1675:
216:
1724:
left due to the First
Chechen War during it; Russian sources claim it was due to anti-Russian discrimination and violence, whereas others (such as Russian liberals Boris Lvin and Andrei Illarionov, and Western commentators Gall and De Waal< see below) cite economic reasons and the loss of the previous disproportionate privilege held by the Russians during Soviet times, as well as the mass bombing of Grozny during the First Chechen War, where 4 out of 5 Russians in Chechnya lived. As noted by ethnic Russian economists Boris Lvin and Andrei Illiaronov, the rate and number of departures of ethnic Russians from Chechnya during 1991–94 was actually less than other areas (Kalmykia, Tuva and Yakutia).
98:
41:
72:
1720:, himself married to a Russian, tried to suppress ethnic tensions, which he viewed as a destabilizing element to an already impoverished and internationally isolated republic. However, the statements of the President about "hospitality" were not convincing enough, and Dudayev had other priorities, such as handling the economic conditions inherited from the Soviet age and international isolation, another major problem.
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85:
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previous borders, for example, the historic homeland of lower Terek, Naursky and
Schyolkovsky districts were incorporated into the Chechen-Ingush ASSR, whilst the Kizlyar district was passed onto Dagestan. Old problems of land ownership quickly resurfaced, and many returning Chechens and Ingush, forbidden to re-settle in the mountains, were settled in Cossack stanitsas.
1402:) which had originally contained single loading measures of gunpowder for muzzle-loading muskets, were worn on the breasts of the kaftans. The kaftan had an open front, showing a light blue waistcoat. Wide grey trousers were worn, tucked into soft leather boots without heels. Officers wore silver epaulettes, braiding and ferrules, the latter in their
1496:
which also encompassed lands around Grozny. However, the Sunzha's importance to the
Vainakh peoples as their historical territorial heart ensured that the early communists, mindful of the claims of indigenous peoples, would return it in order to turn them from the Mensheviks toward the Bolsheviks (to
1369:
made the Terek Oblast one of the wealthiest in the
Caucasus, resulting in a large growth in Cossack and indigenous mountain populations. This created friction on land ownership. The Cossacks held extensive fertile areas in the lowlands and steppes, whilst the indigenous mountain populations only held
1727:
There is also dispute that
Chechens were antagonistic towards ethnic Russians and Cossacks because they were ethnic Russian (as opposed to because of their hostility to Chechen statehood) - there were two originally ethnic Russian Chechen teips, and the president's wife was Russian. The Chechen clan
1537:
only the historical Terek Left-bank was not administered by autonomies. However, on the other hand, all these lands (northern
Chechnya, Kizlyar, Little Kabarda, historical North Ossetia, East Prigorodny/Western Ingushetia, etc.) had historically been inhabited by Caucasian peoples before the end of
1501:
policy. On the other hand, many mountainous peoples were hostile to any
Russian rule, Red or White (most originally looked to the Reds as a force also fighting against their foes, the Cossacks, but after the Reds began adopting similar policies as their Tzarist predecessors, resentment resurfaced),
1296:
By this point the
Russian control in the Caucasus had improved, with the initiative firmly in the Cossack hands. Most of the battles took place in Chechen and Dagestani territories far away from Cossack homes. During the 1840s several successful expeditions were mounted deep into the mountains. The
1104:
who wanted to adopt
Russian patronage and re-settle there (noting that historically, the lands immediately north of the Terek river were indeed Chechen before the Mongol invasion and even to a degree after it, and the Chechen highlands were dependent on their agricultural production). By the latter
1025:
Apraskin re-settled all of the Rowing
Cossacks on the left bank of the Terek River, this move was met with resentment, and during the entire 18th century the Terek Cossacks would still inhabit the left bank and use the rich vineyards and lands right up until 1799. Also in 1720 the Rowers and Tereks
1630:
This status quo continued until the second half of the 1950s, when there was once again a cool-down in Soviet government towards Cossacks after the death of Joseph Stalin. In 1957, all of the deported mountainous people were rehabilitated, and their republics restored. However this was not done in
1549:
only the historical Terek Left-bank was not administered by autonomies, however, most of the administration and urban population of those regions was dominated by ethnic Russians. This was paralleled with the gradual down-folding of anti-Cossack repressions and their eventual rehabilitation by the
1410:
but with different waistcoat and facing colours (red). Tall black fur hats were worn on all occasions with light blue cloth tops and (for officers) silver lace. A whip was used instead of spurs. Prior to 1908, individual cossacks from all Hosts were required to provide their own uniforms (together
1723:
An exodus of ethnic Russians occurred, although its causes and intensity are disputed. Some sources say that virtually the whole Russian population that left (300,000 people) before the First Chechen War, which others dispute, saying that while tens of thousands (as opposed to 300,000) left, most
1708:
In Chechnya and Ingushetia however, the situation was different. There was a long-running ethnic conflict between the Chechen returnees and the Russian settlers of the region. Before 1989, the Russians had dominated all parts of government as well as the workforce, but then this reversed with the
1337:
was formed, consisting of eight mountainous districts (populated by indigenous people) and seven Cossack subdivisions. Several regimental reforms followed: Kizlyar and Rower as well as Mountain and Mozdok regiments were united into two (reducing the number of sub-divisions to five), and in 1871 a
1689:, Cossacks once again took steps to re-create their nationality . Many Cossack organisations were formed throughout the former Host. However, in doing so, many wished to review the existing administrative borders in the Northern Caucasus, and return the Cossack regions, that belonged to the once
1712:
Cossacks and Russians, unsurprisingly, were staunch foes of Chechen independence from Russia. Chechens feared that Cossacks were variously plotting to undermine the independence which they saw as a desperate necessity and to detach a large part of their state. The chronic economic hardship of
1709:"Chechen revolution" in 1990, where the Chechen and Ingush majority took control of the ruling of their homeland. Russians were left jobless as able Vainakh took their places. The Russian language remained in many schools and the Russians of the republic were not immediately made victims.
