
782:Miroslaus Hasenkopf
595:the Red Cross visit
515:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
336:RSHA section IV B 4
202:extermination camps
170:extermination camps
135:extermination camps
133:90,000 deported to
7827:History and memory
7731:Forced euthanasia
7679:Nazi racial policy
7382:Danish underground
7229:Operation Reinhard
7224:Wannsee Conference
5867:Čajánek's barracks
5546:Karl Hermann Frank
5380:List of synagogues
5111:Białystok children
4840:50.51333; 14.16694
4680:10.1093/shm/hky066
4388:Rothkirchen, Livia
4207:10.5817/SP2013-4-3
4194:Studia Paedagogica
4075:Yad Vashem Studies
3930:(888): 1381–1408.
2764:, pp. 64, 69.
1569:Madeleine Albright
1566:Secretary of State
1547:Israeli presidents
1491:
1406:
1362:
1226:
1131:Freizeitgestaltung
1106:
1094:
1044:
1009:in 1943 and 1944.
971:left-wing Zionists
941:
865:
748:Karl Hermann Frank
720:
716:United States Army
665:
583:
535:
476:Operation Reinhard
460:
390:
352:Wannsee Conference
234:
7919:
7918:
7915:
7914:
7911:
7910:
7762:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
7709:Jewish emigration
7699:Hitler's prophecy
7694:Haavara Agreement
7640:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7628:Ypatingasis būrys
7525:Sicherheitsdienst
7461:
7460:
7457:
7456:
7400:
7399:
7320:Bielski partisans
7092:
7091:
7088:
7087:
7084:
7083:
6923:Totenkopfverbände
6582:
6581:
6254:
6253:
6187:
6186:
6183:
6182:
5999:
5991:
5983:
5963:
5948:
5927:
5919:
5911:
5903:
5895:
5887:
5879:
5871:
5863:
5855:
5847:
5824:
5823:
5753:
5741:
5711:
5703:
5695:
5687:
5662:
5661:
5609:
5608:
5524:Reinhard Heydrich
5486:František Moravec
5389:
5388:
5172:
5171:
4977:
4976:
4698:978-0-19-005177-8
4655:978-1-78920-285-4
4636:978-0-429-51486-9
4617:978-3-406-64550-1
3826:978-0-253-00202-0
3654:, pp. 40–41.
3417:, pp. 69–70.
1536:German presidents
1527:Velvet Revolution
814:Council of Elders
778:Livia Rothkirchen
636:Czechoslovak Army
563:escaped to Sweden
399:Council of Elders
348:Reinhard Heydrich
283:and later by the
140:
139:
120:Number of inmates
16:(Redirected from
8072:
8013:
8005:
8004:
8003:
7996:
7988:
7987:
7986:
7976:
7960:
7959:
7958:
7948:
7947:
7946:
7936:
7935:
7927:
7811:Holocaust denial
7789:Nuremberg trials
7779:Postwar violence
7734:
7669:
7646:
7608:Special Brigades
7598:Nederlandsche SS
7565:Police Regiments
7489:
7467:
7327:Ghetto uprisings
7315:Jewish partisans
7262:Harvest Festival
7234:Holocaust trains
7120:
7111:
7098:
6963:
6859:
6837:
6819:
6800:
6782:
6605:
6588:
6296:
6281:
6274:
6267:
6258:
6244:
6243:
6228:Western betrayal
6211:Munich Agreement
6170:Slovak Air Force
6054:
5997:
5989:
5981:
5961:
5960:
5946:
5925:
5917:
5909:
5901:
5899:Prague Offensive
5893:
5885:
5877:
5875:Slovak–Hungarian
5869:
5861:
5859:Carpatho-Ukraine
5853:
5845:
5833:
5812:
5784:Slovak partisans
5765:
5747:
5735:
5733:Council of Three
5709:
5701:
5693:
5685:
5673:
5647:Ferdinand Čatloš
5508:
5479:foreign minister
5438:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5393:
5381:
5374:
5346:
5310:
5298:Jewish Community
5290:
5221:
5214:
5209:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5176:
5162:
5161:
4920:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4801:
4766:
4730:
4727:10.23777/SN.0221
4712:
4702:
4683:
4669:
4659:
4640:
4621:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4567:"Theresienstadt"
4562:
4560:
4558:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4512:
4506:
4501:
4499:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4453:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4409:
4383:
4360:
4342:
4321:
4284:
4251:
4220:
4211:
4209:
4184:
4175:
4137:
4127:
4098:
4069:
4043:
4033:
4004:
3987:Fleming, Michael
3982:
3972:
3947:
3914:
3877:
3846:
3830:
3799:
3783:
3769:
3733:
3727:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3565:
3562:Rothkirchen 2006
3559:
3553:
3550:Rothkirchen 2006
3547:
3541:
3538:Rothkirchen 2006
3535:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3487:Rothkirchen 2006
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3427:Rothkirchen 2006
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3403:Rothkirchen 2006
3400:
3391:
3388:Rothkirchen 2006
3385:
3379:
3376:Rothkirchen 2006
3373:
3367:
3364:Rothkirchen 2006
3361:
3355:
3352:Rothkirchen 2006
3349:
3340:
3337:Rothkirchen 2006
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3277:Rothkirchen 2006
3274:
3268:
3265:Rothkirchen 2006
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3241:Rothkirchen 2006
3238:
3232:
3226:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3202:Rothkirchen 2006
3199:
3190:
3187:Rothkirchen 2006
3184:
3178:
3175:Rothkirchen 2006
3172:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3085:Rothkirchen 2006
3082:
3076:
3073:Rothkirchen 2006
3070:
3064:
3061:Rothkirchen 2006
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3037:Rothkirchen 2006
3034:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2983:Rothkirchen 2006
2980:
2971:
2968:Rothkirchen 2006
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2932:Rothkirchen 2006
2929:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2896:
2890:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2777:
2774:Rothkirchen 2006
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2750:Rothkirchen 2006
2747:
2741:
2738:Rothkirchen 2006
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2707:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2650:Rothkirchen 2006
2647:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2607:Rothkirchen 2006
