1644:
537:. Soon the demands placed on the union by its members for immediate improvements, and the pressures of hostile business and government institutions, forced the Knights to function like a traditional labor union. However, the Knights were too disorganized to deal with the centralized industries that they were striking against. Powderly forbade them to use their most effective tool: the strike. Powderly intervened in two labor actions: the first against the Texas and Pacific Railroad in 1886 and the second against the Chicago Meatpackinghouse industry. 25,000 workers in the Union Stockyards struck for an 8-hour day in 1886 and to rescind a wage reduction. In both cases, Powderly ended strikes that historians believe that labor could have won. This is when the Knights of Labor began to lose its influence. Powderly also feared losing the support of the Catholic Church, which many immigrant workers belonged to; the church authorities were essentially conservative and feared that the K of L was plotting a "socialist revolution".
273:, for three 2-year terms, starting in 1878. A Republican, he served as the United States Commissioner General of Immigration in 1897. The Knights of Labor was one of the largest American labor organizations of the 19th century, but Powderly was a poor administrator and could barely keep it under control. His small central office could not supervise or coordinate the many strikes and other activities sponsored by union locals. Powderly believed that the Knights were an educational tool to uplift the workingman, and he often cautioned against the use of strikes to achieve workers' goals.
541:
242:
682:
1663:
818:
597:
616:, he continued to serve as Special Immigration Inspector, studying the causes of European emigration to the United States, where he recommended that officials inspect potential immigrants prior to their arrival in the US, station officers on immigrant-carrying ships, and take steps to more evenly distribute arriving immigrant populations geographically across the country.
804:
790:
357:, Powderly was dismissed from this position at the railroad. In recalling the conversation, Powderly wrote that the master mechanic he worked for had explained to him, "You are the president of the union and it is thought best to dismiss you in order to head off trouble." He then spent the following winter in
660:
As leader of the
Knights of Labor, the nation's first successful trade union organization, Terence V. Powderly thrust the workers' needs to the fore for the first time in U.S. history. In the 1800s, far in advance for the period, he sought the inclusion of blacks, women and Hispanics for full-fledged
689:
Oestreicher characterizes
Powderly's legacy as leader of the Knights as generally one of failure to preserve the organization and its mission through the labor upheavals of the late 19th Century. However, he continues to describe him as an "energetic and capable organizer," and is quick to point out
560:
in
Chicago on May 4, 1886. Anarchists were blamed, and two of them were Knights. Membership plunged overnight as a result of false rumors linking the Knights to anarchism and terrorism. However the disorganization of the group and its record of losing strike after strike disillusioned many members.
619:
Terence
Powderly was appointed as the chief of the newly created Immigration Service's Division of Information, with a mission, following his own prior recommendation, to "promote a beneficial distribution of aliens admitted into the United States." Finally, in 1921, three years prior to his death,
881:
Reflecting on his marriage to Denver, Powderly wrote, "That union followed an understanding that perfect equality should exist between us, there would be but one treasury, that each should have equal right to it, that liberty of action and speech should always prevail between us. For nearly thirty
409:
He asked me if I was president then, I answered in the negative, but in order to be fully understood told him that I was at the time secretary. His next question was "If I reinstate you will you resign from the union?" My answer to that was: "I am insured for one thousand dollars in the union. I
891:
As
Powderly himself wrote: "Occasionally I earned a quarter or half dollar, shoveling snow ⌠Once I earned Seventy five dollars for chaperoning a drove of pigs â I know I earned seventy-five dollars, but received only seventy-five cents. My intimate association with pigs on that occasion was an
484:
Individually, workingmen are weak, and, when separated, each one follows a different course, without accomplishing anything for himself or his fellow man; but when combined in one common bond of brotherhood, they become as the cable, each strand of which, though weak and insignificant enough in
644:, was published posthumously in 1940. Powderly's papers are available for use at more than a dozen research libraries across the United States. He was survived by his second wife, Emma (Fickensher), who was his late wife's cousin and a former work associate, who he had married in 1919.
548:
Powderly's insistence on ending both these strikes meant that the companies did not fear the K of L would use strikes as direct action to gain wage and labor benefits. After this, both Jay Gould and the
Chicago Packinghouses won complete victories in breaking both strikes.
750:
723:
741:
1224:
714:
418:, a firm founded by the sons of his apprentice master. He was again dismissed through the involvement of the same individual, and was again reinstated by Scranton, now in charge of the department, where he worked until May 31, 1877, when it closed for lack of work.