1411:
with horses, Caucasian saddles and harness). On active service during World War I the Terek Cossacks retained their distinctive dress but with a dark waistcoat replacing the conspicuous light blue one and without the silver ornaments or blue facings of full dress. A black felt cloak (
1731:
Many of the educated elite also lost their positions in government, industry and academia to locals connected with those in power (which previously they had a vast advantage in due to the situation after the return of the Chechens from exile). Nadteretchny, Naursky and Shelkovskoy
1674:
1341:
From the 1870s onwards the Eastern Caucasus remained largely peaceful (if one discounts uprisings waged by the Chechens in the late 1870s and the occasional exchange of raids). However the Terek Cossacks took part in several Imperial Wars, including campaigns against
1750:, once again Cossack units took part as an auxiliary support, and this time were allowed to establish in the Naursky raion, which still had a Russian minority; today the stanitsa of Naurskaya remains strongly associated with the Cossack movement in Chechnya.
1713:
Chechnya during and after the Soviet period and the large income gap between Russians and Chechens before 1990 also worsened tensions. For these reasons and for the centuries of fighting between Cossacks and Chechens, ethnic relations were highly hostile.
1638:
USSR towards titular nations was also two-faced, on one hand all signs of nationalism were repressed, on the other hand Soviet authorities actively encouraged assignation of jobs and selection to the minorities rather than Russians. As a result, of the
1014:
1502:
and continued fighting Russian/Cossack populations. In the end, the Red Army had to use Cossack tactics and hire local population to police the region. The idea of sandwiching a Cossack district within a Chechen autonomy was seen as a solution.
215:
1728:
system protects individuals from theft and murder because the whole clan would become involved, and one can join a teip - thus, those who didn't join teips (like the Cossacks) would be subject to theft by the poor, etc.
818:. This would mean the Slavic peoples of the Caucasus are native to the region having settled there much earlier.) But later Terek Cossacks assimilated the first Terek Cossacks and introduced their own new agriculture.
1743:); many Terek Cossacks jumped at the opportunity to show their loyalty, and formed volunteer units that operated with the Russian Army. These were created to fight in the Sunzha and Terek stanitsas against Chechens.
937:
in 1606 four thousand Terek Cossacks left for the Volga to support their own candidate for the Tsar, Ileyka Muromets. By 1614 the Rowers supported the new Romanov monarch and aided him in quelling the unrest in
1266:
and other key battles. After Yermolov was recalled from the Caucasus, a new reform took place and the interim regiments in the central Caucasus were united with the three Hosts on the Terek to form the
1199:
was heroically defended against the invaders and in 1785 Kizlyar was defended against Sheikh Mansur. In 1788–91 the Terek Cossacks took part in three campaigns which took them to the Circassian port of
1370:
land in the mountainous zones. Peace was preserved, by a complex Russian policy of supporting loyal clan leaders and free supplies of food and goods The Terek Cossacks took part in campaigns against
1293:) was resettled on the upper Terek north of Vladikavkaz. In 1842 the regiment was incorporated into the Line host. This was followed by the formation of the Sunzha regiment with its Ataman Sleptsov.
1705:
this was resolved by granting the Cossacks full minority rights, that raised on par with titular nations, and today Cossacks play an important role in local administration, culture and development.
867:
Novosiltsev built the second Terka on the Terek, marking the start of the Terek Cossacks. In 1584 this Terka was again taken over by Cossacks, some of whom were recruited by the Georgian king
2219:
1195:
During this early phase several high-profile battles took place. In June 1774 Devlet-Girey sent a massive Kabardin Army against the Terek Cossacks, on 10-11 of June the stanitsa of
1505:
In the 1930s, to make the mountainous autonomies more sustainable in economical terms, they were united with the remaining Cossack holdings: the Sunzha district was retaken by the
852:, in the course of several campaigns, built several fortifications, during which the first Terka was built, later taken over by the still independent Cossacks. In 1577, after the
1623:. In the aftermath, most of the land was portioned, between loyal mountainous peoples such as Kabardins, Ossetians and Dagestanis, and Russians and Cossacks. For example, a vast
1497:
balance out the anti-Bolshevik Cossacks). A deadlock formed in the Northern Caucasus. On one hand, the Cossacks were very adverse to Bolshevism, and the latter responded with a
1492:
was formed. This left the former Sunzha-Terek Mesopotamia triangle split by the returned Chechen land stretching through the middle. The remaining portions were formed by the
1358:
and a further seven regiments and mounted battery were mobilized against the rebelling Chechens and Dagestanis, who initiated an uprising against Tsarist authorities in 1878.