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2545:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2469:Rothkirchen 2006
2466:
2460:
2454:
2443:
2440:Rothkirchen 2006
2437:
2431:
2425:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2377:
2371:
2362:
2359:Rothkirchen 2006
2356:
2345:
2342:Rothkirchen 2006
2339:
2328:
2325:Rothkirchen 2006
2322:
2311:
2301:
2280:
2274:
2265:
2262:Rothkirchen 2006
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2202:Rothkirchen 2006
2199:
2188:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2157:Rothkirchen 2006
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2109:Rothkirchen 2006
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2085:Rothkirchen 2006
2082:
2076:
2073:Rothkirchen 2006
2070:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2022:
2019:Rothkirchen 2006
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1971:Rothkirchen 2006
1968:
1962:
1952:
1941:
1935:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1905:Rothkirchen 2006
1902:
1891:
1885:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1845:Rothkirchen 2006
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1785:Rothkirchen 2006
1782:
1769:
1763:
1750:
1744:
1735:
1725:
1719:
1716:Rothkirchen 2006
1713:
1707:
1704:Rothkirchen 2006
1701:
1695:
1685:
1674:
1668:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1621:Jewish Chronicle
1616:
1610:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1315:
1305:, the report by
1299:German Red Cross
1266:
1236:, brought their
1201:
1123:Rafael Schächter
964:
939:, draws the moon
933:, the editor of
607:Potemkin village
543:Białystok Ghetto
519:Heinrich Himmler
414:
410:
334:, leader of the
293:Munich Agreement
270:Habsburg monarch
58:
39:
21:
8080:
8079:
8075:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8070:
8069:
8020:
8019:
8016:
8012:from Wikivoyage
8006:
8001:
7999:
7989:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7975:sister projects
7974:
7966:
7956:
7954:
7944:
7942:
7930:
7922:
7920:
7907:
7822:
7738:
7732:
7721:Madagascar Plan
7714:Kindertransport
7663:
7662:
7632:
7574:
7546:
7531:Ordnungspolizei
7487:
7474:
7453:
7396:
7348:
7301:
7272:Maly Trostenets
7243:Mass executions
7238:
7208:
7146:
7105:
7080:
7050:
7009:
6947:
6909:
6868:
6857:
6835:
6817:
6798:
6780:
6768:
6725:
6599:
6578:
6498:
6489:Hidden children
6467:
6325:Czechoslovakia
6290:
6285:
6255:
6250:
6232:
6221:Sudeten Germans
6179:
6165:Government Army
6134:
6113:
6045:
6002:
5954:
5930:
5820:
5798:
5759:
5721:
5707:Prague uprising
5658:
5615:Slovak Republic
5605:
5601:Emanuel Moravec
5589:Richard Bienert
5585:Jaroslav Krejčí
5557:
5551:Chief of Police
5538:Reichsprotektor
5497:
5429:
5420:
5390:
5385:
5379:
5372:
5363:
5344:
5338:
5308:
5302:
5288:
5282:
5222:
5212:
5203:
5173:
5168:
5150:
5099:
5085:Distant Journey
5064:
5046:Ghetto Swingers
5025:
4973:
4947:
4930:Jakob Edelstein
4911:
4894:Siegfried Seidl
4882:
4877:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4808:
4769:
4733:
4710:
4705:
4699:
4686:
4667:
4662:
4656:
4643:
4637:
4624:
4618:
4598:
4595:
4593:Further reading
4590:
4581:
4579:
4565:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4539:
4537:
4532:
4523:
4521:
4515:
4502:
4492:
4485:
4483:
4478:
4469:
4467:
4456:
4441:
4432:
4430:
4421:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4386:
4380:
4363:
4345:
4324:
4287:
4254:
4223:
4214:
4187:
4178:
4172:
4142:Kárný, Miroslav
4140:
4101:
4087:10.17613/m61s8d
4072:
4041:
4036:
4007:
4001:
3985:
3950:
3917:
3880:
3874:
3861:
3858:paginated 1–11.
3856:Wayback Machine
3833:
3827:
3815:. Vol. 2.
3802:
3796:
3772:
3766:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3728:
3724:
3716:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3692:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3665:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3638:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3614:
3607:
3599:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3575:
3568:
3560:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3536:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3461:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3441:, p. 1390.
3437:
3433:
3425:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3362:
3358:
3350:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3227:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3200:
3193:
3185:
3181:
3173:
3166:
3158:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3134:
3127:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2946:, pp. 6–7.
2942:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2787:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2708:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2675:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2546:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2380:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2348:
2340:
2331:
2323:
2314:
2308:Red Cross Visit
2302:
2283:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2191:
2185:Other Prisoners
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1985:, pp. 5–6.
1981:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1953:
1944:
1936:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1894:
1886:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1772:
1764:
1753:
1745:
1738:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1686:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1650:Theresienstadt.