44:
661:
membership in his trade union. With labor struggling for a place at
America's economic table, Powderly achieved national stature as the recognized spokesman for the workers' interest and for the first time made organized labor a political force to be reckoned with.
732:
433:. During the election he proposed financing public works project through low interest government loans as a means of providing work for the many unemployed. After assuming office, he immediately reorganized the labor force and enacted moderate reforms.
1165:
Thirty Years of Labor, 1859-1889 In which the history of the attempts to form organizations of workingmen for the discussion of political, social, and economic questions is traced. The
National Labor Union of 1866, the Industrial Brotherhood of
410:
cannot afford any other insurance. If I resign and am killed in the employ of this company, will it pay my wife one thousand dollars?" He looked steadily at me a while and said: "Go to the mill and tell
Davidson to set you to work."
552:
Powederly, during the Knight's 1886 general assembly in
Richmond, Virginia purposely invited a Black member to introduce him before his speech. This was intended by Powederly as an attack on Richmond's segregation codes.
892:
education. I learned to know that not only has a pig a will of his own but several of them, and each separate will influences him to start, regardless of destination, in different directions at one and the same time."
528:
The union was recognized as the first successful national labor union in the United States. In 1885-86 the Knights achieved their greatest influence and greatest membership. Powderly attempted to focus the union on
510:. At times, the Knights organized strikes against local firms where the employer might be admitted as a member. The strikes would drive away the employers, resulting in a more purely working-class organization.
576:
over the one all-inclusive union concept. Powderly was defeated for re-election as Master Workman in 1893. As the decline of the Knights continued, Powderly moved on, opening a successful law practice in 1894.
525:'s railroad more than compensated for the internal tension of his organization. The Knights of Labor grew so rapidly that at one point the organization called a moratorium on the issuance of charters.
608:
appointed Powderly as the Commissioner General of Immigration where he served from July 1, 1897, to June 24, 1902. In this role he established a commission to investigate conditions at
690:
the practical challenges both he and the Knights faced, and that in comparison to his heirs and contemporaries, "quite simply, no one else did much better over the next forty years."
561:
Bitter factionalism divided the union, and its forays into electoral politics were failures because Powderly forbade its members to engage in political activity or to field candidates
401:. Two weeks after taking the position, he was dismissed after being identified by the same man who had been instrumental in his previous dismissal in 1872. In response, he appealed to
673:
No other worker in these years, not even his rival Samuel Gompers, captured as much attention from reporters, from politicians, or from industrialists. To his contemporaries Powderly
479:. The Knights of Labor removed the words "The Holy and Noble Order of" from the name of the Knights of Labor in 1882 and abandoned any membership rituals associated with freemasonry.
280:
in 1885 and establishment of labor bureaus and arbitration boards in many states. The Knights failed to maintain its large membership after being blamed for the violence of the
1361:"It would be far easier to levy a "single tax," basing it upon land values." "It is because a single land tax would prove to be the very essence of equity, that l advocate it.
872:
Although tongue-in-cheek, Powderly himself claims to have been found in an old log by a doctor, and left with his mother, who happened to have the home in closest proximity.
1774:
292:, which coordinated numerous specialized craft unions that appealed to skilled workers, instead of the mix of unskilled, semiskilled, and skilled workers in the Knights.
468:. In speaking on nationwide violence against the "Chinese evil", Powderly blamed the "indifference of our law-makers to the just demands of the people for relief."
485:
itself, is assisted and strengthened by being joined with others, and the work that one could not perform alone is easily accomplished by a combination of strands.
1198:
405:, who had given him the position to start. After explaining to Scranton that he had been fired originally due to his connection to the union, Powderly recalled:
1814:
475:
of to persuade the Pope to remove sanctions against Catholics who joined unions. The Catholic Church had opposed the unions as too influenced by rituals of
1469:
369:
for six months, where he joined Pennsylvania Union No. 6. In August of that year, he was elected by No. 6 as a delegate to a district meeting representing
1819:
449:. He joined the Knights in 1874, became Secretary of a District Assembly in 1877. He was elected Grand Master Workman in 1879 after the resignation of
1804:
304:
parents who had come up from poverty, Terence Powderly and Madge Walsh, who had emigrated to the United States in 1827. As a child he contracted the
842:
1779:
518:
669:, Richard Oestreicher described Powderly as "the first labor leader in American history to become a media superstar". Oestreicher continues:
1799:
1174:
350:, and a year later was elected as its secretary, before eventually becoming president. On September 19, 1872, Powderly married Hannah Dever.