954:
in 1646. By the mid 17th century the Cossacks again expanded into the Sunzha where they built a new outpost in 1651. Two years later the outpost withstood a hailing attack by
1658:
Although this hid the historic adversity between Russians and Caucasus people, it never removed the tension, as both sides saw each other gaining favours at their expense.
1277:) in 1832, and the new Nakazny Ataman was named Peter Verzilin. Several reforms followed: In 1836 the Kizlyar and Family regiments were united and made responsible for the
1627:
was created encompassing almost all of the historic lower-Terek Cossack lands, whilst North Ossetia took the Sunzha and Kabardin ASSR had central line cossack stanitsas.
1739:
After an attempted coup against Dudayev (who was seen as a threat to Russian oil transit) failed, Moscow responded with a military operation to reconquer Chechnya (see
412:
349:
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reached North Ossetia, and Germans were already making plans to lease the oilfields in Grozny. Most of the Cossack population took part in repelling the invader.
1679:
1110:
2212:
1251:
and Vnezapnaya were founded. Yermolov further reformed the whole structure of the Cossacks and in 1819 replaced elected Atamans with appointed commanders.
833:
and a lone group left and settled in the natural haven of the Terek River (modern northern Chechnya). The early settlement was located at the mouth of the
3167:
962:. Though the battle ensured the Tsar's respect, it was advised that the Cossacks pull down the outpost. In the 1670s the Terek Cossacks helped to defeat
644:
1442:. The unrequited mountainous peoples took full advantage of the crises, Chechens and Ingush on the Sunzha line wiping out several Cossack stanitsas.
1847:"Терское казачество. ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ. Хронология важнейших событий, касающихся Терского казачьего Войска. - Казачья лавка. Казачий магазин (на Волжской)"
1477:
3152:
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2205:
2011:
1943:
1824:
1239:, he found himself able to make major adjustments. In 1818 he changed the Russian tactics from defensive to offensive and began building the
806:
It is unclear how the first Cossack community appeared on the Terek. One theory is that they were descendants of the Khazar state and of the
1643:
and better economic prospects in other regions of the USSR, many Russians migrated from the Northern Caucasus to other regions, such as the
1597:
484:
894:
lands, founding a frontier town called 'Tersky' (location uncertain). This may have been partially motivated by his tense relations with
1604:
was fuelled by supplies via Nazi paradrops. By autumn 1942, the insurgency diverted significant Red Army resources, including aviation.
1333:. The next decade showed a gradual reform from military to civil control. In 1865 a permanent police force was formed, and in 1869 the
1321:
The end of the Caucasus War marked the end of the Line Cossack Host. In 1860 it was divided, with the two western regiments joining the
1611:
the Germans began a mass evacuation from the Caucasus. The price that mountainous people paid was dear, in late 1943 as part of Soviet
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1986:
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Thomas M. Barrett The Land is Spoiled By Water': Cossack Colonisation in the North Caucasus. Environment and History 5(1999): 27-52
1580:, there was still low-level criminal secession movements in the highlands. Nazi Germany decided to use this friction in creating a
1153:
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1184:-Mozdok defence line. Major foreposts for Russian expansion into the central Caucasus were founded by the re-settlers including:
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3066:
1846:
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During the 1920s and 30s, despite efforts of Soviet Union to pacify the mountainous peoples via different programmes, such as
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2338:
2239:
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retaliated against the Terek Cossacks and in 1707 most of their outposts were destroyed on the right bank of the Terek.
1616:
494:
469:
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who promised to free their lands from Bolshevism. Terek Cossacks made up the Vth regiment of the 2nd Brigade of the
1473:
were never subdued and their raids and risings made the Northern Caucasus a festering sore for the Volunteer Army."
1223:, but on the whole most of them were in constant defence of their home lines. All this changed when in 1816 General
1371:
1269:
1224:
709:
269:
1398:(knee length collarless coat) with light blue shoulder straps and braid on the wide cuffs. Ornamental containers (
771:
759:
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1211:
The next three decades brought severe difficulties for the Russian effort in the Caucasus. After the joining of
77:
883:
763:
2136:
1054:
the Sulak line was abandoned, and Agrakhan Cossacks were re-settled on the lower Terek Delta, and the fort of
2120:
1204:
in western Caucasus. The major gap in the western section of the line of defense was solved in 1792 when the
2686:
1778:
1640:
978:
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423:
392:
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3121:
2767:
1570:
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1655:. Naturally, the high birth rate, of the mountainous peoples, meant that many sold their homes to them.
1644:
1612:
1569:, and by autumn, the western regions of the former Terek Cossack Hosts were occupied. By November, the
1100:
In 1736 and again in 1765 the right bank of the Terek, still nominally Cossack property, was offered to
899:
830:
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1422:) wore a special gala uniform; including a scarlet kaftan edged with gold braid and a white waistcoat.