1648:
1644:
1617:
1613:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1500:Soviet ideology
1483:
1477:
1471:
1453:
1412:
1398:
1356:Photo taken by
1309:
1295:
1285:
1256:
1191:
1181:Norbert Troller
1146:Ghetto Swingers
1083:
1077:
1036:
1014:Hebrew language
995:assimilationism
975:youth movements
958:
924:
910:
881:
853:
826:Jakob Edelstein
794:
774:Theodor Janeček
765:Obersturmführer
752:Siegfried Seidl
737:
708:Holocaust train
681:Jean-Marie Musy
653:
575:
499:
487:Maly Trostenets
470:after the war.
448:
395:Jakob Edelstein
378:
373:
305:German invasion
281:Austria-Hungary
226:
220:
163:German-occupied
132:
64:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8078:
8076:
8068:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8022:
8021:
8015:
8014:
7997:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7952:
7950:Czech Republic
7940:
7917:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7905:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7857:
7856:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7830:
7828:
7824:
7823:
7821:
7820:
7819:
7818:
7816:trivialization
7808:
7807:
7806:
7796:
7794:Eichmann trial
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7775:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7754:
7748:
7746:
7740:
7739:
7737:
7736:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7717:
7716:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7689:Nuremberg Laws
7686:
7681:
7675:
7673:
7672:Early elements
7665:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7657:
7654:
7653:Early elements
7650:
7649:
7642:
7641:
7638:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7588:Arajs Kommando
7584:
7582:
7576:
7575:
7573:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7559:Einsatzgruppen
7554:
7552:
7548:
7547:
7545:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7528:
7522:
7521:
7520:
7509:
7501:
7495:
7493:
7486:
7485:
7479:
7476:
7475:
7472:Responsibility
7470:
7463:
7462:
7459:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7410:
7408:
7402:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7358:
7356:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7346:
7345:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7324:
7323:
7322:
7311:
7309:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7251:Einsatzgruppen
7246:
7244:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7220:
7218:
7215:Final Solution
7210:
7209:
7207:
7206:
7205:
7204:
7194:
7193:
7192:
7187:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7154:
7152:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7128:
7126:
7117:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7094:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7076:Ústredňa Židov
7073:
7068:
7062:
7060:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7041:Theresienstadt
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6971:
6969:
6960:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6945:
6938:
6931:
6926:
6917:
6915:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6880:Einsatzgruppen
6876:
6874:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6866:
6861:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6776:
6774:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6735:
6733:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6686:Mittelbau-Dora
6683:
6674:
6669:
6667:Kraków-Płaszów
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6613:
6611:
6601:
6600:
6591:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6557:Rescue of Jews
6554:
6553:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6506:
6504:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6475:
6473:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6380:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6342:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6302:
6300:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6276:
6269:
6261:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6224:
6223:
6213:
6208:
6201:
6195:
6193:
6189:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6150:
6142:
6140:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6071:
6066:
6060:
6058:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6012:
6010:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5992:
5984:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5949:
5940:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5928:
5920:
5912:
5904:
5896:
5888:
5880:
5872:
5864:
5856:
5848:
5839:
5837:
5830:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5813:
5793:
5792:
5791:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5754:
5742:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5704:
5696:
5688:
5679:
5677:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5640:Prime Minister
5632:
5631:
5630:
5619:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5594:Prime minister
5578:
5577:
5576:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5516:
5514:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5467:Prime Minister
5459:
5458:
5457:
5446:
5444:
5435:
5431:
5430:
5423:Czechoslovakia
5421:
5419:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5396:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5376:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5350:
5348:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5321:
5320:
5314:
5312:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5294:
5292:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5223:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5179:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5116:Small Fortress
5113:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5089:
5081:
5077:Theresienstadt
5072:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5043:
5035:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4926:
4924:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4868:
4861:
4853:
4815:
4814:
4807:
4806:External links
4804:
4803:
4802:
4784:(4): 615–639.
4767:
4731:
4703:
4697:
4684:
4660:
4654:
4641:
4635:
4622:
4616:
4600:Benz, Wolfgang
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4563:
4546:
4530:
4513:
4505:|journal=
4476:
4454:
4439:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:978-0803205024
4404:
4384:
4378:
4361:
4343:
4322:
4285:
4252:
4234:(2): 145–162.
4221:
4212:
4185:
4176:
4171:978-8070231937
4170:
4138:
4110:(3): 513–522.
4104:Library Trends
4099:
4070:
4034:
4022:10.1086/668607
4016:(3): 503–533.
4005:
3999:
3983:
3948:
3915:
3889:(8): 860–871.
3878:
3872:
3859:
3849:online version
3831:
3825:
3800:
3794:
3770:
3764:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3722:
3710:
3698:
3683:
3671:
3656:
3644:
3632:
3620:
3605:
3593:
3581:
3566:
3564:, p. 258.
3554:
3542:
3540:, p. 257.
3527:
3525:, p. 228.
3515:
3503:
3501:, p. 225.
3491:
3479:
3477:, p. 216.
3467:
3455:
3453:, p. 199.
3443:
3431:
3419:
3407:
3405:, p. 256.
3392:
3390:, p. 252.
3380:
3378:, p. 265.
3368:
3356:
3354:, p. 281.
3341:
3339:, p. 269.
3329:
3327:, p. 516.
3317:
3315:, p. 517.
3305:
3303:, p. 513.
3293:
3291:, p. 515.
3281:
3269:
3267:, p. 272.
3257:
3245:
3243:, p. 274.
3233:
3231:, p. 153.
3218:
3216:, p. 156.
3206:
3204:, p. 270.
3191:
3179:
3177:, p. 266.