1064:
1784:
506:, a rising school of thought in Europe and the United States. Since producerism regarded most employers as "producers", Powderly disliked
241:
460:
to the United States. He argued that non- European immigrants took jobs away from native-born Americans and drove down wages. He urged
446:
1303:
1133:
1103:
1017:
837:
347:
339:
with the local master mechanic, James Dickson, at which he was employed until August 15, 1869. Dickson himself had apprenticed to
1809:
1794:
461:
925:
415:
1713:
1123:
569:
285:
832:
324:
1293:
702:
629:
136:
1769:
1695:
694:
1473:
1401:
653:
277:
266:
119:
823:
422:
402:
374:
1599:
The Making of American Exceptionalism: The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century.
426:
378:
366:
270:
221:
847:
698:
565:
557:
465:
430:
159:
91:
1764:
1759:
1723:
852:
612:, which ultimately led to 11 employees being dismissed. After being removed from the post in 1902 by
530:
450:
382:
1561:
Falzone, Vincent J. "Terence V. Powderly: Politician and Progressive Mayor of Scranton, 1878-1884,"
397:
Powderly ended his travels in Scranton, Pennsylvania, where he found work as a machinist installing
637:
453:. At the time the Knights had around 10,000 members. He served as Grand Master Workman until 1893.
147:
1789:
1444:
1192:
636:, in the last years of his life, died at his home there on June 24, 1924. He is buried at nearby
613:
1577:
Oestreicher, Richard. "Terence Powderly, the Knights of Labor, and artisanal republicanism." in
1061:
1048:
Labor and Urban Politics Class Conflict and the Origins of Modern Liberalism in Chicago, 1864-97
1095:
346:
On November 21, 1871, Powderly joined the Subordinate Union No. 2 of Pennsylvania, part of the
1613:
The Labor Movement in the United States, 1860 - (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996)
1299:
1180:
1170:
1129:
1099:
1013:
340:
56:
1376:
1731:
1703:
1648:
1406:
795:
633:
605:
540:
457:
442:
262:
79:
1516:
1741:
1068:
1569:
759:
1669:
1346:
1007:
1582:
1088:
911:
809:
681:
573:
534:
332:
289:
281:
43:
1753:
705:. On November 18, 1947, a historical maker was placed in Scranton honoring Powderly.
507:
472:
386:
354:
309:
1125:
Their Fathers' Daughters: Silk Mill Workers in Northeastern Pennsylvania, 1880â1960
609:
581:
514:
398:
362:
313:
301:
381:, and was in turn elected to represent the district at the general convention in
1495:
499:
476:
17:
385:
in September. Powderly was also a member of the Irish nationalist organization
1184:
785:
370:
940:
927:
596:
522:
503:
336:
320:
258:
1163:
620:
he was appointed as a member of the Immigration Service's Board of Review.
1657:
585:
328:
1614:
817:
544:
Print of the Knights of Labor leaders with Powderly featured prominently
425:, Powderly was elected to the first of three two-year terms as mayor of
1672:. The American Catholic History Research Center and University Archives
1549:
564:
Many KoL members joined more conservative alternatives, especially the
305:
261:
labor union leader, politician and attorney, best known as head of the
358:
1632:
1592:
464:
branches of the Knights of Labor to campaign for the passage of the
361:
working odd jobs. He returned to the US in 1874, working briefly in
1653:
1627:
Wright, Carroll D. "An Historical Sketch of the Knights of Labor,"
456:
Powderly, along with most white labor leaders at the time, opposed
680:
595:
539:
300:
Powderly was born the 11th of 12 children on January 22, 1849, to
1622:
Knights Unhorsed: Internal Conflict in Gilded Age Social Movement
1333:
Grand Master Workman: Terence Powderly and the Knights of Labor,
1267:
The History of the Labor Movement in the United States Volume 2
1589:
Grand Master Workman: Terence Powderly and the Knights of Labor
1431:
Grand Master Workman: Terence Powderly and the Knights of Labor
1280:
Grand Master Workman: Terence Powderly and the Knights of Labor
1241:
Grand Master Workman: Terence Powderly and the Knights of Labor
1230:
vol. 135, no. 2, whole no. 309 (August 1882), pp. 118â127.