344:
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1608:
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708:. The local aboriginal Terek Cossacks joined this Cossack host later. In 1792 it was included in the
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339:
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took command of the Caucasus army. Having by now secured major strategic footholds in most of the
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1042:. During the campaign the 1000 re-settled Don Cossacks on the Agrakhan and the Sulak formed the
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1982:
1939:
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was built and a permanent Terka, later known as Tersky Gorodok, was built on the lower Terek.
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In the late 16th century several campaigns by the Terek Cossacks were carried out against the
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began, which saw a total deportation of all Chechens, Ingush, Karachay and Balkar people to
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Until 1914 the Terek Cossack Host wore a full dress uniform comprising a dark grey/black
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in the Battle of Listveno in 1023 had Cossacks on his side when he destroyed the army of
1878:
1521:
was also awarded to Cossack territories. On the lower Terek, between 1923 and 1937, the
1085:
Terek-Kizlyar) from the Agrakhan Cossacks as well as Armenians and Georgians. When the
2937:
2455:
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were re-settled around Mozdok. In 1776 further settlers arrived including more of the
748:
3136:
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2868:
2836:
2757:
2621:
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2524:
2519:
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1922:
1698:
1624:
1577:
1522:
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1263:
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At the Edge of Empire: The Terek Cossacks and the North Caucasus Frontier, 1700–1860
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1958:
Preben Kannik, page 236, "Military Uniforms of the World in Colour", SBN=71370482 9
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The two wars have brought large suffering to both the Cossacks and the Chechens.
1736:
of the Republic of Chechnya practically lost the traditional Cossack population.
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997:. After the aid of the Terek and Rowing Cossacks to the Don Cossacks during the
943:
879:
822:
738:
713:
705:
530:
367:
1125:, and, to show loyalty, Ataman Tatarintsev arrested him. Pugachev fled and the
1013:
716:. In 1916 the population of the Host was 255,000 within an area of 1.9 million
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2727:
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Unity Or Separation: Center-periphery Relations in the Former Soviet Union By
1620:
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gave Russia the pretext under which they could begin their expansion into the
807:
545:
171:
116:
1565:. Soon the war came to Cossack lands themselves, in 1942 the Nazi offensive
1050:), which was united with the Terek Cossacks. In 1735 by a new agreement with
17:
3002:
2959:
2807:
2705:
2651:
2307:
2265:
2260:
1904:
1566:
1462:
1449:, "The Bolsheviks were more successful in the nearby Terek. In November the
1439:
1313:
1301:(1853–1856) and finally in the closing phase of the Russian advance against
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1137:
1114:
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arrived in the northwestern Caspian a combined campaign was waged against
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The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus with Maps, Plans, and Illustrations
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Terek-Family) from the re-settled Agrakhan Cossacks up to Kizlyar, and
1055:
1039:
914:
903:
864:
697:
631:
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1317:
Cossacks of the 2nd Mountain-Mozdok Regiment of the Terek Cossack Army
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2031:. Washington, DC: New Academia Publishing. pp. 28–29, 123–128.
1967:
page 591 of volume 27, The Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition
1666:
1415:) was worn in bad weather both in peace-time and on active service.
1863:
Mikhail Astapenko "Donskiye Kazach'i Atamany" (Don Cossack Atamans)
1592:
who carried out low-level insurgency. Further east, these were the
1219:, the Terek Cossacks spared some men and took part in combat under
1172:(the remaining Cossacks on the lower Volga were separated into the
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half of the 18th century, relations between the Cossacks and the
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1097:, where the Terek Cossacks were led by Atamans Auka and Petrov.
1022:
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1390:
Uniform of Russian Kizlyar-Grebensky 1st Cossack horse regiment
2029:
Red Advance, White Defeat: Civil War in South Russia 1919-1920
1366:
863:, many scattered, some of whom settled in the Terek basin and
821:
The earliest known records of Slavic settlements on the lower
732:
1550:
mid-1930s, including forming numerous units in the Red Army.
2133:
Allah's Mountains: Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus
1038:
in his conquest of the eastern Dagestan and the capture of
712:
and separated from it again in 1860, with the capital of
1141:
Terek Cossack couple in the 19th century, painting by a
1069:
Rowing) from the descendants of the earliest Cossacks,
755:
1453:
defeated the Cossacks who fought independently of the
1783:
1584:
out of them. In the central Caucasus, these were the
1406:. This Caucasian national dress was also worn by the
1418:
The Terk and Kuban Cossacks of the Imperial Escort (
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1877:, London: Longmans, Green, & Co., p.
1354:squadron and one mounted artillery regiment to the
1350:the Terek Cossacks sent six cavalry regiments, one
810:Principality, as there are records indicating that
161:
143:
127:
55:
50:
1905:"Газават.ру :: История - Восстание 1877 года"
1113:was founded, which became an immediate target for
1979:Uniforms of Imperial & Soviet Russia in Color
1461:forced the Twelfth to retreat from Terek towards
1180:from the eastern Don territory. These formed the
1117:who attacked the Terek line and Kizlyar. In 1771
2176:Chechnya Advocacy Network. Refugees and Diaspora
2164:Carlotta Gall and Thomas de Waal. Pages 197, 227
1457:." However, by January 1919, the defeat of the
1374:in 1879 and in 1885 up to the Afghan border in
1231:and Georgia following the last war fought with
751:of the claims made in this article is disputed.