3164:
3152:
3150:, p. 864.
3140:
3138:, p. 510.
3125:
3113:
3111:, p. 145.
3101:
3099:, p. 511.
3089:
3087:, p. 282.
3077:
3075:, p. 278.
3065:
3063:, p. 280.
3053:
3049:Kasperová 2013
3041:
3039:, p. 279.
3026:
3014:
3010:Kasperová 2013
2999:
2995:Kasperová 2013
2987:
2985:, p. 241.
2972:
2960:
2948:
2936:
2924:
2922:, p. 865.
2912:
2910:, p. 869.
2897:
2895:, p. 863.
2880:
2878:, p. 861.
2868:
2856:
2841:
2839:, p. 309.
2829:
2817:
2805:
2793:
2778:
2766:
2754:
2742:
2740:, p. 227.
2730:
2718:
2693:
2681:
2679:, p. 619.
2666:
2664:, p. 618.
2654:
2652:, p. 247.
2635:
2633:, p. 173.
2623:
2611:
2609:, p. 246.
2599:
2597:, p. 162.
2587:
2568:
2556:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2507:, p. 160.
2497:
2495:, p. 162.
2485:
2473:
2471:, p. 260.
2461:
2457:Kasperová 2013
2444:
2432:
2417:
2415:, p. 155.
2405:
2403:, p. 182.
2378:
2363:
2361:, p. 245.
2346:
2344:, p. 259.
2329:
2327:, p. 267.
2312:
2281:
2266:
2254:
2252:, p. 615.
2242:
2230:
2218:
2206:
2204:, p. 254.
2189:
2173:
2161:
2159:, p. 244.
2149:
2145:Klibanski 1995
2137:
2135:, p. 127.
2125:
2121:Klibanski 1995
2113:
2111:, p. 243.
2101:
2099:, p. 114.
2089:
2077:
2062:
2050:
2038:
2023:
2021:, p. 242.
2011:
2009:, p. 469.
1999:
1987:
1975:
1973:, p. 238.
1963:
1942:
1921:
1909:
1907:, p. 236.
1892:
1890:, p. 181.
1873:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1811:, p. 520.
1801:
1799:, p. 862.
1789:
1787:, p. 235.
1770:
1768:, p. 180.
1751:
1736:
1720:
1718:, p. 239.
1708:
1706:, p. 234.
1696:
1675:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1611:
1594:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1504:class struggle
1470:
1467:
1452:
1451:Postwar trials
1449:
1444:Small Fortress
1397:
1394:
1358:Maurice Rossel
1339:Maurice Rossel
1335:Rudolf Kastner
1284:
1281:
1230:Nuremberg Laws
1177:Bedřich Fritta
1150:Viktor Ullmann
1115:Aufbaukommando
1111:degenerate art
1079:Main article:
1076:
1073:
1035:
1032:
949:Jugendfürsorge
923:
920:
909:
906:
880:
877:
873:Aufbaukommando
869:Aufbaukommando
861:Bedřich Fritta
852:
849:
793:
790:
736:
733:
652:
649:
632:Aufbaukommando
611:Maurice Rossel
574:
571:
498:
495:
456:Bedřich Fritta
447:
444:
426:Aufbaukommando
421:Aufbaukommando
377:
374:
372:
369:
356:Central Powers
332:Adolf Eichmann
289:Small Fortress
238:Theresienstadt
219:
216:
166:Czechoslovakia
138:
137:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
81:
77:
76:
70:
66:
65:
61:Bedřich Fritta
59:
51:
50:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8077:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8027:
8025:
8018:
8011:
8010:
8009:Travel guides
7998:
7994:
7993:
7981:
7977:
7971:
7963:
7953:
7951:
7941:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7925:
7903:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7855:
7852:
7851:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7831:
7829:
7825:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7812:
7809:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7759:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7749:
7747:
7745:
7741:
7735:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7684:Nazi eugenics
7682:
7680:
7677:
7676:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7658:
7655:
7652:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7613:Topf and Sons
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7581:
7580:Collaborators
7577:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7560:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7549:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7532:
7529:
7526:
7523:
7519:
7518:Referat IV B4
7516:
7515:
7514: (RSHA)
7513:
7510:
7508:
7506:
7505:Schutzstaffel
7502:
7500:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7492:Organizations
7490:
7484:
7481:
7480:
7477:
7473:
7468:
7464:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7434:Romani people
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7407:
7403:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7387:Working Group
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7372:Kastner train
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7351:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7329:
7328:
7325:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7308:
7304:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7252:
7248:
7247:
7245:
7241:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7211:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7195:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7160:
7159:Kristallnacht
7156:
7155:
7153:
7149:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7099:
7095:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7059:
7058:
7053:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7012:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6968:
6964:
6961:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6944:
6943:
6942:Sanitätswesen
6939:
6937:
6936:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6924:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6906:
6905:Death marches
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6871:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6820:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6801:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6778:
6777:
6775:
6771:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6731:Extermination
6728:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6706:Sachsenhausen
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6647:Herzogenbusch
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6622:Bergen-Belsen
6620:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6610:
6609:Concentration
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6589:
6585:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6555:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6545:United States
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6470:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6385:and colonies
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6288:The Holocaust
6282:
6277:
6275:
6270:
6268:
6263:
6262:
6259:
6247:
6239:
6238:
6235:
6229:
6226:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6190:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6052:
6048:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6005:
5996:
5993:
5988:
5985:
5980:
5977:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5958:
5953:
5950:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5924:
5921:
5916:
5913:
5908:
5905:
5900:
5897:
5892:
5889:
5884:
5881:
5876:
5873:
5868:
5865:
5860:
5857:
5852:
5849:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5817:
5816:Working Group
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5797:
5794:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5774:Obrana národa
5772:
5770:
5767:
5763:
5758:
5755:
5751:
5746:
5743:
5739:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5700:
5697:
5692:
5689:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5645:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5532:Wilhelm Frick
5529:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5417:
5412:
5410:
5405:
5403:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5382:
5377:
5375:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5360:
5359:Orthodox Jews
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5341:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5305:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5285:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5239:The Holocaust
5237:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5208:
5200:
5195:
5193:
5188:
5186:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5165:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4936:Paul Eppstein
4934:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4923:Jewish elders
4921:
4918:
4914:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4874:
4869:
4867:
4862:
4860:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4709:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4666:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4629:. Routledge.