720:
vol. 135, no. 2, whole no. 309 (August 1882), pp. 118â127.
1433:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 154, 269.
1604:
Walker, Samuel. "Terence V. Powderly, Machinist: 1866-1877,"
327:, before becoming a car examiner, repairer and eventually a
1544:
Carman, Harry J. "Terence Vincent Powderly -An Appraisal,"
697:
at 614 North Main Street in Scranton was designated by the
1150:
For Jobs and Freedom: Race and Labor in America since 1865
1009:'The Path I Trod: The Autobiography of Terence V. Powderly
775:
The Path I Trod: The Autobiography of Terence V. Powderly.
756:
vol. 153, whole no. 421 (December 1891), pp. 728â737.
517:, Powderly was skillful in organizing. The success of the
498:
Powderly was more influenced by the Greenback ideology of
331:. On August 1, 1866, at the age of 17, he entered into an
1670:"Terence Vincent Powderly Photographic Prints Collection"
414:
Through W. W. Scranton, Powderly went on to work for the
1320:
Beyond labor's veil: the culture of the Knights of Labor
1298:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 40.
1213:
Beyond Labor's Veil: The Culture of the Knights of Labor
1169:(Nachdruck der Ausgabe von 1890 ed.). Norderstedt.
738:
vol. 147, whole no. 381 (August 1888), pp. 369â378.
747:
vol. 150, whole no. 401 (April 1890), pp. 464â470.
729:
vol. 140, whole no. 341 (April 1885), pp. 369â378.
656:
Hall of Honor in 1999. The citation reads as follows:
771:
vol. 7, whole no. 37 (December 1892), pp. 58â63.
319:
At the age of 13 he began work for the railroad as a
1086:
Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren R. Van Tine, ed. (1987).
27:
American labor union leader, politician and attorney
1295:
Farmers, Workers, and the American State, 1877-1917
276:His influence reportedly led to the passing of the
236:
228:
217:
165:
155:
143:
126:
106:
101:
85:
73:
54:
34:
1558:Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1978.
1254:The Great Southwest Railroad Strike and Free Labor
1087:
1631:vol. 1, no. 2 (January 1887), pp. 137â168.
1128:. Susquehanna University Press. pp. 24â25.
1034:Research Guide to American Historical Biography
482:
764:Columbus, OH: Excelsior Publishing House 1890.
348:Machinists and Blacksmiths International Union
1445:"Hall of Honor Inductee: Terence V. Powderly"
284:of 1886. It was increasingly upstaged by the
8:
1050:. University of Illinois Press. p. 125.
441:Powderly is most remembered for leading the
1556:Terence V. Powderly: Middle Class Reformer.
1410:. Washington, D.C. June 25, 1924. p. 6
1684:
1571:The Labor Movement: The Problem of To-day.
1548:Vol. 1, No. 1 (May, 1941), pp. 83â87
1197:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
777:New York: Columbia University Press, 1940.
257:(January 22, 1849 â June 24, 1924) was an
232:Leader of the Knights of Labor (1879â1893)
42:
31:
1775:American trade unionists of Irish descent
1094:. University of Illinois Press. pp.
1081:
1079:
1077:
1371:
1369:
1367:
843:List of mayors of Scranton, Pennsylvania
1591:(Greenwood, 2000), scholarly biography
1517:"Terence V. Powderly Historical Marker"
1381:US Citizenship and Immigration Services
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
965:
865:
640:. A second autobiography by Powderly,
519:Great Southwest railroad strike of 1886
513:Despite his personal ambivalence about
189: 1872; died 1907)
1190:
1117:
1115:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
1645:Works by or about Terence V. Powderly
1402:"Terence Powderly of Labor Fame Dead"
568:, and the unions affiliated with the
556:Disaster struck the Knights with the
7:
1815:People from Carbondale, Pennsylvania
1624:(Wayne State University Press, 2000)
767:"Government Ownership of Railways,"
882:years we lived up to that compact."
665:Writing in Dubofsky and Van Tine's
1345:Powderly, Terence Vincent (1889).
1162:Powderly, Terence Vincent (2017).
458:the immigration of Chinese workers
25:
1820:Trade unionists from Pennsylvania
1608:vol. 19 (1978), pp. 165â184.
1601:(Cornell University Press, 1994).
1565:vol. 41 (1974), pp. 289â310.