1017:Terek Cossacks uniform of 1st Volgsky Regiment
2213:
2174:http://www.chechnyaadvocacy.org/refugees.html
2147:
2145:
1129:in 1772–1774 gained no support on the Terek.
942:. In 1633 they destroyed the remnants of the
669:
8:
1525:administered the extensive territory there (
989:left the Don River and settled first on the
837:. This formed the oldest Cossack group, the
33:
1438:caught most Cossacks on the front lines in
2942:
2772:
2693:
2345:
2248:
2220:
2206:
2198:
2098:Россия — Чечня: Цепь ошибок и преступлений
1509:, the former capital of the Terek Oblast,
1338:charter for Terek Cossacks was published.
845:) who settled on both banks of the river.
774:. Relevant discussion may be found on the
676:
662:
194:
32:
2078:"The worldwide persecution of Christians"
1285:) regiment (formed in 1831 to combat the
794:Learn how and when to remove this message
1557:. Many Cossack prisoners of war joined
1160:, marking the start of the century-long
1808:
1762:
1670:Terek cossacks on Russian postage stamp
906:), which was said to be named for him.
573:
502:
422:
359:
229:
206:
2002:Emmanuel, Vladimir A. (2 April 2013).
1934:Emmanuel, Vladimir A. (2 April 2013).
1794:[ˈtʲerskəjɪkɐˈzat͡ɕʲjɪˈvojskə]
1109:began to sour. In 1765 the outpost of
1061:Thus in 1735 three hosts were formed:
917:) which led the Sultan to complain to
1792:
1553:Cossacks fought on both sides of the
1513:became the administrative centre for
1275:Kavkazskoye lineynoye kazachye voysko
1273:(Кавказское линейное казачье войско,
1215:to Russia in 1801 and the subsequent
1188:in 1777 by the Khopyor regiment, and
7:
2004:The Russian Imperial Cavalry in 1914
1936:The Russian Imperial Cavalry in 1914
51:Regions with significant populations
921:. In 1589 the first outpost on the
1519:Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Oblast
1484:and the northern part of European
1297:Line Cossacks participated in the
1164:. In 1769–1770 almost half of the
25:
3168:History of the Cossacks in Russia
2151:Boris Lvin and Andrei Iliaronov.
1873:Baddeley, John Frederick (1908),
1819:. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press.
1693:from the national autonomies. In
1026:were fully incorporated into the
222:Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks
2676:
1465:. Yet, according to Kenez, "The
1361:In the 1880s the arrival of the
737:
214:
109:
96:
83:
70:
57:
39:
3112:Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan
1262:where they participated in the
1247:line where strongholds such as
1281:, and in 1837 a Malorossiyan (
1:
3153:1577 establishments in Russia
2095:O.P. Orlov; V.P. Cherkassov.
1348:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
1309:Terek Cossack Host 1860–1920s
1260:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
1217:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
1150:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
1095:Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)
1032:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
946:and a decade later aided the
3117:Ethnic minorities in Georgia
3107:Ethnic minorities in Armenia
2155:. 24 February – 2 March 1995
1533:). Thus by the start of the
1478:Terek Cossacks were deported
1258:, Cossacks took part in the
886:led a band of three Cossack
3122:Ethnic minorities in Russia
1784:
1329:and the remaining into the
3184:
2082:www.religioustolerance.org
1270:Caucasus Line Cossack Host
1133:Caucasus War (1770s–1860s)
1048:Аграханское Казачье Войско
898:. He subsequently founded
710:Caucasus Line Cossack Host
696:created in 1577 from free
3102:
2674:
1977:Kenny, Robert W. (2001).
1938:. pp. 89 & 105.
1815:Thomas M. Barrett (1999)
1773:
1680:registered Terek cossacks
1545:Thus by the start of the
166:
148:
132:
38:
2097:
1893:The Chechens: A Handbook
1785:Térskoye kazáchye vóysko
1154:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
874:In a separate story, an
3148:Peoples of the Caucasus
3143:Ethnic groups in Russia
1641:positive discrimination
1208:were re-settled there.
1174:Astrakhan Cossacks Host
979:Russian Orthodox Church
700:who resettled from the
470:Colonisation of Siberia
1774:Терское казачье войско
1682:
1671:
1571:Battle of the Caucasus
1445:In 1918, according to
1391:
1318:
1145:
1018:
825:date to 1520 when the
812:Mstislav of Tmutarakan
45:Flag of Terek Cossacks
2027:Kenez, Peter (2004).
1677:
1669:
1613:Collective punishment
1389:
1382:Uniform and equipment
1365:and the discovery of
1316:
1140:
1044:Agrakhan Cossack Host
1034:, the Cossacks aided
1016:
856:were defeated by the
831:Grand Duchy of Moscow
162:Related ethnic groups
2229:Ethnic groups in the
2053:"Казачьи части РККА"
1609:Battle of Stalingrad
1563:1st Cossack Division
1494:Sunzha Cossack Okrug
1346:in 1873. During the
762:its references and
756:improve this article
480:Pugachev's Rebellion
360:Other Cossack groups
78:North Ossetia–Alania
2191:- official website
1853:on August 24, 2011.