4628:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4552:
4547:
4535:
4531:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4497:
4482:
4477:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4429:
4425:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4407:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4379:9780813118048
4375:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4081:(1): 77–111.
4080:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4002:
4000:9781139917278
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3959:(in French).
3958:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3873:9780805242706
3869:
3865:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3844:
3841:. Jerusalem:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3795:9780300059137
3791:
3787:
3784:. New Haven:
3782:
3781:
3775:
3774:Bauer, Yehuda
3771:
3767:
3765:9780521881463
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3740:Print sources
3739:
3731:
3730:Lazarová 2015
3726:
3723:
3720:, p. 76.
3719:
3714:
3711:
3708:, p. 19.
3707:
3702:
3699:
3696:, p. 75.
3695:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3681:, p. 18.
3680:
3675:
3672:
3669:, p. 17.
3668:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3633:
3630:, p. 38.
3629:
3624:
3621:
3618:, p. 37.
3617:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3516:
3513:, p. 71.
3512:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3325:Intrator 2007
3321:
3318:
3314:
3313:Intrator 2007
3309:
3306:
3302:
3301:Intrator 2007
3297:
3294:
3290:
3289:Intrator 2007
3285:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3253:Štěpková 2011
3249:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3054:
3051:, p. 40.
3050:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3024:, p. 43.
3023:
3018:
3015:
3012:, p. 46.
3011:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2997:, p. 45.
2996:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2866:, p. 42.
2865:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2791:, p. 41.
2790:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2585:, p. 40.
2584:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2486:
2483:, p. 47.
2482:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2459:, p. 44.
2458:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2430:, p. 50.
2429:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2277:Stránský 2011
2273:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2216:, p. 53.
2215:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2171:, p. 86.
2170:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2147:, p. 94.
2146:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2123:, p. 93.
2122:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1997:, p. 33.
1996:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1859:, p. 64.
1858:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1823:, p. 10.
1822:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1692:Establishment
1689:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1657:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:, as well as
1555:
1554:Ezer Weizmann
1551:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1516:Slánský trial
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1436:death marches
1433:
1430:(9,000), and
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1254:Richard Feder
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1170:status symbol
1167:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1075:Cultural life
1074:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:art therapist
1022:
1021:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1007:Eastern Front
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
962:
957:
952:
950:
946:
938:
937:
932:
928:
921:
919:
916:
907:
905:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:scarlet fever
878:
876:
874:
870:
862:
857:
850:
848:
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
810:Judenältester
807:
803:
799:
791:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
769:
767:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
746:
742:
734:
732:
728:
726:
725:typhoid fever
717:
713:
712:Bergen-Belsen
709:
704:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
675:
670:
662:
657:
650:
648:
646:
641:
637:
633:
628:
624:
622:
621:
616:
612:
608:
602:
600:
596:
592:
591:Verschönerung
588:
579:
572:
570:
568:
564:
560:
555:
552:
548:
544:
540:
531:
527:
525:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:Paul Eppstein
504:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
477:
471:
469:
465:
457:
452:
445:
443:
441:
435:
432:
427:
423:
422:
416:
409:
404:
400:
396:
387:
382:
375:
370:
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:Maria Theresa
274:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
230:
225:
217:
215:
211:
209:
208:
203:
198:
194:
190:
189:Austrian Jews
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
136:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
74:
73:Cultural life
71:
67:
62:
57:
52:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
8017:
8007:
7995:from Commons
7990:
7969:
7896:Yizkor books
7557:
7504:
7249:
7197:in Lithuania
7157:
7055:
7040:
6940:
6933:
6922:
6856:
6834:
6815:
6796:
6779:
6562:by Catholics
6431:Soviet Union
6299:By territory
6204:
6153:Hlinka Guard
6145:
6040:
6021:Protectorate
5952:Heydrichiáda
5779:Out Distance
5651:
5639:
5635:Vojtech Tuka
5627:
5593:
5573:
5550:
5536:
5528:Kurt Daluege
5503:Protectorate
5490:
5478:
5466:
5454:
5450:Edvard Beneš
5427:World War II
5329:
5324:
5261:Antisemitism
5248:
5216:
5210:
5091:
5083:
5075:
5057:
5050:
5038:
4964:Fredy Hirsch
4900:Anton Burger
4879:
4816:
4781:
4775:
4749:(2): 13–37.
4746:
4742:
4735:Láníček, Jan
4718:
4714:
4688:
4671:
4645:
4626:
4607:
4603:
4580:. Retrieved
4570:
4555:. Retrieved
4538:. Retrieved
4524:15 September
4522:. Retrieved
4496:cite journal
4486:16 September
4484:. Retrieved
4468:. Retrieved
4464:Radio Prague
4462:
4447:
4431:. Retrieved
4427:
4391:
4365:
4348:
4333:(1): 73–79.