838:Labor unions in the United States
761:Thirty Years of Labor, 1859-1889.
751:"The Workingman and Free Silver,"
580:Powderly was also a supporter of
1805:Mayors of Scranton, Pennsylvania
1661:
1348:Thirty Years of Labor. 1859-1889
816:
802:
788:
685:Powderly's Scranton home in 2007
269:, he was later elected mayor of
240:
1629:Quarterly Journal of Economics,
1574:New York: M.W. Hazen Co., 1889.
724:"The Army of the Discontented,"
652:Powderly was inducted into the
206:
186:
1780:Burials at Rock Creek Cemetery
1730:General Master Workman of the
1702:General Worthy Foreman of the
600:Terence Powderly in later life
1:
1012:. Columbia University Press.
416:Dickson Manufacturing Company
1800:American trade union leaders
1654:Works by Terence V. Powderly
1351:. Excelsior publishing house
1225:"The Organization of Labor,"
715:"The Organization of Labor,"
628:Powderly, a resident of the
570:American Federation of Labor
471:Powderly worked with Bishop
286:American Federation of Labor
1785:Catholics from Pennsylvania
1660:(public domain audiobooks)
1546:Journal of Economic History
1496:"Terence V. Powderly House"
1470:"Terence V. Powderly House"
1418:– via Newspapers.com.
1292:Sanders, Elizabeth (1999).
1046:Schneirov, Richard (1998).
833:James Duncan (union leader)
742:"The Plea for Eight Hours,"
586:"single tax" on land values
325:Delaware and Hudson Railway
265:in the late 1880s. Born in
1836:
1568:McNeill, George E. (ed.),
1122:Stepenoff, Bonnie (1999).
1006:Powderly, Terence (1940).
703:National Historic Landmark
423:strikes and unrest in 1877
137:Petworth, Washington, D.C.
1738:
1728:
1720:
1710:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1032:Robert Muccigrosso, ed.,
922:The marker is located at
695:Powderly's long time home
492:The Organization of Labor
490:-- Terence Powderly,
248:
97:
62:
50:
41:
1579:Labor Leaders in America
1090:Labor Leaders in America
667:Labor Leaders in America
654:U.S. Department of Labor
278:alien contract labor law
267:Carbondale, Pennsylvania
255:Terence Vincent Powderly
120:Carbondale, Pennsylvania
36:Terence Vincent Powderly
1810:Pennsylvania Greenbacks
1795:Knights of Labor people
941:41.419479°N 75.674440°W
824:Organized labour portal
733:"A Menacing Irruption,"
403:William Walker Scranton
1449:US Department of Labor
1429:Phelan, Craig (2000).
1228:North American Review,
754:North American Review,
745:North American Review,
736:North American Review,
727:North American Review,
718:North American Review,
686:
679:
663:
601:
572:(AFL), which promoted
545:
487:
447:nationwide labor union
427:Scranton, Pennsylvania
412:
367:Oil City, Pennsylvania
271:Scranton, Pennsylvania
222:Scranton, Pennsylvania
151:Washington, D.C., U.S.
1563:Pennsylvania History,
1377:"Terence V. Powderly"
1067:May 10, 2009, at the
1062:Bio: Terence Powderly
946:41.419479; -75.674440
848:Rock Springs massacre
699:National Park Service
684:
677:the Knights of Labor.
671:
658:
599:
566:Railroad brotherhoods
558:Haymarket Square Riot
543:
531:cooperative endeavors
466:Chinese Exclusion Act
431:Greenback-Labor Party
407:
160:Greenback-Labor Party
1724:Uriah Smith Stephens
1688:Trade union offices
1554:Falzone, Vincent J.
1521:explorepahistory.com
901:Emphasis in original
853:Uriah Smith Stephens
451:Uriah Smith Stephens
383:Louisville, Kentucky
365:before moving on to
1071:, US Dept. of Labor
937: /
638:Rock Creek Cemetery
429:, representing the
148:Rock Creek Cemetery
1252:Theresa Ann Case,
1148:Robert H. Zieger,
687:
614:Theodore Roosevelt
602:
546:
421:In 1878 following
92:Francis A. Beamish
1748:
1747:
1739:Succeeded by
1714:Richard Griffiths
1711:Succeeded by
1620:Weir, Robert E.