1607:However, after the
1598:existing insurgency
1507:Chechen-Ingush ASSR
1430:The arrival of the
1079:Tersko-Kizlyarskoye
896:Yermak Timofeyevich
841:(Гребенские казаки
829:was annexed by the
827:Ryazan Principality
772:support the article
561:Yermak Timofeyevich
433:Registered Cossacks
35:
2830:Trialeti Ossetians
2189:Terek Cossack Host
1891:Jaimoukha, Amjad.
1748:Second Chechen War
1695:Kabardino-Balkaria
1683:
1672:
1436:October Revolution
1408:Kuban Cossack Host
1392:
1331:Terek Cossack Host
1327:Kuban Cossack Host
1323:Black Sea Cossacks
1319:
1237:Treaty of Gulistan
1235:and the resulting
1206:Black Sea Cossacks
1152:and the resulting
1146:
1127:Pugachev Rebellion
1019:
973:In 1680 after the
843:Grebenskiye Kazaki
690:Terek Cossack Host
556:Pavlo Skoropadskyi
516:Bohdan Khmelnytsky
495:Cossacks in the SS
3130:
3129:
3033:
3032:
2932:
2931:
2855:
2854:
2672:
2671:
2579:
2578:
2117:Daniel R. Kempton
2013:978-0-9889532-1-5
1945:978-0-9889532-1-5
1825:978-0-8133-3671-8
1782:
1741:First Chechen War
1459:Eleventh Red Army
1287:November Uprising
1119:Yemelyan Pugachev
1083:Терско-Кизлярское
1036:Peter I of Russia
993:and later on the
919:Ivan the Terrible
869:Simon I of Kartli
850:Tsardom of Russia
816:Yaroslav the Wise
804:
803:
796:
766:any that are not
686:
685:
536:Yemelyan Pugachev
526:Petro Sahaidachny
490:De-Cossackization
475:Bulavin Rebellion
193:
192:
16:(Redirected from
3175:
3077:Azerbaijani Jews
3025:Meskhetian Turks
2943:
2773:
2694:
2680:
2346:
2249:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2199:
2194:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2156:
2149:
2140:
2130:
2124:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2055:. Archived from
2049:
2043:
2042:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1849:. Archived from
1843:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1813:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1767:
1718:Dzhokhar Dudayev
1653:Baltic Republics
1649:Russian Far East
1634:The politics of
1617:Operation Lentil
1555:Second World War
1547:Second World War
1535:Second World War
1499:Decossackization
1451:Twelfth Red army
1178:Khopyor Cossacks
1071:Tersko-Semeynoye
935:Time of Troubles
799:
792:
788:
785:
779:
741:
733:
678:
671:
664:
511:Petro Doroshenko
503:Notable Cossacks
416:
353:
345:Irkutsk Cossacks
218:
195:
151:Eastern Orthodox
115:
113:
112:
102:
100:
99:
89:
87:
86:
76:
74:
73:
63:
61:
60:
43:
36:
21:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3098:
3029:
2974:
2928:
2912:
2851:
2794:
2762:
2746:Caucasus Greeks
2732:
2688:
2681:
2668:
2587:
2575:
2544:
2505:
2465:
2402:
2341:
2333:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2192:
2185:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2143:
2137:Sebastian Smith
2131:
2127:
2114:
2110:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1789:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1664:
1602:Khasan Israilov
1517:, likewise the
1428:
1384:
1311:
1135:
1107:mountain people
1075:Терско-Семейное
1030:and during the
1011:
952:Crimean Khanate
931:
848:In 1559–71 the
839:Greben Cossacks
800:
789:
783:
780:
753:
742:
731:
726:
682:
650:Cossack cuisine
642:Cossaks clothes
410:
408:Buryat Cossacks
347:
225:
153:
110:
108:
97:
95:
84:
82:
71:
69:
58:
56:
46:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3181:
3179:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2984:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2865:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2815:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2683:
2682:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
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2491:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2466:
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2458:
2453:
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2326:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2257:
2255:
2246:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2184:
2183:External links
2181:
2179:
2178:
2166:
2157:
2141:
2125:
2121:Terry D. Clark
2108:
2101:(in Russian).
2087:
2069:
2044:
2037:
2019:
2012:
2006:. p. 12.
1994:
1987:
1981:. p. 92.