4330:
4326:
4296:(1): 17–20.
4293:
4289:
4264:
4260:
4231:
4225:
4216:
4200:(4): 37–56.
4197:
4193:
4180:
4157:
4153:
4107:
4103:
4078:
4074:
4052:(1): 38–55.
4049:
4045:
4013:
4009:
3990:
3963:(2): 65–83.
3960:
3956:
3927:
3923:
3886:
3882:
3863:
3838:
3808:
3779:
3751:
3748:Adler, H. G.
3725:
3713:
3701:
3674:
3647:
3642:, p. 3.
3640:Hájková 2016
3635:
3623:
3596:
3584:
3557:
3545:
3523:Brenner 2009
3518:
3506:
3499:Brenner 2009
3494:
3482:
3475:Fleming 2014
3470:
3463:Fleming 2014
3458:
3451:Fleming 2014
3446:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3383:
3371:
3359:
3332:
3320:
3308:
3296:
3284:
3272:
3260:
3248:
3236:
3209:
3182:
3160:Hájková 2013
3155:
3143:
3136:Hájková 2013
3121:Hájková 2013
3116:
3104:
3097:Hájková 2013
3092:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3022:Hájková 2014
3017:
2990:
2963:
2956:Redlich 1992
2951:
2939:
2927:
2915:
2871:
2864:Hájková 2014
2859:
2832:
2820:
2813:Hájková 2013
2808:
2796:
2789:Hájková 2014
2769:
2757:
2745:
2733:
2721:
2691:, p. 1.
2684:
2657:
2626:
2614:
2602:
2590:
2559:
2524:
2519:, p. 4.
2512:
2500:
2493:Redlich 1992
2488:
2481:Hájková 2014
2476:
2464:
2435:
2408:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2221:
2209:
2176:
2169:Hájková 2015
2164:
2152:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2060:, p. 4.
2053:
2048:, p. 9.
2041:
2014:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1966:
1938:Hájková 2011
1919:, p. 6.
1912:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1835:, p. 8.
1828:
1816:
1809:Hájková 2013
1804:
1792:
1723:
1711:
1699:
1666:
1645:
1619:
1614:
1607:Anna Hájková
1597:
1588:
1558:Václav Havel
1550:Chaim Herzog
1543:Roman Herzog
1524:
1512:anti-Zionism
1494:held at the
1492:
1462:West Germany
1454:
1441:
1413:
1389:
1383:
1379:Karel Pečený
1371:
1366:
1363:
1319:
1296:
1273:
1227:
1212:
1174:
1159:
1153:
1138:Karel Ančerl
1135:
1130:
1127:Gideon Klein
1114:
1107:
1065:
1061:
1045:
1018:
1011:
979:Anna Hájková
967:Fredy Hirsch
956:Egon Redlich
953:
942:
934:
911:
897:encephalitis
882:
872:
868:
866:
840:
838:
795:
786:Ghetto Guard
770:
763:
756:Anton Burger
738:
729:
721:
689:Swiss francs
678:
666:
631:
629:
625:
618:
603:
584:
556:
551:Anton Burger
547:gas chambers
536:
500:
483:Kalevi-Liiva
472:
461:
436:
425:
419:
417:
391:
340:Hans Günther
321:
235:
212:
205:
200:deported to
178:
151:World War II
142:
141:
98:Nazi Germany
36:
7902:Never again
7733:(Action T4)
7659:Remembrance
7444:Homosexuals
7414:Soviet POWs
7342:Częstochowa
6890:Gas chamber
6701:Ravensbrück
6642:Gross-Rosen
6637:Flossenbürg
6520:Philippines
6452:Yugoslavia
6411:Netherlands
6339:Sudetenland
6216:Sudetenland
6175:Slovak Army
6016:Sudetenland
5955: [
5944:17 November
5923:Operation B
5799: [
5760: [
5715:Czech Radio
5581:Alois Eliáš
5474:Jan Masaryk
4989:Baranavichy
4982:Deportation
4944:(1944–1945)
4938:(1943–1944)
4932:(1941–1943)
4887:Commandants
4838: /
4557:14 November
4551:"Brundibár"
4415:Web sources
4394:. Lincoln:
4150:Brod, Toman
3835:Bondy, Ruth
3601:Margry 1992
3589:Margry 1992
3577:Margry 2016
3229:Margry 1992
3214:Margry 1992
1520:Six-Day War
1458:in absentia
1375:Kurt Gerron
1310: [
1257: [
1192: [
1119:Karel Švenk
959: [
887:, typhoid,
879:Health care
845:H. G. Adler
834:Otto Zucker
822:Ältestenrat
697:White Buses
693:Christian X
674:death march
491:Baranavichy
479:death camps
464:Riga Ghetto
403:Bauschowitz
362:or won the
360:World War I
309:Czech lands
297:Sudetenland
197:Danish Jews
104:Operational
94:Operated by
48:Nazi ghetto
8024:Categories
7891:Yad Vashem
7871:Uniqueness
7726:Nisko Plan
7499:Nazi Party
7307:Resistance
7277:Ninth Fort
7142:Vel' d'Hiv
6914:Nazi units
6852:Westerbork