1265:Philip S. Foner,
1176:978-3-337-07184-4
341:George Stephenson
252:
251:
57:Mayor of Scranton
16:(Redirected from
1827:
1770:American lawyers
1736:1879–1893
1732:Knights of Labor
1721:Preceded by
1704:Knights of Labor
1693:Preceded by
1685:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1665:
1664:
1649:Internet Archive
1611:Ware, Norman J.
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1472:. Archived from
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1407:The Boston Globe
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1373:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1323:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1289:
1283:
1276:
1270:
1263:
1257:
1250:
1244:
1237:
1231:
1222:
1216:
1211:Robert E. Weir,
1209:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1188:
1159:
1153:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1093:
1083:
1072:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1043:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1003:
953:
952:
951:
949:
948:
947:
942:
938:
935:
934:
933:
930:
920:
914:
908:
902:
899:
893:
889:
883:
879:
873:
870:
826:
821:
820:
812:
807:
806:
805:
798:
796:Biography portal
793:
792:
791:
634:Washington, D.C.
632:neighborhood in
606:William McKinley
494:
443:Knights of Labor
437:Knights of Labor
263:Knights of Labor
244:
210:
208:
199:Emma Fickenscher
190:
188:
133:
117:January 22, 1849
116:
114:
102:Personal details
88:
80:Robert H. McKune
76:
67:
46:
32:
21:
18:Terence Powderly
1835:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1742:James Sovereign
1735:
1726:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1675:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1641:
1587:Phelan, Craig.
1581:(1987): 30â61.
1541:
1539:Further reading
1536:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1476:on June 6, 2011
1468:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1374:
1365:
1354:
1352:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1247:
1238:
1234:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1206:
1189:
1177:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1085:
1084:
1075:
1069:Wayback Machine
1059:
1055:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1036:(1988) 3:1255-8
1031:
1027:
1020:
1005:
1004:
967:
962:
957:
956:
945:
943:
939:
936:
931:
928:
926:
924:
923:
921:
917:
909:
905:
900:
896:
890:
886:
880:
876:
871:
867:
862:
857:
822:
815:
808:
803:
801:
794:
789:
787:
784:
711:
650:
642:The Path I Trod
626:
594:
496:
489:
439:
395:
312:which left him
298:
213:
212:
209: 1919)
204:
200:
192:
184:
180:
177:
156:Political party
150:
135:
131:
118:
112:
110:
86:
74:
68:
63:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1833:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1699:
1696:Ralph Beaumont
1694:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1666:
1651:
1640:
1639:External links
1637:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1618:
1615:online edition
1609:
1606:Labor History,
1602:
1595:
1585:
1575:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1508:
1487:
1461:
1436:
1421:
1393:
1363:
1337:
1324:
1311:
1304:
1284:
1271:
1258:
1245:
1239:Craig Phelan,
1232:
1217:
1204:
1175:
1154:
1141:
1134:
1111:
1104:
1073:
1053:
1038:
1025:
1018:
964:
963:
961:
958:
955:
954:
915:
912:Samuel Gompers
903:
894:
884:
874:
864:
863:
861:
858:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
829:
828:
827:
813:
810:History portal
799:
783:
780:
779:
778:
772:
765:
757:
748:
739:
730:
721:
710:
707:
649:
646:
625:
622:
593:
590:
574:craft unionism
535:eight-hour day
481:
445:("K of L"), a
438:
435:
394:
391:
353:Following the
333:apprenticeship
297:
294:
290:Samuel Gompers
282:Haymarket Riot
250:
249:
246:
245:
238:
234:
233:
230:
226:
225:
219:
215:
214:
202:
198:
197:
196:
195:
182:
178:
175:
174:
173:
172:
169:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
145:
141:
140:
134:(aged 75)
128:
124:
123:
108:
104:
103:
99:
98:
95:
94:
89:
83:
82:
77:
71:
70:
60:
59:
52:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1832:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1743:
1734:
1733:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1691:
1686:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1305:9780226734774
1301:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1135:1-57591-028-4