1969:
1960:
1951:
1944:
1926:
1921:citation from
1914:
1909:www.gazavat.ru
1896:
1884:
1865:
1856:
1838:
1829:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1663:
1660:
1540:Caucasian Wars
1455:Volunteer army
1434:and later the
1427:
1424:
1383:
1380:
1310:
1307:
1283:Little Russian
1229:North Caucasus
1170:Volga Cossacks
1166:Volga Cossacks
1143:Prince Gagarin
1134:
1131:
1028:Russian Empire
1010:
1007:
1003:Ottoman Empire
999:Azov Campaigns
985:, a number of
930:
927:
911:Ottoman Empire
884:Andrei Shadrin
861:Ivan Murashkin
854:Volga Cossacks
802:
801:
745:
743:
736:
730:
727:
725:
722:
684:
683:
681:
680:
673:
666:
658:
655:
654:
653:
652:
647:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
576:
575:
571:
570:
569:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
521:Marina Yurlova
518:
513:
505:
504:
500:
499:
498:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
460:Hadiach Treaty
457:
456:
455:
450:
445:
435:
427:
426:
420:
419:
418:
417:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
362:
361:
357:
356:
355:
354:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
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277:
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233:
227:
226:
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164:
163:
159:
158:
149:Predominantly
146:
145:
141:
140:
130:
129:
125:
124:
123:255,000 (1916)
121:
120:
119:
106:
93:
80:
53:
52:
48:
47:
44:
34:Terek Cossacks
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3180:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:Cossack hosts
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3087:Mountain Jews
3085:
3083:
3082:Georgian Jews
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:Armenian Jews
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2879:in Azerbaijan
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2758:Pontic Greeks
2756:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2679:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2557:
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2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2502:
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2495:
2492:
2490:
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2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
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2059:on 2010-09-01
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2015:
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1699:North Ossetia
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1578:Korenizatsiya
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1523:Dagestan ASSR
1520:
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1515:North Ossetia
1512:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1490:Mountain ASSR
1487:
1483:
1479:
1476:In 1920 many
1474:
1472:
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1456:
1452:
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1426:Soviet period
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1103:
1098:
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1059:
1058:was founded.
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1015:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1001:in 1695, the
1000:
996:
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987:Old Believers
984:
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749:verifiability
744:
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729:Early history
728:
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579:
578:
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574:Cossack terms
572:
567:
566:Ivan Vyhovsky
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
551:Andrei Shkuro
549:
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231:Cossack hosts
228:
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189:
188:Ingush people
185:
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67:
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49:
42:
37:
19:
18:Terek Cossack
3163:Terek Oblast
2988:Azerbaijanis
2768:Indo-Iranian
2281:Imerkhevians
2243:
2193:(in Russian)
2169:
2160:
2152:
2132:
2128:
2111:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2061:. Retrieved
2057:the original
2047:
2028:
2022:
2003:
1997:
1978:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1935:
1929:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1874:
1868:
1859:
1851:the original
1841:
1832:
1816:
1811:
1765:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1691:Terek Oblast
1684:
1657:
1636:Stagnationed
1633:
1629:
1606:
1582:fifth column
1575:
1559:Nazi Germany
1552:
1544:
1504:
1475:
1444:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1376:Central Asia
1360:
1340:
1335:Terek Oblast
1330:
1325:to form the
1320:
1295:
1274:
1268:
1253:
1210:
1194:
1162:Caucasus War
1147:
1099:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1047:
1043:
1020:
1009:18th century
983:Don Cossacks
981:reached the
972:
964:Stenka Razin
950:against the
948:Don Cossacks
932:
929:17th century
908:
902:(the modern
873:
847:
842:
838:
835:Aktash River
820:
805:
790:
781:
754:Please help
746:
694:Cossack host
689:
687:
541:Stepan Razin
319:
220:
30:Ethnic group
27:Cossack host
3067:Abkhaz Jews
3015:Karapapakhs
2980:Oghuz Turks
2716:Cherkesogai
2711:Armeno-Tats
2612:Circassians
2322:Mingrelians
2301:Meskhetians
2153:Moscow News
1746:During the
1687:perestroika
1685:During the
1531:Terek Delta
1511:Vladikavkaz
1447:Peter Kenez
1299:Crimean War
1279:Terek Delta
1245:Vladikavkaz
1190:Vladikavkaz
1186:Giorgiyevsk
1121:arrived in
1093:during the
1063:Grebenskoye
944:Nogay Horde
933:During the
882:Host named
880:Don Cossack
823:Terek River
784:August 2021
714:Vladikavkaz
706:Terek River
531:Ivan Mazepa
453:Khmelnytsky
411: [
348: [
340:Zaporozhian
3137:Categories
3055:in Georgia
3050:in Armenia
2998:Karadaghis
2908:Ukrainians
2896:Doukhobors
2874:in Armenia
2777:Indo-Aryan
2647:Kabardians
2637:Chemirgoys
2600:Abkhazians
2451:Tabasarans
2350:Avar–Andic
2296:Kakhetians
2291:Javakhians
2253:Kartvelian
2063:2010-09-02
1804:References
1790:pronounced
1716:President
1678:Emblem of
1662:After 1990
1621:Kazakhstan
1488:and a new
1404:czerkeskas
1176:) and the
1067:Гребенское
960:Dagestanis
808:Tmutarakan
770:or do not
718:desyatinas
546:Ivan Sirko
310:Semirechye
180:Dagestanis
172:Ukrainians
117:Ingushetia
3045:Assyrians
3020:Küresünni
3003:Shahsevan
2960:Karachays
2808:Ossetians
2706:Armenians
2652:Natukhajs
2627:Besleneys
2585:Northwest
2566:Khinalugs
2535:Khwarshis
2388:Godoberis
2383:Chamalals
2373:Bagvalals
2342:(Caspian)
2339:Northeast
2308:Colchians
2266:Adjarians
2261:Georgians
2240:Caucasian
1779:romanized
1567:Case Blue
1463:Astrakhan
1440:Kurdistan
1400:czerkeska
1372:Geok-Tepe
1305:in 1859.
1197:Naurskaya
1192:in 1784.