6842:Amersfoort
6696:Neuengamme
6677:Mauthausen
6657:Kaiserwald
6627:Buchenwald
6406:Luxembourg
5936:War crimes
5883:Dukla Pass
5683:Anthropoid
5668:Resistance
5623:Jozef Tiso
5569:Emil Hácha
5462:Jan Šrámek
5434:Government
5309:Synagogues
4969:Leo Holzer
4823:50°30′48″N
4582:25 October
4540:27 October
4470:1 November
4433:3 November
4162:Melantrich
3843:Yad Vashem
3652:Adler 2017
3628:Adler 2017
3616:Adler 2017
3439:Farré 2012
3148:Brush 2004
2944:Bondy 1984
2920:Brush 2004
2908:Brush 2004
2893:Brush 2004
2876:Brush 2004
2852:Adler 2017
2837:Adler 2017
2825:Adler 2017
2801:Adler 2017
2762:Adler 2017
2726:Adler 2017
2689:Bondy 1984
2677:Adler 2017
2662:Adler 2017
2631:Adler 2017
2619:Adler 2017
2595:Adler 2017
2583:Adler 2017
2564:Adler 2017
2529:Adler 2017
2517:Schur 1997
2505:Adler 2017
2428:Adler 2017
2413:Adler 2017
2374:Schur 1997
2250:Adler 2017
2238:Adler 2017
2226:Kárný 1994
2214:Adler 2017
2133:Adler 2017
2097:Bauer 1994
2058:Adler 2017
2046:Kárný 1999
2007:Adler 2017
1995:Adler 2017
1983:Bondy 1984
1917:Bondy 1984
1869:Adler 2017
1857:Adler 2017
1833:Bondy 1984
1821:Kárný 1999
1797:Brush 2004
1575:References
1479:See also:
1426:(13,500),
1422:(15,000),
1418:(40,000),
1396:Statistics
1283:Propaganda
1215:Emil Utitz
1189:Otto Ungar
1166:Hans Krása
1091:Peter Kien
1049:cubbyholes
1034:Conditions
915:Ruth Bondy
889:diphtheria
851:Corruption
661:St. Gallen
559:Westerbork
411:(English:
364:Iron Cross
303:until the
301:rump state
262:Litoměřice
254:Leitmeritz
218:Background
181:Czech Jews
7849:Education
7744:Aftermath
7656:Aftermath
7618:Trawnikis
7542:Wehrmacht
7537:Waffen-SS
7337:Białystok
7165:Bucharest
7137:Marseille
7014:Elsewhere
6975:Białystok
6787:Breendonk
6764:Treblinka
6617:Auschwitz
6401:Lithuania
6205:Fall Grün
6077:Squadrons
6008:Holocaust
5990:(1944–45)
5628:President
5574:President
5455:President
5139:Prisoners
5040:Brundibár
5014:Auschwitz
5009:Treblinka
4959:Leo Baeck
4906:Karl Rahm
4826:14°10′1″E
4798:225556819
4763:2408-9192
4318:162377793
4310:1350-0775
4281:2365-7758
4248:0143-9685
4125:2142/3706
4095:0084-3296
4030:142859604
3979:144792195
3944:146434201
3750:(2017) .
3718:Munk 2008
3706:Munk 2001
3694:Munk 2008
3679:Munk 2001
3667:Munk 2001
1658:Citations
1432:Frankfurt
1367:Brundibár
1269:Leo Baeck
1252:. Rabbis
1240:scrolls,
1204:Petr Kien
1161:Brundibár
999:Communism
983:hakhshara
931:Petr Ginz
760:Karl Rahm
615:Leo Baeck
541:from the
393:included
317:Wehrmacht
273:Joseph II
157:, in the
69:Known for
7938:Politics
7834:Academia
7287:Piaśnica
7257:Babi Yar
7185:Jedwabne
7124:Roundups
7057:Judenrat
7021:Budapest
6792:Mechelen
6754:Majdanek
6711:Stutthof
6672:Majdanek
6567:by Poles
6525:Portugal
6503:Response
6494:Timeline
6472:Overview
6334:Slovakia
6321:Bulgaria
6246:Category
6026:Slovakia
5995:Ploština
5979:Životice
5967:Kobylisy
5915:Racibórz
5829:Military
5164:Category
5004:Majdanek
4737:(2021).
4602:(2013).
4390:(2006).
4357:27753067
4144:(1994).
4066:18142106
3989:(2014).
3903:15539532
3852:Archived
3847:From an
3776:(1994).
1246:tefillin
1185:Leo Haas
640:uprising
408:schleuse
207:Judenrat
80:Location
7962:Germany
7924:Portals
7861:Lessons
7297:Rumbula
7170:Dorohoi
7151:Pogroms
7103:Victims
6953:Ghettos
6885:Gas van
6873:Methods
6847:Schoorl
6825:Bolzano
6773:Transit
6759:Sobibor
6749:Chełmno
6716:Vaivara
6652:Hinzert
6597:ghettos
6550:Vatican
6456:Croatia
6446:Ukraine
6436:Belarus
6426:Romania
6378:Hungary
6361:Germany
6351:Estonia
6346:Denmark
6316:Belgium
6311:Austria
6306:Albania
6057:Western
5907:Slivice
5843:Sudeten
5836:Battles
5676:Actions
5325:Former:
5234:History
5069:In film
5031:Culture
4452:: 1–15.
4134:7030592
3911:6788881
2958:, xiii.