1131:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:9780252013430
1101:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1019:9781163178164
1015:
1011:
1010:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
966:
959:
950:
919:
916:
913:
907:
904:
898:
895:
888:
885:
878:
875:
869:
866:
859:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
825:
819:
814:
811:
800:
797:
786:
781:
776:
773:
770:
766:
763:
762:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
712:
708:
706:
704:
700:
696:
691:
683:
678:
676:
670:
668:
662:
657:
655:
647:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
623:
621:
617:
615:
611:
607:
598:
591:
589:
587:
583:
578:
575:
571:
567:
562:
559:
554:
550:
542:
538:
536:
532:
526:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
495:
493:
486:
480:
478:
474:
473:James Gibbons
469:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
436:
434:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
411:
406:
404:
400:
399:coal breakers
392:
390:
388:
387:Clann na Gael
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:Panic of 1873
351:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
310:scarlet fever
308:, as well as
307:
303:
295:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
220:
216:
194:
193:
171:
170:
168:
164:
161:
158:
154:
149:
146:
144:Resting place
142:
138:
130:June 24, 1924
129:
125:
121:
109:
105:
100:
96:
93:
90:
84:
81:
78:
72:
66:
61:
58:
53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
1729:
1701:
1674:. Retrieved
1628:
1621:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1588:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1555:
1545:
1524:. Retrieved
1520:
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1474:the original
1464:
1452:. Retrieved
1448:
1439:
1430:
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1405:
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1380:
1353:. Retrieved
1347:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1319:
1314:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1266:
1261:
1256:(2010), p 14
1253:
1248:
1243:(2000), p 65
1240:
1235:
1227:
1220:
1215:(1996) p. 94
1212:
1207:
1164:
1157:
1152:(2000) p. 66
1149:
1144:
1124:
1089:
1056:
1047:
1041:
1033:
1028:
1008:
918:
906:
897:
887:
877:
868:
774:
768:
760:
753:
744:
735:
726:
717:
692:
688:
674:
672:
666:
664:
659:
651:
641:
627:
618:
610:Ellis Island
603:
592:Later career
582:Henry George
579:
563:
555:
551:
547:
527:
515:labor action
512:
497:
491:
488:
483:
470:
455:
440:
420:
413:
408:
396:
373:, Oil City,
363:Galion, Ohio
352:
345:
318:
316:in one ear.
299:
275:
254:
253:
218:Residence(s)
132:(1924-06-24)
87:Succeeded by
64:
29:
1765:1924 deaths
1760:1849 births
1597:Voss, Kim.
1501:February 7,
1480:February 7,
1355:December 8,
1269:: pp. 82â88
944: /
584:'s popular
500:producerism
477:freemasonry
75:Preceded by
1754:Categories
1676:October 8,
1185:1189867127
960:References
932:75°40â˛28âłW
929:41°25â˛10âłN
769:The Arena,
604:President
462:West Coast
371:Pittsburgh
296:Early life
229:Occupation
113:1849-01-22
1790:Georgists
1526:April 14,
1454:April 13,
1414:March 15,
1386:April 15,
1193:cite book
910:See also
523:Jay Gould
504:socialism
375:Meadville
337:machinist
323:with the
321:switchman
237:Signature
69:1878â1884
65:In office
1658:LibriVox
1633:in JSTOR
1550:in JSTOR
1331:Phelan,
1278:Phelan,
1065:Archived
782:See also
693:In 1966
630:Petworth
533:and the
521:against
502:than by
393:Scranton
379:Franklin
329:brakeman
259:American
55:5th
1647:at the
508:strikes
306:measles
211:
203:
191:
183:
179:
166:Spouses
1593:online
1583:online
1322:p. 170
1318:Weir,
1302:
1282:p. 184
1183:
1173:
1132:
1102:
1016:
648:Legacy
377:, and
359:Canada
288:under
224:, U.S.
176:Hannah
139:, U.S.
122:, U.S.
1708:1879
860:Notes
709:Works
701:as a
624:Death
335:as a
302:Irish
205:(
201:
185:(
181:
1678:2006
1528:2017
1503:2008
1482:2008
1456:2017
1416:2020
1388:2017
1357:2014
1335:p. 4
1300:ISBN
1199:link
1181:OCLC
1171:ISBN
1166:1874
1130:ISBN
1100:ISBN
1060:see
1014:ISBN
314:deaf
127:Died
107:Born
1656:at
1098:â.
675:was
1756::
1519:.
1447:.
1404:.
1379:.
1366:^
1195:}}
1191:{{
1179:.
1114:^
1096:30
1076:^
968:^
588:.
389:.
343:.
207:m.
187:m.
1680:.
1530:.
1505:.
1484:.
1458:.
1390:.
1359:.
1308:.
1201:)
1187:.
1138:.
1108:.
1022:.
115:)
111:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