1115:Kabardins
968:Astrakhan
940:Astrakhan
900:Andreyevo
776:talk page
760:verifying
607:Oseledets
485:Communism
465:Hetmanate
448:Nalyvaiko
438:Uprisings
368:Albazinan
260:Black Sea
245:Astrakhan
176:Ossetians
156:Starovers
154:Minority
138:Ukrainian
128:Languages
2947:Kipchaks
2901:Molokans
2891:Cossacks
2886:Russians
2738:Hellenic
2698:Armenian
2689:European
2657:Shapsugs
2642:Cherkess
2632:Bzhedugs
2622:Adygeans
2588:(Pontic)
2513:(Didoic)
2484:Chechens
2456:Tsakhurs
2378:Botlikhs
2363:Akhvakhs
2286:Ingiloys
2232:Caucasus
2103:Memorial
1703:Dagestan
1651:and the
1594:Vainakhs
1586:Karachay
1469:and the
1432:February
1363:railways
1249:Groznaya
1225:Yermolov
1158:Caucasus
1102:Chechens
1021:In 1711
995:Agrakhan
858:strelets
768:reliable
764:removing
698:Cossacks
627:Stanitsa
443:Kosiński
388:Nekrasov
315:Siberian
300:Orenburg
270:Caucasus
208:Cossacks
200:a series
198:Part of
184:Chechens
168:Russians
144:Religion
104:Chechnya
91:Dagestan
3094:Kalmyks
2955:Balkars
2924:Germans
2847:Yazidis
2800:Iranian
2617:Abzakhs
2595:Abazins
2560:Kaitags
2556:Dargins
2530:Hunzibs
2525:Hinukhs
2520:Bezhtas
2441:Lezgins
2426:Budukhs
2393:Karatas
2276:Gurians
2244:(areal)
1781::
1770:Russian
1645:Tselina
1596:and an
1590:Balkars
1527:Kizlyar
1482:Ukraine
1467:Chechen
1356:Balkans
1221:Yerevan
1213:Georgia
1091:Temryuk
1087:Kalmyks
1056:Kizlyar
1040:Derbent
977:in the
915:Temryuk
904:Endirey
890:to the
888:sotnias
878:of the
865:Voevoda
724:History
704:to the
632:Shashka
617:Plastun
612:Papakhi
592:Kontusz
424:History
403:Turkish
393:Persian
373:Bashkir
134:Russian
3038:Others
3010:Bayats
2993:Ayrums
2970:Nogais
2965:Kumyks
2938:Turkic
2917:Others
2861:Slavic
2837:Talysh
2813:Digors
2662:Ubykhs
2549:Others
2511:Tsezic
2501:Ingush
2446:Rutuls
2421:Archin
2408:Lezgic
2398:Tindis
2035:
2010:
1985:
1942:
1823:
1734:raions
1486:Russia
1471:Ingush
1420:Konvoi
1413:bourki
1396:kaftan
1352:Guards
1303:Shamil
1291:Poland
1241:Sunzha
1233:Persia
1111:Mozdok
1052:Persia
975:Raskol
956:Kumyks
923:Sunzha
876:ataman
692:was a
637:Szabla
622:Yesaul
602:Sotnia
587:Hetman
582:Ataman
383:Jewish
378:Danube
330:Ussuri
290:Greben
275:Danube
255:Baikal
114:
101:
88:
75:
65:Russia
62:
2869:Poles
2823:Kudar
2818:Irons
2751:Urums
2687:Indo-
2494:Aukhs
2489:Kists
2436:Kryts
2416:Aguls
2368:Avars
2358:Andis
2329:Svans
2271:Dvals
2139:p.134
2123:p.122
1757:Notes
1600:by a
1344:Khiva
1202:Anapa
1123:Terek
892:Kumyk
702:Volga
597:Kurin
415:]
398:Tatar
352:]
335:Volga
320:Terek
295:Kuban
3062:Jews
2842:Tats
2790:Roma
2785:Loms
2721:Zoks
2605:Sadz
2571:Laks
2540:Tsez
2479:Bats
2471:Nakh
2461:Udis
2431:Jeks
2317:Lazs
2312:Zans
2033:ISBN
2008:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1821:ISBN
1701:and
1697:and
1588:and
1538:the
1182:Azov
1148:The
1023:Graf
991:Kuma
958:and
747:The
688:The
325:Ural
285:Free
250:Azov
240:Amur
186:and
2728:Lom
2135:By
1480:to
1367:oil
1289:in
1254:In
966:in
758:by
305:Red
280:Don
265:Buh
3139::
2144:^
2119:,
2080:.
1907:.
1788:,
1776:,
1772::
1647:,
1615:,
1542:.
1529:,
1378:.
970:.
871:.
720:.
645:ru
413:ru
350:ru
202:on
182:,
178:,
174:,
170:,
136:,
2562:)
2558:(
2310:/
2221:e
2214:t
2207:v
2105:.
2084:.
2066:.
2041:.
2016:.
1991:.
1948:.
1924:.
1911:.
1882:.
1879:8
1827:.
1243:-
1081:(
1073:(
1065:(
1046:(
913:(
797:)
791:(
786:)
782:(
778:.
677:e
670:t
663:v
20:)
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