1632:to the
1250:Shabbat
1234:Moravia
1003:Zionism
987:kibbutz
969:, were
830:Zionist
371:History
313:Gestapo
307:of the
250:Bohemia
246:Terezín
155:Terezín
149:during
123:144,000
112:Inmates
84:Terezín
7767:Bricha
7533:(Orpo)
7406:Others
7392:Żegota
7354:Rescue
7332:Warsaw
7292:Ponary
7202:Kaunas
7005:Warsaw
6990:Lublin
6980:Kraków
6967:Poland
6811:Drancy
6744:Belzec
6721:Warsaw
6632:Dachau
6540:Turkey
6535:Sweden
6461:Serbia
6441:Russia
6421:Poland
6416:Norway
6396:Latvia
6366:Greece
6356:France
6192:Topics
6118:Soviet
5998:(1945)
5982:(1944)
5972:Lidice
5962:(1942)
5947:(1939)
5926:(1945)
5918:(1945)
5910:(1945)
5902:(1945)
5894:(1945)
5886:(1944)
5878:(1939)
5870:(1939)
5862:(1939)
5854:(1938)
5851:Liptaň
5846:(1938)
5726:Groups
5710:(1945)
5702:(1944)
5694:(1944)
5686:(1942)
5354:Rabbis
5345:People
5289:Groups
5227:Topics
5135:Lists
5104:Topics
5096:(1962)
5088:(1949)
5080:(1944)
4999:Izbica
4952:Others
4796:
4761:
4695:
4652:
4633:
4614:
4402:
4376:
4355:
4316:
4308:
4279:
4246:
4168:
4132:
4093:
4064:
4028:
3997:
3977:
3942:
3909:
3901:
3870:
3823:
3792:
3762:
1560:, the
1469:Legacy
1424:Berlin
1420:Vienna
1416:Prague
1242:Shofar
1202:, and
1142:cantor
1125:, and
1069:Kladno
1057:kumbál
945:German
818:German
806:German
798:German
587:German
489:, and
431:ersatz
413:sluice
266:Prague
185:German
128:Killed
7992:Media
7881:Humor
7854:Films
7551:Units
7282:Odesa
7132:Izieu
7046:Vilna
7031:Minsk
7026:Kovno
7000:Radom
6864:Sereď
6681:Gusen
6662:Kauen
6593:Camps
6530:Spain
6515:Japan
6389:Libya
6383:Italy
6050:Units
5959:]
5811:]
5764:]
5562:Czech
5144:Works
5059:Vedem
4994:Minsk
4794:S2CID
4721:(2).
4711:(PDF)
4668:(PDF)
4606:[
4353:JSTOR
4314:S2CID
4156:[
4130:S2CID
4062:S2CID
4042:(PDF)
4026:S2CID
4010:Signs
3975:S2CID
3940:S2CID
3907:S2CID
1580:Notes
1314:]
1265:]
1238:Torah
1200:]
1053:Czech
1020:Vedem
1001:, or
963:]
936:Vedem
895:, or
893:polio
710:from
669:Sereď
388:River
258:Czech
242:Czech
193:Dutch
7772:List
7527:(SD)
7507:(SS)
7190:Lviv
7175:Iași
7115:Jews
7036:Riga
6995:Lwów
6985:Łódź
6957:list
6806:Gurs
6679:and
6595:and
6139:Axis
5796:ÚVOD
5512:Nazi
4759:ISSN
4693:ISBN
4650:ISBN
4631:ISBN
4612:ISBN
4584:2018
4559:2018
4542:2018
4526:2018
4509:help
4488:2018
4472:2018
4435:2018
4400:ISBN
4374:ISBN
4306:ISSN
4277:ISSN
4244:ISSN
4166:ISBN
4091:ISSN
3995:ISBN
3899:PMID
3868:ISBN
3821:ISBN
3790:ISBN
3760:ISBN
1552:and
1541:and
1428:Brno
1322:ICRC
1320:The
1291:and
1267:and
901:lice
828:, a
651:1945
645:Eger
573:1944
497:1943
446:1942
440:Brno
386:Eger
376:1941
195:and
187:and
115:Jews
6921:SS-
6097:313
6092:312
6087:311
6082:310
6074:RAF
5425:in
4786:doi
4751:doi
4723:doi
4676:doi
4335:doi
4298:doi
4269:doi
4265:2–3
4236:doi
4202:doi
4120:hdl
4112:doi
4083:doi
4054:doi
4018:doi
3965:doi
3961:227
3932:doi
3891:doi
1502:of
1051:" (
358:in
8026::
6858:sk
6836:nl
6818:it
6799:fr
6781:be
5957:cs
5809:pl
5807:;
5805:de
5803:;
5801:cs
5762:cs
5750:cs
5738:cs
5587:,
5583:,
5530:,
5526:,
5522:,
4792:.
4782:44
4780:.
4774:.
4757:.
4745:.
4741:.
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3758:.
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3659:^
3608:^
3569:^
3530:^
3395:^
3344:^
3221:^
3194:^
3167:^
3128:^
3029:^
3002:^
2975:^
2900:^
2883:^
2844:^
2781:^
2712:,
2696:^
2669:^
2638:^
2571:^
2550:,
2536:^
2447:^
2420:^
2381:^
2366:^
2349:^
2332:^
2315:^
2306:,
2284:^
2269:^
2192:^
2183:,
2065:^
2026:^
1957:,
1945:^
1924:^
1895:^
1876:^
1773:^
1754:^
1739:^
1730:,
1690:,
1678:^
1545:,
1349:.
1312:de
1263:de
1261:;
1259:cs
1244:,
1198:cs
1196:;
1194:de
1187:,
1183:,
1179:,
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1121:,
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997:,
961:he
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891:,
843:,
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800::
768:.
706:A
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485:,
346:.
260::
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147:SS
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4507:(
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